The Marquis Lafayette and his Light infantry.—Proposes a Brilliant
Stroke.—Preparations for an Attack on the British Posts on New York
Island.—Visit of the Marquis of Chastellux to the American
Camp.—Washington at Head-quarters.—Attack on the British Posts given
up.—Stark forages Westchester County.—Exploit of Tallmadge on Long
Island.
The Marquis Lafayette at this time commanded the advance guard of
Washington’s army, composed of six battalions of light infantry. They
were better clad than the other soldiery: in trim uniforms, leathern
helmets, with crests of horse-hair. The officers were armed with
spontoons, the non-commissioned officers with fusees; both with short
sabres which the marquis had brought from France, and presented to them.
He was proud of his troops, and had a young man’s ardor for active
service. The inactivity which had prevailed for some time past was
intolerable to him. To satisfy his impatient longings, Washington had
permitted him in the beginning of October to attempt a descent at night
on Staten Island, to surprise two Hessian encampments. It had fallen
through for want of boats, and other requisites, but he saw enough, he
said, to convince him that the Americans were altogether fitted for such
enterprises.[48]
The marquis saw with repining the campaign drawing to a close, and
nothing done that would rouse the people in America, and be spoken of at
the court of Versailles. He was urgent with Washington that the campaign
should be terminated by some brilliant stroke. “Any enterprise,” writes
he, “will please the people of this country, and show them that we do
not mean to remain idle when we have men; even a defeat, provided it
were not disastrous, would have its good effect.”
Complaints, he hinted, had been made in France of the prevailing
inactivity. “If anything could decide the ministry to yield us the
succor demanded,” writes he, “it would be our giving the nation a proof
that we are ready.”
The brilliant stroke, suggested with some detail by the marquis, was a
general attack upon Fort Washington, and the other posts at the north
end of the island of New York, and, under certain circumstances, which
he specified, _make a push for the city_.
Washington regarded the project of his young and ardent friend with a
more sober and cautious eye. “It is impossible, my dear marquis,”
replies he, “to desire more ardently than I do to terminate the campaign
by some happy stroke; but we must consult our means rather than our
wishes, and not endeavor to better our affairs by attempting things,
which for want of success may make them worse. We are to lament that
there has been a misapprehension of our circumstances in Europe; but to
endeavor to recover our reputation, we should take care that we do not
injure it more. Ever since it became evident that the allied arms could
not coöperate this campaign I have had an eye to the point you mention,
determined, if a favorable opening should offer, to embrace it: but, so
far as my information goes, the enterprise would not be warranted. It
would, in my opinion, be imprudent to throw an army of ten thousand men
upon an island, against nine thousand, exclusive of seamen and militia.
This, from the accounts we have, appears to be the enemy’s force. All we
can do at present, therefore, is to endeavor to gain a more certain
knowledge of their situation, and act accordingly.”
The British posts in question were accordingly reconnoitered from the
opposite banks of the Hudson, by Colonel Gouvion, an able French
engineer. Preparations were made to carry the scheme into effect, should
it be determined upon, in which case Lafayette was to lead the attack at
the head of his light troops, and be supported by Washington with his
main force; while a strong foraging party sent by General Heath from
West Point to White Plains in Westchester County, to draw the attention
of the enemy in that direction and mask the real design, was, on
preconcerted signals, to advance rapidly to King’s Bridge, and
coöperate.
Washington’s own officers were kept in ignorance of the ultimate object
of the preparatory movements. “Never,” writes his aide-de-camp, Colonel
Humphreys, “never was a plan better arranged, and never did
circumstances promise more sure or complete success. The British were
not only unalarmed, but our own troops were misguided in their
operations.” As the plan was not carried into effect, we have forborne
to give many of its details.
At this juncture, the Marquis de Chastellux arrived in camp. He was on a
tour of curiosity, while the French troops at Rhode Island were in
winter-quarters, and came on the invitation of his relative, the Marquis
Lafayette, who was to present him to Washington. In after years he
published an account of his tour, in which we have graphic sketches of
the camp and the commanders. He arrived with his aides-de-camp on the
afternoon of November 23d, and sought the head-quarters of the
commander-in-chief. They were in a large farm-house. There was a
spacious tent in the yard before it for the general, and several smaller
tents in an adjacent field for his guards. Baggage wagons were arranged
about for the transportation of the general’s effects, and a number of
grooms were attending to very fine horses belonging to general officers
and their aides-de-camp. Everything was in perfect order. As De
Chastellux rode up, he observed Lafayette in front of the house,
conversing with an officer, tall of stature, with a mild and noble
countenance. It was Washington. De Chastellux alighted and was presented
by Lafayette. His reception was frank and cordial. Washington conducted
him into the house. Dinner was over, but generals Knox, Wayne, and Howe,
and colonels Hamilton, Tilghman, and other officers, were still seated
round the board. Washington introduced De Chastellux to them, and
ordered a repast for the former and his aides-de-camp: all remained at
table, and a few glasses of claret and Madeira promoted sociability. The
marquis soon found himself at his ease with Washington. “The goodness
and benevolence which characterize him,” observes he, “are felt by all
around him; but the confidence he inspires is never familiar; it springs
from a profound esteem for his virtues, and a great opinion of his
talents.”
In the evening, after the guests had retired, Washington conducted the
marquis to a chamber prepared for him and his aides-de-camp, apologizing
with nobly frank and simple politeness, that his scanty quarters did not
afford more spacious accommodation.
The next morning, horses were led up after breakfast; they were to
review the troops and visit Lafayette’s encampment, seven miles distant.
