Start, the, 260_The Sovereignty of the Sea An Historical Account of the Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters

State merchant, 136

States-General of the United Provinces, 84, 178, 186, 190, 192, 258,

292, 343, 351, 415, 481;

conclude treaty with James VI., 81;

conclude peace with Spain, 148;

consider James’s proclamation on unlicensed fishing, 148, 150;

decide to maintain freedom of fishing on British coast, 151;

send embassy to James about, 155;

arguments used, 155, 159;

proclamation suspended, 159;

apologise for the capture of Brown, 173;

send the Captain responsible to London, 174;

publish an edict forbidding their fishermen to interfere with

Scottish fishermen, 179:

negotiations with James, 189;

disputes as to whale fishing at Spitzbergen, 181-185;

send another embassy to London, 185;

no instructions as to fishery question, 188, 189;

order their fishermen to keep out of sight of shore, 193;

send another embassy to James, 199;

again without instructions as to fishery question, 199, 200;

renew their edicts and order their fishermen not to go too near

Scottish coast, 201;

proceedings regarding licenses of Charles I., 301, 302, 303, 304,

305, 312, 313, 314, 315;

instructions to Evertsen as to striking, 399;

to Tromp, 399, 402 n., 405;

send Van Dorp to protect the busses from Northumberland, 300;

order Van Dorp to prevent acceptance of licenses, 312, 313;

send Aerssen van Sommelsdijck as ambassador, 336;

on Selden’s ‘Mare Clausum,’ 375;

resolve to increase their fleet, 393;

and question of striking, 390, 392;

attitude to the Parliament, 381;

send ambassador to London, 384;

negotiations with St John, 384-391;

another embassy to London, 391;

consider and postpone question of striking, 392, 399;

resolve to strengthen their fleet, 393;

negotiations interrupted by Tromp’s encounter with Blake, 397;

disown Tromp’s action, 405;

instruct him to strike, 405;

send the Grand Pensionary to London, 405;

recall ambassador and prepare for war, 405, 406;

send four deputies to the Parliament, 415;

negotiations for peace, 414-435;

peace concluded, 435

States-General and Charles II., action on fishery Bill, 449, 450, 451;

embargo on fisheries, 460, 462;

propose freedom of fishing during war, 461, 462;

differences with France as to, 463;

decision as to striking, 469, 481;

orders to their men-of-war on striking, 473;

drawn into dispute about striking, 482;

yield as to striking, 483, 484;

sue for peace, 490;

terms offered, 490;

reject terms, 491;

negotiations for peace, 498-506;

peace concluded, 508

States-General. _See_ Dutch, Netherlands, United Provinces.

States of Holland, 151, 155, 190, 303, 375, 384, 398, 407, 414

Stebbing, 127 n.

Stephens, Violet, 139

Stewart, Lord Robert, 169 n.

Stirling, Viscount, 239 n.

Stornoway, 216, 242

Stowell, Lord, decisions respecting territorial limit, 577, 578,

641 n., 681, 682;

on three-mile limit, 641 n.

Straddling, Captain, 207 n., 282, 327

Straits of Dover. _See_ Dover.

Strange, Lady, 283

Stratherne, Earl of, 239 n.

Strauchius, 550

Strickland, Walter, 384, 392, 429

Striking as an acknowledgment of maritime sovereignty, 3, 210;

origin of, 7, 42, 207;

first instance of, 43;

John’s ordinance on, 39-43;

under Tudors, 116;

under Henry VIII., 116;

opposed by French, 117;

under Elizabeth, 117, 204;

under James I., 204-208

Striking under Charles I., 11, 12, 210, 212;

becomes very prominent, 276;

arrogance of English officers regarding, 280, 281, 282;

under Commonwealth, 378, 380, 381;

under Charles II., 496;

James II. and after, 552;

decay of claim to, 327, 518, 519, 522;

abandoned after Trafalgar, 15, 523;

Admiralty instructions concerning, 260, 261, 277, 278, 380-383, 456,

469, 523 n.

Striking, rules and customs of, 206-208, 277, 278, 398, 463, 464, 466,

469-472, 481;

not well understood, 277, 456, 466, 469, 470, 478, 479

Striking at foreign ports and coasts, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 327,

381, 473, 477, 557;

before forts, 256, 279, 280, 472;

in British seas, 502, 503;

in Mediterranean, 327, 413, 456, 468, 473, 488;

in narrow seas, 206, 207 n., 208, 277, 402

Striking by merchant vessels, 206, 207, 282, 513;

British, 260, 275, 283, 284, 285, 519;

foreign, 207, 275, 513

Striking by Danes, 266, 282;

claim to, by Danes, 473, 520;

by Dunkirkers, 275, 282, 327

Striking by Dutch, 12, 13, 117, 204, 205, 208, 267, 269, 270, 276,

277, 279, 280, 281, 300, 327, 328, 330, 334, 383, 390, 392,

397, 398, 400-403, 437, 438, 449, 452, 455-457, 466-469, 472,

473, 477-481, 485, 486, 490, 491 n., 495, 501, 510-513, 520;

States-General consider question, 390, 392, 397;

De Witt’s proposals regarding, 467, 468, 469, 470;

on striking to a frigate or ketch, 468-470;

question of whole fleet to single ship, 477, 478, 479, 482;

terms offered Dutch, 490, 491 n.;

offer to strike in all seas, 432, 505, 506, 510;

by Dutch to French, 276 and n.;

by English to Dutch, 512

Striking by French, 117, 204, 212, 267, 270 and n., 271, 272, 275,

276, 279, 280, 283, 291, 313, 327, 332, 333, 471, 477, 488, 512,

513, 518, 520, 521;

French demand salute from English vessels, 212;

force English merchant vessels to strike, 268, 277, 283, 327;

by Hamburgers, 117;

by Spaniards, 205, 327, 330, 477;

by English to Spaniards, 512;

by Swedes, 382, 455, 456 n., 520

Striking, Bynkershoek on, 556;

Jenkins on, 480, 481;

jurists on, 557;

Molloy on, 515;

Wicquefort on, 495;

Duke of York on, 469

Striking, treaties regarding, 382, 455, 508, 517, 522-572 n.

Striking, arrangement between Charles and Louis, 488

Striking, arrangement between France and the United Provinces proposed, 452

Striking, differences between French and Dutch as to, 452, 463

Striking, French edicts on, 513

Striking, Richelieu’s proposals, 271, 272

Striking, Tromp’s memorandum on, 398, 770

Stuarts, the, 9, 57, 65, 118, 378

Stubbe, Henry, on sovereignty of sea, 496, 497, 498

Sturgeon, 66, 88, 363

Stypmannus, 550

Suffolk, 63, 94, 101, 248, 462

Suffolk, Earl of, 227

Sully, Duke of, 204

Sunderland, 249

Sweden, 60, 62, 142, 158, 358, 474, 490, 498;

asks for and obtains liberty of fishing in British seas, 427;

claim to sovereignty of sea, 4, 350, 377;

and striking, 208, 382;

territorial sea, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;

method of computing, 669;

Customs limit, 594;

declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636

_Taurus_, case of, 640

Taxation of foreign fishermen, 203

Teind fish, 195, 196

Temple, Lady, 478, 479, 480

Temple, Sir William, 470, 481;

on striking, 467, 468;

concludes Triple Alliance, 474;

recalled from The Hague, 476;

negotiates peace, 508;

on the article regarding striking, 509, 510

Territorial sea, agreements between Great Britain and Germany, 634, 652;

Anglo-Danish Convention concerning Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;

boundaries begin to be fixed, 554, 573;

by treaty, 526, 565;

Gulf Stream as a boundary, 575, 650;

British Foreign Office on, 665, 667 and n., 730, 731, 732, 738;

wishes territorial waters in North Sea to remain undefined, 632,

633, 634;

Parliamentary Committee recommend extension of, 707 and n.

Territorial sea, bays, and gulfs, 77, 348, 544, 545, 547, 548, 552,

574, 575, 581, 585, 589, 598, 599, 601-603, 610, 614, 619 n.,

622-630, 632-634, 639, 649, 652, 666, 668, 670, 678, 718, 723,

725, 726, 730;

of Bengal, 625;

Biscay, 564, 625;

Bothnia, Gulf of, 564;

Cancale, _see_ Granville;

Chaleurs, 623, 624, 628, 629, 630, 692;

Conception, 588, 589;

Delaware, 574, 599, 629;

Fundy, 623-625;

Granville, 612, 619, 692;

Hudson’s, 561;

of Argentina, 661;

Norway, 670, 672, 674, 677;

Scotland, firths, 222, 223, 230, 233, 239, 545, 622, 692;

Moray Firth, 721.

_See also_ Fisheries and King’s Chambers.

Territorial sea, British Foreign Office on, 629, 730, 731 and n., 732, 733;

delimitation of North American, 622, 627-630;

French Government on, 632;

Hague Tribunal on, 732;

Institut de Droit International on, 691, 775;

International Law Association on, 691, 775;

_inter fauces terræ_, 544, 547;

measurement of, 639;

old English law regarding, 547;

omitted in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 593;

principles regarding, 548;

six-mile line for, 627, 629, 630, 632, 730, 731;

treaty stipulation in 1521, 548;

usage regarding, 547, 548

Territorial sea, closed seas, 339, 564, 572, 582, 584, 585, 598, 657;

straits, 547, 561, 564, 586, 692, 776

Territorial sea, Dano-Swedish limit in Baltic, 655;

decisions of law courts as to extent of, 585-592;

definitions in Acts, 589, 591, 718;

in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 591, 592

Territorial sea, not absolutely defined by any State, 651, 652, 657, 660

Territorial sea, not defined by Great Britain, 593

Territorial sea, discussion between Spain, Great Britain, and United

States, 665

Territorial sea, discussion as to limit in North Sea, 632, 633, 634

Territorial sea, distinction between limit under international law and

in treaties, 644;

between exclusive fishery limit and territorial limit, 644, 660;

distinction between “coasts” and “bays,” 622;

meaning of “coasts,” 641 n.

