_How Don Diego de Almagro and his followers quitted the valley
of Xaquixaguana and set out for the Apurimac bridge, and how
they thought of withdrawing to the Collao._
After the execution of the three Spaniards, it was thought that
all was secure, and that no more of those who followed the banners
of Chile would desert or forsake them. Don Diego ordered that all
should saddle up and be ready to start. The tents were struck, the
soldiers and commissariat men were collected, and everything was
done with such regularity that no camp that had ever been pitched in
that Realm was better managed. The daily stages were not very long.
The various troops were halted in their order, and when the camp was
formed it looked like a town, but an open space for fighting was
always left, where the soldiers could form up in case of a sudden
attack by the enemy. No one had meals in his tent. The tables spread
around bore rations common to all, and terms of brotherhood and close
companionship prevailed throughout. But the course and frailty of
events soon overwhelmed them all with a calamity so great that the
hills of Chupas will give testimony of it for all time. Wherever
they halted there were no idlers. The men-at-arms exercised their
bodies, or engaged in trials of skill with their pikes, while the
mounted troopers did the same, and the arquebusiers practised their
skirmishing. They made reconnaissances, and counter reconnaissances,
and posted look-outs and sentries, all with such marvellous order and
care that it was something to see. The Indians, who followed them
constantly, set up their markets, or _tiánguez_, where necessaries
could be bought. Nevertheless, and although order was kept such
as I have said, and there were few common people among them, but
particularly spirited captains, knights of great bravery, most gallant
soldiers, excellent artillery--yet, it would seem that they were too
few to resist such numerous enemies as had assembled against them.
And therefore, seeing plainly that they held no more land in their
possession than that on which they stood, Don Diego and the captains
in whom he placed most trust consulted together over what would be the
wisest course for them to adopt.
They knew from the Indians and from the Inca himself that Vaca de
Castro was in the province of Jauja, and had augmented the force
which had been collected by the captains who were at Guaraz. And
further, that the whole Realm was turning against them and was paying
no heed to anything but their destruction. They felt, too, that it
would be a great piece of temerity if they presumed to tempt God, or
trust to their luck, so far as to believe that they could overcome
the forces marshalled against them, who were all Spaniards, when they
themselves were so few. Considering what were best to be done in this
business to prevent their enemies, Pero Alvarez Holguin and Gómez de
Tordoya, from triumphing over them, it was concluded that it would
be a profitable thing to advance as far as the Apurimac bridge, so
that information of their going should reach the enemy who, thinking
that of a surety they had gone in search of him, would stay where he
was: whilst they, after crossing the bridge, could make good their
retreat by a track that winds away towards the right into the country
of the Quichuas and thence past the Charcas by a devious route, and
thus evade their many enemies until time should make clear to them
how they must act. But, though these were the plans discussed at this
council, and though they intended to put them into practice, yet it
did not please God that they should carry them through. For there
were persons among them who had committed many murders, and had been
the authors of numerous evil deeds, and they could not be allowed to
escape punishment. So they marched by stages until they arrived at the
bridge over the Apurimac, where they spent some days in repairing it,
as it had been much knocked about and was in a ruinous state. When the
captains and soldiers had passed over to the other side of the river,
with the intention already explained, there put up at the rest-house
of Curahuasi, where Almagro and his captains were already installed,
a priest named Márquez, who, coming from Lima over the uninhabited
wilds, chanced to reach this spot and was freely welcomed by Don
Diego and his people. He told Almagro and his captains privately that
they need not be afraid of giving battle to Vaca de Castro, because
the men who had joined him were not so numerous as had been stated,
nor were they so well provided with arms and other things needful
in war. They took heart from the conversations and remarks of this
priest, and Martín de Bilbao and other captains said that they should
march against Vaca de Castro and give him battle, because he had
joined their enemies and adopted them as his defenders. Don Diego,
too, agreed with him.
