CHAPTER XIII._The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 5, Primitive History The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 5

HISTORY OF THE MAYAS IN YUCATAN.

Aboriginal Names of Yucatan -- The Primitive Inhabitants

from the East and West -- Zamná, the Pontiff-King -- The

Itzas at Chichen -- Rule of Cukulcan at Chichen and Mayapan

-- His Disappearance on the Gulf Coast -- The Cocome Rule

at Mayapan -- Appearance of the Tutul Xius -- Translation

of the Maya Record by Perez and Brasseur -- Migration from

Tulan -- Conquest of Bacalar and Chichen -- Itza Annals --

Tutul Xius at Uxmal -- Overthrow of the Cocome Dynasty -- The

Confederacy, or Empire, of Tutul Xius, Itzas, and Cheles --

Fable of the Dwarf -- Overthrow of the Tutul Xius -- Final

Period of Civil Wars.

Respecting the original name of Yucatan, Bishop Landa tells us that

it was called Ulumil Cuz and Etel Ceh, 'land of turkeys and deer.'

Padre Lizana writes the name U Luumil Cutz and U Luumil Ceb. Malte-Brun

claims to have found a tradition to the effect that in the early time

the interior plains of the peninsula were submerged, forming lakes,

and the people lived in isolated groups by fishing and hunting. Landa

also applies the name Peten, 'isle,' thinking that the natives believed

their country to be surrounded with water. The Perez manuscript terms

the peninsula Chacnouitan, which Gallatin believes to have been its

true name; while Brasseur regards this as the ancient name of only the

southern portion of the country. There is no doubt that the native name

of Yucatan at the coming of Europeans and afterwards was Maya. Several

authors define this as 'land without water,' a most appropriate name

for this region. Brasseur in one place derives the name from Mai, that

of an ancient priest; Cogolludo says the country was named from its

capital or chief city thus differing at each successive epoch, being

in ancient times Mayapan, but in the time of the writer, Campeche.

Ternaux-Compans declares that from the fall of Mayapan to the coming

of the Spaniards the country had no general name. All agree that the

name Yucatan originated from a misunderstanding by the Spaniards of the

words first pronounced by the natives when questioned about the name of

their country.[XIII-1]

[Sidenote: MIGRATION FROM THE EAST.]

The earliest inhabitants are supposed to have come from the east. As

they fled before their enemies their god had opened a path for them

through the sea.[XIII-2] Lizana believes these first inhabitants came

from Cuba, which may have been connected with the peninsula in those

primitive times; while Orozco y Berra seems to favor the idea that

they came to Cuba from Florida.[XIII-3] From this original population,

few in numbers, is supposed to have come the ancient name _cenial_, or

'little descent,' applied by the inhabitants to the east; while the

name _nohenial_, 'great descent' by which the west was called,

originated from a larger migration from that direction. Cogolludo, it

is true, claims that the eastern colony was the more numerous of the

two, yet, this is not tradition, but his theory, based on the

prevalence of the Maya language in connection with the unfounded

assumption that those who came from the west must have spoken

Aztec.[XIII-4] All that can be learned from these traditions is the

existence among the Mayas of a vague idea that their ancestors came

originally from opposite directions. Their idea of the most primitive

period of their history, like the idea entertained by other nations

whose annals have been presented, was connected with the arrival of a

small band from across the ocean. This was the 'little descent'; by

this first band and their descendants the country was peopled and the

Maya institutions established. The 'great descent' referred to the

coming of strangers from the south-west, probably at different times,

and at a much later period.

To account for the fact that but one language is spoken in Yucatan,

and that closely related to those of Tabasco and Guatemala, Orozco y

Berra supposes that the Mayas destroyed or banished the former

inhabitants. They were evidently barbarians, as shown by their

abandonment of the ruins; perhaps they were the same tribes that

destroyed Palenque.[XIII-5] But the reader already knows that the

builders of the cities were found in possession of the country, and

the unity of language is exactly what might be expected, if the

traditional colony from the east peopled not only Yucatan, but the

adjoining countries, and the subsequent returning colonies from the

west came from the countries thus peopled. We learn from Boturini that

the Olmecs, Xicalancas, and Zapotecs, of the eastern region of Mexico,

fled at the approach of the Toltecs and settled in Yucatan. Veytia

shows that if any of these peoples settled in Yucatan, it was from

choice, not necessity; Torquemada and others add the Chichimecs and

Acolhuas to the peoples that settled Yucatan. Cogolludo and Fancourt

include the Teo-Chichimecs,[XIII-6] while most modern writers favor

the theory that the Toltecs occupied Yucatan after their expulsion

from Anáhuac in the eleventh century, erecting the cities that have

since been found there in so great numbers.[XIII-7]

[Sidenote: TOLTEC THEORY.]

The conjectures of the preceding paragraph and many others of a similar

nature, are a part of the theory, so often noted in this work, of a

general migration of American nations from north to south, a theory

which has amounted almost to a mania for dispatching every ancient

northern tribe southward, and for searching in the north for the origin

of every ancient southern people. It was not enough that the people

of Yucatan and Guatemala migrated from the far north-west; but it was

necessary to find in each of these states traces of every nation whose

presence in Mexico during the past ages has been recorded by tradition.

After what has been said on this subject in this and preceding volumes,

it is needless to repeat here the arguments against a Mexican origin

for the people and monuments of Yucatan. No people in America show less

indications of a past intermixture with foreign tribes; the similarity

between the monuments and those farther north is sufficiently accounted

for by the historical events to be recorded in this chapter; and the

conjectures in question are not only unfounded, but wholly uncalled

for, serving only to complicate a record which without them is

comparatively clear if not very complete.

* * * * *

The Yucatec culture-hero was Zamná, or Ytzamná, who according to the

traditions was the first temporal and religious leader, the civilizer,

high-priest, and law-giver, who introduced the Maya institutions,

divided the country into provinces, and named all the localities in

Yucatan. He was accompanied, like other culture-heroes, by a band of

priests, artizans, and even warriors. Ruling the country from his

capital of Mayapan, he gave the government of the provinces to his

companions, reserving the best positions naturally for chieftains of

his own blood. Zamná was the reported inventor of the Maya hieroglyphic

art, and it is conjectured that the Cocomes, the oldest royal family

in Yucatan, were the descendants of this first ruler. He died at an

advanced age and was interred at Izamal, supposed to have been at that

time near the sea shore, a city which was named for him, and probably

founded by him, where his successors erected a sacred temple in honor

of his memory, which was for many centuries a favorite shrine for

Yucatec pilgrims. Another personage, Kinich Kakmo, is prominent in the

Maya mythology, and may probably have been identical with Zamná, or one

of his companions.[XIII-8]

Zamná may best be connected with the first colony, the 'little

descent,' the first introduction of Maya institutions into the

country, although it is not expressly stated that he was at the head

of that colony; and both the colony and its leader may be identified

most naturally with the introduction of the Votanic civilization and

the establishment of the Xibalban empire already narrated from the

traditions of the nations. Whether Zamná was a companion or disciple

of Votan, or even identical with that personage, it is, of course,

impossible to determine; and it is not by any means necessary to accept

literally the arrival of either colony or leader. But the rôle played

by Zamná was the same as that of Votan, and the same events at the same

epoch may be reasonably supposed to have originated the Yucatec as

well as the Tzendal, Quiché, and Toltec traditions of this primitive

historic period. The statement of Ordoñez, already referred to, that

Mayapan was one of the allied capitals which with Palenque, Tulan, and

Copan, constituted the Xibalban, or Votanic, empire, is not improbable,

although its truth cannot be fully substantiated.

[Sidenote: THE ITZAOB AT CHICHEN.]

The next event in the annals of the peninsula is the rule of the

Itzaob, three most holy men, at Chichen Itza, over the people also

called Itzas. Closely connected with these rulers, and perhaps one

of the three, was Cukulcan, or Quetzalcoatl, the 'plumed serpent.'

Torquemada tells us that in very remote times, at the time of

Quetzalcoatl's disappearance from Mexico, Cukulcan appeared from the

west with nineteen followers, all with long beards, and dressed in

long robes and sandals, but bare-headed. This author identifies him

with Quetzalcoatl. Cogolludo in one place briefly refers to Cukulcan

as a great captain and a god; and elsewhere speaks of the coming of

Cozas with nineteen followers, introducing the rites of confession and

otherwise modifying the religious institutions of the country. Landa

speaks of Cukulcan as having afterwards been regarded as a god in

Mexico, whence he had come to Yucatan, under the name of Cezalcouati

(Quetzalcoatl). Herrera gives him two brothers, and states that the

three collected a large population and reigned together in peace

for many years over the Itzas at Chichen, where they erected many

magnificent temples in honor of their gods. The three brothers lived

a most holy and continent life, neither marrying nor associating

carnally with women; but at last one of them, Cukulcan, for most of

the authorities agree that he was one of them, left his companions and

adopted Mayapan as his capital. Landa says on this subject: "It is the

opinion of the natives that with the Itzas who settled Chichen Itza

there reigned a great lord named Cukulcan, which is shown to be true

by the principal edifice called Cukulcan. They say that he entered the

country from the west, but they differ as to whether he came before,

with, or after the Itzas; and they say he was very moral, having

neither wife nor children." In another place the same author speaks

of the three brothers also as having come from the west, reigning at

Chichen, agreeing in life and character with Cukulcan, until one of the

number died, or at least abandoned his companions and left the country.