Territorial sea, historical evolution of, 537

Territorial sea, in peace and war, 636, 651, 665

Territorial sea, in relation to fisheries, 693;

for “floating” fish, 698;

for coral, 684, 695, 697;

oysters, 611, 612, 619, 620, 621, 697;

pearls, 560, 697;

seals, 662, 663, 695, 696;

whales, 674, 695, 696;

exclusive fishery limit, 639;

on British and Irish coasts, 646, 647;

outside the North Sea, 643, 644, 645, 646;

extra-territorial regulations, 657, 661, 662, 663, 695, 699, 704,

707, 708, 716, 720, 725, 726, 727;

international regulations, 733, 734, 735;

trawling, 698, 707, 735;

jurisdiction for Customs, 593-595, 609, 665, 676, 679 n.;

for public health and slave-ships, 593-595;

under common law of England, 546;

over foreigners, 589, 590, 591;

navigation in, 78, 676

Territorial sea, need of distinguishing different rights in, 690;

neutral waters, decrees respecting, 569-570;

proposed limit for, 690, 775

Territorial sea, possession of opposite shores, 35, 43;

principle of thalweg or mid-line, 541-544

Territorial sea, proposals of International Law Association, 690-692, 774;

question of banks and flats, 633, 634, 635, 639, 640 and n., 641 n.;

of consistency of soil, 641 n.;

of depth, 562;

of islands, 618, 634, 639, 641 n.;

of rocks and islets, 641-643, 649;

of tide-marks, 579, 641, 652, 659, 661, 666, 669 and n.;

of true boundary of, 539;

Scottish firths, 692;

statutes referring to, 589-594

Territorial sea, usage in seventeenth century, 552;

in eighteenth, 566;

modern, 650

Territorial sea, modern usage, Algeria, 657;

Argentine Republic, wide claim by, 661, 662, 663;

in Rio de la Plata, 663;

Austria-Hungary, 572, 658;

in Behring Sea, 585, 695 and n., 696;

Belgium, 658;

Chili, 661;

Cuba, 665;

Denmark, 528, 529, 530, 538, 567, 568, 653, 655, 664;

in Cattegat, 653;

Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;

Skagerrack, 636, 653;

France, 657;

Germany, 652;

Great Britain, origin of, 538;

in Bristol Channel, 586-588;

at Bell Rock, 642;

at Eddystone, 641, 642, 643;

at Seven Stones Rocks, 642, 643;

British colonies, 661;

British N. America, 531;

Greece, 661;

Italy, 659;

Japan, 661;

Netherlands, 658;

in Zuiderzee, 635, 636;

Norway, 457, 528, 538, 568, 653, 664, 669-681, 685;

method of measuring, 669, 670, 685;

rejects three-mile limit, 633, 636, 678, 681;

reasons for wide limit, 676, 677;

in Varangerfjord, 674;

in Vestfjord, Lofotens, 672-674, 677;

special limits in, 671, 672, 678, 679;

Portugal, 538, 569, 664, 668;

Russia, 656;

White Sea, 564, 657;

Scandinavian limit, 528, 567 and n., 653, 655;

Spain, 538, 569, 664-668;

South America, 661;

Sweden, 538, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;

method of computing in, 669;

United States, 661;

various limits claimed by, 575;

Uruguay, 663;

Venice, 571

Territorial sea, opinions of publicists in first part eighteenth

century on, 565, 566;

of recent publicists, 603, 605, 681, 688, 689

Territorial sea, opinions of Abreu y Bertodano, 559;

Aschehoug, 686, 688;

Auber, 691;

Azuni, 564, 565;

on Bays, 565;

Bishop, 683, 689;

Bluntschli, 682, 688;

Bodin, 540;

Burgus, 550;

Bynkershoek, 555, 556;

on range of vision, 546;

Calvo, 682, 688;

Casaregi, 558;

Lord Chelmsford, 586;

Chitty, 597;

Conringius, 550;

Baron de Courcel, 664 n.;

Craig, 357;

Dana, 683, 689;

Desjardins, 685, 688;

Lord Dunedin, 724;

Ferguson, 684, 689;

Fiore, 684, 689;

Lord Fitzmaurice, 630, 730, 731;

Galiani, 563;

Gentilis, 540;

Graswinckel, 550;

Sir Edward Grey, 732;

Grotius, 549;

on range of vision, 545;

Lord Guthrie, 723;

Chief-Justice Hale, 543;

Hall, 687, 689;

Halleck, 683, 689;

Lord Halsbury, 592;

Lord Hatherly, 586 n.;

Hautefeuille, 601, 688;

Heffter, 600, 689;

Lord Herschell, 692 n.;

Holland, 691;

Hübner, 562;

Kent, 599, 689;

Kleen, 685;

Klüber, 597, 688;

Lord Kyllachy, 725;

Lampredi, 563;

Latour, 595, 685;

Lawrence, 683, 688;

Leoni Levi, 664 n.;

Loccenius, 550;

Lord Loreburn, 732;

Lushington, 586 n.;

Manning, 600, 689;

Massé, 602, 688;

de Martens, 686, 688;

G. F. von Martens, 563;

on bays, 564;

on straits, 564;

Moore, 691 n.;

Moser, 562;

Sir John Nicholl, 586;

Oppenheim, 688;

Ortolan, 600, 688;

Perels, 684, 688;

Phillimore, 682, 688, 689;

Pistoye and Duverdy, 602, 688;

Pontanus, 550;

Pradier-Fodéré, 684, 688;

Puffendorf, 550;

on bays and gulfs, 551;

Rayneval, 596;

Reddie, 600;

Lord Salisbury, 592;

Sarpi, 547;

Schmalz, 597, 688;

Shookius, 550;

Lord Stowell, 641 n.;

Strauchius, 550;

Sir Travers Twiss, 683, 689, 691 n.;

Valin, 562;

Vattel, 560, 689;

on bays, 561;

on straits, 561;

Lord Wensleydale, 586 n.;

Westlake, 691 n.;

Wheaton, 598, 689;

Wolff, 559, 689;

Woolsey, 683, 689;

opinions of early English lawyers, 539;

of early Italian jurists, 539;

of Institut de Droit International, 689-692, 774;

of International Law Association, 689-692, 774;

of judges in _Franconia_ case, 590

Territorial Sea. Various limits proposed or adopted for different purposes:

_Three-mile limit_, proposed by Galiani, 563;

by Azuni, 565;

introduced for neutrality by United States, 573, 574;

introduced into English jurisprudence, 576, 577;

originated in neutral rights, 694;

applied to fisheries, 581;

confusion of, with range of guns, 591 and n., 598, 682, 683, 689;

not equivalent to range of guns, 21, 576;

discussion on, 650-652;

generally adopted through influence of the United States and Great

Britain, 21, 681;

an Anglo-American doctrine, 681, 684;

not generally accepted by publicists, 580, 680, 681, 688, 775;

common adoption of, 21, 650;

in some international fishery conventions, 581, 612, 614, 617, 619,

621, 634, 635, 647, 649, 652;

generally for fisheries, 616, 647, 663, 680;

inadequacy of, 21, 604, 615, 617, 651, 679, 682, 683, 686, 687,

690, 693, 694, 707 and n.;

in relation to next great maritime war, 22;

British Government on, 730, 732;

refuses to recognise jurisdiction beyond three miles, 663, 667 and

n., 738;

wishes three-mile limit extended in war, 665;

rejected by four European States, 664;

refused by Norway, 633, 636, 678, 681;

complex on Norwegian coast, 672, 676

_Four-mile limit_, 653;

_five miles_, 575, 665, 691, 698, 715;

_six miles_, 559, 563, 565, 566, 575, 582, 605, 606, 664, 665, 690,

691, 694, 775;

adopted by International Law Association for Fisheries, 690, 775;

limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 605, 606;

_eight miles_, 665, 694;

_nine miles_, 563, 564 n., 608 and n., 611, 618, 679, 679 n., 691,

698, 737;

on French coast, 608 n., 609;

recommended by English trawlers for North Sea, 702;

_ten miles_, 665, 668, 687, 694, 696, 698, 707, 737;

in Argentina, 661;

recommended for North Sea by English trawlers, 702;

_twelve miles_, 575, 593, 594, 662, 665, 668, 715;

_thirteen miles_, 703, 720, 738;

for fishery on Scottish coast, 720;

_fourteen miles_, 77, 84, 192, 193, 545, 694;

_twenty-eight miles_, 77, 84, 545;

_thirty miles_, 572, 696;

_forty miles_, 178, 585;

_sixty miles_, 3, 540, 696;

_eighty miles_, 79, 355;

_100 miles_, 3, 169, 353, 360, 373, 539, 541, 559;

claimed by Russia in Behring Sea, 582

_Range of guns_, 21, 349, 549, 552, 593, 646, 658, 660, 676, 681,

685-687, 690, 716;

first proposed by Dutch ambassadors, 156, 549;

Bynkershoek’s dictum on, 556;

merits of, 558;

fixed in treaties and decrees, 570-572;

generally adopted, 576;

incorporated in international law, 558;

generally accepted by publicists, 688;

the true principle of delimitation, 595, 602, 603;

and neutral rights, 557, 559, 571, 572;

and salute, 556, 557;

as “zone of respect,” 690, 775

_Range of vision_, 175, 193, 347, 544-546, 571, 574, 596, 602, 694;

defects of, 546;

adhered to by Dutch, 546;

claimed by Denmark, 529, 545;

proposed by some modern publicists, 546, 565, 600 (_see_ Land-kenning);

subsistence limit of Sarpi, 547

Territorial waters. _See_ Territorial sea.

Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 580 n., 590, 591, 592, 717, 718, 731

Teutonic invaders, seafaring habits of, 26

Texel, 18, 409; battle of, 498

Thalweg. _See_ Mid-line.

Thames, 49, 60, 76, 131, 133, 219, 443, 444, 459, 462, 472, 476

Thanet, 49, 68

Thorpe, 27, 28

Three-mile limit. _See_ Territorial sea.

Three seas, 17

Thurloe, 432, 434, 436, 497, 498 n.

Tithes of fish. _See_ Fish.

Tlieff, Captain Andrees, 171, 174, 175

Top-sails, lowering of. _See_ Striking.

Tordesillas, treaty of, 5, 106

Traders, hostilities between, 53, 54

Trafalgar, 15

Trawling. _See_ Fisheries.

Treaties, England and Burgundy, 1405, 1408, 69;

1417, 70;

1439, 70;

1467, 71;

1478, 72;

1496 (_Intercursus Magnus_), 72;

1499, 73;

1506, 73;

1515, 73;

1520, 73;

and Castile, 1351, 67;

and Denmark, 1468, 110;

1490, 109;

1523, 109;

1583, 110;

and Flanders, 1320, 55;

and France, 1303, 44-46, 49;

1403, 67;

1471, 72;

1528, 75;

and Portugal, 1353, 67;

1439, 70;

and United Provinces, 1585, 433;

Scotland and the Emperor, 1541, 78;

1550, 79, 179;

Scotland and the Netherlands, 1291, 1321, 1323, 1371, 1401, 1407,

1412, 1416, 76;

1531, 1541, 188 n.;

and United Provinces, 1594, 81, 157, 169, 173, 188 n., 257, 388;

Great Britain and Belgium, 1852, 617, 645;

1882, 637;

and Denmark, 1882, 637;

1901, 647, 740;

and France, 1686, 526, 622;

1786, 572;

1839, 612;

1867, 619;

1882, 637;

and Germany, 1882, 637;

and Mexico, 1888, 679 n.;

and the Netherlands, 1625, 433;

1654, 435, 436, 455;

1662, 455;

1674, 508;

1689, 517;

1784, 522;

1882, 637;

and Russia, 1825, 583;

and Spain, 1630, 425;

1790, 573;

and Sweden, 427;

and United States, 1783, 622;

1794, 574, 622;

1814, 581;

1818, 581, 627;

1854, 625;

1871, 627;

1888, 628;

Denmark and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;

1899, 655, 675;

France and Algeria, 1689, 527, 573;

Burgundy, 1468, 71;

the Emperor, 1521, 74, 119;

Russia, 1787, 572;

and United Provinces, 1635, 276;

1662, 453;

Norway and Mexico, 1886, 594, 679;

Porte and Naples, 1740, 546;

Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;

and the two Sicilies, 1787, 572;

and the United Provinces and Prussia, 1781, 572 n.;

Spain and Morocco, 1861, 668;

and Portugal, 1494, 106;

1878, 1885, 1893, 665, 666;

and Tripoli, 1784, 572;

and the United Provinces, 1609, 148, 344, 350 n.;

United States and Morocco, 1785, 572;

and Russia, 1824, 583

Treaties concerning fishery, British North America, 526, 531, 532,

574, 622, 625, 627, 628

Treaties guaranteeing liberty of fishing on English coasts, 66-74

Treaty of Antwerp, 148, 344, 350 n.;

of Breda, 464, 465;

of Dover, 475;

of Ryswick, 466 n.;

of Southampton, 388;

of Tordesillas, 5, 106;

of Troyes, 8, 35;

of Union, England and Scotland, 1604, 192, 545;

of Utrecht, 531

Treport, 65, 426

Trinity House, 114, 120, 447;

on limits of King’s Chambers, 9, 753;

on extent of British Seas, 20, 465 n., 477, 478;

on jurisdiction of Cinque Ports in Channel, 544;

on striking, 477

Triple Alliance, 467, 471, 474, 476, 481, 483, 490

Tromp, Lieut.-Admiral Martin Harpentz, 329, 390, 395, 408, 411 n.,

415, 422, 436, 477, 511;

attacks Oquendo in the Straits of Dover, 330;

in the Downs, 245, 331;

strikes to English, 330, 334;

his letter to Pennington, 334;

commands Dutch fleet, 329;

puts to sea to prevent search of Dutch vessels, 397;

no instructions as to striking, 397, 399;

his memorandum on striking, 398, 770;

reluctance to strike, 400, 401, 403, 404;

encounter with Blake, 12, 207 n., 397, 403, 404, 421;

correspondence with Blake, 404 n., 771;

story of broom, 408, 409

Tudors, 85, 86, 87, 118

Tunny fishery, 142, 504

Tweedmouth, Lord, 691, 720

_Twee Gebroeders_, case of, 576, 577, 641 n.

