Dunbar, 59, 153 n., 166, 221 n.
Dunedin, Lord, Lord Justice-General, on territorial sea, 724
Dunfermline, Earl of, 80, 179 n., 223
Dunkirk, 73, 125, 215, 242, 267, 278, 282, 327;
blockade of, 253, 265, 266, 268, 270, 273-275, 276, 290, 327, 330, 334
Dunkirk privateers, 11, 243, 247-250, 261, 263, 265, 273, 282, 289,
291, 296, 302, 304, 318, 322, 327, 328, 330
Dunn, Sir Daniel, 146, 155
Dunwich, 90 n.
Durham, 133
Dussen, E. van der, Dutch ambassador, 185 n.
Dutch, 5, 69, 77, 79, 81, 143, 217, 243, 253, 255, 261, 263, 275, 289;
commercial jealousy of, 10, 125, 142, 413;
encouraged to settle in England, 515;
growth of fisheries and commerce, 10, 62, 87, 143;
fisheries, growth and extent of, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 142;
on British coasts, 62, 64, 605;
on Scottish coast, 82, 83, 187 n., 201;
statistics of, 125-132, 158, 190, 438, 439 and n., 534;
strength of fishing fleet, 98, 101, 125, 126, 127, 129, 144, 321;
value of, 125, 131, 132, 142, 292, 366, 515;
exports of fish, 87, 135;
embargo on, 460, 462, 489;
supply England with fish, 93;
herring fishery, 10, 61, 78-85, 87, 93, 95, 112, 122, 125, 131,
134-137, 143-145, 157, 208, 214, 215, 247, 250, 273, 277, 296,
316, 407, 415, 424, 428, 449, 450, 451, 515, 534;
description of, 131;
exports of herrings, 132, 134;
herring fleet attacked by Blake, 406, 407;
whale fishing, 194 n., 181, 183, 184, 185, 407, 528;
fishermen, frugality and industry of, 137, 141;
settled at Stornoway, 216, 221, 237;
complaints against, 144, 154, 168, 175, 177, 187, 234, 257, 292,
301, 438;
proposal to tax, 141, 214;
assize herring, 169-171, 197, 198;
licenses to be forced on, 264, 300;
proceedings with reference to Northumberland’s fleet, 301-305,
312, 313;
payments for licenses to fish, 309, 310, 311;
attempt to distribute licenses, 320, 321.
_See_ also Fisheries and Sovereignty of Sea.
Dutch, first war with England, 405;
second, 457;
third, 474
Dutch fleet to protect fishermen, 321
Dutch East India Company, 185, 343, 344
Dutch Republic. _See_ United Provinces.
Dyer, Sir Edward, 103
Dymes, Captain John, 216, 217 n.
East India Company, 194
East Indies, 105, 184, 185, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 257, 339, 340,
343, 350, 393, 430, 457, 482
Eastland Merchants Company, 160
Eddystone, territoriality of, 641, 642, 643
Edgar, King, 26, 27, 28, 141, 158, 326, 365, 409
Edinburgh, 216, 228, 298, 324, 351
Edmonds, Sir Thomas, 243
Edward I., 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 58 n., 60, 66, 67, 213,
214, 363, 365
Edward II., 52 n., 56, 67, 254
Edward III., 7, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67,
211, 254, 365, 409
Edward IV., 63, 71, 110
Edward VI., 88, 89, 116
Elbe, 28
Elector Palatine, 198, 271, 303, 315, 316, 320
Elizabeth, Queen, 17, 65-85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 96, 102, 104, 115, 117,
118, 124, 136, 204, 246, 361, 433;
asserts freedom of seas, 5, 108-112, 118;
opposes claims of Denmark in northern seas, 86, 108-112;
opposes Spanish and Portuguese claims, 86, 107;
opposes _mare clausum_, 105, 338;
made no claim to sovereignty of seas, 107, 108;
policy to foster fisheries, 93;
fishing declared free, 111;
fishery disputes with Denmark, 106-112;
policy regarding territorial waters, 111, 543
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 167 n., 198, 303, 305, 314, 315, 316,
321, 385
Emden, 129, 130, 195
England, Sea of. _See_ Sea.
English, new spirit of commercial enterprise in, 124, 136;
irritation against Dutch, 134;
jealous of their commerce, 413;
fisheries, yield of, 215;
condition of, 133;
decay of, 75, 112, 358;
description of, 133;
fishermen, indolence of, 91, 137, 516;
at Iceland, 108, 109, 110;
at Norway, 108;
molested by Dutch, 438
Enkhuisen, 139, 170, 171, 173, 298 n., 397 n., 439 n.
Entick, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 522
Essex, Earl of, 128 n., 473
Ethelred, King, 26
Evelyn, John, 312 n., 508;
on Sovereignty of Sea, 514 and n.
Eversley, Lord, 702 n.
Evertsen, Vice-Admiral Jan, 399, 408
Exeter, 96
Exton, Sir Thomas, 513
Faeröe Isles, 175, 176, 528, 529, 545, 647, 711
Fair Isle, 126, 131
Fairlea, 65
Fairlight, 65, 402
Fajardo, Don Louis, 206 n.
Falkland Islands, 650
Falmouth, 276
Farne Isles, 618
Farrer, Sir T. H., 646
Fast-days, 58, 87
Fenton, John, 194, 195, 196 and n., 197, 757
Ferguson, on territorial sea, 684
Fielding, Captain, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324
Fife, 59, 166, 175 n., 445;
fishermen of, 61, 83, 165
Finmark, 108, 109, 568
Fiore, on territorial sea, 684
Fish, abuses in trade in, 112, 113
Fish, commerce in, 61, 82, 88, 112, 134, 141;
exports, 61, 132 n., 133, 134, 214;
imports, 67, 113, 145, 442;
prices regulated, 91
Fish days, 58, 87, 88, 90, 92 and n., 93, 94, 99 n., 114, 115, 136, 444
Fish, demand for, in early times, 58
Fish, destruction of spawn of, 608, 609, 610
Fish for victualling army and navy, 58
Fish, fresh, distribution of, 58
Fish, preservation of brood of, 213, 607, 608, 609, 610
Fish, protection of breeding-grounds of, 610
Fish, royal, 66, 362 n., 363
Fish, spawning of, 610
Fish, taxation of imported, 88, 441, 442, 446
Fish tithes, 59, 101, 141, 142, 203, 214, 242, 355
Fish, undersized, 444 n., 608, 636, 704, 706, 707, 708-710
Fisheries, appropriation of, 102
Fisheries, as nursery for navy, 87, 113, 134, 213
Fisheries, charter to Bruges, 461, 772
Fisheries, claim to wide limit by Argentina, 661, 662
Fisheries, claimed for crown, 57, 62, 288, 289, 292
Fisheries, closure of areas, 662, 720.
_See_ Territorial Sea, Extra territorial.
Fisheries, cod-fishing at Lofoten Isles, 672 and n.
Fisheries, Conference at Hague, 1881, 632
Fisheries, decay of English, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 115;
of Dutch, 534
Fisheries, disputes in North Sea, 631;
at Iceland, 110;
in North America, 621, 622-630
Fisheries, distant voyages, 57
Fisheries, Dutch, 93, 94, 96, 125-130.
_See_ Dutch.
Fisheries, Dutch regulations on British coast, 605, 606 n.