After the departure or death of Cukulcan, the two remaining lords

gradually gave themselves up to an irregular and dissolute life, and

their conduct finally moved their subjects to revolt, to kill the two

princes, and to abandon the city. Cukulcan in the meantime devoted his

attention to building up, beautifying, and fortifying his new capital,

erecting grand temples for the gods and palaces for his subordinate

lords, among whom he divided the surrounding country and towns. He

ruled here most wisely and prosperously for several years, but at last

after fully establishing the government, and instructing his followers

respecting their duties and the proper means of ruling the country

peacefully, he determined, for some motive not revealed, to abandon the

city and the peninsula. He tarried awhile, however, at Champoton on the

western coast, where a temple was erected in commemoration of his stay.

According to Herrera it was erected by himself.[XIII-9]

[Sidenote: CUKULCAN AND THE COCOMES.]

It is evident enough that Cukulcan was the same as Quetzalcoatl, but

to determine with _which_ Quetzalcoatl--the Nahua culture-hero or the

Toltec king--is a difficult matter. We have seen what complications in

Mexican history arise from the fact that the Spanish writers failed to

make any distinction between the two, most of them entirely ignoring

the latter. Cogolludo dates the departure of Cukulcan in the middle of

the twelfth century; Herrera makes it precede by about five hundred and

sixty years the coming of the Spaniards; and Brasseur de Bourbourg,

in his history, implies that Cukulcan was Acxitl Quetzalcoatl, thus

placing his stay in Yucatan in or after the eleventh century. Yet

most of the traditions seem to point to the Itzaob and to Cukulcan as

preceding the Tutul Xius. The Itzas seem to have been among the most

ancient nations in the country, and their name is best derived from

that of Ytzamná. Even Brasseur de Bourbourg, in a later work,[XIII-10]

offers the conjectures that the Itzas were Xibalbans who fled from

Chiapas after the overthrow of their empire by the Nahuas, and that

Cukulcan "was the same as the more or less mythologic personage of whom

Sahagun speaks, the leader of the Nahua race to Tamoanchan, who seems

identical with the Quetzalcoatl of the _Codex Chimalpopoca_, and the

Gucumatz of the _Popol Vuh_."

There is no reason for bringing the Itza people from Chiapas, since

they appear to have been like the Cocomes, descendants, or followers,

of Zamná, whose history from the death of their great ruler down to

Cukulcan's coming, is unknown. But it is certainly most consistent

to identify Cukulcan with the first Quetzalcoatl and with Gucumatz,

to regard his appearance and the rule of the three 'holy princes' at

Chichen and Mayapan as the first introduction of the Nahua influence in

Yucatan, and to date it within the first two centuries of the Christian

era, while the Nahua power was beginning to rival that of the ancient

Xibalba in Chiapas, and while the Olmecs and Xicalancas were becoming

established in Vera Cruz and Puebla. Malte-Brun and some others deem

Cukulcan and Zamná the same without any apparent reason, although the

lives and deeds of both these pontiff-rulers are recorded only in the

vaguest manner.[XIII-11]

It is probable that Cukulcan abandoned Chichen and its people,

among whom he at first attempted to establish his peculiar reforms,

because his teachings were not so favorably received or so permanent

in their effects as he desired, and because he had reason to expect

more favorable results among the Cocomes, whom he now adopted as

his chosen people. Both 'listeners' and 'serpents' are given as the

signification of the name Cocomes; the first may be referred to the

fact that they were the first to 'listen' to Cukulcan's teachings;

the second may arise from their relationship to the Votanic race

of Chanes, or 'serpents.' Torquemada speaks of the Cocomes as the

descendants of Cukulcan, but to regard them rather as disciples would

be more consistent with the celibate life and chastity attributed to

the great teacher. After the Plumed Serpent's departure the lords of

Mayapan, raised to the highest power in the state the chief of the

Cocome family, as Landa says, "either because this family was the most

ancient or the richest, or because he who was at its head was a very

valiant chief." Many of the aboriginal institutions of this country,

as described in a preceding volume, are derived from traditions of this

period of Cocome rule, one of the most prosperous in Maya history. The

family names of rulers are often used as personal names in the annals

of these nations, and thus we find the ruler at Mayapan spoken of as

Cocom.[XIII-12]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: MIGRATION OF TUTUL XIUS.]

Respecting the ensuing period of Cocome rule, we have no record until

at a subsequent but undetermined date a new people, the Tutul Xius,

appeared from the southern region where they had wandered long and

suffered great privations, and settled in the vicinity of Mayapan,

being kindly received by the Cocomes. All agree that they came from

the south; Herrera brings them from the Lacandon mountains, and speaks

of them as having entered Mayapan, where they lived in great peace

together with the former inhabitants. Landa judges from linguistic and

monumental resemblances that they came from Chiapas. Morelet suggests

that they were a band from Palenque.[XIII-13] I have already shown that

the Tutul Xius were probably, like the Quichés and Toltecs, among the

tribes that migrated from Tulan in Chiapas at some time between the

third and fifth centuries.[XIII-14] They were not like the Toltecs a purely

Nahua nation, that is, they did not speak the Nahua language; but they

were, like the Quichés, a branch of the ancient Maya, or Xibalban,

people, which had in Chiapas been subjected to Nahua influences and had

adopted to some extent the Nahua institutions. In language they were

kindred to the Cocomes, Itzas, and all the aboriginal inhabitants of

Yucatan; but like the Cocomes they were also followers of Cukulcan and

Quetzalcoatl. Their kind reception is not therefore to be wondered at,

and their subsequent prominence in the history of the country accounts

for the Nahua analogies observed in Yucatan institutions and monuments.

[Sidenote: THE PEREZ RECORD.]

[Sidenote: CHRONOLOGY OF THE RECORD.]

I now present in full the Perez document which contains nearly all

that is known of the Tutul Xiu annals. I quote the version given

in Mr. Stephens' work, adding in parentheses the variations and a

few explanatory notes from Brasseur's translation.[XIII-15] "This is the

series of Katunes, or epochs, that elapsed from the time of their

departure from the land and house of Nonoual, in which were the four

Tutul Xiu, lying to the west of Zuina (probably the Tulan Zuiva of

the Popol Vuh) going out of the land of Tulapan (capital of Tulan).

Four epochs were spent in traveling before they arrived here with

Tolonchantepeuj (Holon-Chan-Tepeuh, in both the Maya text and in

Brasseur's translation) and his followers. When they began their

journey towards this island (_peten_, meaning literally 'island,' is

the word used, but Brasseur tells us that it was applied as well to

regions almost surrounded by water, and the Mayas knew very well that

their country was a peninsula), it was the 8 Ahau, and the 6 Ahau,

the 4 Ahau, and the 2 Ahau[XIII-16] were spent in traveling; because in the

first year of 13 Ahau they arrived at this island (peninsula), making

together eighty-one years they were traveling between their departure

from their country and their arrival at this island peninsula of

Chacnouitan. In the 8 Ahau arrived Ahmekat Tutul Xiu (an error perhaps,

for 13 Ahau as above, or this may refer to a later arrival of another

party), and ninety-nine years they remained in Chacnouitan. Then

took place the discovery (conquest) of the province of Ziyan-caan,

or Bacalar (Bakhalal, Chectemal at the time of the conquest, probably

near the site of Bacalar). The 4 Ahau, the 2 Ahau, and the 13 Ahau, or

sixty years, they ruled in Ziyan-caan, when (since) they came here.

During these years of their government of the province of Bacalar,

occurred the discovery (conquest) of Chichen Itza. The 11 Ahau, 9

Ahau, 7 Ahau, 5 Ahau, 3 Ahau, 1 Ahau, or one hundred and twenty years

they ruled in Chichen Itza, when it was abandoned and they emigrated

to Champoton (Chanputun) where the Itzas, holy men, had houses (had

_had_ dwellings). The 6 Ahau they took possession of the territory

of Champoton. The 4 Ahau [and so on for twelve epochs to the 8 Ahau]

Champoton was destroyed or abandoned (Brasseur has it, "4 Ahau, etc.,

etc., and in the 8 Ahau Champoton was destroyed"). Two hundred and

sixty years reigned (or had reigned at the time when Champoton was

destroyed) the Itzas in Champoton, when they returned in search of

their homes ("after which they started out anew in search of homes,"

according to Brasseur), and then they lived for several epochs under

the uninhabited mountains ("for several epochs the Itzas wandered,

sleeping in the forests, among rocks and wild plants, suffering great

privations," as Brasseur has it, noting an omission of a part of the

text in Perez' translation). The 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, after forty years they

returned to their homes once more, and Champoton was lost to them. (The

French version is entirely different; "6 Ahau, 4 Ahau"--they wandered

as above--"after which they--the Itzas--had again fixed homes, after

they had lost Champoton"). In this Katun of 2 Ahau, Acuitok Tutul Xiu

established himself in Uxmal; the 2 Ahau [and so on in regular order

for ten epochs to 10 Ahau] equal to two hundred years, they governed

and reigned in Uxmal with the governors (powerful lords) of Chichen

Itza, and Mayapan. After the lapse of the Ahau Katunes of 11, 9, 6

Ahau, (Brasseur says 7 instead of 6 Ahau, as indeed it must be in

order to preserve the order) in the 8 Ahau the governor (the powerful

lords) of Chichen Itza was (were) deposed (ruined) because he murmured

disrespectfully against Tunac-eel (Hunac Eel); this happened to

Chacxibchac of Chichen Itza, who had spoken against Tunac-eel, governor

of the fortress of Mayalpan (Mayapan). Ninety years had elapsed, but

the tenth of the 8 Ahau was the year in which he was overthrown by

Ajzinte-yutchan (Ah-Tzinteyut-Chan) with Tzuntecum, Taxcal, Pantemit,

Xuch-ucuet (Xuchu-Cuet), Ytzcuat, and Kakaltecat; these are the names

of the seven Mayalpans (lords of Mayapan). In this same period, or

Katun, of the 8 Ahau, they attacked king Ulmil (king of the Ulmil) in

consequence of his quarrel (festivities) with Ulil, king of Izamal

(Ytzmal); thirteen divisions of troops had he when he was routed by

Tunac-eel (Hunac Eel, 'he who gives intelligence'); in the 6 Ahau the

war was over, after thirty-four years. In the 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau,

13 Ahau, 11 Ahau (Brasseur says in the 8 Ahau), the fortified territory

of Mayalpan was invaded by the men of Itza, under their king Ulmil,

because they had walls and governed in common the people of Mayalpan.