Twiss, Sir Travers, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52 n., 53, 312 n., 689, 691 n.

Two seas, 17

Tynemouth, 214

Tyrrhenian Sea, sovereignty of, 371

United Provinces, 9, 12-14, 81, 119, 125, 126 n., 151, 157, 170,

179, 187, 191, 197, 198, 201, 243 n., 246, 251, 253, 257,

264, 265, 275, 288, 301, 302, 304, 340, 342, 364, 384, 399,

405, 416, 441, 454, 460, 470, 474, 517, 527-529.

_See_ States-General, Dutch, Netherlands.

United States of America, disputes and negotiations regarding British

North American fisheries, 532, 581, 621-630, 731 and n.;

regarding Behring Sea, 541, 583, 584, 695 n.;

territorial sea, 599, 661;

fixes three miles for neutrality, 21, 93, 573, 574;

various limits claimed, 574, 575, 650;

influence of, in adoption of three-mile limit, 650

Uruguay, territorial sea, 663

Ushant, 103, 290, 399, 437

Utrecht, 81; treaty of, 531, 582

Vagabonds, 98

Valck, Jacob, 81

Valin, on territorial sea, 562

Vane, Sir Henry, 269, 414, 422 n., 439

Varangerfjord, 674, 695

Vardö, or Vardöhuus, 86, 97 n., 108, 109, 110

Vasquez. _See_ Vasquius.

Vasquius, Ferdinand, on dominion of sea, 341, 351, 353

Vattel, on territorial sea, 560;

on appropriation of fisheries, 561

Venice, 30, 91, 186 n., 191;

sea sovereignty of, 3, 4 and n., 16, 33, 54, 107, 158, 339, 341,

350, 351, 361, 371, 540, 547, 552;

limit of territorial sea, 571

Vestfjord, 672, 677

Vic, M. de, Vice-Admiral of France, 204

Violation of ports, 247, 249, 250

Virginia, 388

Visit and search and gun range, 557

Visitation of English ships, 268

Wagenaar, 80, 167 n., 311 n.

Walderswick, 90 n.

Walker, Sir Richard, 280

Walmer Castle, 279

Warbeck, Perkin, 72, 387

Wardhouse. _See_ Vardö.

Warwick, Earl of, 206 n, 276, 379, 380

Wash, the, 18

Washington, George, 573, 681

Wells, 90

Welwood, William, 342 n., 343, 371, 546, 551;

on appropriation of the sea, 353;

dominion of the sea, 354;

exhaustibility of sea, 355;

on Grotius, 352;

on limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 79, 84;

sea laws of Scotland, 352;

attack on, by Graswinckel, 412

Wensleydale, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Wentworth, Viscount, 227 n.

West Friesland, 453

Westlake, Professor, on territorial sea, 691 n.

Westmoney Islands, 109, 247

Weston, Lord, 227, 239 n., 241, 281

Weymouth, 268

Whale-fishing, 187, 189;

in Behring Sea, 585;

at Greenland, 407, 527-530;

at Jan Mayen, 527;

at Spitzbergen, 112, 164, 181-184, 193, 194 n., 200, 527;

in Varangerfjord, 674;

regulations, 695

Whales, right to, 66, 363

Wharton, 312 n.

Wheaton, on territorial sea, 598

Whestone, Admiral, 520

Whitby, 462

Whitelock, 414

White Sea, sealing at, 695;

territoriality of, 657;

trawling at, 680

Whitstable Fishery, case of, 586 n.

Wicklow, 63

Wicquefort, on sovereignty of sea, 495

Wilkins, 27

Willes, John, 43

William of Malmesbury, 27

William III. and sovereignty of sea, 517-520

William the Lion, King, 59

Williamson, Sir Joseph, plenipotentiary at Cologne, 496, 497, 498, 511

Willoughby, 181, 183

Wilson, Thomas, 163 n.

Wimbledon, Viscount, 227 n.

Winchelsea, 37, 49, 50, 73

Windebank, 243, 250, 253, 263, 267, 287, 295, 302, 319, 320, 322, 323

Winwood, Sir Ralph, 130 n., 152, 162, 168, 172

Wolff, on territorial sea, 559

Wolseley, Sir Charles, 429

Wolsey, Cardinal, 74, 119, 548

Woolsey, on territorial sea, 683

Worcester, 27

Worcester, Earl of, 56 n.

Worsley, Dr Benjamin, 515

Wotton, 162

Wreck, right to, 66, 362, 363, 542

Yarmouth, 34 n., 46 n., 49, 58, 60, 62, 73, 90, 96, 97 n., 100, 108,

126, 129, 130 n., 131, 133, 134, 143-145, 151, 162, 214, 247, 248,

249, 295, 307, 308, 391 n., 438, 455, 461, 462, 463, 515, 546

York, Duke of, 446, 448, 456, 457, 458, 469, 472, 485, 493, 516

Yorkshire, 133

Young, Captain, 207 n., 401, 402

Ypres, 71

Zealand, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74 n., 75, 81, 88, 92, 94, 95, 125, 195

Zierikzee, 45 n.

Zorgdrager, 194 n.

Zouch, 515

Zowe, fishing-bank, 65 and n., 189 n., 276 n., 426 n., 440, 544, 749

Zuiderzee, territoriality of, 635

THE END.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The possession by Venice of this maritime sovereignty was

symbolised each year for many centuries by the picturesque ceremony of

“espousing” the Adriatic. On Ascension Day the Doge was rowed to the

strains of music in a magnificent gilded state barge, the _Bucentaur_,

to the channel of Lido, where he cast a ring into the water, exclaiming

as he did so, “We espouse thee, O Sea, in sign of a real and perpetual

dominion” (“Desponsamus te mare in signum veri perpetuique dominii”).

The Papal nuncio and representatives of other states assisted at the

ceremony.

[2] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of War_, 142. Maine,

_International Law_, 76.

[3] Twiss, _op. cit._, 143, 144. Reddie, _Maritime International Law_,

i. 41.

[4] Nicolas, _Hist. Navy_, i. 157.

[5] “Il sera banny hors dAngleterre et de mer appartenant au roi

dAngleterre,” Article in _Black Book_, i. 58, ascribed to the reign

of Henry I. (A.D. 1100-1135); “Ad piscandum in mari nostro, prope

Jernemuth,” Edward I., A.D. 1295, _Fœdera_, ii. 688; “la meer

Dengleterre,” A.D. 1306, _Chanc. Rolls, Misc. Treaties_, &c., Bd. 14,

No. 15; “super mare Anglicanum” (_Rot. Pat._, 14 Edw. II., pt. ii. m.

26, d.), A.D. 1320, &c., &c.; “partibus maris infra regnum nostrum

Angliæ,” _A.D._ 1317, Edw. II., _Fœdera_, iii. 469; A.D. 1406, Hen.

IV., giving freedom of fishing, “ubicumque supra mare, per et infra

dominia, jurisdictiones, et districtus nostra”; “Seigneur de la mer,”

A.D. 1320, _Fœdera_, iii. 852; “reges Angliæ domini maris Anglicani

circumquaque,” A.D. 1336, _Rot. Scot._, i. 442; “domini maris et

transmarini passagii,” A.D. 1336, _Fœdera_, iv. 721; “le roi de la

mier,” A.D. 1372, _Rot. Parl._, ii. 311; “seigneurs del meer,” A.D.

1420, _ibid._, iv. 126, &c., &c.

[6] _Fœdera_, xvi. 395; _State Papers, Dom._ 1604, 11, 40; _Fœdera_,

xix. 211; _Libelle of Englyshe Polycye_; Dee, _General and Rare

Memorials_, 6; _State Papers, Dom._ 1662, 66, 50, “It is a fundamental

Maxime of England, that the sea flowing about the Isle of Great

Britaine is of the same dominion with the isle”; “the dominion of the

ambient seas.”

[7] _Rot. Escheat._, 41 Hen. III., A.D. 1259, referred to by Coke,

1. 107_a_; Bracton, _Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ_, lib. v. c.

xxx. fol. 437 (A.D. _circa_ 1259); _Statutes of the Realm_, 18 Edw. I.

Stat. 4 (A.D. 1290); _Rot. Parl._, 13 Ric. II., “deinz les quatre miers

Dengleterre,” &c.

[8] Hall, _On the Rights of the Crown in the Sea Shores of the Realm_,

p. 1.

[9] “The guardian of his Majesty’s three seas” (A.D. 1607). _Cæsar

Papers, MS. Brit. Mus. Lansd._, 142, fol. 373.

[10]

“Thene here I ende of the comoditees

Ffor whiche nede is well to kepe the sees;

Este and weste, sowthe and northe they be;

And chefely kepe the sharpe narowe see,

Betwene Dover and Caleise.”

[11] _Acts of the Privy Council of England_, N.S., i. 232, 242.

[12] Winwood’s _Memorials_, iii. 50.

[13] _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xiii.

[14] Selden, _Mare Clausum_, lib. i. c. viii., lib. ii. cc. ii.-viii.

[15] _Polyhistor._, c. xxiv.

[16] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xi.

[17] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xii. “Canutus autem Rex suæ ditionis

esse Oceanum Britannicum verbis expressissimis item est testatus.”

Prynne uses the same argument. _Animadversions on Coke’s Fourth

Institute_, 88.

[18] Ed. Petrie, 395.

[19] _Gesta Regum Anglorum_, i. 235; Eng. Hist. Soc. “Ego Edgarus

totius Albionis Basileus nec non maritimorum seu insulanorum Regum

circumhabitantium.”

[20] “Ego Edgardus Anglorum Basileus omniumque Regum insularum,

Oceanique Britanniam circumjacentis cunctarumque nationum quæ infra

eam includuntur Imperator et Dominus,” &c. Dee, _General and Rare

Memorials_, 58, 60; Selden, _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xii. (quoting from

a charter of Inspeximus, _Rot. Pat._, 1 Edw. IV., m. 23); Prynne, _op.

cit._, 87.

[21] _Concilia_, i. 432.

[22] _Ibid._, i. 239.

[23] _Codex Diplomaticus_, ii. 404, vi. 237.

[24] _Diplomatarium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici_, 211.

[25] _Cartularium Saxonicum_, iii. 377.

[26] “Insularum oceani quæ Brytanniam circumjacent.”

[27] Worsaae, _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England,

Scotland, and Ireland_; Depping, _Histoire des Expéditions maritimes

des Normands_; Beamish, _The Discovery of America_.

[28] Burrows, _Cinque Ports_, 62, 81.

[29] Cunningham, _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during

the Early and Middle Ages_, 173.

[30] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of Peace_, 244; ibid., _In Time

of War_, 142.

[31] See p. 51.

[32] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xiv.

[33] “Pour garder la mere,” “la garde du meer,” “la sauve garde

du meer,” “pro custodia maris,” “de custodia maritimæ,” &c. See

_Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England_; Nicolas,

_History of the Royal Navy_; Prynne, _Animadversions_.