Fisheries, early English law as to, 66
Fisheries Enquiries--Anglo-French in 1837, 611;
by Royal Commissions in 1863, 701;
in 1878, 702;
in 1883, 702;
by Select Committee of House of Commons in 1817, 610 n.;
in 1833, 607-610; in 1893, 691, 707, 714 n.;
by Select Committee of House of Lords in 1904, 710, 711 n.;
by Mr Higgin as to disputes in North Sea, 1880, 631
Fisheries, estimated profits of, 137
Fisheries, exclusive limit for, 632, 633
Fisheries, exhaustibility of, 348, 355, 372, 546, 550, 559, 602
Fisheries, for coral, 659, 669, 684, 695;
sponges, 659, 669;
oysters, 612, 621, 697;
pearls, 697
Fisheries, for “floating” fish, 698
Fisheries, freedom of fishing during war, 440, 461, 462, 489, 636
Fisheries, herring, 29, 34 n., 43, 58, 59, 71, 73-75, 90, 97, 130,
143, 157, 187, 190, 193, 197-200, 203, 214-218, 221 n., 238, 241,
264, 265, 272, 273, 302, 336, 378, 462, 491, 605, 698;
importance of, 59, 61;
at Bohuslän, 62;
at Scania, 61;
in Channel, 68;
Dutch, _see_ Dutch;
French, on British coasts, 606, 607, 608, 618;
treaties granting liberty for, 67
Fisheries, importance of, 57;
in Scotland, 76;
for navy, 58, 86, 87, 200, 219, 428;
in relation to international territorial limits, 693
Fisheries, impoverishment of grounds, 701, 702, 704, 706-711, 713,
714 n., 733, 738, 739 n.
Fisheries, in Channel, 65, 607
Fisheries, in North Sea. _See_ North Sea.
Fisheries, increase of shipping due to, 135
Fisheries, industries dependent on, 135
Fisheries, International Conference, London, 1890, 706
Fisheries, international investigations proposed, 707 n.;
begun, 735, 736, 740;
instructions to British delegates, 735, 736 n.;
criticism of, 736 and n.
Fisheries, international regulations, 614, 618, 619, 630, 631, 636,
638, 645 n., 648, 704, 729;
German proposal to protect fry and small fish, 636
Fisheries, liberty of fishing granted to Sweden, 427
Fisheries, liberty of fishing guaranteed by treaties, 8, 66-74
Fisheries, license for fishing at Zowe, 65, 749
Fisheries, old Scandinavian rights, 677
Fisheries, old Scots Acts regarding, 82, 83
Fisheries, policy of Scottish kings, 59
Fisheries, promoted by Charles I., 213, 214
Fisheries, proposals to develop English, 136, 138
Fisheries, protective legislation and regulation, 88, 91, 92, 93,
94, 112, 113, 213, 442, 533, 608 n.
Fisheries, regulations beyond three-mile limit, 614, 618, 619, 621,
661, 662, 666, 688, 691, 697, 698, 734, 735;
of oyster beds, 621
Fisheries, rise of British, 534
Fisheries, Scottish treaties regarding, 75-82
Fisheries, sealing regulations, Argentina, 662;
Uruguay, 663
Fisheries, small-fish grounds, 705, 708
Fisheries, the “Belgian devil,” 631
Fisheries, trawling, 134;
methods, 699, 700, 701, 708, 714;
development of, 680, 698-701, 711, 713, 739 n.;
enterprise of British trawlers, 713;
by British vessels on foreign coasts, 680, 711, 712, 713, 730, 735,
737;
in Barents Sea, 657, 713;
at Faröes, 711;
at Finmarken, 680;
French West Africa, 713;
Iceland, 647, 648, 711;
Morocco, 713;
Spain and Portugal, 667 and n., 668 n., 713;
foreign trawlers on Scottish coast, 647;
damage by foreign trawlers, 631;
destruction of undersized fish, 714 n.;
Board of Trade empowered to restrict, 717;
German proposals to restrict in North Sea, 636;
restrictive regulations, 662, 698, 714, 733;
in England, 715;
prohibited beyond ordinary limits in Adriatic, 659;
Argentina, 662;
Austria-Hungary, 715;
Italy, 71;
Ireland, 715, 716;
Norway, 680, 715;
Portugal, 666-668;
Scotland, 716-720;
Spain, 666-668;
bill to prohibit within eight miles of coast, 444 and n.;
German proposal to restrict, 636;
restrictions desired by English trawlers, 702, 704-710;
ten-mile limit desired by English trawlers, 707;
voluntary closure of Continental area, 704, 706;
international agreement necessary, 732, 734, 735, 738;
recent views as to extension of limits, 735, 737
Fisheries, tribute from foreigners proposed, 101, 138, 139, 295
Fisheries, truce for fishing during war, 74, 75
Fishermen, early frequent distant seas, 86
Fishermen, foreign--
On British coasts, 29, 33, 57, 59-62, 65, 69, 76, 83, 91, 92, 98,
101, 126, 129, 145-150, 227, 288, 533, 544 n., 605-608, 611,
615, 617, 618, 631;
Belgian, 615-618;
Dutch, 60, 62, 64, 77-79, 82-85, 94, and _see_ Dutch;
Flemish, 29, 59-62, 83, 101;
French, 59-62, 65, 83, 101, 150, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617,
618, 631;
Portuguese, 129;
Spanish, 67, 129, 150;
cause of increase of, 61;
complaints against, 94, 95, 100, 101, 144, 604, 605, 631;
against Belgian, 615, 616;
Dutch, _see_ Dutch;
French, 29, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617, 618, 631;
encouraged in England, 75;
prohibited to fish, 9, 33, 150, 202, 227, 293, 294;
licenses for, 62, 65, 150, 294;
tax on proposed, 101, 138, 139, 214, 295;
protection of, 63
On Irish coasts, 33, 92, 98, 101, 150
Fishermen, guardians of, appointed, 63
Fishery Conventions, 604, 693;
Anglo-Belgian, of 1852, 61;
Anglo-French, of 1839, 612, 613, 644;
of 1867, 618, 619, 630, 633, 634, 645;
North Sea, of 1882, 634, 637-639;
Norway and Sweden decline to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636
Fishery, reciprocal right of, 626, 627, 658, 659, 665, 666;
old Scandinavian rights, 677
Fishery, right of, Boroughs on, 364;
Callis, 363;
Craig, 357;
Digges, 362;
Fiore, 684;
Graswinckel, 412;
Grotius, 346, 351, 356;
Hall, 688;
Hautefeuille, 601, 602;
Wicquefort, 495;
Malynes, 358;
Meadows, 525;
Pontanus, 376;
Puffendorf, 551;
Rayneval, 596;
Sarpi, 547;
Selden, 372, 373;
Stubbe, 497;
Vasquius, 341;
Vattel, 560, 561;
Welwood, 354, 355;
Wheaton, 599;
Wolff, 559
Fishery rights, British North America. _See_ America.
Fishery Societies and Associations, 96, 97, 124, 128 n., 136-140,
160-162, 202, 203, 211, 214, 218, 222, 225, 227, 230 n., 232,
235-243, 266, 267, 292, 301, 328, 346, 439, 442, 444, 494, 515,
516, 533, 534
Fishing boats, 33;
question of neutrality of, during war, 636
Fishing boats, varieties of, 63, 90, 126, 129
Fishing, old limit on Scottish coast, 79
Fishing, safe-conducts for, 62, 71, 72, 79
Fishing vessels, armed, 34 n., 43, 70
Fitton, Sir Henry, 64
Fitzmaurice, Lord, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial
sea, 630, 730, 731
Flag, “honour of.” _See_ Striking.
Flanders, 29, 30, 34, 43, 45, 52 n., 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69,
70, 71, 72, 75, 83, 88, 92, 101, 125, 209, 253, 255, 329
Fleta, 539
Fletcher, George, 225 n., 239 n.
Flushing, 142
Fogg, Captain, 322, 323
Foggo, Robert, 78
Folkestone, 33, 145 n.
Foreign Enlistment Act, 589
Foreshore, ownership of, 361-363
Forth, Firth of, 221 n., 273 n., 298;
herring fishery, 59, 61, 77
Four Seas, 17, 18, 119 n., 251, 363
France, 8, 12, 14, 20, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 44, 50, 57, 60,
61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 83, 88, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105,
117, 127, 129, 134, 151, 158, 189, 212, 246, 264, 265, 269,
275, 286, 413, 426, 451, 452, 463;
Customs jurisdiction, 594;
differences with United Provinces as to striking, 452, 463;
regulation of fisheries beyond three miles, 657;
territorial sea, 657;
treaty with Dutch regarding fishery question, 451-454
Francis I. of France, 74, 75
_Franconia_, case of, 580 n., 590, 591
Frankland, 311 n.