Eighty-three years elapsed after this event and at the beginning of

11 Ahau, Mayalpan was destroyed by strangers of the Uitzes, (perhaps

Quichés) or Highlanders, as was also Tancaj (Tancah) of Mayalpan. In

the 6 Ahau (8 Ahau according to original text and Brasseur), Mayalpan

was destroyed (finally abandoned). The epochs of 6 Ahau, 4 Ahau, and

2 Ahau, elapsed, and at this period the Spaniards, for the first time

arrived, and gave the name of Yucatan to this province, sixty years

after the destruction of the fortress. The 13 Ahau, 11 Ahau, pestilence

and small-pox were in the castles. In the 13 Ahau, Ajpula (Ahpulá)

died; six years were wanting to the completion of the 13 Ahau; this

year was counted toward the east of the wheel, and began on the 4

Kan (the 4 Kan began the month Pop). Ajpula died on the eighteenth

day of the month Zip, in the 9 Ymix (in the third month Zip, and on

the ninth day Ymix); and that it may be known in numbers, it was the

year 1536, sixty years after the demolition of the fortress. Before

the termination of the 11 Ahau, the Spaniards arrived; holy men from

the east came with them when they reached this land. The 9 Ahau was

the commencement of Christianity; and in this year was the arrival of

Toral, the first (new) bishop."

Such is our chief authority on the aboriginal history of Yucatan. It

is, as Perez remarks, "rather a list than a circumstantial detail

of the events," was doubtless written from memory of the original

records after the Spaniards came, and may be inaccurate at some

points. Perez claims to interpret its chronology according to his

theory that the Ahau Katun was a period of twenty-four years;[XIII-17]

while Brasseur, following most of the Spanish writers, reckons an

Ahau Katun as only twenty years. I do not propose to enter into any

further discussion on this point, but it should be noted that while

Perez adduces strong arguments in favor of his general theory of the

length of these periods, neither his translation of the document in

question nor his comments thereon are at all consistent with his own

theory. The document states clearly that Ahpula died in 1536, six years

before the end of 13 Ahau, which must have closed in 1541. An accurate

calculation, reckoning twenty-four years to an epoch, would make the 8

Ahau in which the Tutul Xius left their ancient home, begin with the

year 173, A.D.,[XIII-18] instead of 144 as Perez gives it. If we compute

the epochs at twenty years each, we have 401 as the date when the

migration began. I have not attempted to fix the date of the migration

from Chiapas, of which this forms a part, further than to place it

before the fifth and probably after the second century; but the date

401 agrees better than that of 173 with the general tenor of the

authorities, I therefore follow this system in forming the following

résumé, although I give in notes the dates of the other system,

together with some of Perez' dates.

The Tutul Xius left their ancient home in Chiapas in 401, wandering

for eighty-one years before their arrival in 482 at Chacnouitan, or

the southern part of the peninsula, under the command of, or together

with, Holon Chan Tepeuh.[XIII-19] Ahmecat Tutul Xiu arrived with them

or at a later period,[XIII-20] and they remained ninety-nine years in

Chacnouitan, down to 581.[XIII-21] Then took place the conquest of

Bacalar, where they ruled for sixty years, or from 581 to 641; but at

the same time the 4 Ahau, 2 Ahau, 13 Ahau, of this period, correspond

to the years 701 to 761, leaving the years 641 to 701 unaccounted

for.[XIII-22] During this rule at Bacalar, or at its end, they took

possession of Chichen Itza, where they remained for six epochs, or one

hundred and twenty years, from 761 to 881.[XIII-23] Then they went to

Champoton where the Itzas had been, taking that country in

941,[XIII-24] nothing being said of them during the three epochs from

881 to 941. The Itzas had ruled in Champoton for two hundred and sixty

years, from 4 (or better 6) Ahau to 8 Ahau, or from 681, when they

were probably driven from Chichen,[XIII-25] to 941 when they were

driven out by the Tutul Xius.[XIII-26] The Itzas wandered for two

epochs, from 941 to 981, suffering great hardships, and then again

obtained fixed homes. Where they settled the record fails to

state.[XIII-27]

[Sidenote: TUTUL XIU ANNALS.]

Returning to the annals of the Tutul Xius, in 2 Ahau, 981, Ahcuitok

Tutul Xiu settled at Uxmal, where his people ruled conjointly with

the kings of Chichen and Mayapan for two hundred years, from 981 to

1181.[XIII-28] In the tenth year of 8 Ahau, or 1191, Chac Xib Chac, and

other lords of Chichen, were deposed for some offence against Hunac

Eel, the ruler of Mayapan. In the same epoch the Cocome king attacked

and defeated the Itza king Ulmil. This war lasted thirty-four years,

and was ended before 1221, by the Itzas invading Mayapan.[XIII-29]

Eighty-three years passed, and then in 11 Ahau, between 1281 and 1301,

Mayapan was conquered by the Uitzes, or mountaineers; and Mayapan was

finally abandoned in 8 Ahau, between 1441 and 1461.[XIII-30] After three

epochs more, the Spaniards came for the first time, between 1501 and

1521, sixty years after the destruction of Mayapan.[XIII-31] Between 1521

and 1561, the small-pox ravaged the country, and among its victims was

Ahpulá, who died in 1536.[XIII-32] Before 1561 came the Spaniards; and in

the next epoch Christianity was introduced, and Bishop Toral arrived.

The first event narrated by the preceding document which seems to have

any connection with those taken from other authorities is the

establishment of the Tutul Xius at Uxmal, where they ruled during the

tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries with the monarchs of Mayapan

and Chichen Itza. All authorities agree on the prosperity attending

the reign of the Cocome monarchs in conjunction with the Tutul Xius at

Uxmal. It was perhaps in this period that were built a large

proportion of the magnificent structures which as ruins have excited

the wonder of the world, and have been fully described in a preceding

volume;[XIII-33] although there is no reason to doubt that some of the

cities date back to the Xibalban period, to the time of Zamná and his

earliest successors. Uxmal and the many cities in its vicinity may be

attributed to the Tutul Xius.

The first king of Mayapan after the departure of Cukulcan is generally

called Cocom, or Ahcocom, but we know nothing of his successors

for some centuries, save Brasseur's conjecture that the four Bacab

mentioned by Cogolludo as gods should be reckoned among the number.[XIII-34]

At last, probably during the twelfth century, Landa and the other

Spanish writers agree that the monarchs at Mayapan began to neglect

the interests of their subjects, and to become exceedingly avaricious,

oppressing the people by excessive taxation. The first to follow this

course of conduct is called by Brasseur Ahtubtun, a name selected from

Cogolludo's list of gods for no other apparent reason than that his

name signified 'spitter of precious stones,' certainly an indication

of extravagance. To his successor this author applies the name Aban

and the title Kinehahau. This monarch was even more oppressive than his

predecessor, and loud murmurs of discontent began to be heard, but none

were strong enough to make any opposition save the Tutul Xius. Either

this king or a successor introduced into the country a force of foreign

soldiers from Tabasco and southern Vera Cruz, and also established

slavery, hitherto unknown in Yucatan.

[Sidenote: OVERTHROW OF THE COCOMES.]

The Tutul Xius began their opposition to the Cocomes by sheltering

their oppressed subjects. The third of the tyrants, probably identical

with the Hunac Eel of the Perez record, was even more oppressive than

those that preceded him, and brought in more foreign soldiers. In 1191

the monarch of Chichen Itza, Chac Xib Chac, was deposed by the tyrant

and the deposition enforced by the aid of his foreign auxiliaries. Less

than ten years later Hunac Eel with his allies marched again against

Chichen, now ruled by a new monarch, Ulmil, and defeated him after a

long campaign. The end of the trouble is briefly if not very clearly

expressed by the author of the Maya record in the statement that Ulmil

before 1221 invaded Mayapan.[XIII-35]

Landa and Herrera relate that the tyranny of the Cocome monarch at last

became insupportable, and his subjects with the aid of the Tutul Xius

revolted, captured and sacked Mayapan, and put to death the king with

all his family, except one son, who chanced to be absent. The king of

Uxmal naturally acquired by this overthrow of the Cocome dynasty the

supreme power. Ulmil, the Itza king who led the attack against the

Cocomes, seems to have received the second place, while the head of the

family of Cheles, before high-priest at Mayapan, was given the third

rank as king of Izamal. Nearly all the authorities state that Mayapan

was destroyed and abandoned at this time; but the dates they give

with the fact that this city is mentioned by the Maya record at a much

later period, show that it was still inhabited, though deprived of its

ancient power.[XIII-36]

The Tutul Xius on their accession to the supreme power, strengthened

their popularity by a liberal policy toward all classes, and by

restoring those who had been enslaved or exiled by the Cocomes to their

former positions. They also permitted the Xicalanca troops introduced

by Hunac Eel and his predecessors to remain in the country, and gave

them the province of Canul, or Ahcanul, between Uxmal and Campeche,

where they soon became a powerful nation.[XIII-37] The son of the Cocome

tyrant, who by his absence from Mayapan at the time of the revolt

escaped the fate of his family, on his return was permitted to settle

with his friends in the province of Zotuta, where he is said to have

built Tibulon, and several other towns. Thus was perpetuated with the

ancient Cocome family the mortal hatred which that family continued to

feel towards their successful rivals.[XIII-38]

[Sidenote: FABLE OF THE DWARF.]