[34] _Fœdera_, i. 861; Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 279, 437.

[35] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of Peace_, 245.

[36] _Vide_ Twiss, _Black Book of the Admiralty_, i. 420.

[37] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xviii.

[38] Twiss, _ibid._, i. 64.

[39] Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 131, 231, ii. 45, 84, 130, 176; _Rot.

Pat._, 65 (1206); _Fœdera_, i. 96 (1208).

[40] _Chronicles_, ii. 497.

[41] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. cc. xiii., xx.

[42] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 46b; Nicolas, _op. cit._, ii. 260-280;

Laughton, _Studies in Naval History_, 16-22. The Yarmouth herring

fishing suffered severely in these years, and the fishermen equipped

and armed vessels for their own defence,--_Chronicon Angliæ, ab_ A.D.

1328 _usque ad annum_ 1388, p. 170, Rolls Series.

[43] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xv.

[44] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 63b, 391a; _Fœdera_, vii. 220. “C’este

l’ordinance et grante par l’advis des Marchaundz de Londres, et des

autres Marchaundz vers la North, par assent de touz Communes de

Parlement par devant le Comte de Northumberland et le Meair de Londres,

pur la garde et tuicion du Mier,” &c. The specified dues throw some

light on the commerce and fisheries of the period: (1) all vessels or

crayers navigating the seas within the limits of the admiralty of the

north were to pay a duty of sixpence a ton-tight, going and returning,

with the exception of those bringing wines and goods from Flanders to

London, or carrying wool and skins to Calais; (2) vessels laden with

goods belonging to merchants of Prussia, Norway, or Scone (Scania)

were to pay sixpence a last; (3) vessels carrying coals from Newcastle

were to pay sixpence a ton every three months; (4) sixpence a-week per

ton was to be paid by all vessels fishing for herrings within the said

admiralty, and sixpence every three weeks per ton by boats fishing for

other fish.

[45] A.D. 1420, _Rot. Parl._, iv. 126. “Item, priount les ditz

Communes, que par l’ou nostre très soverain seignour le Roy et ses

nobles progenitours de tout temps ount esté seignours del meer, et

ore par la grace de Dieu est venuz que nostre dit seignour le Roy est

seignour des costes d’ambeparties del meer d’ordeigner que sur toutz

estraungers passantz parmye le dit meer tiel imposition à l’oeps nostre

dit seignour le Roy apprendre qui à luy semblera resonable, pur la

salve garde del dit meer.”

[46] _Rotuli Scotiæ_, i. 442, “Nos advertentes quod progenitores nostri

reges Angliæ Domini Maris Anglicani circumquaque et etiam defensores

contra hostium invasiones ante hæc tempora extiterint,” &c. Part of the

language of this mandate was copied by Charles I. in his ship-money

writs. See p. 211.

[47] _Fœdera_, iv. 722. “Consideratio etiam quod progenitores nostri,

Reges Angliæ, in hujusmodi turbationibus, inter ipsos et alios terrarum

exterarum dominos motis, domini maris et transmarini passagii, totis

præteritis temporibus, extiterunt,” &c.

[48] Nicolas, _op. cit._, ii. 49, 106.

[49] _Political Poems_, ii. 157. The author states that it was coined

after Edward captured Calais, when

“The see was kepte, and thereof he was lorde,

Thus made he nobles coigned of recorde.”

But Edward did not take Calais till 1347, while the noble was issued in

July 1344. Nicolas, _loc. cit._

[50] Oppenheim, _A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy_, i.

[51] Cunningham, _op. cit._, 361. In the _Libelle_ it is asked--

“Wher ben our shippes, wher ben our swerdes become?

Our enmyes bid for the ship set a sheep”;

and the rubric of an anonymous commentator states that the advice

quoted was owing to the fact that while in the time of Edward III.

the English were lords of the sea, they were now in these days mad

(_vecordes_), vanquished, and for waging war and guarding the sea, like

sheep. The jest is also alluded to by Capgrave, _Liber de Illustribus

Henricis_, 135.

[52] “Tous les pays tenoient et appelloient nostre avandit seigneur, le

Roi de la Mier.”

[53] _Rot. Parl._, ii. 311.

[54] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvi.

[55] _Animadversions_, 108.

[56] Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 156, but cf. ii. 481; Hannay, _A Short

History of the Royal Navy_, 15. Hannay, as well as the writer of the

naval articles in _Social England_ (i. 138), was not apparently aware

of the labours of Sir Travers Twiss mentioned in the text.

[57] _The Black Book of the Admiralty_, i. Intro. xiii _et seq._, 129;

iii. Intro. i, x.

[58] “Item ordonne estoit a Hastynges pour loy et coustumes de mer ou

temps du roy Johan lan de son regne second par advys de ses seigneurs

temporelz que se le lieutenant en aucun voyage ordonne par commun

conseil du royalme encontrent sur la mer aucunes nefz ou vesseaux

chargees ou voide que ne veullent avaller et abbesser leurs trefs

ou commandement du lieutenant du roy ou de ladmiral du roy, ou son

lieutenant, mais combatant encontre iceulx de la flotte que silz

puent estre pris quilz soient reputez comme ennemys et leurs nefs,

vesseaulx, et bien pris et forfaitz comme biens des ennemys tout soit

que les maistres ou possesseurs dicelles vouldroient venir apres et

alleguer mesmes les nefs, vesseaulx, et biens estre biens des amys du

roy nostre seigneur, et que le mayne estant en icelles soient chastiez

par emprisonnement de leur corps pour leur rebellete par discrecion.”

The above is given by Twiss from the _Whitehall MS._ of the eighteenth

century; it does not materially differ from the others. The _Cottonian

MS._, which is stated to be the earliest and purest, reads in both

places “le lieutenant du roy ou ladmiralle du roy ou soun lieutenant.”

[59] _The Black Book_, Intro. xix, lxxvii. It is _Vespasian MSS._, B.

xxii.

[60] _The Black Book_, iii. Intro. viii, x. See p. 410.

[61] _Collection des Lois Maritimes_, iv. 199.

[62] _Collection des Lois Maritimes_, i. Intro. pp. li, 129; iii.

Intro. p. xi.

[63] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvi.

[64] “Quanquam tamen, ad primam vocem ipsorum Anglicorum, idem Johannes

Willes velum suum declinavit,” &c., _Fœdera_, viii. 273; “omnes tamen

inermes, et velum suum, ad primum clamorem Anglicorum declinantes,”

_ibid._, 277.

[65] _Chancery Rolls, Misc. Treaties and Diplomatic_, Bdle. 14, No.

15. It is endorsed _De Superioritate Maris Angliæ et Jure Officii

Admirallatus in eodem_. There are several copies on separate membranes

in the bundle--viz., 1, 8, 12, 14, 15,--and they differ from one

another, as indicated in the transcript in Appendix A. Prynne

(_Animadversions_, 109) says that besides the roll in the Tower from

which Lord Coke and Selden quoted, he discovered “an ancient copy of

it in the White Tower Chapple,” and among the Admiralty papers is a

memorandum by Nicholas, undated, but before 1631, on the records in

the Tower respecting the Laws of Oleron and the Sovereignty of the

Seas, in which he says that “in ye little closset there” a record in

French exists, dated in the time of Edw. I. or II., referring to the

depredations of Grimbald. There is also a transcript in a collection of

MSS. in the British Museum (_Harleian_, 4314) and a translation of the

roll, in a hand of the seventeenth century, in _MS. Otho._ E. ix. fol.

14.

[66] _Fourth Institute_, cap. 22, p. 142.

[67] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvii., xxviii., xx., xxiv.

[68] _Rot. Pat._, 26 Edw. I., part 2, memb. 24, _in dorso_.

[69] _Fœdera_, i. 954.

[70] Selden, _op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xxvii., quoting from _Rot. Pat._,

31 Edw. I., m. 16, which reads as follows: “Des enterprises, mesprises,

et forfaitz en Treue ou en Sufferance, entre nous et le dit Roi de

Fraunce, dune part et dautre, es costeres de la mer Dengleterre et

autres per decea et ausint per deuers Normandie et autres costeres de

la mer per de la.”

[71] The King of France ordered John de Pedrogue, a celebrated seaman

of Calais, to collect a fleet there and proceed with it to Holland

against the Count of Flanders, who had invested Zierikzee. Included in

the fleet were eleven Genoese galleys, under Reyner de Grimaldi, who

was given the chief command by Philip, with the title of “Admiral,”

John de Pedrogue acting under him. Nicolas (_op. cit._, i. 373) gives a

description of the fight.

[72] The translation, for which I am indebted to Miss E. Salisbury, is

from membrane 12.

[73] The expression is also used in a document of 1297, when Lord

William de Leybourne is described as “Admiral of the sea of the said

King of England.” _Fœdera_, i. 861.

[74] Coke (_op. cit._, 143) states that this refers to “De Botetourt,”

who, he says, was Admiral “of the sea coasting upon Yarmouth in Norfolk

(right over against France) and of that station in _anno_ 22 Edw. I.”

Nicolas (_op. cit._, i. 270, 407) states that Sir John de Botetourt

was made commander of the northern fleet in 1293, and in the following

year, when Edward divided his fleet into three squadrons, the ships of

Yarmouth and the adjacent ports were placed under his charge.

[75] The rest is on the back of the membrane.

[76] The part within brackets is to be found on the membranes 1, 14_d_,

and 15, but not on 12.

[77] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvii. Hall, in his excellent

_Treatise on International Law_ (p. 141), and with reference apparently

to this roll, says that exclusive dominion over the English seas by the

English king was acknowledged as early as 1299 (_sic_), at a commission

in Paris, by the representatives of the merchants and mariners of the

countries mentioned in the above document.

[78] See Appendix A.

[79] _Chancery Miscel. Rolls_, _France_, Bdl. 5, No. 6.

[80] See translation in Appendix B.

[81] _Chancery Rolls, Misc._, Bdle. 14, n. 15, memb. 4.

[82] “Infrascripti sunt articuli generales super quibus et fines ad

quos Justiciarii domini nostri Regis sunt consulend’, et dominus noster

Rex de eorum consilio certificand’ in Cancellar’ sua in scriptis citra

festum, &c.

“Item ad finem, quod resumatur et continuetur ad subditorum

prosecucionem forma procedendi quondam ordinata et inchoata per avum

Domini nostri Regis et ejus consilium ad retinendum et conservandum

antiquam Superioritatem Maris Angliæ et jus officii Admirallatus

in eodem, quoad corrigendum, interpretandum, declarandum, et

conservandum leges et statuta per ejus antecessores Angliæ Reges

dudum ordinata ad conservandum pacem et Justitiam inter omnes gentes

nacionis cujuscunque per Mare Angliæ transeuntes, et ad cognoscendum

super omnibus in contrarium attemptatis in eodem, et ad puniendum

delinquentes et dampna passis satisfaciendum; quæ quidem leges et

statuta per Dominum Ricardum quondam Regem Angliæ in reditu suo a

Terrâ Sancta correcta fuerunt, interpretata, declarata, et in Insula

Oleron publicata, et nominata in Gallica lingua La loy Olyroun.”

According to Godolphin (_A View of the Admiral Jurisdiction_, 1661),

the “form of proceedings” refers to the statute of the Writ of

Consultation, 24 Edw. I., with regard to the proceedings of the Courts.

The following is on another membrane in the same roll (mem. 2_d_),

which contains ordinances agreed upon between the masters and mariners

of England, Bayonne, and Flanders, at Bruges, 8th March 1286. It is in

the handwriting of the time of Edward III.