Freiras, F. S. de, on _Mare Liberum_, 350
French fishermen on British coasts, 101, 129, 130, 150, 605;
whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 and n.
Frezno, Marquis of, 508
Friesland, 28, 45, 60, 62, 75, 81, 92, 104
Froissart, 32
Fryer, C. E., 619 n.
Fundy, Bay of, 623, 624, 625
Fyvie, Lord President, 223
Galiani, on territorial sea, 563;
first to suggest three miles as equivalent to range of guns, 563
Galicia, 98, 469
Gama, Vasco da, 340
Garde, Baron de la, 116
Gelderland, 81
Genoa, 30, 45, 45 n., 402, 476, 504;
sovereignty of Ligurian Sea, 4, 158, 339, 341, 371, 411, 473;
limit of territorial sea, 570
Gentilis, on appropriation of sea, 122, 358, 359
Gentleman, Tobias, 128 and n., 129, 132, 134, 137, 358, 364 n.
Gerbier, 318
German Ocean, 19, 209
Germany, 45, 61, 197, 198, 199, 216, 373, 377;
territorial waters of, 652, 653
Ghent, 71, 73;
negotiations at, 581
Ghent, van, 462, 479, 480, 481, 482
Glanville, 539
Glückstadt, 473
Goch, Johan van, 185 n.
Godey, on range of vision, 546
Godolphin, 52 n., 53, 515
Godsdue, Richard, 162
Gondomar, Count of, 206, 208
Goodwin Sands, territoriality of, 640, 640 n.
Gorée, 477, 478, 490, 511
Goring, George, 314
_Grange_, case of, 574
Granville Bay, 612, 619, 697
Graswinckel, Dirck, 305, 354 n., 366 n., 375, 376 n., 411, 412, 550
Gravelines, 68, 282, 327
Greece, territorial sea, 661
Greenland, 4, 28, 108, 181, 184, 199, 257, 376, 393, 407, 430, 437;
whale fishery at, 200, 527
Grey, Sir Edward, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial
sea, 732, 733
Grimaldi, Reyner. _See_ Grimbald.
Grimbald, Reyner, 44 n., 45 and n., 47-51, 54, 409, 740, 744
Grimsby, 32, 699;
trawlers of, in Moray Firth, 722, 727-729
Groningen, 81
Groningen-Watt, 578
Groot, de, 504
Groot, Cornets de, 344 n.
Groot, Hugo de. _See_ Grotius.
Grotius, 5, 105, 118, 148, 157 n., 158 n., 173, 174, 185 n., 190,
191 n., 256 n., 353, 366, 370, 530, 538, 546, 591;
appearance of, _Mare Liberum_, 338, 342;
object and genesis of, 342, 343, 344;
arguments of, 344-350;
defends a Dutch _mare clausum_, 340, 356;
‘Rights of War and Peace,’ 347 ;
on appropriation of sea, 356;
on Portuguese and Spanish claims, 339;
on range of gun limit, 157 n., 158 n., 549;
on Selden’s _Mare Clausum_, 375;
on Welwood, 356
Grotius and James I., 346, 347 n., 351, 357
Guard for fishing fleet, 248
Guernsey, 36
Guiccardini, 125
Guise, Duke of, license to fish at Zowe, 65, 426
Gulf of Nuevo, 661
Gulf of St George, 661
Gulf of San Matias, 661
Guns, range of. _See_ Territorial sea.
Guthrie, Lord, on territorial sea, 623
Haas, Captain Adrian de, 486
Haddington, Earl of, 179 n.
Hagaland, 110
Hague, The, 81, 152, 172, 176, 212, 256, 305, 314, 335, 351, 367, 384,
414, 426, 474, 479, 482, 488;
Conference at, 1881, 632;
Tribunal N. American Fisheries Arbitration, 732 n.
Hale, Lord Chief-Justice, 18, 66, 363, 374, 543
Halifax Commission, 627
Halifax, Viscount, 490
Hall, H. van, 605 n.
Hall, on Sovereignty of Sea, 48 n., 312 n., 580 n.;
on territorial sea, 687
Halleck, on territorial sea, 683
Halsbury, Lord, on territorial sea, 522, 730
Halse, Sir Nicholas, 130, 132, 142, 162 n., 292
Hamburg, 129, 130, 140, 195, 235, 485, 528;
conference at, 336
Hamburgers, 117, 126, 141, 178 n., 227, 255
Hamilton, Marquis of, 186, 225 n.
Hamilton, Sir Thomas, 179 n., 223
Hampden, 324
Hansards, 30, 61, 62, 73
Hardy, Sir T. Duffus, 41
Harfleur, 70
Hargrave, 374;
on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.
Harris, Captain Joseph, condemned to death for striking to Spaniard, 512
Harvey, Sir William, 162
Harwich, 274, 699
Hastings, 33, 40, 41, 145 n., 544 n.
Hatherly, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Hautefeuille, on territorial sea, 601
Hawkins, Sir John, 5, 117
Hay, Sir George, 186
Hay, Sir John, 217, 218, 220 n., 221, 225 n., 227, 239 n.
Headland doctrine, 360, 622, 624.
_See_ Bays.
Heath, Attorney-General, 252
Heaton, Captain, 437
Hebrides, 153 n., 230, 234, 241 n., 301
Heemskerk, Jacob van, 5, 118, 183, 343
Heffter, on territorial sea, 600;
on range of vision, 546
Helgeland, 108
Heneage, Lord, 728 n., 739
Henrietta Maria, Queen, 380, 382
Henry I., 16, 29, 31, 40, 41
Henry II., 28
Henry II. of France, 117
Henry III., 31, 66
Henry III. of France, 117
Henry IV., 43, 56, 67, 68, 69, 70
Henry IV. of France, 159, 204
Henry V., 8, 34, 41, 42, 43, 70, 108
Henry VI., 38, 70, 109
Henry VII., 63, 72, 73, 109, 387
Henry VIII., 62, 73, 75, 89, 109, 116
Henry, Prince, of Scotland, 81, 169
Herbert, Captain, 512
Herbert, Sir John, 146
Hermetra, 241 n.
Herring busses, 74 n., 162, 447
Herring fishery. _See_ Fisheries, herring.
Herrings, commerce in, 61, 132, 242;
price of, 97
Herschell, Lord, on territorial sea, 592 n., 731
Hervey, Lord, 202
Heywood, Thomas, 326 and n.
Higgin, W. H., inquiry on North Sea fishery disputes, 631
Highlanders, 216, 242
Hitchcock, Captain Robert, 64, 95, 105, 125, 133, 136, 138, 203, 364 n.
Hoek, Dr P. P. C., 707 n.
Holland, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74 n., 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 92,
94, 95, 104, 125, 129, 132, 135, 139, 144, 151, 171, 172, 175,
190, 195, 197, 215, 292, 374, 384, 407, 433, 450, 460
Holland, Earl of, 77
Holland, fishery treaty with, 71, 72
Holland, Prof., 359 n.;
on territorial sea, 691 n.
Hollanders. _See_ Dutch.
Holmes, Captain Sir Robert, 455, 456 n., 458, 484, 485, 486
Hoorn, Simon van, 449 n.
Horn, Andrew, 542
Hovering Acts, 593
Howard, Lord William, 117
Hübner, on territorial sea, 562
Hull, 43, 94, 96, 108, 194 n., 699
Humber, 133
Hume, 311 n.
Huxley, Professor, 702 n.
Hythe, 145 n.
Iceland, 4, 28, 86, 88, 97, 108, 109, 112, 113, 133, 145, 247,
248, 339, 376;
area of fishing-grounds at, 739;
English fishermen attacked by Danes, 109, 110;
English traffic with, 339;
Danish claims at, 528, 529, 567;
fisheries at, 57, 94;
English at, 87, 89, 90, 113, 408;
foreign trawlers at, 700, 707, 711, 714 n.;
fishery dispute between Denmark and United Provinces, 529;
fishery limit at, 647, 648;
seven-mile limit, 739, 740 n.