The reign of the Tutul Xius at Uxmal was doubtless the most glorious

period of Maya history, but in addition to what has been said we have

respecting it only a single tradition which seems to refer to the last

king and the overthrow of the dynasty.[XIII-39] An old sorceress lived at

Kabah, rarely leaving her chimney corner. Her grandson, a dwarf, by

making a hole in her water-jar, kept her a long time at the well one

day, and by removing the hearth-stone found the treasure she had so

carefully guarded, a silver _tunkul_ and _zoot_, native instruments.

The music produced by the dwarf was heard in all the cities, and the

king at Uxmal trembled, for an old prophecy declared that when such

music should be heard the monarch must give up his throne to the

musician. A peculiar duel was agreed upon between the two, each to

have four baskets of _cocoyoles_, or palm-nuts, broken on his head.

The Dwarf was victorious and took the dead king's place, having the

Casa del Adivino built for his palace, and the Casa de la Vieja for

his grandmother.[XIII-40] The old sorceress soon died, and the new king,

freed from all restraint, plunged into all manner of wickedness, until

his gods, or idols, abandoned him in anger. But after several attempts

the Dwarf made a new god of clay which came to life and was worshiped

by the people, who by this worship of an evil spirit soon brought upon

themselves destruction at the hands of the outraged deities, and Uxmal

was abandoned.

For this tradition we have only Brasseur's conjectural, but not

improbable, interpretation to the effect that the Tutul Xiu throne

at Uxmal, in the earlier part of the thirteenth century perhaps,

was usurped by a chief of another family, known in tradition as the

Dwarf, or the Sorcerer. It is not unlikely that the usurping king

was of the Cocome family and that he succeeded in his attempt by the

aid of the priesthood. Whoever may have been at its head, the new

dynasty was in its turn overthrown apparently by religious strife, and

Uxmal ceased to be a capital or centre of temporal power in Yucatan,

although its temples may still have been occupied by the priesthood.

From the fact that the Maya record, or Perez document, speaks only

of Mayapan after this period, it is not unlikely that the Tutul Xiu

power was transferred to that ancient capital, after the downfall of

its representative at Uxmal. Near the end of the thirteenth century

Mayapan was conquered by a foreign army of Uitzes, or mountaineers, the

reference being perhaps to a raid of one of the earlier Quiché emperors

from Utatlan. For a century and a half, a period of contention between

rival dynasties and tribes, we have, besides a few reported predictions

of coming disaster, only one definite event, the flight of a band of

Itzas under Canek, and their settlement on the islands in Lake Peten,

where they were found, a most flourishing community, by the Spaniards.

No definite date is given to their migration--or elopement, for a lady

was at the bottom of the affair, as some say--except by Villagutierre,

who places it in 8 Ahau, or between 1441 and 1461.[XIII-41]

Also between 1441 and 1461, Mayapan was finally ruined in the

contentions of the factions, and abandoned at the death of a monarch

called by some authors Mochan Xiu; the Tutul Xius then seem to have

retired to Mani, which was their capital down to the Conquest.[XIII-42]

For twenty years after the final destruction of Mayapan the tribes

are said to have remained at peace and independent of each other;

but the remaining century, down to 1561, was one of almost continual

inter-tribal strife, of which there is no detailed record, but which,

with hurricanes, famine, deadly pestilence, and constantly recurring

omens and predictions of final disaster, so desolated and depopulated

the country, that the Spaniards found the Mayas but a mere wreck of

what they once had been, fighting bravely, but not unitedly, against

the invaders.[XIII-43]

FOOTNOTES:

[XIII-1] On the name of this country see:--_Landa_, _Relacion_, and

_Brasseur_, in _Id._, pp. 6, 8, 42-3; _Lizana_, in _Id._, p. 348;

_Perez MS._, in _Id._, pp. 421, 429; _Id._, in _Stephens' Yucatan_,

vol. ii., pp. 465, 467; see also vol. i., pp. 139-40; _Cogolludo_,

_Hist. Yuc._, pp. 60-1, 178-9; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, p.

28; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales_, tom. xcvii., pp. 30-1;

_Malte-Brun_, _Yucatan_, pp. 14-15; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 60.

[XIII-2] _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 28; _Herrera_, dec. iv., lib. x.,

cap. ii.

[XIII-3] _Lizana_, in _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 354; _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 128. Cogolludo, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 178, quotes this from

Lizana.

[XIII-4] _Lizana_ and _Cogolludo_, as above. Ternaux-Compans, in

_Nouvelles Annales_, tom. xcvii., p. 32, also reverses the statement

of the tradition respecting the relative numbers of the respective

colonies.

[XIII-5] _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 129.

[XIII-6] _Veytia_, tom. i., p. 237; _Torquemada_, tom. i., p. 269;

_Lizana_, in _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 354; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._,

p. 178; _Fancourt's Hist. Yuc._, p. 115.

[XIII-7] _Stephens' Yucatan_, vol. ii., pp. 304-8, 342-3, 453-4;

_Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 201-2; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i.,

pp. 270-1; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, pp. 44-5; _Mayer's Mex. Aztec,

etc._, vol. i., pp. 99-100; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 33, 142;

_Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 346; _Ternaux-Compans_, in

_Nouvelles Annales_, tom. xcvii., pp. 31-2.

[XIII-8] On Zamná, see:--vol. iii., pp. 462-5 of this work;

_Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 178, 192, 196-7; _Landa_, _Relacion_,

pp. 328-30; _Lizana_, in _Id._, p. 356; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. i.,

pp. 78-80; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, p. 23; _Malte-Brun_, _Yucatan_,

pp. 15-17.

[XIII-9] On Cukulcan and the Itzas, see:--_Herrera_, dec. iv., lib.

x., cap. ii.; _Torquemada_, tom. ii., p. 52, tom. iii., p. 133;

_Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 190, 196-7; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp.

34-9, 340-2; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. ii., pp. 10-13; _Malte-Brun_,

_Yucatan_, pp. 15-16; _Stephens' Yucatan_, vol. i., pp. 140-1.

[XIII-10] In a note to _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 35, 39; _Orozco y

Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 155-6.

[XIII-11] Vol. iii., p. 465; _Malte-Brun_, _Yucatan_, pp. 15-16.

[XIII-12] _Torquemada_, tom. ii., p. 52; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp.

38-45, 54-6; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 179-80; _Herrera_, dec.

iv., lib. x., cap. ii.; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales_,

tom. xcvii., p. 34; _Malte-Brun_, _Yucatan_, pp. 15-6.

[XIII-13] _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 44-8. 'Le nom des _Tutul-Xiu_

paraît d'origine nahuatl; il serait dérivé de _totol_, _tototl_,

oiseau, et de _xíuitl_, ou _xíhuitl_, herbe, etc. En ceci il n'y

aurait rien d'extraordinaire, puisqu'ils sortaient de _Tula_ ou

_Tulapan_, cité qui aurait été la capitale des Nahuas ou Toltèques

après leur victoire sur Xibalba.' _Brasseur_, in _Id._, p. 47. See

also _Herrera_, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; _Torquemada_, tom.

iii., p. 132; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 178, 182; _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. i., p. 271; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc.,

Transact._, vol. i., p. 171; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles

Annales_, tom. xcvii., pp. 34-5.

[XIII-14] This volume, pp. 227-8. Additional study of the subject has

caused me to modify considerably in this chapter some of the

statements on Maya history contained in vol. ii., pp. 118-20.

[XIII-15] _Stephens' Yucatan_, vol. ii., pp. 465-9; _Brasseur_, in

_Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 420-9.

[XIII-16] For an account of this system of Ahau Katunes and the order

of their succession, see vol. ii., pp. 762-5.

[XIII-17] See vol. ii., pp. 762-5.

[XIII-18] In his _Hist. Nat. Civ._, Brasseur follows this system and

repeatedly gives 174 (171 on p. 228 of this volume is a misprint) as

the date of this migration, using it indeed to fix the date of the

migration of the Toltecs and Quichés from Tulan; but he adopts the

other theory in his notes to Landa's work.

[XIII-19] Reckoning an epoch as 24 years, the migration lasted from

173 to 270, or 97 years instead of 81, as in the text. Perez has it

from 144 to 217, or 73 years, which agrees neither with the text nor

with his own theory.

[XIII-20] As late as 661 or 485, if Perez' statement of 8 Ahau be

accepted, which is inconsistent with the whole record.