“Item a la fin qe veues et considerees les formes des proces et des

lettres ordeinees per les consaillers le dit aiel nostres seigneur

le Roi pur eux et la dite nacioun Dengleterre a recouerer et receuer

les ditz subgitz aidaunz et alliez et a faire redresser a eux toux

les damages a eux donez en Mier et en terre duraunz les dites trewes

pees et confederaciouns et countre la forme dycelles par les ditz

Fraunceys aidaunz et alliez et eschuire clamour de poeple sur la dite

denatureste, &c., et les damages quiex de tiel clamour purroient

auenir et especialment a retenir et meintener la souereignete qe

ses ditz auncestres Rois Dengleterre soleyent auoir en la dite mier

Dengleterre quant alamendement declaracioun et interpretacioun des

lois per eux faites a gouerner toutes maneres des gentz passanz

per la dite mier. Et primerement a son admirail et as meistres et

mariners des nefs des Sync Portz Dengleterre et des autres terres

annex a la Corone Dengleterre entendaunt a sa armee en la dite

mier pur retenir et meyntenir la garde des lois auauntdites et la

puniscioun de toux faitz al encountre en la mier susdite Semblables

formes des proces et lettres soient desors tenues od toux les

amendementz quiex purrount estre ordeinez par le sage Counsail nostre

Seignur le Roi a profist et honur de lui et des soens.”

[83] Twiss (_Black Book of the Admiralty_, ii. xliii; ii. xi), who

collected the old sea laws of Europe, states that the most ancient

extant source of modern marine law are the Decisions of the Consuls

of the Sea of the City of Trani, on the shores of the Adriatic, which

purport to be of the date A.D. 1063; and that the next most ancient are

the Judgments of Oleron, of which there are still copies, belonging to

the reign of Edward II., in the archives of the Guildhall, for use no

doubt in the City court, which administered the Law Merchant and the

Law Maritime.

[84] _Op. cit._, i. 484.

[85] _Op. cit._

[86] _Op. cit._ The specification of the duties within the cognisance

of the Admiralty occupies several pages; they included “all cases of

seizures and captures made at sea, whether _jure belli publicis_, or

_jure belli privati_ by way of reprisals, or _jure nullo_ by way of

piracy ... all causes of spoil and depredations at sea; robberies and

pyracies,” &c., &c.

[87] M’Pherson, _Annals of Commerce_, i. 475, 485, quoting from

_Fœdera_.

[88] 18 Edw. III., st. 2, cap. 3. Several articles in the _Black

Book_ show the same desire to encourage foreign merchants, and severe

penalties were prescribed for the robbing or wronging of foreign ships,

or interference with their freedom to trade.

[89] _The Reading of the Famous and Learned Robert Callis, Esqr._,

_upon the Statute of Sewers_, 23 Hen. VIII., c. 5, &c., 1622; ed. 1824,

p. 48.

[90] “Sur la mere d’Engleterre, devers les parties de Craudon.”

[91] “Et prierent que le Roi, de sa seignurie et poer real, fait sente

dreit et punissement del dit fait, de siccome il est seigneur de la

mer, et la dite roberie fut fait sur la mer dans son poer, sicomme

dessus est dit.”

[92] Nicolas, who gives the details referred to, says that there is no

record of these proceedings in the rolls of Parliament. _Op. cit._, i.

388.

[93] “Et cum dicti nuncii ad tractandum de novo super hujusmodi dampnis

per dictum dominum nostrum Regem admissi fuissent, ipsi nuncii, prout

alii nuncii præfati Comitis, in tractatibus supradictis, inter cetera

quæ requirebant, ante omnia supplicabant, ut dictus dominus Rex ad

sectam suam de potestate sua Regia inquiri et justitiam faceret de

quadam deprædatione quibusdam hominibus de Flandria nuper de vinis et

aliis diversis mercimoniis suis super mare Anglicanum, versus partes

de Crauden, infra potestatem dicti domini nostri Regis, per homines

de regno Angliæ. Ut dicebant facta asserentes quod vina et mercimonia

prædicta eisdem Flandrensibus deprædata adducta, fuerunt infra regnum

et potestatem dicti domini Regis, et quod ipse est dominus dicti maris,

et deprædatio prædicta facta fuit supra dictum mare infra potestatem

suam.” _Rot. Pat._, 14 Edw. II., pt. ii. m. 26, _in dorso_. Selden

quotes this document (lib. ii. c. xxix.), but his text varies from the

above, thus: “... potestatem dicti domini Regis, et quod ad ipsum Regem

pertinuit sic facere pro eo quod ipse est dominus dicti maris.”

[94] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxix. p. 282.

[95] That “Crowdon” was in Brittany appears from a letter, dated

from Plymouth, 9th December 1402, from Henry Beaufort, Bishop of

Lincoln, the Earl of Somerset, and the Earl of Worcester, who were

sent to escort Joan of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany, the second wife

of Henry IV., to England. “Et par fin force pur un temps nous faut

demurrer en Bretaigne car la ou nous avoioms envoie au dite nostre

treshonuree et tresredoutee dame pur venir, noz niefs ne poiont ne

osent aler en le temps dyver. Et faut qele eit un leisir pur venir

pardevers nous, dont le havene que nous pensoms aler ove leide de Dieu

est Crowdon.”--_Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of

England_, i. 190.

[96] Allard, _Du Poisson, considéré comme Aliment dans les Temps

anciens et modernes_.

[97] Garrad, _The Arte of War_.

[98] In the itinerary of a journey from England made by a Scottish

nobleman to join Edward I. in Scotland, it is recorded that herrings

were purchased nearly every day--at Dunstable, Newport, Northampton,

Leicester, Nottingham, Sherburn, &c. Sixty fresh herrings at York,

nearly forty miles from the sea in a straight line, cost eightpence,

and fresh haddocks and codlings were also bought.

[99] “Prohibeo etiam firmiter ne quis decimas suas eis injuste detineat

sicut habuerunt in tempore regis Davidis super meum forisfactum et ne

quis in aquis eorum piscari presumat ... nisi per eorum licentiam.”

[100] _Fœdera_, ii. 23. “Gent de Flaundres estre venuz sur mer, come

Pescheurs,” &c.

[101] _Ibid._, ii. 37. The Flemish fishermen had probably gone up the

Tweed after salmon.

[102] _Ibid._, ii. 688, dated 28th September. “Quia intelleximus quod

multi homines, de partibus Hollandiæ, Zelandiæ et etiam Frislandiæ, qui

sunt de amicitia nostra, ad piscandum in mari nostro, prope Jernemuth,”

&c.

[103] Lundberg, _Det Stora sillfisket i Skåne under medeltiden

oeh nyare tidens början_. Worms, _Hist. commerciale de la Ligue

Hanséatique_.

[104] Fruin, _Tien Jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog_, 181.

[105] _Brit. Mus. MSS. Galba_, B. iii. 16. Henry apparently acceded to

the request; _vide_ “John Heron’s accompte for waftynge of the herring

fleete in the parties of Norfolk and Suffolk, _anno quarto_ R. Henrici

VIII.” _State Papers, Foreign and Domestic_, Hen. VIII., i. 1512.

[106] Ljungman, _Nägra ord om de stora Bohus-länska Sillfiskeri_.

[107] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxi.

[108] _Rot. Pat._, 22 Edw. IV., m. 2; _ibid._, 2 Ric. III., i. m. 3;

_ibid._, 3 Hen. VII., part ii. _dorso_; _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. xxi.

[109] _The Statutes at Large passed in the Parliaments held in

Ireland_, i. 30. 5 Edw. IV., c. vi. “An Act that no Ship or other

Vessel of any Foreign Country shall go to the Fishing in the Irish

Countries, and for Custom to be paid of the Vessel that cometh from

Foreign Lands to Fishing.”

[110] _Britannia_, Gough’s edition, ii. 248.

[111] _A Pollitique Platt_, &c.

[112] _State Papers, Dom._, James I., xlviii. 94.

[113] Malines, _Lex Mercatoria_, 189, from whom Selden quotes it, with

the remark, “There are some also who affirm that the King of Spain,”

&c. _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xxx. It is also given by Boroughs and other

writers.

[114] _State Papers, Dom._, Charles I., clxxx. 96.

[115] One of the licenses, which ran for a year, is printed in Appendix

C. The Zowe was described in 1630 as “a bank which lies between Rye and

Dieppe, and the outermost part is nearly one-third over the sea. This

zowe which they call the small zowe is 3 leagues long and 3 broad, and

26 and 28 fathoms deep. The French make it 10 leagues, because they

fish till they bring Beachy Head N., fayre Loo (? Fairlea, Fairlight)

W.N.W., and fish in 30 fathoms.” Sir H. Mainwaring to Coke, “A Short

Discourse or Propositions concerning the French fishing uppon the

Zowe, theyr abusing it, and the Remedy” (_ibid._) It was described as

the “chief nursery for turbetts, hollibatts, pearles (brill), soules,

weavers and gurnetts.” In Queen Elizabeth’s time only four licenses

were granted, but James increased the number to fourteen or fifteen.

They were carefully entered in the records of Dover Castle and the

Hundred Book of Rye.

[116] Henrici de Bracton, _Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ_, lib.

i. c. 12; lib. iii. c. 3. _Rolls Series_, Introd., by Sir Travers

Twiss, i. ii. Güterbock, _Henricus de Bracton und sein Verhältniss zum

Römischen Rechte_, 14, 55.

[117] _Fœdera_, v. 719. “Il est convenu, &c., &c. Item, que pessoners

de la seignurie del roi de Castelle et del counte de Viscay peussent

venir et pescher fraunchement et sauvement en les portz d’Engleterre et

de Bretaigne, et en touz autres lieux et portz où ils vorrontz, paiantz

les droits et les custumes à les seignurs du pais.”

[118] _Ibid._, v. 763.

[119] _Fœdera_, viii. 306, 336. “Q’en ceste presente harenguison les

pescheurs de l’une part et d’autre puissent pescher plus seurement en

la mer la harenk et toutz autres poissons, depuis hable de Grauelinguez

et l’isle de Tanent, jusques a l’entree de la riviere de Saine, et au

hable de Hautoune.”

[120] _Ibid._, viii. 451.

[121] _Fœdera_, viii. 459. “Pro Piscatoribus, sub Dominio Ducis

Burgundiæ: ... toutz pescheurs, tant de nostre dit roiaume d’Engleterre

et de Caleis, et dez autres noz villes et lieux, come dez ditz conte

et paiis de Flandres, dez paiis de Picardie, de Normandie, et de

Bretaigne, et generalment de tut le dit roiaume de Fraunce, puissent

paisiblement aler par tout sur meer, pur peschier et gaigner lour

vivre, saunz en estre reprins ne empeschiez en ascun manere ... et par

ainsi que semblablement soit fait et otroie, de lez dites parties de

Flandres, Picardie, Normandie, Bretaigne, et autres del dit roiaume

de Fraunce, a la seurte dez ditz pescheours de nostre dit roiaume

d’Engleterre.”

[122] _Ibid._, viii. 469, 472. Dumont, _Corps Universel Diplomatique du

Droit des Gens_, &c., II. i. 302. _Proc. and Ordinances of the Privy

Council of England_, i. 282.

[123] _Ibid._, viii. 530, 548, “Et les pescheurs generalment aler

pescher sur mer pour gaignier leur vivre paisiblement.”

[124] _Fœdera_, ix. 483.

[125] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 643_b_.

[126] Pikes and bows and arrows were used. Later, in the early part

of the seventeenth century, a regular part of the equipment of a

herring-buss was half-pikes and muskets, an estimate for one being--ten

half-pikes, £1; muskets with bandaleers, rests, and moulds, £6, with 6

lb. of gunpowder and 6 lb. of leaden bullets.

[127] _Fœdera_, x. 730, 736, 761, 791. The article on the fishery

was as follows: “Que tous pescheurs, tant d’Engleterre, d’Irlande,

et de Calais, comme des paiis de Brabant et de Flandres, pourront

paisiblement aler par tout sur mer, pour peschier et gaignier leur

vivre, sans empeschement ou destourber de l’une partie ne de l’autre.