The horses which De Chastellux and Washington rode, had been presented
to the latter by the State of Virginia. There were fine blood horses
also for the aides-de-camp. “Washington’s horses,” writes De Chastellux,
“are as good as they are beautiful, and all perfectly trained. He trains
them all himself. He is a very good and a very hardy cavalier, leaping
the highest barriers, and riding very fast, without rising in the
stirrups, bearing on the bridle, or suffering his horse to run as if
wild.”
In the camp of artillery where General Knox received them, the marquis
found everything in perfect order, and conducted in the European style.
Washington apologized for no salute being fired. Detachments were in
movement at a distance, in the plan of operations, and the booming of
guns might give an alarm, or be mistaken for signals.
Incessant and increasing rain obliged Washington to make but a short
visit to Lafayette’s camp, whence, putting spurs to his horse, he
conducted his French visitors back to head-quarters on as fast a gallop
as bad roads would permit.
There were twenty guests at table that day at head-quarters. The dinner
was in the English style, large dishes of butcher’s meat and poultry,
with different kinds of vegetables, followed by pies and puddings and a
desert of hickory nuts. Washington’s fondness for the latter was noticed
by the marquis, and indeed was often a subject of remark. He would sit
picking them by the hour after dinner, as he sipped his wine and
conversed.
One of the general’s aides-de-camp sat by him at the end of the table,
according to custom, to carve the dishes, and circulate the wine.
Healths were drunk and toasts were given; the latter were sometimes
given by the general through his aide-de-camp. The conversation was
tranquil and pleasant. Washington willingly entered into some details
about the principal operations of the war, “but always,” says the
marquis, “with a modesty and conciseness, which proved sufficiently that
it was out of pure complaisance that he consented to talk about
himself.”
Wayne was pronounced agreeable and animated in conversation, and
possessed of wit; but Knox, with his genial aspect and cordial manners,
seems to have won De Chastellux’s heart. “He is thirty-five years of
age,” writes he, “very stout but very active; a man of talent and
intelligence; amiable, gay, sincere, and loyal. It is impossible to know
him without esteeming him, and to see him without loving him.”
It was about half-past seven when the company rose from the table,
shortly after which those who were not of the household departed. There
was a light supper of three or four dishes, with fruit, and abundance of
hickory nuts: the cloth was soon removed; Bordeaux and Madeira wine were
placed upon the table, and conversation went on. Colonel Hamilton was
the aide-de-camp who officiated, and announced the toasts as they
occurred. “It is customary,” writes the marquis, “towards the end of the
supper to call upon each one for a _sentiment_, that is to say, the name
of some lady to whom he is attached by some sentiment either of love,
friendship, or simple preference.”
It is evident there was extra gayety at the table of the
commander-in-chief during this visit, in compliment to his French
guests; but we are told, that gay conversation often prevailed at the
dinners at head-quarters among the aides-de-camp and young officers, in
which Washington took little part, though a quiet smile would show that
he enjoyed it.
We have been tempted to quote freely the remarks of De Chastellux, as
they are those of a cultivated man of society, whose position and
experience made him a competent judge, and who had an opportunity of
observing Washington in a familiar point of view.
Speaking of his personal appearance, he writes: “His form is noble and
elevated, well-shaped and exactly proportioned; his physiognomy mild and
agreeable, but such, that one does not speak in particular of any one of
his traits; and that in quitting him there remains simply the
recollection of a fine countenance. His air is neither grave nor
familiar; one sees sometimes on his forehead the marks of thought, but
never of inquietude; while inspiring respect he inspires confidence, and
his smile is always that of benevolence.
“Above all it is interesting,” continues the marquis, “to see him in the
midst of the general officers of his army. General in a republic, he has
not the imposing state of a marshal of France who gives the _order_;
hero in a republic he excites a different sort of respect, which seems
to originate in this sole idea, that the welfare of each individual is
attached to his person.”
He sums up his character in these words: “Brave without temerity;
laborious without ambition; generous without prodigality; noble without
pride; virtuous without severity; he seems always to stop short of that
limit, where the virtues, assuming colors more vivid, but more
changeable and dubious, might be taken for defects.”
During the time of this visit of the marquis to head-quarters, news was
received of the unexpected and accidental appearance of several British
armed vessels in the Hudson; the effect was to disconcert the
complicated plan of a _coup de main_ upon the British posts, and
finally, to cause it to be abandoned.
Some parts of the scheme were attended with success. The veteran Stark,
with a detachment of twenty-five hundred men, made an extensive forage
in Westchester County, and Major Tallmadge with eighty men, chiefly
dismounted dragoons of Sheldon’s regiment, crossed in boats from the
Connecticut shore to Long Island, where the Sound was twenty miles wide;
traversed the island on the night of the 22d of November, surprised Fort
George at Coram, captured the garrison of fifty-two men, demolished the
fort, set fire to magazines of forage, and recrossed the Sound to
Fairfield, without the loss of a man: an achievement which drew forth a
high eulogium from Congress.
At the end of November the army went into winter-quarters; the
Pennsylvania line in the neighborhood of Morristown, the Jersey line
about Pompton, the New England troops at West Point, and the other posts
of the Highlands; and the New York line was stationed at Albany, to
guard against any invasion from Canada.
The French army remained stationed at Newport, excepting the Duke of
Lauzun’s legion, which was cantoned at Lebanon in Connecticut.
Washington’s head-quarters were established at New Windsor on the
Hudson.
We will now turn to the South to note the course of affairs in that
quarter during the last few months.
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