[XIII-21] From 218 to 360, according to Perez; or according to his

statement that four epochs elapsed, from 270 to 366.

[XIII-22] 360 to 432, _Perez_; 533 to 605, on the basis of 24 years to

an epoch.

[XIII-23] 432 to 576, _Perez_; 605 to 725 on the basis of 24 years to

an epoch.

[XIII-24] Or 821 according to the other system.

[XIII-25] We have seen above that there is some confusion about the

date of the Tutul Xius taking Chichen.

[XIII-26] In his commentary, Perez applies this stay of 13 epochs to

the Tutul Xius, although the text seems to state the contrary, making

them live in Champoton from 576 to 888; or if he had added simply the

260 years of the text, 576 to 836; or if he had correctly adapted his

chronology to his own theory, from 821 to 1133. On a basis of 24 years

to a Katun the stay of the Itzas at Champoton, as given in the text,

was from 533 to 821.

[XIII-27] 888-936, _Perez_; 821-869, on the basis of 24 years. Perez,

applying this wandering to the Tutul Xius, makes them settle again at

Chichen.

[XIII-28] 936-1176, _Perez_; 869-1109, on basis of 24 years, but this

of course would not agree with the two hundred years of the text.

[XIII-29] Perez makes these events, which he seems to regard as two or

three distinct wars, fill the time from 1176 to 1258. From 1119 to

1157, on a basis of 24 years.

[XIII-30] 1258 to 1368, _Perez_; 1229 to 1445, on the basis of 24

years. Perez admits in his commentary only one destruction of Mayapan

in 1308.

[XIII-31] Or, on a basis of 24 years to a Katun, between 1493 and

1517. Either of these dates agrees very well with the facts, since

Córdova reached the coast of Yucatan in 1517, and Gerónimo de Aguilar

was wrecked there, probably some years earlier. But Perez dates their

arrival between 1392 and 1488, before America was discovered!

[XIII-32] Perez directly contradicts the text in placing this death in

1493.

[XIII-33] Vol. iv., pp. 140-285.

[XIII-34] _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 197.

[XIII-35] It seems to me very probable that there is an error or

omission by the copyist or translator in this part of the document.

[XIII-36] On this revolution see:--_Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 48-52, 56.

This author calls the Chel prince Achchel, and calls him the

son-in-law of a venerable priest in Mayapan. _Herrera_, dec. iv., lib.

x., cap. ii., iii.; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 60, 178-9;

_Lizana_, in _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 350; _Villagutierre_, _Hist.

Conq. Itza_, p. 28; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. ii., pp. 32-40, 48-9.

This author calls him Ahalin Chel, and their province Cicontun.

_Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales_, tom. xcvii., pp. 31, 35;

_Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., pp. 172-3;

_Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 347; _Malte-Brun_, _Yucatan_, pp.

20-1; _Stephens' Yuc._, vol. i., pp. 140-1.

[XIII-37] Brasseur, _Hist._, tom. ii., pp. 41-2, tells us that their

province was called Calkini, and the people, from their ruler, took

the name of Ahcanuls; and also that they built or enlarged the cities

of Sabacché, Labná, and Pokboc. (See vol. iv., pp. 211-8) The only

authority for the latter statement is probably the location of these

ruins in a general southern direction from Uxmal. Cogolludo says the

natives of Conil and Choàca, called Kupules, were the most warlike in

Yucatan. _Hist. Yuc._, p. 143; see also _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 54;

_Herrera_, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.

[XIII-38] _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 54-5; _Herrera_, dec. iv., lib. x.,

cap. iii.; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. ii., p. 42; _Cogolludo_, _Hist.

Yuc._, p. 143; _Malte-Brun_, _Yucatan_, p. 20.

[XIII-39] _Registro Yuc._, tom. ii., pp. 261-72. The tradition is

given in the form of a dialogue between a visitor to the ruins and a

native of extraordinary intelligence, who claimed to be well

acquainted with the historical traditions of his race. Brasseur,

_Hist._, tom. ii., pp. 578-88, gives what is probably an extended

translation of the article referred to. Stephens, _Cent. Amer._, vol.

ii., pp. 423-5, obtained from a native a tradition similar in some

respects, so far as it goes, which is translated by Charnay, _Ruines

Amér._, pp. 369-71.

[XIII-40] See vol. iv., pp. 172, 192-7.

[XIII-41] _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 507-8; _Villagutierre_,

_Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 29-31, 401-2, 488-91; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._,

pp. 24, 36, 41; _Stephens' Yucatan_, vol. ii., p. 200; _Gondra_, in

_Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., p. 98; _Ternaux-Compans_,

in _Nouvelles Annales_, tom. xcvii., pp. 51-2; _Squier's Cent. Amer._,

pp. 547, 550-1.

[XIII-42] _Herrera_, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; _Torquemada_,

tom. iii., p. 132; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 100, 179; _Landa_,

_Relacion_, pp. 50-2, 62; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, p. 28;

_Stephens' Yucatan_, vol. i., pp. 140-1; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno.

Soc., Transact._, vol. i., pp. 172-3. Landa makes the date 100 years

before the Conquest, that is 1446. Villagutierre and Cogolludo say

1420. Herrera says 70 years before the arrival of the Spaniards, and

500 years after its foundation. Gallatin makes it 1517 or 1536.

[XIII-43] _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 58-64; _Herrera_, dec. ii., lib.

iii., cap. i., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Cogolludo_, _Hist.

Yuc._, pp. 97-100, 185; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 63;

_Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 35-7; _Torquemada_, tom.

iii., pp. 132-3; _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. iii., p. 473; _Remesal_,

_Hist. Chyapa_, pp. 245-6.

INDEX.

The Index refers alphabetically to each of the ten or twelve thousand

subjects mentioned in the five volumes of the work, with numerous

cross-references to and from such headings as are at all confused by

reason of variations in orthography or from other causes. In describing

aboriginal manners and customs, the tribes are grouped in families,

and each family, instead of each tribe, has been described separately;

consequently, after each tribal name in the Index is a reference to

the pages containing a description of the family to which the tribe

belongs; there is also an additional reference to such pages as

contain any 'special mention' of the tribe. For example, information is

sought about the Ahts. In the Index is found 'Ahts, tribe of Nootkas,

i., 175-208; special mention, i., 177, 180-1,' etc. All the matter

relating to the Nootka family on pp. 175-208, is supposed to apply to

the Ahts as well as to the other tribes of the family, except such

differences as may be noted on pp. 177, 180-1, etc. If information

is sought respecting the burial rites or any particular custom of the

Ahts, a more direct reference to the exact pages will be found under

'Nootkas,' where the matter relating to that family is subdivided.

The matter in the last three chapters of vol. v. is referred to in the

earlier letters of the Index by chapters instead of pages. No table of

abbreviations used is believed to be needed.

Aba, iii., 354, see Aoa.

Abah (Abagh), Tzendal day, ii., 767; name for Atitlan, v., chap.

xi.

Abajo Val., Hond., antiq., iv., 70.

Aban, Mayapan ruler, v., chap. xiii.

Abbato-tinneh, Kutchin dialect, iii., 587.

Abchuy Kak, Maya god, iii., 467.

Abiquiu, locality of Utahs, i., 465.

Abmoctacs, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Abó, New Mex., antiq., iv., 663.

Abortion, i., 169, 197, 242, 279, 390, 634, 773; ii., 183, 269,

469-70.

Abrevadero, Jalisco, antiq., iv., 577.

Ac, herb, Yucatan, ii., 698.

Acacebastla, locality, Cent. Amer., iii., 760.

Acachinanco, locality, Mexico, iii., 298; v., 507.

Acagchemems, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, iii., 162;

myth., iii., 162-9, 525.

Acagnikakh, Aleut 1st man, iii., 104.

Acahualcingo (Acahualtzinco, Tlalixco), Aztec station, v., 323.

Acala, city, Chiapas, i., 681.

Acalan, city, Guatemala, ii., 650; v., 347.

Acalli, canoes, ii., 398.

Acamapichtli I. king of Culhuacan, v., 341-54.

Acamapichtli II., king of Mexico, v., 354-62, 492.

Acanum, Maya god, ii., 698.

Acapichtzin, Toltec hero, v., 213, 246.

Acapipioltzin, a Chichimec prince, v., 428, 450-1.

Acaponeta, province in Jalisco, i., 609, 671; v., 509.

Acapulco, city in Guerrero, i., 678, ii., 109.

Acat, Maya god, iii., 467.

Acatentehua, a Tlascaltec chief, v., 497.

Acatic, town, Jalisco, i., 672.

Acatl, Nahua calendar-sign, ii., 505; iii., 57, Toltec chief, v.,

243.

Acatlan, suburb of Mex., ii., 560; v., chap. x.

Acatomatl, a Chichimec chief, v., 293.

Acatonal, a Xochimilca chief, v., 309.

Acatzingo, city, Puebla, v., 420.

Acatzintitlan, locality, Mex., v., 345.

Acaucalli, Aztec chapel, iii., 346.

Acauhtzin (Achcauhtzin, Axcauhtzin), Chichimec king, v., 285,

290-1.

Acaxées (Acaxas), North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; location, i.,

572; special mention, i., 585, 589-90; location, i., 614;

language, iii., 718-19.

Acayetl, Nahua pipe, ii., 231, 287.

Acayucan, town, Oajaca, i., 646.

Acchioc, Mosquito drink, i., 739.

Accouchement, see Women.