Et avec ce, se fortune ou autre aventure chassoit ou amenoit les diz

pescheurs de la partie d’Engleterre, en aucun des ports, havres,

destrois, et daugiers des dites paiis de Brabant ou de Flandres, ou les

diz pescheurs des dites paiis de Brabant et de Flandres en aucuns des

dites ports, havres, destrois, ou daugiers du royaume d’Engleterre,

Yrland, et de Calais, que ilz y soient paisiblement et franchement

receuz et traictiez raisonnablement d’une coste et d’autre, en paiant

aux lieux, ou ils arriveront, les toulieux et devoirs accoustumez, et

d’illec puissent liberalment retourner a tout leurs nefs, applois, et

biens sans destourbier, arrest, ne empeschement; pourveu que, par les

diz pescheurs, d’un coste et d’autre, ne soit commise aucune fraude, ou

fait dommaige.” Intercursus continuandus pro spatio duodecim annorum

inter Anglos et Flandros, Gandanos, Iperos et civitatis de Brabant.

_Ibid._, xi. 143.

[128] “Et pur toutz sez autres paiis et seigneuries.”

[129] “Et sans qu’il leur soit bosoigne sur ceo requirer ne opteiner

ascune license, congie, ou saufconducte.” 5 Jan. 1467/1468. _Ibid._,

xi. 591, 592, 595, 609. Dumont, _op. cit._, III. i. 592.

[130] Dumont, III. i. 400.

[131] _Fœdera_, xi. 683.

[132] _Ibid._, xii. 67. In 1484 Richard III. issued a commission to

Thomas Lye, sergeant-at-arms, to make restitution for fishing-boats

belonging to subjects of Maximilian, Duke of Austria, which had been

taken, laden with fish, by English pirates. _Ibid._, xii. 227.

[133] “Item, conventum, concordatum et conclusum est quod piscatores

utriusque partis partium prædictarum (cujuscunque conditionis existant)

poterunt ubique ire, navigare per mare, secure piscari absque aliquo

impedimento licentia seu salvo conductu: Et, si contingat aliquos ex

piscatoribus unius partis per fortunam, tempestatem maris, vim hostium,

aut alio modo compelli intrare aliquem portum vel districtum alterius

partis, ibidem pacifice et amicabiliter recipientur et tractabuntur

(solvendo in locis ubi applicabunt jura et theolonia prædicta) et ab

illis portubus et locis poterunt libere recedere et redire, cum eorum

navibus et bonis, sine impedimento vel contradictione quacunque;

dummodo tamen per ipsos piscatores non committatur fraus neque dolus,

seu per eos aliis dampnum minime fiat.” 24 Feb. (1495)/(1496).

_Fœdera_, xii. 583. Dumont, III. ii. 338.

[134] _Fœdera_, xii. 714; xiii. 132, 539, 714.

[135] Ships of war were used to convoy the herring-busses of Holland

and Zealand at least as early as 1440.

[136] _Cal. State Papers, Foreign and Domestic_, iii. Nos. 1534, 1535.

[137] _Fœdera_, xiii. 752. Dumont, IV. i. 352.

[138] Dumont, IV. i. 515. “Pourront aussi les Sujets des Païs,

Roiaumes, Terres et Seigneuries dessusdites, librement, et sans

détourbier, ni empêchement, pêcher à harangs, et autres poissons en

la mer, où ladite Treve aura lieu, et là où la pêche dudit harang

s’adonera, comme ils faisoient avant la Guerre, et pourroient et sont

accoûtumez de faire au tems de Paix.”

[139] _Fœdera_, ii. 529, 545. Mieris, _Groot Charterboek der Graaven

van Holland_, &c., ii. 268; iii. 257; iv. 223, 378, 692, 816. Kluit,

_Historiæ Federum Belgii Federati_, 284. Yair, _An Account of the

Scotch Trade in the Netherlands_, 6, 27, 36.

[140] Mieris, _op. cit._, iv. 146. About this time the Scots also did

their best to drive away English fishermen from their coasts. In 1400

they fitted out a small fleet under Sir Robert Logan for this purpose,

but it was apparently insufficient, and Logan himself was captured by

the men of Lynn. Walsingham, _Hist. Anglicana_, 364. In 1420 complaint

was made to the English Parliament that the Scots had at divers times

attacked and taken English fishing vessels. _Rot. Parl._, iv. 127_a_.

[141] _State Papers, Dom._, Charles I., clii. 63. See p. 218.

[142] “Dat hy voorhadt, de haringvisscherij omtrent zyne kusten te

beletten.” Wagenaar, _Vaderlandsche Historie_, v. 209.

[143] _Resol. Staten van Holl._, 5/15 September 1540. Bosgoed, _Bib.

Pisc._, 319.

[144] Treaty of Binche, 9/19 February 1540/1541. Dumont, _op. cit._,

IV. ii. 208.

[145] “Et quant au dernier article de la commission du Sr. de Limdy

[Lundy] ambassadeur, concernant le fait de la pescherie, ladite Dame

Reine [the Queen Dowager of Hungary and Bohemia] veuille par bonne et

meure deliberation proceder en telles et semblables affaires, se fera

informer sur le contenu dudit article, pour après en ordonner comme il

sera trouvé étre de raison, équité, et justice d’une part et d’autre

pour la conservation de la paix et amitié mutuelle desdits Sieurs.”

_Op. cit._, and see footnote next page.

[146] Wagenaar, _op. cit._, 355.

[147] _Res. St. Holl._, (29 Nov.)/(9 Dec.) 1544; (23 Feb.)/(5 Mar.)

1545, &c. Bosgoed, _op. cit._, 320.

[148] Dumont, IV. iii. 12. “Circa piscationem verò ac liberum usum

maris, ea quæ per supradictum Tractatum anno 1541, 19 Februarii,

Binchii inter Serenissimam Reginam Mariam et supra nominatum Oratorem

Regis Scotiæ; inita, conclusa ac conventa fuerint debite ac sincere

observari debebunt.”

[149] In 1618, when there was much searching of the records in Scotland

(where they were kept in a most careless and slovenly manner) to

establish the claim of James to the fishing in connection with the

approaching visit of the Dutch ambassadors, the Earl of Dunfermline

wrote to Lord Binning in London, forwarding a copy, in French, of the

treaty of 1541, and said, “Albeit ye will perseive by the last article

of the same annent the propositions of the fishings, the Queen of

Hungarie and Bohemia, who was for the Emperour Governant of the Low

Countries--we call her commonly Frow Mary--in that takes her to further

advysement with her Councill, and no thing resolved if any further

proceeding; _I pray God ye may find it otherwayes_.” _MSS. Advoc.

Lib._, 31. 2. 16.

[150] The heads of the treaty and the ratifications are given by

Dumont, _Corps Diplomatique_, V. i. 507. The treaty itself is

published in full by Bor, _Vervolgh Vande Nederlantssche Oorlogen ende

Geschiedenissen_, iv. fol. 48-52.

[151] _E.g._, in 1573, that “all maner of fischeris that occupyis the

sey and vtheris persounis quhatsumeuer” that catch herrings or white

fish “vpon the coist or within the Ilis or outwith the samin within

the Fyrthis” should bring them to free ports to be sold. _Acta Parl.

Scot._, iii. c. 7.

[152] Leslie, _De Origine Moribus et Rebus Gestis Scotorum_, 24. A

point of land near Inveraray in Loch Fyne was long known, and is still

known, as Frenchman’s Point or French Farl, the tradition being that it

was to this place that herrings were brought to be sold and cured. _Old

Statistical Account of Scotland_, v. 291.

[153] _Register Privy Council of Scotland_, i. 482.

[154] _De Dominio Maris_, 16. In another work Welwood says, “And

for the eastern seas, direct from Scotland, what is more antiently

notorious than that covenant twixt Scottish men and Hollanders,

concerning the length of their approaching toward Scotland by way of

fishing.” _An Abridgement of All Sea Lawes_, c. 26.

[155] _Register Privy Council of Scotland_, iv. 216.

[156] Much information on the fisheries of the Netherlands will be

found in Professor A. Beaujon’s _History of Dutch Sea Fisheries_, 1884.

[157] 33 Hen. VIII., c. 2.

[158] 37 Hen. VIII., c. 23; 5 & 6 Edw. VI., c. 17; 7 Edw. VI., c. 11; 1

Mary, st. 2, c. 13.

[159] _Acts of the Privy Council of England_, i. 103, 104, 106, 112,

114, _an._ 1543.

[160] 2 & 3 Edw. VI., c. 19. Certain exceptions, of those licensed,

ill, or very old, or in prison, were made.

[161] _State Papers, Dom., Addenda_, Edw. VI., iv. 56. The paper, which

is endorsed by Cecil, “The Answer of the Fishmongers,” is undated, but

that it belongs to the reign of Edward VI. (1547-1553) is proved by

the words, “the reign of our late sovereign, Henry VIII.” The return

of 1528, referred to by the fishmongers, is among the State Papers

_(Foreign and Domestic Letters and Papers_, Hen. VIII., iv. pt. 2,

No. 5101). It states that 149 vessels went to the Iceland fishing,

mostly from Yarmouth, Blakeney, Cromer, Dunwich, Walderswick, and

Southwold; the herring-fishing in the North Sea employed 222, of which

110 belonged to the Cinque Ports, while 69 went to Shetland, the total

being 440. Shetland lings were in those days greatly prized, and

brought very high prices.

[162] _State Papers, Dom., Addenda_, Edw. VI., iv. 57. “The decaied

Porte Townes w^{th} nombers of good villages a longe by the sea cost

of this realm, within these twentie or thirtie years;” undated, but

belonging to the same period, with Cecil’s calculations written on the

back.

[163] _State Papers, Dom._, Elizabeth, xxvii. 71, February 1563.

Endorsed, “Arguments for Increase of the Navy,” and “Arguments to prove

that it is necessary for the restoring of the navy of England to have

one Day more in ye weeke ordained to be a fish day, and that to be

Wensday rather than any other.”

[164] The exportation, without license, of herrings, among other

things, had been forbidden by 1 & 2 Ph. and Mary, c. 5 (1554); but by

1 Eliz., c. 17, subjects were permitted to export sea fish taken by

subjects in English ships free of customs for four years.

[165] “The causes of the decay of fishing must be the lack of the vse

of fishing, which must be divided into ij partes, small eating of

fisshe in ye Realme, and not selling of it abroad.”

[166] The number of French vessels engaged in the Newfoundland

fisheries is placed at 500, with 15,000 men; and over 100, with at

least 1000 men, fished at Iceland for “herrings,”--but no doubt for cod

and ling.

[167] There are many other memoranda amongst the State Papers, some in

Cecil’s handwriting, which deal with fish-days. One gives in detail a

note of all the fish-days throughout the year, amounting to 186, and in

addition “a number of sayntes evens were fastyng dayes that now be not

observed.” _Ibid._, xxxi. 41, 42 (1563).

[168] 5 Eliz. c. 5. The debate on the Wednesday proposal lasted three

days, the clause being ultimately carried by 179 to 97 (_Commons

Journals_, i. 68). It was in view of the expected opposition that the

long paper above referred to was prepared. The Wednesday was not put

on quite the same footing as the Fridays and Saturdays, since “one

only usual competent dish of flesh and no more” was allowed, provided

that at the same table “three full competent usual dishes of sea fish

of sundry kinds, either fresh or salt,” were served and eaten “without

fraud or covin.” Another clause explained that the object was “meant

politically for the increase of fishermen and mariners, and repairing

of port towns and navigation”, and not for any superstition “regarding

choice of meats”; any one stating the contrary was to be punished.

