Greene takes Command at West Point.—Insidious Attempts to shake
the Confidence of Washington in his Officers.—Plan to entrap
Arnold.—Character of Sergeant Champe.—Court of Inquiry into
the Conduct of Gates.—Greene appointed to the Southern
Department.—Washington’s Instructions to him.—Incursions from
Canada.—Mohawk Valley ravaged.—State of the Army.—Reforms
adopted. Enlistment for the War.—Half Pay.
As the enemy would now possess the means, through Arnold, of informing
themselves thoroughly about West Point, Washington hastened to have the
works completed and strongly garrisoned. Major-general Greene was
ordered to march with the Jersey, New York, New Hampshire, and Stark’s
brigades, and take temporary command (ultimately to be transferred to
General Heath), and the Pennsylvania troops, which had been thrown into
the fortress at the time of Arnold’s desertion, were relieved.
Washington himself took post with his main army, at Prakeness, near
Passaic Falls in New Jersey.
Insidious attempts had been made by anonymous papers, and other means,
as we have already hinted, to shake the confidence of the
commander-in-chief in his officers, and especially to implicate General
St. Clair in the late conspiracy. Washington was exceedingly disturbed
in mind for a time, and engaged Major Henry Lee, who was stationed with
his dragoons on the lines, to probe the matter through secret agents in
New York. The result proved the utter falsehood of these insinuations.
At the time of making this inquiry, a plan was formed at Washington’s
suggestion to get possession of the person of Arnold. The agent pitched
upon by Lee for the purpose, was the sergeant-major of cavalry in his
legion, John Champe by name, a young Virginian about twenty-four years
of age, whom he describes as being rather above the middle size—full of
bone and muscle; with a saturnine countenance, grave, thoughtful, and
taciturn, of tried loyalty and inflexible courage. By many promises and
much persuasion, Lee brought him to engage in the attempt. “I have
incited his thirst for fame,” writes he, “by impressing on his mind the
virtue and glory of the act.”
Champe was to make a pretended desertion to the enemy at New York. There
he was to enlist in a corps which Arnold was raising, insinuate himself
into some menial or military situation about his person, and watching
for a favorable moment, was, with the aid of a confederate from Newark,
to seize him in the night, gag him, and bring him across the Hudson into
Bergen woods, in the Jerseys.
Washington, in approving the plan, enjoined and stipulated that Arnold
should be brought to him alive. “No circumstance whatever,” said he,
“shall obtain my consent to his being put to death. The idea which would
accompany such an event, would be, that ruffians had been hired to
assassinate him. My aim is to make a public example of him, and this
should be strongly impressed upon those who are employed to bring him
off.”
The pretended desertion of the sergeant took place on the night of
October 20th, and was attended with difficulties. He had to evade
patrols of horse and foot, besides stationary guards and irregular
scouting parties. Major Lee could render him no assistance other than to
delay pursuit, should his departure be discovered. About eleven o’clock
the sergeant took his cloak, valise, and orderly book, drew his horse
from the picket, and mounting, set out on his hazardous course, while
the major retired to rest.
He had not been in bed half an hour, when Captain Carnes, officer of the
day, hurrying into his quarters, gave word that one of the patrols had
fallen in with a dragoon, who, on being challenged, put spurs to his
horse, and escaped. Lee pretended to be annoyed by the intrusion, and to
believe that the pretended dragoon was some countryman of the
neighborhood. The captain was piqued; made a muster of the dragoons, and
returned with word that the sergeant-major was missing, who had gone off
with horse, baggage, arms, and orderly book.
Lee was now compelled to order out a party in pursuit under Cornet
Middleton, but in so doing, he contrived so many delays, that, by the
time they were in the saddle, Champe had an hour’s start. His pursuers,
too, were obliged in the course of the night, to halt occasionally,
dismount and examine the road, to guide themselves by the horse’s
tracks. At daybreak they pressed forward more rapidly, and from the
summit of a hill descried Champe, not more than half a mile in front.
The sergeant at the same moment caught sight of his pursuers, and now
the chase became desperate. Champe had originally intended to make for
Paulus Hook, but changed his course, threw his pursuers at fault, and
succeeded in getting abreast of two British galleys at anchor near the
shore beyond Bergen. He had no time to lose. Cornet Middleton was but
two or three hundred yards behind him. Throwing himself off his horse,
and running through a marsh, he plunged into the river, and called to
the galleys for help. A boat was sent to his assistance, and he was
conveyed on board of one of the vessels.
For a time the whole plan promised to be successful. Champe enlisted in
Arnold’s corps; was employed about his person; and every arrangement was
made to surprise him at night in a garden in the rear of his quarters,
convey him to a boat, and ferry him across the Hudson. On the appointed
night, Lee, with three dragoons and three led horses, was in the woods
of Hoboken, on the Jersey shore, waiting to receive the captive. Hour
after hour passed away,—no boat approached,—day broke; and the major,
with his dragoons and his led horses, returned perplexed and
disappointed to the camp.
Washington was extremely chagrined at the issue of the undertaking,
fearing that the sergeant had been detected in the last scene of his
perilous and difficult enterprise. It subsequently proved, that on the
day preceding the night fixed on for the capture, Arnold had removed his
quarters to another part of the town, to superintend the embarkation of
troops, preparing (as was rumored) for an expedition to be directed by
himself, and that the American legion, consisting chiefly of American
deserters, had been transferred from their barracks to one of the
transports. Among the troops thus transferred was John Champe; nor was
he able for a long time to effect his escape, and resume his real
character of a loyal and patriotic soldier. He was rewarded when he did
so, by the munificence of the commander-in-chief and the admiration of
his old comrades in arms; having so nobly braved, in his country’s
cause, not merely danger, but a long course of obloquy.