Acequias, see Canals and Irrigation.

Acexcoch, name of Tezcatlipoca, iii., 246.

Achastliens (Achastliés, Achastliers), Cent. Cal. tribe, i.,

363-401; location, i., 363; lang., iii., 653-4.

Achcacauhti, Aztec old men, ii., 137.

Achcacauhtzin, Tezcucan ambassadors, ii., 422.

Achcauhtin, Nahua military order, ii., 403.

Achcauhtli, Nahua priestly order, ii., 313.

Achcauhtzin, v., 245, 290, see Achcuhtzin and Icauhtzin.

Acheto-tena, i., 149, see Daho-tena.

Achi, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location, i., 787; lang.,

iii., 760.

Achihab, Quiché nobles, ii., 639; v., chap. xi.

Achilla, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 454.

Achillimo, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-422; location, i., 459.

Achiotl (Achiolt), dye-plant, i., 724; ii., 486.

Achitometl I., Culhua king, v., 256, 303, 316-20, 330-1.

Achitometl II., Culhua king, v., 354.

Achiuhtla, city in Oajaca, conquest of, v., 461; chap. x.

Achnutschik, Koniaga male concubine, i., 82.

Achote, food, South Mex., i., 652, 654.

Acla, Isthmian tribe, i., 747-85; location, i., 795; language,

iii., 794.

Acnagis, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Acoahunotl, ii., 436, see Quauhnochtli.

Acoculco, locality, Mexico, v., 339.

Acolhuacan (Aculhuacan), Nahua kingdom, i., 676; hist., v., 323,

333-482.

Acolhuas (Aculhuas), Nahua nation, i., 617-44; ii., 133-629;

loc., i., 676; spec. mention, ii., 92, 104, 125, 491-2, 134-6,

162-3, 231, 246-7, 367, 569, 589; myth., iii., 63, 195; lang.,

iii., 724-5; hist., v., 303-20, 359-494; see also Culhuas, with

whom they are often confounded.

Acolhuatl, name of Chichimecatl, iii., 250.

Acolhua-tlalli, war lands of Acolhuacan, ii., 225.

Acolman (Aculma), city of Mexico, ii., 441; iii., 63; v., 20,

380, 388, 395, 476.

Acolmiztli, name for Nezahualcoyotl, v., 372; lord of Cuitlahuac,

v., 409.

Acolnahuac, station, Aztec migration, v., 323, 324.

Acolnahuacatl, Tepanec king, v., 330-41, 365-6.

Acoloa, Nahua god, iii., 418.

Acoltas, tribe of Haidahs, i., 156-174; special mention, i., 174.

Acoma, town and tribe of Pueblos, i., 526-556; location, i., 600;

special mention, i., 527; language, iii., 681-2; antiq., iv.,

665-6.

Aconchi, town, Sonora, i., 606.

Aconite, Koniaga poison, i., 79.

Acopilco, locality, Mexico, v., 339.

Acorns, food in California, i., 339, 373-5, 406.

Acotelulco, ward of Tlascala city, v., 503.

Acoti, town of Pueblos, i., 527.

Acotoch, v., 317, see Ocotox.

Actopan, Mex., antiq., iv., 545.

Acuco, New Mex., antiq., iv., 674.

Acuecuejotl, name of Chalchihuitlicue, iii., 367.

Acul, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; hist., v., chap. xi.

Aculhua, Tepanec king, v., 320.

Aculhuacan, i., 676, see Acolhuacan.

Aculhuas, ii., 125, see Acolhuas.

Aculhua Tecuhtli, name for Quanez, v., 491.

Aculma, iii., 63; v., 20, see Acolman.

Aculmaitl, Tezcucan 1st man, iii., 63.

Aculnaoacatl, name of Mictlantecutli, iii., 396.

Acul Vinak, Maya nation, i., 687-711; ii., 630-803; special

mention, v., chap. xi.

Acuragua, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 460.

Acus, town of Pueblos, i., 527.

Acutee, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location, i., 789.

Acweek, Nootka title, i., 194.

Acxiquat, Zutugil king, v., chap. xi.

Acxitl (Meconetzin), Toltec king, v., 270-86, chap. xi.

Acxopal (Acxopil), Quiché king, v., chap. xi.

Acxopal, a Toltec noble, v., 297.

Acxoquauh (Acxocuauh, Acxoquauhtli, Acxiquat), a Toltec prince

and Culhua king, v., 299-300, 358; a Zutugil ruler, v., chapter

xi.

Acxotecas, tribe of Teotenancas, v., 280.

Acyums, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 463-401; location, i., 452.

Adacs, Lower Cal. tribe, i., 556-71; location, i., 603.

Addresses, see Speeches.

Adams County, Mississippi Valley, antiq., iv., 771.

Adkayom, sacrificer, Guat., iii., 488.

Admiralty Inlet, i., 208, 298, 302.

Admiralty Island, i., 143.

Adobe, building material, i., 535-6, 575, 624, 651, 692; ii.,

557-73; iv., 473, 607, 626-83, 718-42, see also Earth.

Adultery, i., 350-1, 390, 412, 509-10, 660, 728-9, 770; ii.,

464-6, 658, 673-5, see also Fornication.

Adze, Koniaga and Nootka implement, i., 80, 189.

Aé, Acagchemem 1st woman, iii., 164.

Aestaca, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 454.

Affats-tena, tribe of Nehannes, i., 149.

Agaab, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location, i., 789; special

mention, v., chap. xi.

Agalta Valley, Hond., antiq., iv., 70.

Agaraits, North Cal. tribe, i., 327-61; location, i., 445.

Agate, i., 343, 495; ii., 164, 751; iv., 469, 479, 554, 678, 715.

Agave, see Maguey.

Ages of the World, Nahua myth., ii., 504-5; iii., 64-5.

Aggitikkahs, tribe of Shoshones, i., 422-42; location, i., 463.

Aghual, Chiapan day, ii., 767.

Aglegmutes (Aglegmjuten, Agolegmüten, Oglemutes), tribe of

Koniagas, i., 70-87; loc., i., 70, 139-40.

Agrazenuqua, tribe of Isthmians, i., 747-85; location, i., 795.

Agriculture, Hyperboreans, i., 107; Columbians, i., 162, 234,

267; Californians, i., 323-5, 430; iv., 696; New Mexicans,

i., 487-9, 501, 538-9, 543; iv., 619, 623, 632, 636, 676-7;

Mexicans, i., 24, 576, 578, 625, 630, 652-3; ii., 343-50, 480;

iii., 274; iv., 429-431, 442; Cent. Americans, i., 694, 719,

758-9; ii., 653, 701, 717-20; iv., 21.

Agtism, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 454.

Aguacateca, lang., Guat., iii., 760.

Aguaceros, North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; location, i., 612.

Aguachapa, town of Pipiles, ii., 752.

Aguadas, see Reservoirs.

Aguama, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Aguardiente, South Mexican drink, i., 664.

Aguasajuchium, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 463-401; location, i., 453.

Aguascalientes, antiq., iv., 593.

Aguasto, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 453.

Aguatubi, Moqui village and tribe, i., 526-56; special mention,

i., 601.

Aguin, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 458.

Agulmutes (Agulmüten, Aguljmjuten), tribe of Koniagas, i., 70-87;

loc., i., 70, 140; spec. mention, i., 80.

Ah, Quiché-Cakchiquel day, ii., 767.

Ah-Actulul, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location, i., 789.

Ahacus, Pueblo village, i., 527.

Ahahuete, iii., 66, see Ahuehuete.

Ahapchingas, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 460.

Ahau, Maya title and day, ii., 636, 756, 760; v., 21.

Ahau Ah Gucumatz, Quiché title, ii., 644; iii., 489.

Ahau Ahpop, Quiché title, ii., 639, 643; v., chap. xi.

Ahau Ahpop Camha, Quiché title, ii., 639, 643; v., chap. xi.

Ahau Ah Tohil, Quiché title, ii., 639, 644; iii., 489.

Ahau Ahtzic Winak, Quiché title, ii., 644.

Ahau Avilix (Awilix), Quiché title, ii., 644; iii., 489.

Ahau Can Mai, iii., 472, see Ahkin Mai.

Ahau Chamahez, Maya god, ii., 697.

Ahau Gagavitz, Quiché title, ii., 644; iii., 489.

Ahau Galel, Quiché title, ii., 644.

Ahau Galel Camha, Quiché title, ii., 644.

Ahau Katunes, Maya cycle, ii., 762-5.

Ahau Quiché, Quiché royal family, ii., 643-4; v., chap. xi.

Ahazats, tribe of Nootkas, i., 175-208; location, i., 296-7.

Ahbuluc Balam, Maya god, ii., 701.

Ahcan, Quiché noble and priest, v., chap. xi.

Ahcan Uolcab, Maya god, ii., 701.

Ahcanail, Quiché personage, v., chap. xi.

Ahcanuls, Yuc. province and people, v., chap. xiii.

Ahchaoh, Quiché judges, ii., 642.

Ahcitz, Maya god, ii., 698.

Ahcocom, ruler at Mayapan, Yuc., v., chap. xiii.

Ahcuitok Tutul Xiu, ruler at Uxmal, Yuc., v., chap. xiii.

Ahcunal, ruler at Uxmal, Yucatan, v., chap. xiii.

Ah Hulneb, Maya chief and god, see Ahulneb.

Aheltahs, North Cal. tribe, i., 327-61; location, i., 445.