[169] Among the imports of fish from the Low Countries at this time

were “cods-heads, cod-fish, eels, ‘gull-fish,’ haddocks, herrings,

ling, salmon, salt-fish, sturgeon, and ‘staple-fish.’” Hall, _A History

of the Customs Revenue in England_, ii. 237.

[170] _State Papers, Dom._, Eliz., xxxv. 36.

[171] 13 Eliz., c. 11.

[172] _State Papers, Dom._, Eliz., xlviii. 83.

[173] _Hatfield MSS._, i. 1177, 27th June 1568.

[174] 13 Eliz., c. 11. In the preamble it is said the former Act “is a

very good Act, and greatly increased the navy and fishermen.”

[175] _State Papers, Dom._, Eliz., lxxv. 16.

[176] In the same year the author, at a dinner he gave at Westminster

to the burgesses representing “all the stately port towns of England,”

explained the substance of his “plat”; several of them suggested that

a subsidy should be raised on land and goods to set the scheme afloat;

and the Speaker remarked that “a Parliament had been called for a less

cause.”

[177] _Burghley Papers_, A.D. 1572, _MSS. Lansd._ 14, No. 30. As the

catalogue states, the signature is erased, and the paper is entered

as anonymous; but careful scrutiny shows that it was signed “Rob^{t.}

Hitchcock.”

[178] _A Pollitique Platt for the honour of the Prince, the greate

profite of the publique state, relief of the poore, preseruacion of

the riche, reformation of Roges and Idle persones, and the wealthe of

thousandes that knowes not howe to liue. Written for an_ Newyeres

gift _to Englande and the inhabitantes thereof_, by Robert Hitchcok,

late of Cauersfeelde, in the Countie of Buckyngham, Gentleman. London,

1st Januarie 1580.

[179] In the early MS. copy presented to the Queen the 400 vessels

were to be from 100 to 200 tons, costing £400 each, and the crew was

to consist of a master, nine mariners, and thirty “rogues and lustie

vagabonds” obtained in the same forcible way.

[180] This place, frequently mentioned in old works and papers

referring to the fisheries, was Vardö, or Vardöhuus, at the mouth of

the Varangerfjord, Finmarken, on the north-east coast of Norway, or,

as it was often described, Lapland. The king of Denmark had a castle

on the island, and dues had to be paid for liberty to fish. A number

of English vessels went there in spring, returning towards the end of

summer.

[181] In France at this time, according to other records, Flemish

herrings brought £25 per last; Yarmouth, £10; Irish, £18; “coast”

herrings and Scotch, £11.

[182] The _Pollitique Platt_ is earnest and even religious in tone,

and it is obvious that the author spent much time in collecting the

information and elaborating his scheme, which in all sincerity was

meant for the good of his country. Even after three centuries one

learns with regret (from his letter preserved at Hatfield) that he had

to petition the Privy Council, “for his relief and maintenance in these

his now declining years” (1596), to cause every innkeeper, &c., to

purchase from him, for sixpence, and put up publicly, a printed table,

or “breviate,” describing the “benefits that growe to this Realme by

the Observance of Fish-Daies.”

[183] Better known by its running title, _The Brytish Monarchie_. It is

a very rare work, only 100 copies having been printed. The author’s own

copy is in the British Museum.

[184] P.7.

[185] Sir John Constable’s case. Moore, _Hist. Foreshore_, 225, from

_Hargrave MSS._, 15, fol. 95_d_. In the case for the crown the claim

to the sea is very briefly put: “Car quant est floud est parcel del

mere que est solement en le Roign et nemy en ascun subject; car est

pur passage pur chescun, mes owner de ceo nul si non le Roign.”

Anderson, _Les Reports du Treserudite_, i. 86. (ed. 1664). In a MS.

in the Cottonian collection (_Galba_, C. 11, “Acta inter Angliam et

Belgium, 1564-1567”) it is said the jurisdiction of the Prince in the

adjoining sea extends for a distance of 100 miles unless (1) in seas

lying between the territories of two princes which contain less than a

hundred miles, in which case it extends to the mid-line--usq’ ad mediũ

eiusdem maris extenditur; (2) where another prince has a right to the

whole sea. The authorities referred to are Bartolus, Angelus, Paulus de

Castro, and Joan de Platea.

[186] _Op. cit._, 21.

[187] Two MS. copies exist, one bound up with Dee’s copy of the

_General and Rare Memorials_ in the British Museum, which was sent

to Dyer with the MS., the other in _Harleian MSS._ 249, fol. 95. The

latter, which is a draft, is addressed “To my very honorable frende

Syr Edward Dyer, Knight,” and a note inscribed on it says, “Written

by Dr John Dee, out of whose library I bought it after his death A^o

D^o 1625, S.D.” The title on both MSS. is ΘΑΛΑΤΤΟΚΑΡΤΙΑ ΒΡΕΤΤΑΝΙΚΗ:

_Miscelanea quædam extemporanea de Imperii Britannici Iurisdictione in

Mari_; and both are dated 8th September 1597.

[188] Lat. 49° 6´ N., long. 2° 49´ W.

[189] “All those that pass within our sea jurisdiction (either absolute

or respective) and therein commit any notable offence against us may

lawfully by our power be taken; and the same offenders may as lawfully

and justly be punished, as if on our land territory an offence like,

or of like degree of injury, were by them against us committed.”

“Absolute” jurisdiction applied to the sea where both coasts belonged

to England; “respective” where it terminated half seas over.

[190] In 1597 Dee expressed his grief and surprise that so little had

been done or attempted with regard to the sovereignty of the sea, “and

so my labours (after a sort) vaynely employed.” MS.

[191] _Bullarium Romanum Novissimum_, i. 346. “Insulæ novi Orbis

à Ferdinando Hispaniarum Rege, et Elisabeth Regina repertæ, et

reperiendæ, conceduntur eisdem, propagandæ fidei Christianæ causa ...

omnes insulas et terras firmas inventas et inveniendas, detectas ad

detegendas versus Occidentem et Meridiem fabricando, et construendo

unam lineam à Polo Arctico scilicet Septentrione, ad Polum Antarcticum,

scilicet Meridiem, sive terræ firmæ, et insulæ inventæ et inveniendæ

sint versus Indiam aut versus aliam quamcumque partem, quæ linea distet

à qualibet Insularum, quæ vulgariter nuncupantur de los Azores y cabo

vierde, centum læucis versus Occidentem et Meridiem,” &c. Art. 8,

“prohibet aliis accessum ad illas insulas pro mercibus habendis absque

Regis licentia.”

[192] Harrisse, _The Diplomatic History of America_, 78.

[193] Selden, _Mare Clausum_, i. c. xvii.

[194] Selden, _loc. cit._

[195] Camden, _Annales_, 225 (ed. 1635).

[196] _Hatfield MSS._, ii. 684. “Whether Your Majesty’s Subjects may

lawfully trade into the Indies.” Undated, but calendered under the year

1578.

[197] Hautefeuille, _Hist. des Origines, des Progrès, et des

Variations du Droit maritime international_, 15. Hall, _A Treatise on

International Law_, 142.

[198] _Rot. Parl._, iv. 79_b_. The petition declared that owing to

the fish having deserted the coasts where they used to be taken, the

fishermen had been forced to go to Iceland and other places for six or

seven years past in order to catch them. English fishermen, however,

had frequented Iceland long before that time.

[199] _Fœdera_, ix. 322.

[200] _Rot. Parl._, iv. 348, 378. 8 Hen. VI., c. 2.

[201] _Fœdera_, xii. 381.

[202] _Ibid._, xiii. 798.

[203] _State Papers, Dom._, Elizabeth, clxxx. 26, 15th July 1585.

[204] _Ibid._, ccxiii. 92.

[205] _Fœdera_, xvi. 278. A license granted in 1570 to an Englishman,

one Raymond Binge, for fishing at Iceland for seven years, gave

permission for his boats to be kept and wintered in the ports there, on

payment of the customs and abstaining from trading, as well as freedom

of fishing except where prohibited by royal edicts, reserved for the

king’s use, or granted to others. _Brit. Mus. Vespasian MSS._, C. xiv.

fol. 21.

[206] Complaint of the Mayor of Kingston-upon-Hull to Cecil, 2nd July

1599. _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxi. 68.

[207] _Fœdera_, xvi. 395, 432.

[208] _Brit. Mus. Vespasian MSS._, C. xiv. fol. 22. _Fœdera_, xvi. 431.

[209] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxiv.

[210] _Fœdera_, xvi. 433.

[211] _Brit. Mus. Lansdowne MSS._, 142, fol. 380.

[212] 23 Eliz., c. 7, 1580-81. _Brit. Mus. Lansd. MSS._, 14.

[213] 39 Eliz., c. 10.

[214] The price of stock-fish had risen from £12 a last in 1584 to £18

and £20 in 1597, and the price of cured ling in the same time advanced

from £3 to £5, 5s. per cwt. _State Papers, Dom._, cclxv.

[215] A commission of eleven peers, three bishops, and two law-officers

had been appointed in 1593 for the repeal of the Act respecting the

importation of salted fish and herrings. _Ibid._, ccxliv. 84.

[216] _Ibid._, cxlvii. 21, 22.

[217] 27 Eliz., c. 11.

[218] 35 Eliz., c. 7.

[219] Jeninges, _A briefe discouery of the damages that happen to this

Realme by disordered and vnlawfull diet_, 1593. Hitchcock, _A briefe

note of the benefits that grow to this Realme by the observation of

Fish-Daies_, _Hatfield MSS._, 1595. _State Papers, Dom._, cclxv. 25.

_Remembrancia_, 391 _et seq._

[220] _Every Man in His Humour_, Act 3, sc. 4.

[221] Froude, _Hist. England_, iii. 69.

[222] King Edward’s Journal, in Burnet, _Hist. Reformation_, ii. (v. of

ed. 1865). Oppenheim, _Hist. Administration Roy. Navy_, 106.

[223] _Acts of the Privy Council of England_, iv. 37. 7th May 1552.

[224] Selden, _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvi.

[225] Raleigh, _A Discourse of the Invention of Ships_, Collected

Works, viii. 326. Monson, _Naval Tracts_, in Churchill’s _Collection of

Voyages and Travels_, iii.

[226] Monson, _op. cit._ Laughton, _Fortnightly Review_, Aug. 1866.

[227] Froude, _op. cit._, viii. 68. Laughton, _loc. cit._

[228] An undated State Paper, calendared under the year 1604, entitled

“Reglement for Preventing Abuses in and about the Narrow Seas,”

contains a claim by the king to a most absolute dominion over the Four

Seas (_State Papers, Dom._, James, xi. 40). It appears, however, to

be merely a copy of the similar regulation prepared in 1633 by Sir

Henry Martin (see p. 252). It is not contained in the volume of royal

proclamations published in 1609, and is not referred to by Selden. It

has no doubt been wrongly calendared.

[229] It is given in Appendix D, from _A Booke of Proclamations,

published since the beginning of his Majesties most happy Reigne ouer

England, &c., Vntill this present Moneth of Febr. 3, Anno. Dom. 1609._

_Cum Priuilegio_, p. 98.

[230] “Item, conventum et conclusum est, quod, dicto bello durante,

nullus subditus principum prædictorum, intra portus et sinus maris

quoscumque, flumina, ostia fluminum, gurgites, aquas dulces, stationes

navium, et præsertim stationem vulgariter vocatam _les Dunes_, aut

alia loca maritima quæcumque jurisdictioni dicti Regis Angliæ subjecta

aliquam navem mercatoriam, onerariam, armatam vel non armatam, onustam

seu vacuam, cujuscumque quantitatis aut oneris fuerit, de quacumque

natione eadem navis extiterit, capere, spoliare, diripere, seu merces,

victualia, aut armamenta quæcumque, ab eisdem navibus, aut earumdem

nautis auferre, nec eisdem vim, violentiam, aut molestationem aliquam

inferre possit, aut debeat,” &c. Dumont, _Corps Diplomatique_, IV. i.