Some captains held to the earlier decision, and gave sound reasons for
not pushing forward; but, after discussion, it was finally decided
to go and take up a position at Guamanga and thence search for Vaca
de Castro. They called upon Father Márquez to declare to all the
soldiers the smallness of the force that Vaca de Castro was bringing,
and that it was not fit to oppose the strength and efficiency they
themselves possessed. The priest did this. Afterwards he said mass
before all the Spaniards, and when it was over he affirmed, by that
true body of God which had been in the chalice, that what he had told
the captains and soldiers was fact. On hearing this oath they all
rejoiced. They quitted that place the next day and, keeping the same
order, marched towards Andahuaylas, where the Chief, named Guasco,
had carried off all the provisions to a place of hiding. For being
in the _encomienda_ of the wealthy Diego Maldonado who, he knew, was
with Vaca de Castro, this Chief was unwilling to befriend the opposite
party. Moreover he had a writ from Vaca de Castro empowering him to
kill any Spaniard of the men of Chile's party who should countermand
the Governor's requisitions. When the Spaniards saw that the Indians
were not peaceably disposed, they were enraged with them; but this was
no time to busy themselves with punishing Indians, so they made their
own preparations for getting onward as best they could, having first
despatched the licentiate de La Gama with an embassy to the camp of
Vaca de Castro to discuss peace. Vaca de Castro ordered him and those
who came with him to lodge at Guaylas, which is on the other side of
the river. He listened to the message of the embassy, and remarked
that there were many in the camp of Don Diego who desired to quit the
error of their ways, but had not been able to contrive to do so. The
upshot of this embassy was, that Vaca de Castro directed that Juan
Balsa and another leader from among the principal men should come, and
he would discuss terms of peace with them.
At this time, Don Diego had arrived at the royal residence of Vilcas,
where he made himself secure, and pitched his camp among those ruined
[Inca] edifices, under the superintendence of his Sergeant-major
Suárez, a trusty fellow well versed in affairs of war. Here Don Diego
and his captains determined to send messengers afresh to Vaca de
Castro, in order to treat for peace; and they deemed that it would
be of great help in justifying their claims if two letters were
written, one by Don Diego and the other by his captains. I possess the
originals of those letters, which I here set down word for word, as it
is my habit to do with many others that I put in and will put in. The
messenger who carried them was Lope de Idiáquez. The letter from Don
Diego ran thus:
LETTER FROM DON DIEGO DE ALMAGRO TO THE GOVERNOR VACA DE
CASTRO
"VERY MAGNIFICENT SIR,
News that I have heard has disquieted me to such an extent
that, were it not affirmed by eye-witnesses, I could not have
imagined that your Worship, coming as his Majesty's minister
to establish peace and justice in this his land, is favouring
the very people who have disturbed it: a thing unheard of and
truly unworthy to be believed of such a person, and one so
qualified, who, combining great tact with abilities that many
others have lacked--according to what has been publicly stated
hereabouts--was selected for the Presidency of [the Audience of]
Panamá and for the redress of grievances.
It seems to me that your Worship is adding point to the injuries
done to my father by the Pizarros; for, whilst their followers
are the men who sowed the trouble in these parts, your Worship
comes not to root them out, that the evil seed may be lost,
but conspires with those who have hitherto helped to maintain
it against me and against those who are striving with me to
defend so just a cause, together with the well-merited favour of
the territory and government of New Toledo, which his Majesty
granted to my father for his very signal services.