Ahgih, Maya astrologer, ii., 679.

Ahgishanakhou, mythic personage, iii., 103, 146.

Ahikia, Chinook game, i., 244.

Ahkak Nexoi, Maya god, ii., 698.

Ahkin, Maya priests, iii., 472.

Ahkin Mai (Ahau Can Mai), Maya high-priest, iii., 472.

Ahkin Xooc, Yuc. prince, Chichen Itza, v., chap. xiii.

Ahknil Chel, Yuc. high-priest, Chichen Itza, v., chap. xiii.

Ahlela, village of Moquis, i., 528, 600.

Ahmak, Quiché-Cakchiquel day, ii., 767.

Ahmecat Tutul Xiu, Yuc. prince, v., chap. xiii.

Ahmoxnag, Cakchiquel prince, v., chap. xi.

Ah-Oanem, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location, i., 789.

Ahomamas, North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; special mention, i., 576,

585, 590.

Ahomes (Ahomoas), North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; loc., i., 572,

607-8; spec. men., i., 584-5; lang., iii., 707.

Ahousets (Ahousahts, Ahowzarts), tribe of Nootkas, i., 175-208;

location, i., 295.

Ahpop, Quiché title, ii., 639, 643; v., chap. xi.

Ahpop Camha, Quiché title, ii., 639, 643; v., chap. xi.

Ahpop Qamahay, Cakchiquel title, ii., 640; v., chap. xi.

Ahpoxahil, (Ahpop Xahil), Cakchiquel title, ii., 640; v., chap.

xi.

Ahpozotzil, Cakchiquel title, ii., 640; v., chap. xi.

Ahpua, Maya god, ii., 698.

Ahqahb, Quiché title, v., chap. xi.

Ahqib (Ahqixb), Quiché title, v., chap. xi.

Ahquehayi, Quiché nobles, v., chap. xi.

Ah-tenas, i., 149, see Atnas.

Ahtepal, Maya title, ii., 634; v., chap. xiii.

Ahts, tribe of Nootkas, i., 175-208; loc., i., 175, 297; spec.

mention, i., 177, 180-1, 186, 188-9, 191-2, 194, 197, 205;

myth., iii., 96, 520-1; lang., iii., 608; origin, v., 19.

Ahtubtun, Yuc. ruler, Mayapan, v., chap. xiii.

Ahtzic Winak, Quiché title, v., chap. xi.

Ah-Tziquinaha (Ah Tziquinihayi), Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711;

location, i., 789; hist., v., chap. xi.

Ah-Tzakol-Quet (Queh), Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location,

i., 789.

Ah-Tzuque, Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; location, i., 789.

Ahuacachapullin, a locust, iii., 380.

Ahuales, officials, Guat., i., 702.

Ahualulcos, South Mex. tribe, i., 645-70; location, i., 645, 682;

special mention, i., 652, 658.

Ahuamhoue, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Ahuanga, village, South Cal., i., 460.

Ahuauhtli, eggs of the Axayacatl, ii., 356.

Ahuayopan, locality, Puebla, v., 490.

Ahuchan Xahil, Cakchiquel title, ii., 640; v., chap. xi.

Ahuehuete (Ahahuete), cypress-tree, iii., 66; iv., 502.

Ahuehuepa, Mex., antiq., iv., 496.

Ahuic, name of Chalchihuitlicue, iii., 367.

Ahuilizapan, ancient name of Orizava, v., 418.

Ahuitzotl, king of Mexico, v., 417, 424, 439-55, 499-501.

Ahulneb (Ah Hulneb), Maya god, iii., 466; v., chap. xiii.

Ahwahnachees, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Ahwashtes (Ahwastees), Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; loc., i.,

363, 453.

Ah Witzil, Yuc. name for Quichés, v., chap. xiii.

Ah Xiu, ruler at Mayapan, Yuc., v., chap. xiii.

Ahytza, Quiché prince, v., chap. xi.

Aiacachtli, Totonac rattle, i., 635.

Aiauh, name of Chalchihuitlicue, iii., 367.

Aiauhcalco, Nahua shrine, iii., 347.

Aiauhquemitl, priest's mantle, iii., 339.

Aibino, North Mex. lang., iii., 707.

Aijados, tribe of Apaches, i., 473-526; location, i., 599.

Air, a Nahua symbol, iii., 129.

Aisish, root used for food, i., 265.

Aitizzarts, tribe of Nootkas, i., 175-208; location, i., 295-6.

Aixas, tribe of Apaches, i., 473-526; location, i., 599.

Aixtilcuechahuac, v., 250, see Ixtlilcuechahuac.

Ají, name of chile, i., 759.

Ajmak, Guatemalan god, iii., 482.

Ajuchitlan, town in Guerrero, i., 678.

Akab, Maya night, ii., 755.

Akab-Tzib, hieroglyph at Chichen, Yucatan, antiq., iv., 225; name

of a person, v., chap. xiii.

Akahales (Akales), Guatemala tribe, i., 687-711; ii., 630-803;

hist., v., chap. xi.

Akbal, Maya day, ii., 756, 760, 767.

Aké, Yucatan, antiq., iv., 245.

Aketsum (Kachuma), village, South California, i., 459.

Akil, Yucatan, antiq., iv., 220.

Akun Island, i., 141.

Akutan Island, i., 141.

Akutans, tribe of Aleuts, i., 87-94; location, i., 141.

Alabaster, ii., 557, 751, 787.

Alachschak, i., 37, see Alaska.

Alacupusyuen, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 458.

Alaguilac, Guatemala lang., iii., 760.

Alahuiztlan, city of Guerrero, v., 442.

Aläksu, i., 37, see Alaska.

Alameda County, Cal., antiq., iv., 710.

Alames, South Mex. tribe, i., 645-70; location, i., 645.

Alamitos, village, South Cal., i., 460.

Alamos, village, Sonora, i., 606-7.

Alasapas (Alazapas), North Mexican tribe, i., 572-91; location,

i., 611.

Alaska (Aliaska, Aläksu, Alachschak, Aläsku, Alaxa, Alasca,

Alyaska, Alayeksa, Aläschka, Aljaska), name, i., 37-8; nations

and tribes described, i., 37-137; loc. of tribes, i., 35-40,

137-149; myth., iii., 98-106, 122, 128-131, 141-9, 507, 516-18;

lang., iii., 557-8, 575-603, 662-3; antiq., iv., 742.

Alaya, a village of Sabaibos, i., 614.

Alayeksa, i., 37, see Alaska.

Albatross, Ceri dress, i., 574.

Albatuinas (Albatuins), tribe of Mosquitos, i., 712-47; loc., i.,

713; spec. mention, i., 746; lang., iii., 783.

Alberni, village, Vancouver Island, i., 297.

Albinos, i., 423, 530, 750; ii., 166.

Alcax, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Alceas, i., 250, see Alseas.

Alchedumas (Alchedomas), tribe of Apaches, i., 473-526; location,

i., 598; language, iii., 685.

Alchones (Olchones), Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i.,

453-4; spec. mention, i., 365; myth., iii., 161.

Aleis, tribe of Chinooks, i., 222-50; location, i., 306.

Aletas, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Aleupkignas, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 460.

Aleutian Archipelago, i., 38, 87, 141; iii., 577-8; iv., 742; v.,

28-9.

Aleuts (Aleyuts), one of the five families into which the

Hyperboreans are divided, manners and customs of all its

nations and tribes described together, i., 87-94; physique, i.,

88; dress, i., 88-9; dwellings, i., 89; food, i., 90; weapons

and war, i., 90-1; implts. and manuf., i., 91; marriage, women,

government, i., 92; amusements, i., 92-3; burial, i., 93;

character, i., 93-4; loc. of tribes, i., 38, 87, 141-2; myth.,

iii., 104-5, 144-5, 507, 518; lang., iii., 577-80; origin, v.,

19.

Alexander Archipelago, i., 293.

Aleyas, i., 307, see Alseas.

Aleytacs, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Algonkins (Algonquins), location, i., 25; origin, v., 22.

Aliaska, i., 37, see Alaska.

Aliquachiek, i., 347, see Allicochick.

Alizway, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Aljaska, i., 37, see Alaska.

Aljiman, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Alkollock, game played by Colvilles, i., 280-1.

All, Towka young man, i., 732.

Allequas, North Cal. tribe, i., 327-61; spec. mention, i.,

329-31, 333, 341, 348, 350; myth., iii., 525.

Alliances, see Treaties.

Allicochick (Aliquachiek), shell money, North Cal., i., 347.

Alligators, i., 579, 696, 759; ii., 721; iv., 101.

Alloy, ii., 474, 749.

Allvatalama, South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Alparagats, Mosquito sandals, i., 716.

Alseas (Alceas, Alseyas, Aleyas, Ulseahs), tribe of Chinooks, i.,

222-50; location, i., 307-8; special mention, i., 250.

Alsea Bay, i., 308.

Altahmos (Altajumos), Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; loc., i.,

363, 452-3.

Altamia, Oajaca, antiq., iv., 373.

Altamira, village, Tamaulipas, i., 613.

Altanuis, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Altar, village in Sonora, i., 602.

Altars, ii., 307, 571, 582, 689, 799; iii., 239, 332; iv., 32,

61-2, 94-9, 111-14, 257-9, 277, 334, 345-6, 371, 382, 436, 443,

456, 541, 545, 587, 646, 703, 774.

Altaville, California, antiq., iv., 703.