Idle persons, 98, 115, 116
Impressment of ships, 32
Indies, 107, 135, 215, 257, 341, 360, 457
Insecurity of sea, 247, 248, 249, 253
Institut de Droit International, on territorial sea, 689-692;
articles on, 774
_Intercursus Magnus_, treaty, 72, 73, 80, 86, 157, 158, 256 n., 368,
386, 388, 394, 416, 425, 430, 449, 500
International fishery investigations. _See_ Fisheries.
International Law Association, on territorial sea, 689-692, 774;
Articles on, 774
Inveraray, 83 n.
Ipswich, 247
Ireland, 29, 70, 88, 97, 98, 143, 201, 226, 257, 359;
fisheries, 92;
oyster fisheries, 697;
foreigners prohibited from fishing at, 33, 63;
restrictions on trawling beyond three-mile limit, 716;
Spanish fishings at, 67, 98;
territoriality of oyster-beds, 620, 621
Irgens, J., Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 673 n.
Isabel of Portugal, 70
Islay, 230
Isle of Man, fishery regulations, 698
Isle of May, fishing tithes, 59, 76
Italian jurists, 6, 35, 101, 347, 360, 539
Italian Republics, 3, 6, 340
Italy, 358;
Customs jurisdiction, 594, 661;
reciprocal rights of fishery with Austria, 659;
territorial sea, 659
James I., 9, 17, 62, 73, 75, 81, 136, 257, 346, 347 n., 351, 353, 357
James I., a new policy, 118;
antecedents of, 124;
proclamation forbidding hostilities in King’s Chambers, 9, 119,
360, 750;
concludes peace with Spain, 125;
proclamation restraining foreigners from fishing on British
coasts, 9, 145-148, 150, 541, 755;
remit of Council on, 146;
deliverance of Committee on, 147;
attitude of French towards, 151;
negotiations with Dutch, 151, 155-159, 170, 178-180, 185-194,
197, 198;
proclamation suspended, 159;
orders records to be searched, 162, 179, 187;
grants of assize herrings, 165, 166;
instructs assize herrings to be levied from foreign fishermen,
168, 757;
indignation at capture of Brown, satisfaction demanded, 172, 174;
forbids Scottish fishermen to fish within a land-kenning at the
Faroes, 176;
requests Dutch not to fish within sight of land, 176;
requests Scottish Council to prevent the Hollanders fishing within
sight of land, 178;
again demands assize herrings from Dutch, 180;
claims seas around Spitzbergen as British, 183;
appoints commissioners to treat with Dutch envoys, 186;
Dutch ambassadors without power to treat of herring fishery, 188, 189;
indignation with Dutch ambassadors, 189;
again gives way on the herring fishery question, 192;
requests Dutch to prohibit fishing within fourteen miles, 192;
negotiations with Dutch as to whale fishery, 193;
Carleton advises fixing a limit, 193;
Dutch agree to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
orders assize herrings to be again collected, 194, 196;
Dutch embassy appointed, 198;
Dutch ambassadors without instructions to deal with fishery
question, 199;
speech to Dutch ambassadors, 199;
indignation against Dutch, 200;
Dutch ambassadors advise States-General to settle fishery
question, 200;
failure of policy of assize herring, 203
James II., 517
James III. of Scotland, 83
James V. of Scotland, 77, 78, 83, 218
James VI. of Scotland, treaty with Dutch, 80, 81
Jan Mayen, sealing at, 695;
whaling at, 527
Japan, territorial sea, 661
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, judge of the High Court of Admiralty, judicial
decisions regarding neutral waters, 553;
plenipotentiary at Cologne, 498;
on case of the _Merlin_, 480;
on confiscation of Smyrna fleet, 486;
on sovereignty of sea, 484 n.;
on striking, 477, 480, 481, 501-503, 511, 512, 513
Jenkinson. _See_ Lord Liverpool.
Jennings, Edward, 115
Jersey, 36
Joachimi, Dutch ambassador, 155, 256, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 384
John’s ordinance, 6, 16;
on striking, 39-43, 278, 365, 409
Johnsen, Hans, on Moray Firth, 728 n.
Jongestal, Dutch ambassador, 415, 417, 433
Jonson, Ben, 115, 196 n.
Juridical controversies about sovereignty of sea, 338-340, 410-413
Kanin, Cape, 657, 713
Kemble, 27, 28
Kennet, 311 n.
Kent, on territorial sea, 599
Kerouaille, Mademoiselle de, 475
Ketelby, Captain, 281
Keymer, John, author of the “Raleigh” tract, 126, 127, 128 n., 131, 358
Killigrew, Sir William, 280
King James’s Newland, 183
King John’s ordinance. _See_ John.
King, Thomas, 446, 448
King’s Chambers, 50, 54, 209, 260, 262, 263, 359, 360, 373, 539, 553,
598, 622, 723 n.;
declaration of Trinity House as to limits of, 753;
description of, 120;
defined by James I., 9, 118, 120;
extent of, 122, 251;
proclamation concerning, 251, 750;
question of validity of, 576, 577;
restricted to neutrality, 122, 251, 548;
violation of, 10, 245, 247, 255, 256, 258, 259, 326, 328, 330-333, 336
Kirkelee, 49
Kishinouye, Dr, 661 n.
Kleen, on territorial sea, 685
Klüber, on territorial sea, 597
Kronberg, striking at, 473, 520
Kyllachy, Lord, on territorial sea, 725
Lake, Sir Thomas, 359 n.
Lampredi, on territorial sea, 562
Lampreys, 244
“Land-fishing” in Scotland, 222, 226
Land-kenning in Scotland, 77, 84, 144, 154, 175, 176, 177 n., 178,
192, 193, 211, 218, 221, 222 n., 223, 228, 235, 545, 546;
at Faroes, 175.
_See_ Territorial Sea, Range of Vision.
Land-van-Staten, 506, 508, 510, 515
Larrey, 311 n.
Latour, on territorial sea, 595, 685
Laud, Archbishop, 243, 306, 314, 316, 368, 376 n.
Lauderdale, Lord, 187, 483, 507
Laughton, Professor, 521 n.
Law, early English, as to fishing, 66
Lawrence on territorial sea, 683, 688
Laws of Oleron, 6, 40, 42, 44 n., 51, 52, 54, 213, 363, 365
Laws of the Sea, old, 30, 52 n.
Lawson, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 437, 456, 457 n., 463, 472
_Leda_, case of, 586 n.
Lediard, 167 n., 311 n.
Lefevre, Mr Shaw. _See_ Lord Eversley.
Leghorn, 402, 473
Leicester, Earl of, 96, 264 n.
Lennox, Duke of, 130 n., 166, 168, 170, 172, 186, 195 and n., 230 n.,
353, 461;
grant of assize herrings to, 166, 168
Lent, 75, 87, 88, 114, 136, 214, 242, 244;
difficulties in enforcing observance of, 114, 115;
laxity of observance of, 88, 89;
measures to enforce observance of, 88, 114.
_See also_ Political Lent.
Leon, 32
“L’Espagnols sur Mer,” battle of, 37, 67
Levant, 340
Levi, Leoni, on territorial sea, 664 n.
Lewes, 216, 217, 220, 221, 224, 227, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242
Lewis, 216, 217 and n.
Leybourne, Lord William de, 45 n.
Leyden, 73, 342
Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, 18, 30, 37, 38 n.
Licenses for foreign fishermen, 62, 63, 111, 141, 210, 235, 257,
264, 288, 292, 294, 425, 426, 430, 453;
for Dutch, 272, 488, 489;
distributed to the busses, 300;
sums received for, 309, 310, 311;
offered to Dutch, 317;
to French, 440, 454;
to Swedes to fish in British seas, 427;
Danish to fish at Iceland and northern seas, 108-112
Liens, Joachim, Dutch Ambassador, 185 n.