352.

[231] This interesting document is printed in Appendix E, from _State

Papers, Dom._, James I., vol. 13 (1605), No. 11; No. 12 is another

of the same. It is not the original, but a copy, the names being all

in the same hand as the body of the paper. Diligent search among the

records has failed to furnish the “plott” referred to, but there

is no reason to doubt that the reproduction of it by Selden (_Mare

Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxii.), and shown here on fig. 3, is an accurate

representation. Selden states that the plott or chart was engraved, and

copies sent to the officers concerned.

[232] It will be noticed from fig. 4, where the lines between the

headlands are shown on a modern map, that some of the “chambers” on the

east coast have entirely disappeared, no doubt owing to the erosion or

silting up of the coast at those places during the last three hundred

years.

[233] In stormy weather as many as 300 or 400 sail of Hollanders took

refuge in St George’s Channel at a time. _State Papers, Dom._, xlv. 23

(1609).

[234] Cunningham, _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, i. 424.

[235] Gardiner, _Hist. England_, i. 103.

[236] Declaratie van de visscherijen in Holland Zeeland en Vlaanderen.

Fruin, _Tien Jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog_, 1588-1598, p. 186.

[237] _Descrittione Di M. Lodovico Gvicciardini Patritio Florentino,

Di Tvtti i Paesi Bassi, Altrimenti Detti Germania Inferiore_, Antwerp,

1567, p. 21. The value of the cod caught was placed at £150,000

sterling per annum.

[238] Hadrianus Junius, _Batavia_, p. 203. The work was written between

1565 and 1569, and published in 1588.

[239] Hitchcock, _A Pollitique Platt_. The author says that when he was

at the wars in 1553, more than 400 busses were set forth from twelve

towns in the Low Countries. Dee, _General and Rare Memorials_.

[240] Faulconnier, _Description Historique de Dunkerque_, i. 47, 53,

121.

[241] Van Meteren, _Historie der Nederlandscher ende haerder Naburen

Oorlogen_ (1614), fol. 466. This author says the maritime power of

the States was shown in the same year, when between 800 and 900 ships

departed for the Baltic within the space of two or three days’ tides.

[242] John Keymer’s _Observation made upon the Dutch Fishing about

the year 1601. Demonstrating that there is more Wealth raised out of

Herrings and other Fish in his Majesties Seas, by the neighbouring

Nations in one Year, then the King of Spain hath from the Indies in

Four._ London, Printed from the original Manuscript, for Sir Edward

Ford, in the year 1664. Keymer states that he found in Holland more

than 20,000 sail of ships and “hoyes,” more than was possessed by

England, France, Spain, and other eight countries in Europe. The same

figure is given by Sir Thomas Overbury, who visited the Netherlands in

1609 (_Observations in his Travels, upon the State of the Seventeen

Provinces_, 1626).

[243]

[Illustration: Fig. 5.--_Facsimile of Keymer’s Signature to his ‘Book

of Observations.’_]

_Observations touching Trade and Commerce with the Hollander, and Other

Nations; presented to King James, wherein is proved that our Sea and

Land Commodities serve to enrich and strengthen other Countries against

our own._ Raleigh’s _Collected Works_, viii. 351. Oldys, in his Life

of Raleigh, which was published in 1736, says there was some reason

to doubt whether Sir Walter Raleigh was the author of this treatise:

it was first printed in 1653, first associated with Raleigh’s name by

being bound up with his “Remains” in 1656, and first definitely said to

be Raleigh’s by Roger Coke in his _Detection of Court and State_; and

he gives reasons for the opinion that it was written by John Keymer and

not by Raleigh (_Collected Works_, i. 441). But, as Raleigh’s latest

biographer states, Raleigh still has the credit of it (Stebbing, _Sir

Walter Raleigh_, 267). I have, however, found the original signed

manuscript copy among the State Papers for 1620 (_State Papers, Dom._,

cxviii. 114, December 1620), and an unsigned and slightly altered copy

among those for 1623 (_State Papers, Dom._, clvii. 45). The original

is endorsed, _Keymers booke of observac͠ons for your moste excellent

Ma^{tie} touchinge trade and traffique beyond y^e Seas and in England

wherein he certaynly findeth y^t your sea and land Commodities doe

searve to inrich and strengthen other Cuntries agnst your Kingdome;

w^{ch} were y^e urgent causes why he endeavoured himselfe to take

extraordynarie paynes for y^e redresse: soe it maie stande w^{th}

your Ma^{ties} good Likinge_. 1620. It is subscribed, “Your Ma^{ties}

most loyall and true harted Subject, John Keymer,” and it is the same

treatise as is published in Raleigh’s _Works_, with a few trifling

verbal differences, while the concluding sentence is omitted in the

printed form--viz., “To conclude, England is a great and famous body

and would be farr greater, richer and stronger, if the ten fingers were

rightly imployed.” Further proof exists that Keymer was the author of

this much-discussed treatise. Its object was to show how the trade and

revenue might be greatly increased, and the author begged the king to

have a commission appointed to examine witnesses as to his proposals.

This commission was appointed two years later, as appears from the

following entry in the Grant Book in 1622: “20 Dec. Com̃ to Charles,

pr. of Wales, John Bp. of Linc., Ld Keeper of y^e g. seale, Lewis Duke

of Lennox, Geo. Marquis Buck., &c. to hear the propositions which shall

be made by John Keymer and to consider whether they will tend to the

good of y^e King, and commonwealth as is pretended” (_State Papers,

Dom._, Jas. I. (Grants), vol. 141, p. 352). There does not appear to

be any further mention of the matter. This John Keymer is supposed

to be the same as a person of that name who was licensed by Raleigh

about 1584 to sell wines at Cambridge. Among the MSS. at Hatfield are

letters from him, dated in 1598, to Cecil and the Earl of Essex, in

which he speaks of his services, of “his travels and labours to find

out the practises used beyond the seas to their advantage and our great

danger and how to prevent the same,” and of his works, one of which

he said showed how to increase the Queen’s treasure above £100,000 a

year. He also corresponded with Carleton in 1619. In his address to

the king, prefixed to the treatise of 1620, he mentions that “about

fourteen or fifteen years past” he had presented him with “a book of

such extraordinary importance for the honour and profit” of his Majesty

and posterity, which was doubtless the earlier tract referred to above,

and would fix its date about 1605 or 1606. He was also engaged on the

fishery question about 1612 (doubtless in connection with the proposed

society), because Tobias Gentleman, whose work was published in the

spring of 1614, tells us that he was visited “some two yeares past”

by “Maister John Keymar,” who was collecting information about the

fisheries, with the view of placing it before the Council (_Englands

Way to Win Wealth_, 3).

The copy of Keymer’s tract, which is among the State Papers of 1623,

is unsigned, and is simply calendared as “Tract addressed to the King,

consisting of observations made by the writer in his travels on the

coasts,” &c.; but the person who calendared the paper has written

on it, in pencil, “q. By Sir Walter Cope (_ob._ 1614). See 1612, a

letter or discourse to the King, to which this was attached,” and has

added the name “Walter Cope” at the end. The paper referred to (_State

Papers, Dom._, vol. 71, No. 89) has written on it in the old hand, “Sr

Walter Cope to K.,” and “Anno Domini 1612. A present for the Kinges

most excellent Maiestie.” It is only mentioned here because the draft

of it, which is the next paper in the volume (No. 90) and has several

corrections on the first page, bears the following note in one of the

corners, “Nota Mr Chancellor and Malynes wife (?) the ... of Maye,

Ralegh.” The meaning is obscure, but perhaps it may be surmised from

the contents that Malynes, who was at that time concerned with the

fishery society proposals, had submitted it to Sir Walter Raleigh, and

that ultimately it was presented to the king by Sir Walter Cope, who

was on intimate terms with him.

[244] _Englands Way to Win Wealth, and to employ Ships and Mariners;

or, A plaine description what great profite it will bring vnto the

Commonwealth of England, by the Erecting, Building, and aduenturing

of Busses, to Sea, a Fishing: With a true Relation of the inestimable

Wealth that is yearly taken out of his Majesty’s Seas by the

Hollanders, &c._, by Tobias Gentleman, Fisherman and Mariner, London,

1614.

[245] _State Papers, Dom._, Jas. I., xlvii. 114.

[246] Keymer, _Observations on Dutch Fishing_; Gentleman, _op. cit._;

Buchanan, _Rerum Scot. Hist._, lib. i. c. xlix; Leslie, _De Origine

Moribus et Rebus Gestis Scotorum_, 39; _Register Privy Council of

Scotland_, ii. 656; _MSS. Advoc. Lib._, 31. 2. 16.

[247] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxii. 31. Other accounts are as follows.

In 1609 the Earl of Salisbury wrote (erroneously) that while fifty or

sixty years before only one or two hundred foreign vessels came to

fish on the east coast, they then numbered two or three thousand sail

(Winwood, _Memorials_, iii. 50). Sir William Monson in the same year

placed the number of Hollander busses at 3000 and the number of men

at over 30,000 (_State Papers, Dom._, xlvii. 112, 114). Sir Nicholas

Hales also estimated the number of men at 30,000 (_Ibid._, xlv. 23;

cclxxiv. 67). In the following year the Dutch ambassadors admitted that

20,000 men were employed in the great herring fishery, as well as other

40,000 in connection with it on shore (_Ibid._, lxvii. 111). A little

later, in 1616, the Secretary to the Duke of Lennox told the Dutch

ambassador that in the previous June, 1500 or 1600 Hollander busses

were at Shetland (_Add. MSS. Brit. Mus._, 17,677, J, fol. 160). In 1618

the number fishing on the east coast of Scotland sometimes exceeded

2000 sail (_MSS. Advoc. Lib._, 31. 2. 16). Malynes in 1622 placed the

number of busses from Holland and Zealand at 2000 (_Consuetudo vel Lex

Mercatoria_, 89). Two years later a Spanish agent described them as

consisting of 2400 vessels, guarded by 40 men-of-war, and scattered

over an area of 200 leagues (_State Papers, Dom._, dxxi. 30). In 1629

Secretary Coke, who derived the information from a Scottish source,

said the Hollander busses sometimes amounted to 3000 sail; three years

later he put the number in connection with the fishery off Yarmouth

at “above a thousand”; at this time the French vessels numbered 40

(_Ibid._, Chas. I., clii. 63; ccxxix. 79). Beaujon (_op. cit._, p. 64)

expresses the opinion that 2000 busses were the maximum number.

[248] To Pomerania, Poland, “Spruceland,” Denmark, Liefland, Russia,

Sweden, Germany, Brabant, Flanders, France, “Lukeland,” England,

Greece, Egypt, Venice, Leghorn, and all over the Mediterranean, and

even as far as Brazil.

[249] _State Papers, Dom._, xlvii. 112.

[250] To the King’s most excellent Majesty: A Declaration of the

fishing of Herring, Cod, and Ling, and how much the favour or disfavour

of Your Royal Majesty concerneth the Hollanders. _Ibid._, xxxii. 30;

cclxxix. 67.

[251] Misselden, _The Circle of Commerce, or the Balance of Trade_,

1623, p. 121. It may be said that the aggregate quantity of herrings

now taken in the North Sea, and mostly by Scottish and English

fishermen, equals about 3,500,000 barrels in a year.

[252] Manship, _History of Great Yarmouth_, 119, 121.

[253] Gentleman, _op. cit._, 7, 32.

[254] Keymer, _Observations on Dutch Fishing_.

The Sovereignty of the Sea An Historical Account of the Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters · 第 19 / 22 章