Altepatlalli, Nahua lands, ii., 226.

Aluenchis, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Alum, ii., 474, 487.

Alyaska, i., 37, see Alaska.

Alzatlan, town, North Mex., i., 622.

Am, Maya conjuring stones, ii., 697.

Amacavas, tribe of Apaches, i., 473-526; location, i., 599.

Amacui, a Chichimec chief, v., 295-6, see Xolotl II.

Amadaappigalla, season of the year, Lower Cal., i., 564.

Amaddappi, season of the year, Lower Cal., i., 564.

Amador Co., Cal., i., 450; iv., 707.

Amag-Dan, town, Guatemala, i., 789; v., chap. xi.

Amalcum, Maya god, ii., 698.

Amalinalpan, station, Aztec migration, v., 324.

Amamaxtla, medical root, ii., 599.

Amanteca, Nahua feather-worker, ii., 489-91.

Amantla, a ward in city of Mex., ii., 490.

Amaquemecan, ancient home of Chichimecs, iv., 580; v., 219, 289,

301, 314.

Amaquetepec, Chichimec station, v., 242, 487.

Amaranth, ii., 329, 333, 356, 616; iii., 241, 297, 344, 371, 395.

Amasmaxtli, paper dress, ii., 323.

Amatetevitl (Amateteuitl), paper ornaments, iii., 333, 362.

Amatique Gulf, iii., 726; v., chap. xi.

Amatitlan (Amatitan), town, Guat., i., 787-8; ii., 651.

Amatitlan Lake, antiq., iv., 121.

Amatl, Nahua paper, ii., 485, 524.

Amatlan de los Reyes, Vera Cruz, antiq., iv., 434-5.

Amatzin, king of Tlatelulco, v., 364.

Amaxtlan, province, Oajaca, v., 447, chap. x.

Amaytun lamayte (Lamaytun), Maya division of Cycle, ii., 762.

Ambassadors, i., 388, 628, 723, 729-30, 770; ii., 254, 412-13,

419-23, 462, 607, 646, 666-8.

Ambawtawhoot-Tinneh (Sheep Indians), tribe of Tinneh, i.,

114-137; location, i., 145; special mention, i., 121; language,

iii., 585.

Amber, i., 72, 649-51; ii., 732.

Ambush, i., 264, 496-7, 628, 697; ii., 426-7.

Amechichi, Tezcucan title, ii., 189; v., 350.

American River, i., 450.

Ameyal, a Toltec prince, v., 313, 316.

Amimitl, Nahua god, iii., 410.

Amitaguas, North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; location, i., 611.

Amolli, soap-plant, ii., 491.

Amonces, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 363, 456.

Amotenenqua, name of Napatecutli, iii., 417.

Amoxoaque, Nahua prophets, v., 189.

Amoxtli, water-plant, ii., 365.

Ampayouts, i., 441, see Yam Pah Utes.

Amusements, Hyperboreans, i., 66-7, 84-5, 92-3, 119, 131;

Columbians, i., 169-71, 180-1, 198-201, 219, 243-5, 280-2;

Californians, i., 351-4, 392-4, 415-17, 437-8; New Mexicans,

i., 515-17, 549-53, 566-7, 586-7; Mexicans, i., 635-6, 664-5;

ii., 283-301, 399; Central Americans, i., 704-7, 735-9, 774-6;

ii., 711-14.

Amusgo, South Mex., lang., ii., 752.

Amutajas, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Anacanas, North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; location, i., 613.

Anacarck, i., 458, see Anacbuc.

Anacbuc (Anacarck), South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i.,

458.

Anáhuac, name, i., 18; ii., 87-8; for nations and tribes, myth.,

lang., antiq., and hist., see Mexico.

Anáhuac Ayotlan, Oajacan coast region, ii., 111; v., chap. x.

Anáhuac Mountains, name for Utah Mountains, i., 465.

Anáhuac Xicalanco, Tabascan coast region, ii., 111; v., 196.

Anajue (Anijue), South Cal. tribe, i., 402-22; location, i., 459.

Analco, village, Jalisco, i., 672.

Analtés (Analtehes, Analtees), Maya books, ii., 768-9.

Anamás (Anamons), Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i.,

452.

Anayicoyondi, Pericúi goddess, iii., 169.

Ancasiguais, North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; location, i., 613.

Ancasmarca Mountain, v., 15.

Anchins, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Ancoose Lake, i., 443.

Anderson Lake, i., 311.

Anderson Valley, i., 362, 449.

Andreanovski (Andrejanowschen) Island, i., 87, 142.

Anegas, i., 293, see Hanegas.

Angels, iii., 492-3, 540.

Anian Strait, v., 79.

Aniche Island, Michoacan, antiq., iv., 571.

Anijue, i., 459, see Anajue.

Animals, myth., iii., 37, 127-139; diffusion of, v., 29-30.

Animal-sculpture or images, ii., 750-1; iv., 24, 39-51, 100-1,

112-14, 122, 137, 163-8, 173, 175, 183-9, 216, 226-31, 235,

317-20, 386-8, 436, 467-9, 481-2, 488, 493, 497-8, 500-1,

519-20, 538, 548, 575, 590-5.

Animpayamos, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 455.

Ankle-ornaments, i., 574; ii., 290, 372; iii., 385.

An-Kutchin, i., 147, see Han Kutchin.

Anlygmutes (Anlygmjuten, Anlygmüten), tribe of Koniagas, i.,

70-87; location, i., 70, 141.

Anointing, ii., 144-7, 422, 641; iii., 435.

Ansaymas, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 454.

Antelope, see Deer.

Antelope Peak, i., 595.

Antiquities, Cent. America, ii., 116-18; iv., 15-139; v., 58-61;

Mexican Republic, ii., 749-51; iii., 398; iv., 143-614; v.,

55-8; New Mexico, i., 537-8; iv., 616-686; California and North

West, iv., 688-743; Mississippi Valley, iv., 744-90; v., 93-5,

114; Peru, iv., 791-806; Brazil, v., 123; Bibliography of,

iv., 2-4, 150-1, 289-94, 377-8, 390-1, 483, 621-5; See names of

states and localities.

Ants, i., 419, 428, 568, 762; ii., 176, 356.

Aoa (Aba), Nahua festival character, iii., 354.

Apaches (Apatschees), one of the four families into which the

New Mexicans are divided. Manners and customs of all its

nations and tribes described together, i., 473-526; physique,

i., 477-9; dress, i., 480-4; dwellings, i., 485-7; food, i.,

487-92; weapons, i., 493-6; war, i., 496-500; impl'ts and

manufactures, i., 500-5; boats and property, i., 505-6; art,

i., 506-7; government, i., 507-10; slavery, i., 510-11; women

and marriage, i., 511-15; amusements, i., 515-17; miscellaneous

customs, i., 517-21; medicine and burial, i., 521-4; character,

i., 524-6; location of tribes, i., 473-5, 591-9; iii., 593-5;

myth., iii., 132, 135, 170; lang., iii., 584, 593-603.

Apalaches, lang., iii., 727.

Apalamu, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 453.

Apan, station, Aztec migration, v., 324.

Apanco, station, Aztec migration, v., 323.

Apanecatl, a Toltec noble, v., 254.

Apantecutli, Nahua god, v., 193.

Apasco (Apazco), station, Aztec migration, v., 323-4.

Apatamnès, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 453.

Apaugasi, Cent. Cal. lang., iii., 650.

Apaxtle, a Nahua vessel, ii., 272.

Apay, Cent. Amer. lang., iii., 760.

Apes, North Mex. tribe, i., 572-91; location, i., 611; see also

Monkeys.

Apetlac, Nahua place in temple, iii., 387.

Apil, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 454.

Apoala, town, Oajaca, iii., 71; v., chap. x.

Apoplexy, i., 247.

Apotheosis, ii., 618, 693, 699, 801; iii., 25-6, 32, 271, 308,

399, 457, 473; v., 205, 226, 249-50, 255, 264, chap. xi., xii.,

xiii.

Apozolco, a mission in Cent. Mex., i., 672.

Apozonallotl, name of Chalchihuitlicue, iii., 367.

Apparitions, Mex. hist., v., 467-9.

Appeal, right of, ii., 434-7, 445, 656.

Apple-tree Cove, i., 301.

Apuasto, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 453.

Aquamish, tribe of Nootkas, i., 175-208; location, i., 295.

Aquarius Mountains, i., 597.

Aquas Calientes, South Cal., i., 460.

Aqueducts, ii., 169, 563, 565-6; iv., 121, 341-2, 447, 522-4,

611, 798, 801; v., 422, 452-3.

Aquiach, Nahua title, v., 264, 486.

Aquilasco, ancient Nahua home, v., 221, 309.

Ara, deified bird, ii., 212; v., 16.

Arabic, lang., traces, iii., 705.

Aramacina, Honduras, antiq., iv., 77.

Aramays, Cent. Cal. tribe, i., 363-401; location, i., 452.

Aransas Bay, i., 594.

Arcata, town, North Cal., i., 446.

Arch, ii., 555, 701-2, 791; iv., 127, 137, 157-8, 171, 177-9,

190-1, 208, 214, 228, 235, 243-4, 272-3, 309-11, 341-3, 356,

373, 380-1, 383, 451, 460-1, 528, 658, 713.

Archæology, introductory, iv., 1-14; see also Antiquities.

Architecture, ii., 553-89, 783-94; iv., 267 et seq.; v., 55-60;