Ligurian Sea, sovereignty of, 4, 339, 341, 371, 411
Lindsay, Thomas, 242
Lindsey, Earl of, 250, 256, 257, 267, 270, 271, 275 n., 282, 284,
286, 287, 380;
appointed Admiral of the first ship-money fleet, 259;
his instructions from the Admiralty, 260;
private instructions from Charles I., 264;
to force licenses on Dutch fishermen, 264;
punctilios of, as to flags, extent of British Seas, 264, 265,
266, 269;
dissatisfaction of Charles with, 268;
and the Dutch herring busses, 272;
proceedings of the fleet, 259-274
Lisle, Viscount, 428, 429
Liverpool, Lord, on neutral rights, 596
Lizard, 103, 122, 269, 437
Loccenius, on territorial sea, 550
Loch Broom, 83
Loch Fyne, 83, 153 n.
Loch Maddy, 241 n.
Lofoten Isles, 672
Logan, Sir Robert, 77 n.
London, 7, 49, 50, 61, 88, 94, 96, 114, 124, 140, 189, 198, 199,
214, 223, 241, 266, 299 n., 330, 358, 384, 396, 404, 407, 428,
439, 443, 446, 448, 449;
consumption of fish in, 87, 97;
fish supply of, 131, 134, 144, 241 n.;
and Fishery Society, 443;
fishmongers of, 89
Long Parliament, 336, 414;
attitude towards Sovereignty of Sea, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382
Lord Mayor, 115, 202, 214, 443, 448
Loreburn, Lord, on territorial sea, 732
“Lords of the Sea,” English kings as, 8, 28, 35, 36, 38 n., 39, 209,
210, 211, 244, 373
Lothian, Firth of, 153 n., 233, 235, 239
Lottery for Fishery Society, 244, 446, 447
Louis of Nassau, 449 n.
Louis XIV., 463, 465, 474, 476, 483, 490, 493, 503, 518, 526;
on fishery question, 453;
intrigue with Charles, 459;
reveals to Charles De Witt’s negotiations, 471;
his policy, 474;
declares war against States-General, 488;
on striking, 518
Low Countries, 73, 77, 94;
fisheries of, 98;
fishermen of, 94, 100, 144.
_See also_ Dutch and Netherlands.
Lowestoft, 249, 307, 469
Lucas farthing, 470 n.
Lundy, Laird of, 188
Lushington, Dr, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Lynn, 49, 77 n., 90, 108, 247
Mackerel fishery, 134, 150
MacLeod, Sir Reginald, 667 n., 673 n.
Madrid, 150, 201, 253, 318
Mainwaring, Sir H., 65 n.
Malynes, Gerard, 128 n., 130 n., 138 n., 160;
on the appropriation of the sea, 358
Manning, on territorial sea, 600
Mansel, Sir Robert, 219 n.
_Mare Clausum_, 11, 19, 20, 251, 254, 257, 258 n., 286, 287, 288,
289, 302, 315 n., 330, 365, 369, 375.
_See_ Selden.
_Mare Liberum_, 255, 256 n., 257, 338, 340, 342, 374, 410.
_See_ Grotius.
Margaret of Savoy, 73
Marine laws, 51, 52, 54
Maritime laws, 41, 42, 44
Marlborough, Duke of, 486 n., 531
Marion, Professor A. F., 667 n.
Marten, Sir Henry, 155, 174, 244 n., 251, 263, 264, 278, 283, 288, 295
Martens, F., 194 n.
Martens, G. F. von, on territorial sea, 563
Martens, Professor de, on territorial sea, 686, 688
Martin, Martin, 241 n.
Martin, Sir Henry, 39, 119 n., 762
Mary, Queen, 64, 88, 91, 117, 141, 206
Mary, Queen, of Hungary and Bohemia, 80 and n.
Mary Stuart, Queen, 79, 81, 83
Mason, Capt. John, 153 n., 167 n., 216, 219 n., 220 n., 241, 364 n.;
grant of assize herrings to, 165, 166, 167 n.
Massé, on territorial sea, 602
Masson, Professor, 195 n.
Masterman, Captain Walter S., 711 n.
Masterman, Dr A. T., 735 n.
Maurice, Count, 173
Maximilian of Austria, 72
Meadows, Sir Philip, on sovereignty of sea, 397, 428 n., 510, 524, 694;
proposes a convention for fishery limits, 525
Mechlin, 71
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 142
Mediterranean, 28, 30, 134, 143, 340, 347, 372, 389, 437, 457, 485;
striking in, _See_ Striking.
Meerman, Dutch ambassador, 483
Melrose, Earl of, 179 n.
Mendoza, 107
Merchant Adventurers, 160, 292
Merchant Associations to secure the peace of the sea, 6, 30
_Mercurius Politicus_, 410
_Merlin_, the King’s yacht, 15, 477-482, 510;
encounter with Dutch fleet, 479;
inquiry by Sir Leoline Jenkins on, 480
Mervin, Sir Henry, 284, 287, 296, 297, 300, 327
Mexico, Customs jurisdiction, 594;
pearl fisheries, 697;
treaties with, 679 and n.
Mid-line (_Thalweg_), 3, 101, 102, 111, 226, 361, 373, 541, 542, 652
Miles, Scots, 233 n.
Milton, John, 410, 428 n., 524
Minch, 230
_Mirror of Justice_ and mid-line, 542
Molloy, on sovereignty of sea, 514;
on striking, 557
Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 408;
on Dutch commerce, 457, 459
Monson, Sir William, 130 n., 132, 135, 143, 202, 204, 205, 206 n.,
208, 216, 219 n., 259
Montague, General. _See_ Earl of Sandwich.
Monteith, Earl of, 224, 225 n., 239 n.
Moore, on sovereignty of sea, 580 n.;
on territorial sea, 691 n.
Moray Firth, 233, 235, 239;
prohibition of trawling within, 718, 720;
foreign trawlers in, 647, 720-728;
Norwegian-registered trawlers in, 721, 727;
prosecution and conviction of foreign trawlers, 722, 723, 724, 727;
case of _Catalonia_, 722;
of Emmanuel Mortensen, 722, 724-727;
of Martin Olsen, 722;
of _Niobe_, 722, 724;
of _Pinewold_, 723;
of _Verbena_, 723;
High Court of Justiciary decides prohibition applies to foreigners,
722, 724-727;
protest by Norway, 727, 728;
Norway favours a convention, 728, 730;
and warns Norwegian trawlers to cease fishing in Moray Firth, 728;
actions against British subjects on foreign trawlers, 728, 729;
views of Foreign Office, 729, 730;
proposal of International Council, 737;
territoriality of, 723-728, 729, 732, 734;
opinions of Scottish judges as to territoriality of, 724-727
Moray Firth, herring fishery in, 61
Morocco, 5, 256, 668;
trawling at, 713
Morton, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.
Moser, on territorial sea, 562
Muncke, Levinus, 155, 156 n.
Mundesley, 247
Murray, Captain David, 172, 195 n., 196
Muscovy Company, 160;
whale fishery of, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194 n.
Musselburgh, 175 n., 445
Nansen, Dr Fridtjof, Norwegian Minister, 673 n., 728
Nantes, 97
Narrow seas, the, 8, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36, 113, 212, 213,
214, 253, 256, 260, 261, 270, 274, 287, 324 n., 327, 328, 361,
363, 381, 408, 430, 458, 459 n.;
description of, 18;
herring fisheries in, 67;
hostilities prohibited in, 261, 262, 263;
prizes taken in, 359 n.;
striking in, 204-206, 270, 402.
_See_ Channel.
National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, 667 n., 706, 728 n., 740
Naval Salute. _See_ Striking.
Navare, Michel de, 49
Navigation, freedom of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 20, 33, 34, 35, 43, 67, 86,
106, 158, 341, 346, 358, 360, 365, 421, 497, 676
Navigation Act of 1651, 391 and n., 392, 413, 416, 419;
of 1660, 441, 451, 464
Navy, 2, 5, 10, 11, 22, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 58, 68, 91, 92, 113, 117,
134, 246, 251, 252, 255, 257, 286, 288, 379, 428, 475, 517, 523;
under Charles I., 246;
under Edward III., 33, 36, 38;
under Henry IV., 68;
under Henry VI., 38;
complaint of Commons on, 38
Navy and fisheries, 428
Needham, Marchamont, 410, 411
Netherlands, 21, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 93 n., 94, 105, 112, 125,
126, 127 n., 138, 144, 168, 185, 200, 203, 312, 380, 397;
prohibit their fishermen from fishing within two leagues of Scottish
coast, 605, 606;
territorial sea, 658.