On account of those services it was his pleasure that I, as a
grateful and dutiful Prince, should enjoy the position after
his day, as your Worship will have learnt from the licentiate
Antonio de La Gama and the assessor Gonzalo Hernández who, I
make no doubt, have been with you now some days. Besides the
credentials I gave them, they carried certain instructions and
drafts to discuss with your Worship; but as I am not certain
whether those about your Worship's person will have taken steps
to prevent my pleas from being heard, or my messengers from
stating them to your Worship on my behalf, I am now sending,
charged with the same, Lope de Idiáquez who, actuated solely
by zeal for his Majesty's service, and free from all bias, as
those who know him are aware, has resolved to undertake this
mission, without my being able to deter him from it, in spite
of its dangerous nature at the present time, owing to the native
Indians waging war and not sparing the life of any Christian;
which natives say and declare that what they do is by your
order, communicated to them by Maldonado, on the part of your
Worship, through his servant named Juan de Pinos, who is now in
their villages, and that Palomino and other dwellers in Guamanga
are spurring them on to act up to it. This has been the cause of
ten Christians being killed, some of whom were on their way home
to Spain with what they possessed; and, in addition to that, the
Indians have seized their holdings. Notwithstanding all these
alarms he [Idiáquez] has been ready to risk his safety in this
praiseworthy effort. He sympathizes with the Indians for the
vast toil and loss of life suffered by them, and recognizes the
great evils that would fall upon this country if your Worship
persist in the aims which I am assured you have in view. He
knows well what has happened in these parts since they were
discovered, what faults the Pizarros have committed, and what
was done against my father and those who followed him. He knows
my intention, for I have declared it; he knows my right [of
possession], and will state my justifications for me as one who
understands how proper and equitable I hold them to be, that
that right may be preserved to me.
And having sent those whom I did send with what I have to say,
but having as yet received no reply from your Worship nor from
them, I am earnestly hoping to learn what moves your Worship
to side with my enemies in this regard. Since therefore, the
bearer will fully and always truthfully explain matters, I
will not dally with the subject, but commit myself entirely to
his statement, which is, that--being aware that your Worship
comes against me with an armed force for my detriment, in
association with my enemies, or it were better to say his
Majesty's enemies--being myself likewise in arms, not against
your Worship but to support you against any who will not
obey your Presidential decrees, as I will do if it should be
necessary--and fearing that your Worship is deceived by those
who appear to me so bent, I quitted Cuzco to go and seek for
you; and on my arrival here I learnt what I have stated, which
scandalized me not a little. So, however, let your Worship
understand that I possess letters patent from his Majesty in
which he constituted this Government in favour of my father,
with a provision that it should devolve upon whomsoever he
should leave it to; and he left it to me, his son, as set forth
in the clause of his will, which, if you have thought proper,
you will by now have seen, for the Licentiate and the Assessor
conveyed it to you with every precaution.
I say that my followers and myself are servants and subjects
of His Majesty, and, as such, we carry the imperial standard
and fight under it in defence of this constitution, until
His Majesty--being informed of the shameful death inflicted
on my father and many of his followers, of the great wrongs
done him and them, and of how the Pizarros killed him to rob
him of what was his, that they might bribe whom they thought
fit and become sharers of his property in despite of his heir
[and such abominable outrages should never reach his Majesty's
ears]--shall send to order whatever action will best conduce
to his service. And if I should learn that the issue of his
pleasure is that I am not to hold this Government in his name, I
will resign it, together with the arms; and I and those about me
will go, without any delay, to justify ourselves on bended knee
before his imperial presence.
In case your Worship should not have joined with, or should
sever yourself from, my enemies, you will receive my obedience
accordingly; but I declare to your Worship that, in the
contrary event, my followers and myself will defend the
boundaries of this Government, and oppose ourselves against all
who would usurp them. Frankly, therefore, see the evils that may
arise, and weigh well the situation, and the great disservice
to God and to his Majesty. Consent not that the clouds which
have gathered shall pour forth, and plunge the subjects of his
Majesty, and the natives of this hapless land, in wretchedness
yet greater than they have suffered in the past, which is not a
little. Do not bring upon them the miseries of war; but, laying
arms aside, let your Worship rest with the government of New
Castille, and leave me with this which his Majesty has conferred
upon me, where I shall see that the roads are opened up, and
the Indians live in peace, and his Majesty's good pleasure is
known, for that will I obey. And this I commend to your Worship
not once, but twice, and thrice over, and as many times as of
right I may and ought, in God's behalf and that of his Majesty;
and as to the injuries and loss of life that must result in the
land and among the natives of the soil, which are very pitiful
to behold, and also the losses of royal fifths, so long as your
Worship and those of your party remain obdurate, be they upon
your Worship's head and upon the heads of your followers, and
not upon mine and my companions'! For your Worship comes not
wanting peace--though you were sent to promote that, and not to
foment war--but with sword in hand and the favour of my enemies,
to slay me and mine for defending his Majesty's territory, which
he has conferred upon me by commission. And therefore, being
unwilling to gloss over these scandals, I say that the cause of
them will be laid to your Worship's account. If you do not seek
me out I will endeavour to delay this affair for so long a time
as I may be able to, and while not constrained to strike in my
own defence; pending a knowledge of what course his Majesty may
be pleased to direct to be taken in reference to the despatch
which Jerónimo de Surbano carries from me, and who is by now
surely in yonder country [Spain] with it. But if your Worship
acts to the contrary I shall not quit the field until one or the
other side lies vanquished.