We have here to note the altered fortunes of the once prosperous General
Gates. His late defeat at Camden had withered the laurels snatched at
Saratoga. As in the one instance he had received exaggerated praise, so
in the other, he suffered undue censure. The sudden annihilation of an
army from which so much had been expected, and the retreat of the
general before the field was absolutely lost, appeared to demand a
strict investigation. Congress therefore passed a resolution (October
5th), requiring Washington to order a court of inquiry into the conduct
of Gates as commander of the Southern army, and to appoint some other
officer to the command until the inquiry should be made. Washington at
once selected Greene for the important trust, the well-tried officer
whom he would originally have chosen, had his opinion been consulted,
when Congress so unadvisedly gave the command to Gates. In the present
instance his choice was in concurrence with the expressed wishes of the
delegates of the three Southern States, conveyed to him by one of their
number.
Washington’s letter of instructions to Greene (October 22d) showed the
implicit confidence he reposed in the abilities and integrity of that
excellent officer. “Uninformed as I am,” writes he, “of the enemy’s
force in that quarter, of our own, or of the resources which it will be
in our power to command, for carrying on the war, I can give you no
particular instructions, but must leave you to govern yourself entirely
according to your own prudence and judgment, and the circumstances in
which you find yourself. I am aware that the nature of the command will
offer you embarrassments of a singular and complicated nature, but I
rely upon your abilities and exertions for everything your means will
enable you to effect.”
With regard to the court of inquiry, it was to be conducted in the
quarter in which Gates had acted, where all the witnesses were, and
where alone the requisite information could be obtained. Baron Steuben,
who was to accompany Greene to the South, was to preside, and the
members of the court were to be such general and field officers of the
continental troops as were not present at the battle of Camden, or,
having been present, were not wanted as witnesses, or were persons to
whom General Gates had no objection. The affair was to be conducted with
the greatest impartiality, and with as much dispatch as circumstances
would permit.
Washington concludes his letter of instructions to Greene, with
expressions dictated by friendship as well as official duty. “You will
keep me constantly advised of the state of your affairs, and of every
material occurrence. My warmest wishes for your success, reputation,
health, and happiness accompany you.”
Ravaging incursions from Canada had harassed the northern parts of the
State of New York of late, and laid desolate some parts of the country
from which Washington had hoped to receive great supplies of flour for
the armies. Major Carleton, a nephew of Sir Guy, at the head of a motley
force, European, tory, and Indian, had captured Forts Anne and George.
Sir John Johnson also, with Joseph Brant, and a mongrel half-savage
crew, had laid waste the fertile region of the Mohawk River, and burned
the villages of Schoharie and Caughnawaga. The greatest alarm prevailed
throughout the neighboring country. Governor Clinton himself took the
field at the head of the militia, but before he arrived at the scene of
mischief, the marauders had been encountered and driven back by General
Van Rensselaer and the militia of those parts; not, however, until they
had nearly destroyed the settlements on the Mohawk. Washington now put
Brigadier-general James Clinton (the governor’s brother) in command of
the Northern department.
The state of the army was growing more and more a subject of solicitude
to the commander-in-chief. He felt weary of struggling on, with such
scanty means, and such vast responsibility. The campaign, which, at its
commencement, had seemed pregnant with favorable events, had proved
sterile and inactive, and was drawing to a close. The short terms for
which most of the troops were enlisted must soon expire, and then the
present army would be reduced to a mere shadow. The saddened state of
his mind may be judged from his letters. An ample one addressed to
General Sullivan, fully lays open his feelings and his difficulties. “I
had hoped,” writes he, “but hoped in vain, that a prospect was
displaying which would enable me to fix a period to my military
pursuits, and restore me to domestic life. The favorable disposition of
Spain; the promised succor from France; the combined force in the West
Indies; the declaration of Russia (acceded to by other governments of
Europe, and humiliating to the naval pride and power of Great Britain);
the superiority of France and Spain by sea in Europe; the Irish claims
and English disturbances, formed, in the aggregate, an opinion in my
breast, which is not very susceptible of peaceful dreams, that the hour
of deliverance was not far distant; since, however unwilling Great
Britain might be to yield the point, it would not be in her power to
continue the contest. But, alas! these prospects, flattering as they
were, have proved delusory, and I see nothing before us but accumulating
distress.
“We have been half of our time without provisions, and are likely to
continue so. We have no magazines, nor money to form them; and in a
little time we shall have no men, if we have no money to pay them. In a
word, the history of the war is a history of false hopes and temporary
devices, instead of system and economy. It is in vain however, to look
back, nor is it our business to do so. Our case is not desperate, if
virtue exists in the people, and there is wisdom among our rulers. But
to suppose that this great Revolution can be accomplished by a temporary
army, that this army will be subsisted by State supplies, and that
taxation alone is adequate to our wants, is in my opinion absurd, and as
unreasonable as to expect an inversion in the order of nature to
accommodate itself to our views. If it was necessary, it could be proved
to any person of a moderate understanding that an annual army, raised on
the spur of the occasion, besides being unqualified for the end
designed, is, in various ways which could be enumerated, ten times more
expensive than a permanent body of men under good organization and
military discipline, which never was nor ever will be the case with new
troops. A thousand arguments resulting from experience and the nature of
things, might also be adduced to prove that the army, if it is dependent
upon State supplies, must disband or starve, and that taxation alone,
especially at this late hour, cannot furnish the means to carry on the
war.”[47]
We will here add, that the repeated and elaborate reasonings of
Washington, backed by dear-bought experience, slowly brought Congress to
adopt a system suggested by him for the organization and support of the
army, according to which, troops were to be enlisted to serve throughout
the war, and all officers who continued in service until the return of
peace were to receive half pay during life.
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