_See_ Dutch.
Neutral waters, 22, 119, 120, 359 n., 548, 586, 622, 641 n., 665, 685,
775;
decrees regarding, 569-571;
limit of, 546;
proclamations and decisions regarding, 553, 554;
Scandinavian limit of, 568;
treaties regarding, 571, 572;
usage in seventeenth century, 552, 553, 554
Newcastle, 34 n., 96, 114, 248, 249, 252, 273 n., 428
Newfoundland, 86, 88, 92, 97, 113, 219, 589;
fishery rights at, 531, 532
Nicholas, Secretary of Admiralty, 44 n., 213, 262, 263, 275 n., 278,
292, 295, 318, 322
Nicholl, Sir John, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Nicolas, Sir N. H., 37, 45 n., 46 n., 53, 56
Nieuport, 60, 327, 400
Nieuport, William, Dutch ambassador, 395, 415, 417, 433
Nootka Sound, 573
Nordland, 108
Norfolk, 46 n., 63, 90, 94, 101, 162, 248
Norham, 60
Norman Conquest, 6, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 59, 372
Normandy, 29, 36, 43, 48, 50, 59, 62, 69, 74, 97, 103, 129, 213
Northampton, Earl of, 138, 353
North Cape, 58, 86, 478, 502, 503
North-east passage, 343
Northmen, sea power of, 26, 28
North Sea, 21, 22, 43, 246, 247, 382, 432, 434, 465, 466 n.;
fisheries, 43, 60, 87, 89, 130, 131, 133, 408, 470;
Conference at Hague on, 1881, 632;
Fishery Convention, 1882, 634, 637, 638, 639, 644, 721, 722,
725, 726, 735, 737;
defects in definitions, 641;
question of limit of exclusive fishing on other coasts, 643, 644,
645, 646;
Sweden and Norway decline to join, 636;
development of trawling in, 699, 700;
impoverishment of fishing-grounds in, 706-710, 711, 738, 739 n.
Northumberland, Earl of, 131, 243, 264, 266 n., 278, 279, 319, 320,
322, 323, 327, 379, 380, 388, 425, 426, 557;
appointed admiral of second ship-money fleet, 287;
instructions of Admiralty, 289, 290;
instructions from Charles, 295;
proceedings of fleet in Channel, 290, 291;
proceedings of fleet against Dutch fishermen, 295-300, 307-311;
forces licenses on Dutch fishermen, 12, 291, 296, 297, 298, 299,
300, 301, 308;
appointed admiral of the third ship-money fleet, 319;
appointed Lord High Admiral, 329
Norway, 34, 45, 169 n., 339, 527;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
Customs jurisdiction, 594;
declines three-mile limit, 633, 678;
declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636, 783;
disputes with England as to fisheries, 108, 110;
fisheries, 92;
fisheries in Vestfjord, 672, 677;
fishery limit early fixed, 528;
special fishery limits, 671, 672, 678, 679;
foreign trawlers seized for illegal fishing, 680;
registered trawlers in Moray Firth, 721, 727, 728;
sovereignty of sea of, 4;
territorial sea, 653, 669-681, 685;
method of computing, 653, 655, 669, 670, 676, 678, 685;
respected by foreign fishermen, 677, 678
Norwegian Sea, sovereignty over, 4, 16
Nottingham, Earl of, 206, 353
Nova Zembla, 184
Okhotsk, Sea of, foreigners fishing in, 585
Oldenbarneveldt. _See_ Barneveldt.
Oldys, 127 n.
Oleron, Laws of. _See_ Laws.
_Onward Ho!_ case of, 657 n.
Oppenheim, on territorial sea, 688
Oquendo, Don Antonio de, 330-334
Orange, Prince of, 190, 197, 303, 306, 314, 315 n., 384, 387, 422,
430, 433, 434, 460, 462, 490, 491, 492, 503, 517
Orfordness, 49, 277, 553
Orkney, 88, 108, 126, 165, 169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 406
Orkney, Earl of, 169 n.
Ormonde, Marquis of, 450
Ortolan, on territorial sea, 601
Orwell, 54
Ossory, Lord, 485, 486 n.
Ostend, 43, 309
Ouwers, Egidio, 273 n.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, 127 n.
Over-Yssel, 81
Owen, Captain, 382
Oxford, 358
Oyster fisheries, special treatment of, 657;
question of territoriality of Irish, 620, 621;
reserved for French, 612, 619, 620
Pacius, on Venetian dominion of sea, 351
Palatinate, 198, 199, 210, 253, 265, 271, 274, 275, 286, 302, 305,
306, 314, 315, 316, 331
Papal Bulls, 5, 105, 106, 107, 339, 342, 344, 372
Pardessus, 41, 42
Parliament, 67, 77 n., 116, 211, 214, 367, 409, 414, 443, 449, 457,
458, 475, 483, 492, 493, 503, 506, 532;
on safeguarding the sea, 34;
petitions for dues on navigation of Channel, 35;
on navy, 38
Parliament of Ireland, 33, 63
Parliament of Scotland, 82, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225
Parry, Sir Thomas, 155
Pauw, Adrian, Dutch ambassador, 405, 414
Pearl fisheries, 697;
Vattel on, 560
Pedrogue, John de, 45 n., 49, 50
Pembroke, Earl of, 227, 239 n., 240-244, 446
Pendennis Castle, 280
Penn, Sir William, 383, 408, 456
Pennington, Sir John, 208, 212, 244, 259, 261, 264, 274, 275 n.,
287, 290, 296, 297, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 379, 403;
instructions as to striking, 261-263, 276, 277;
suggestion as to neutral waters round a King’s ship, 262;
on striking, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283;
action at Battle of Downs, 329-335
Pepys, Samuel, 312 n., 513, 514;
on Fishery Society, 447 n., 448, 449;
on striking, 456;
on second Dutch war, 458, 459;
on state of navy, 517
Perels, on territorial sea, 652, 684, 688
Perkins, Sir Christopher, 146, 155
Perre, Van de, Dutch ambassador, 391, 415
Petersen, Gisbert, fishing license to, 460
Philip, Archduke of Austria, 72
Philip the Fair, 44
Philip II., 64, 81, 107, 141, 205, 425, 426, 544
Philip III., 350
Philip IV., 350
Phillimore, 312 n.;
on territorial sea, 682
Picardy, 29, 62, 74, 88, 103, 130
Picaroons, 273, 276
Pilchard, 134, 143, 227, 235, 447
Piracy, prevalence of, 4, 5, 7, 30, 43
Pirates, 68, 72 n., 78, 79, 82, 91, 247, 253, 254, 260, 269, 274,
284 n., 291, 292, 327, 339, 390, 421, 456, 471
Pistoye and Duverdy, on territorial sea, 602
Pitt, on fishery arrangements with France, 532
Pittenweem, 59, 175 n.
Plague, 299 n.
Plancius, 183
Plantagenets, 8, 11, 30, 43, 75, 209, 211, 213, 258, 368, 421
Plegher, 80
Plowden, on sea of England, 102, 111, 361, 543
Plumleigh, Captain, 208, 277, 280
Plymouth, 33, 117, 267, 268, 327
Poland, 61;
claim to Baltic, 4, 371, 377
Political Lent, the, 87, 88, 89, 112, 114
Pontalis, on fishery question, 453 n.
Pontanus, J. I., on Selden’s _Mare Clausum_, 376, 550
Pope, the, 28, 105, 106, 107, 212, 277 n., 339, 371
Popham, Col. Edward, 382
Porpoise, 88
Portland, 267
Portland Castle, 256, 279
Portland, Earl of, 239 n., 241, 253
Portsmouth, 114, 408
Portsmouth, Duchess of, 475
Portugal, 91, 268;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
fishermen visit British coasts, 129;
and Irish coast, 98;
fishery treaty with, 67;
foreign trawlers at, 713;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 340, 343, 344, 350;
territorial sea, 569, 664, 668
Pradier-Fodéré, on territorial sea, 684, 688
Prerogative of crown, 236
Pribilov Islands, 695
Privateers, 462
Prize, law of, 359 n.
Prussia, 34, 216;
fishermen on British coasts, 605
Prynne, Keeper of the Records, 17, 25, 27 n., 39, 43, 44 n., 213,
326 n., 352 n., 367 and n.;
on the sovereignty of the sea, 493
Puffendorf, on territorial sea, 551
Quarantine Acts, 594
Rainsford, Richard, 64, 138, 141, 142, 145, 159
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 127 and n., 136, 204, 413
Raleigh tract. _See_ Keymer.
Ramsgate, 699
Range of guns, Grotius on, 349;
range of modern guns, 21;
range of gun limit, 549;
range of guns and salute, 473 n.;
range of vision, 175, 193, 544;
claimed by Denmark, 529;
Grotius on, 347;
old English law, 544;
prescribed by Philip II., 544
_See_ Land-kenning and Territorial sea.
Rapin, 167 n., 311 n.
Rayneval, on range of vision, 546;
on territorial sea, 596
Reddie, on territorial sea, 600
Reformation, 67;
influence of, on fisheries, 75, 87, 89, 92
Reprisals between Scots and Dutch, 77, 78, 79, 84;
between traders, 53, 54
Reserved waters. _See_ Scotland.
Restoration, the, 14, 441
Revocation, Act of, 226
Rhé, Isle de, 246, 290
Richard I., 32, 40, 41, 51, 52
Richard II., 33, 62, 363
Richard III., 63, 72 n.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 12, 210, 246, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275,
276 n., 283, 291, 314, 526
Right of fishery. _See_ Fishery.
Right of search, 13, 330, 389, 393
Rio de la Plata, territoriality of, 663
Ripperda, Joachim, Dutch ambassador, 449
Rivalry in trade between English and Dutch, 10, 441, 457
Rochelle, 97, 267, 276 n., 290
Roe, Sir Thomas, 240, 276, 303, 306, 314, 315, 316 n., 323, 324
Roman law as to sea, 3, 344, 353, 356, 360, 539;
as to fishing, 66
Romans and sovereignty of sea, 26
Rool d’Oleron. _See_ Laws of Oleron.
Rose, Richard, 324 n.
Rosny, Sieur de, 204
Rostock, 195
Rotterdam, 79, 171, 327, 397 n., 511
Rouen, 61
Royal fishery, Pepys on, 447 n., 448
Roxburgh, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.
Rupert, Prince, 382, 493
Russia, 29, 61, 110, 142, 158, 358;
Behring Sea question, 581, 582;
Company, _see_ Muscovy Company;
Customs limit, 656, 657 n.;
territorial sea, 656
Ruyter, Captain, 298 n., 304
Rye, 33, 54, 65, 145 n., 483
Ryley, William, Keeper of the Records, 409, 410 n.
Ryswick, 466 n.
Saen, Joris van der, 402, 404
St Andrews, 352
St George’s Channel, 142
St John, Lord Chief-Justice, 72;
proceeds to The Hague, 384;
negotiations with Dutch, 385-390;
his proposals for alliance and coalescence, 385;
_Intercursus Magnus_ taken as basis of treaty, 386, 387;
his seven articles, 387;
the Dutch thirty-six articles, 388;
abstract of, 764;
as to fishing, 388, 389;
Dutch proposals as to sovereignty of sea, 389;
for a joint fleet to police the seas, 389, 395;
Dutch withdraw proposal as to striking, 390;
failure of negotiations, 390;
leaves The Hague, 391
St Lo, Captain George, on fishery limit at Yarmouth, 546 n.
Safe-conducts for fishing, 7, 33, 74
Salisbury, Earl, 64, 130 n., 150, 151, 155, 159, 223, 227 n., 359 n., 360;
on 100-mile limit, 541
Salisbury, Marquis of, on territorial sea, 592, 731
Salisbury, Miss E., 45 n.
Salmon fishing, 26, 233, 234, 235
Salute. _See_ Striking.
Sandwich, 73;
Knut’s grant of, 542
Sandwich, Earl of, 438, 463, 472
Saracens, 5, 339
Sarpi, on territorial sea, 547
Savage, Viscount, 239 n.
Savoy, Duke of, 540
Scania, 34, 362 n.;
decline of herring fishery at, 61
Scarborough, 49, 89, 108, 142, 247, 250, 256, 273, 274, 322;
castle, 64
Scaw, three-mile limit at, varies, 640 n.
Schaep, Dutch ambassador, 391
Schelde, 28
Scheveningen, 460
Schiedam, 78, 79, 318, 397 n.
Schmalz, on territorial sea, 597
Scilly Isles, 269, 390, 398, 399
Scotland, 48, 49, 59, 88;
Draft Treaty of Union with England, 1604, 84, 192, 223, 227, 228,
230, 232, 694;
fish exported from, 61;
fisheries of, 93;
importance of, 76;
claim to, 76, 82;
exclusive spirit as to, 76;
policy towards, 82;
treaties regarding, 75-82;
foreigners at West Coast fishings, 83, 130;
jealousy of foreign fishermen, 77, 124;
fishing in bays and lochs prohibited, 202;
attacks on Dutch fishermen, 77;
complaints against Dutch fishermen, 144, 168, 177, 201, 234, 301;
complaints against French fishermen, 606, 617;
Dutch edicts _re_ fishing, 201;
old fishery limits, 226-229;
old limit against Dutch, 83, 84;
herring fishery in, 59, 61, 76, 79, 83, 143, 221 n.;
extra-territorial jurisdiction in, 698;
instructions of Privy Council _re_ assize herrings, 757;
fishery Acts, 76;
fishery scheme, 225, 227;
fishery society, 444;
fishing in lochs claimed, 218;
“land fishing” described, 222 and n.;
land-kenning, _see_ Land-kenning;
limits of territorial sea, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230;
limit of 14 miles in Draft Treaty of Union, 223;
limit of two leagues fixed by Dutch, 605, 606;
reserved waters, 77, 84, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226-230, 234,
236-238, 445, 547
Scotland, royal burghs, 76, 216, 217, 220, 221;
ask that the Dutch be removed within a land-kenning, 221;
and fishery society, 445;
oppose assize herrings, 166;
territoriality of firths, 692;
trawling restrictions on, 715, 716;
Fishery Board empowered to restrict, 717;
Bill to extend prohibition of, 720;
Act fixing thirteen-mile limit for, 720;
treaties with the Dutch, 188 n.
Scotland, Sea Fisheries Regulation Act, 1895, 592
Scott, Thomas, 284
Scott, Sir William. _See_ Stowell, Lord.
Scottish Seas, the, 226
Scudamore, Lord, 272
Sea, appropriation of, 537, 539;
in Middle Ages, 3;
reasons for, 5;
Roman law on, 539, 541;
opinions of Italian jurists, 101, 104;
opinions of modern jurists on, 552;
Bynkershoek, 555;
Callis, 363;
Lord Chief-Justice Coke on, 363;
Gentilis on, 358, 359;
Graswinckel on, 411, 412;
Loccenius, 550;
Puffendorf, 550;
Lord Salisbury on, 361;
Selden, 370-374;
Lord Stair, 545 n.;
Vattel, 560
Sea, exhaustibility of. _See_ Fisheries.
Sea, “High Seas,” 50, 54
Sea, insecurity of, 5, 6, 30, 53, 54, 57, 70, 247-257
Sea, measures for guarding, 31, 32, 33, 34
Sea, sovereignty of. _See_ Sovereignty.
Sea of England, 7, 8, 9, 11, 20, 31, 41, 101, 209;
extent of, 15, 16, 54, 55, 56;
seizure of ships in, by Grimbald, 49, 50;
sovereign lordship of, 43, 46, 51, 54, 55;
Callis on, 363;
Plowden on, 102;
terms applied to, 16, 17;
the “Two Seas,” 17;
the “Three Seas,” 17;
the “Four Seas,” 17, 18, 251
Sea, property in bed of, 362
Seaforth, Earl of, 216, 220, 221, 222 n.
Sealing, 695, 696
Seals, 88
Seas, British, extent of, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 208, 264 and n.,
381, 418, 419, 429, 431-437, 459 n., 465, 466 and n., 469, 470,
477, 495, 505, 506 and n., 510, 515, 521;
Admiralty on, 437, 438;
reluctance of Admiralty to define, 20, 264 and n.;
boundaries intentionally left undefined, 20;
Dee on extent of, 101-103;
dispute as to extent of, 437;
Richard Cromwell on extent of, 438;
Thurloe on extent of, 434;
Trinity House on extent of, 20, 477, 478;
on striking in, 469, 470, 501-505;
claim to, gradually died out, 21
Sebastian, King, 107
Secretary for Scotland, 219, 227 n., 232
Seine, 26, 28
Seines, Bill to prohibit, within ten miles, 444 n.
Selden, 11, 17, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45 n., 48,
49, 55, 56, 62, 64 n., 66, 119 n., 183, 186 n., 213, 251, 254,
258 n., 279, 286, 305, 352 n., 353, 363, 410 n., 456, 469, 546,
550, 551;
controversy with Graswinckel, 411, 412;
imprisonment and release of, 367;
requested by Charles to write _Mare Clausum_, 366;
on British seas, 19;
on English sovereignty of sea, 373, 374;
on exhaustibility of sea, 372;
_Mare Clausum_, 11, 20, 254, 258 n., 315 n., 330, 389, 425, 456,
502, 504, 509 n., 543;
history of, 365, 366;
publication of, 288, 367;
political importance of, 368, 369;
importance of, in English law, 369, 374;
satisfaction of Charles with, 368, 369;
arguments of, 369-374;
anxiety in Holland about, 374, 375;
translated, 410
Semeyns, Meynert, 242 n.
Servat, William, 50
Seven Stones Rocks, territoriality of, 642, 643
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 492;
on the Dutch, 506
Sheerness seized by Dutch, 459
Shetlands, 4, 76, 88, 89, 90 n., 108, 113, 126, 129, 131, 151, 165,
169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 238, 241, 406, 443, 534
Shields, 84
Ship-money, 324, 329, 379
Ship-money fleet, first, 256, 259 n.;
object of, 260, 264, 265;
proceedings of, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274;
failure of, 274, 275.
_See_ Lindsey.
Second, 286;
its object, 287, 288;
opinion of Admiralty on convoying foreign vessels, 288, 289, 762;
on protecting foreign licensed fishermen, 288, 762;
proceedings of fleet, 290, 291, 295-301, 307-311;
failure to meet with French, 290;
instructions of Charles as to foreign fishermen, 295;
licenses distributed to Dutch herring busses, 298, 300, 308;
amount received as convoy and license-money, 309, 310, 311.
_See_ Northumberland.
Third, 319, 323.
Fourth, 327.
Ship-money writs, 36 n., 211, 253, 254, 286
Ships, impressment of, 32
Shookius, 550
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 520
Shrewsbury, Duke of, 520
Sicily, 29
Skagerrack, 438 and n.;
territoriality of, 636, 653
Sleeve, the, 260
Slingsby, Capt., 327
Sluys, battle of, 36, 37, 38
Smeerenburg, 194 n.
Smith, Captain John, 312 n., 494
Smith, Lieut. Thomas, dismissed for forcing French to strike, 521
Smith, Northumberland’s Secretary, 328, 331, 332
Smith, Simon, 242 n., 244 n., 442, 443 n., 448
Smyrna fleet, 485, 486, 487
Society of Fishing Merchants, 138, 159
Solebay, battle of, 489
Solinus, 25
Somerset, Earl of, 56 n.
Sommelsdijck, Lord of. _See_ Aerssen.
Sound, the sovereignty over, 4, 8, 16, 108;
toll levied at the, 4, 8, 35, 91, 108, 110, 154, 190, 339, 501
South America, territorial sea, 661
Southampton, 68, 73, 94
Southwold, 90 n., 534
“Sovereign of the Seas,” the, 28, 326
Sovereignty of the sea, among ancients, 371 n., 373
Sovereignty of sea, decadence of claim to, 15, 517, 522, 523, 566
Sovereignty of sea, juridical controversies about, 5, 410-413;
liberty of navigation, 8, 11, 33, 34, 54.
_See_ Navigation.
Sovereignty of the sea, meaning of, 2;
striking as a symbol of, 39
Sovereignty of sea, treatises on, 364 n.
Sovereignty of the sea, Barrère on, 595;
Blackstone, 580 n.;
Boroughs, 364-366;
Champagne, 595, 596;
Chitty, 580 n.;
Secretary Coke, 272;
Cromwell, 423, 424;
Dr Dee, 99, 103;
De Witt, 454, 468, 470;
Evelyn, 514;
English writers, 493, 494, 513;
Gentilis, 359;
Hall, 580 n.;
Hargrave, 580 n.;
Italian jurists, 6;
Jenkins, 484 n.;
Loccenius, 550;
Molloy, 514;
Moore, 580 n.;
naval historians on, 521;
Selden, 370-374;
Stubbe, 496-498;
Wicquefort, 495;
Baltic, 4, 33, 552;
Bothnian Gulf, 4
Sovereignty of sea, Denmark, 4, 8, 16, 33, 105, 108, 158, 339, 371,
376, 530, 552, 567;
contested by Elizabeth, 86;
England, origin of English claims, 6, 29, 30;
nature of, 8, 30;
defects of, 33;
early history of, 25;
under ancient Britons, 25, 26;
under Romans, 25, 365;
under Anglo-Saxons, 26;
under King Edgar, 27;
before Norman Conquest, 27;
after Norman Conquest, 29;
under Plantagenet Kings, 30, 40, 51, 52;
rolls concerning, 8, 43, 44, 45, 740, 744;
not claimed, by Tudors, 86, 111;
importance of claim under Stuarts, 9, 10, 118;
claimed as a prerogative of the crown, 211;
aimed against Dutch, 10, 125;
extravagant claims under Charles I., 209, 251, 264, 274;
under the Commonwealth, 378-382, 394, 395, 409, 412;
under Charles II., 441, 458, 487, 488;
decadence of claim, 15, 517, 522, 523;
of France, 287;
of Genoa, 4, 339, 341, 371;
of Norway, 4, 16, 530;
of Pisans, 371;
Poland, 4, 377;
Portugal, 5, 105-108, 112, 338, 339, 341, 371, 552;
Spain, 5, 105-108, 112, 118, 158, 330, 339, 341, 371, 552;
Sweden, 4, 350, 552;
Tuscans, 371;
Venice, 3, 4, 8, 16, 33, 338, 339, 341, 350, 351, 351 n., 371, 552, 566
Sowe. _See_ Zowe.
Spain, 20, 30, 33, 45, 57, 87, 91, 95, 107, 189, 198, 199, 203,
205, 212, 245, 247, 253, 255, 264, 266, 268, 275, 286, 304, 493;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 118, 188, 339;
fisheries, 92;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
foreign trawlers at, 713;
fishermen of, on British coasts, 67, 129, 150;
peace with England, 125, 358;
war with United Provinces, 9, 119, 139, 148, 201, 243 n., 251;
territorial sea, 644-668;
limits of, 569, 664;
Customs limit, 594;
disputes with Great Britain and United States as to territorial
sea, 664, 665
Spaniards forced to strike, 117, 206
Spanish Netherlands, 266, 272, 275
Spanish whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 n.
Spelman, 27
Spitzbergen, 4;
whaling at, 112, 164, 181, 182-185, 193, 194, 194 n., 198, 199,
200, 527.
_See also_ Greenland.
Spragge, Sir Edward, 485, 489
Sprat fishery, 133
Stair, Lord, on territorial limit, 545 n.
Star Chamber, 243