And I pray to God to hear me, now as in the past, that I
may inspire the whole country with devotion to his Majesty,
and restore his royal fifths and estates which have been so
plundered in the past, and daily look to be yet more so, by the
disturbers of the peace who have come from Cuzco. Furthermore,
I would bring the Inca, the natural lord of these parts, to his
allegiance, for it is my enemies who have been the cause of his
not submitting through my intervention before; and I hope to see
this very soon, for though he is an Indian he recognizes the
treasons and misdeeds of the Pizarros and their adherents, as
such, and the justice and right that are on my side, and upholds
me. Thus the Inca leads the way for me in making war upon those
false servants of his Majesty; and against your Worship likewise
(unless you change your front) for having linked yourself with
them. Yet I hold it for sure that your Worship can have no
desire to injure me, if it be, or has been, in your power to do
so. Farewell.
Vilcas, the fourth of September of [the year] one thousand five
hundred and forty-two."
DIEGO DE ALMAGRO.
The foregoing letter was given by Don Diego de Almagro out of his own
hand to Lope de Idiáquez; and also this other, from the Captains,
which, taken from the original without altering a sentence or anything
else, ran word for word thus:--
LETTER FROM THE CAPTAINS OF DON DIEGO TO THE GOVERNOR VACA DE
CASTRO
"ILLUSTRIOUS SIR,
We have not yet heard the thunder of justice which your Lordship
comes to establish in these parts, nor seen the flash of the
justice you wish to afford us, for we have been blind these many
days. Your Lordship was right in holding us to be servants and
vassals of his Majesty; but we could not persuade ourselves that
we are so if we let pass in silence what we hear, and did not
announce to your Lordship what the service of God and of his
Majesty appears to us to be. Of this we are confident, that,
if your Lordship takes the opinion of our enemies, in nothing
will you advance the cause of peace in preference to war. God
loves peace, and in his name Don Diego de Almagro loves it out
of respect for God and his Majesty's interests. We also desire
it as being his right, and because we see him inclined towards
every good purpose. And as a messenger offers who will give
your Lordship a full account of our wishes, we refer you to
him. Further we say, that his Majesty's interests cannot be
served by a war and the deaths of so many people; and since,
coming as your Lordship does in company with our enemies, this
cannot be avoided, we beseech your Lordship to part from them,
and, placing yourself between us as mediator, strive to bring
about some sort of agreement until his Majesty, on being made
aware of what has occurred, and of the justice of Don Diego's
cause, shall decide according to his royal will. For we, who
have hitherto helped, and will continue to help until death, to
maintain the privilege which his Majesty granted to Don Diego's
father, and to Don Diego himself in his name, of this government
of New Toledo, do declare to your Lordship that, if you persist
in opposing it by force of arms, you will find us on its
frontier defending it against all the world until his Majesty
may otherwise command: and unless we know that, of his imperial
pleasure, he has issued a command to us to the contrary, we
fight until those of one party are vanquished.
Now that our rights and our minds are known to your Lordship,
also our equipment of artillery, munitions, friends, and arms
and the rest, as well as very stout wills to attack against
odds, we supplicate you, again and again, for some fair
arrangement for peace. Being all in agreement, we unanimously
ask this from your Lordship in the name of God and his Majesty,
with all the respect we owe and are under obligation to observe.
If it be refused, we protest that all the harm, shortages,
deaths of men, losses of land and of its natives, deterioration
of royal fifths and estates, will lie at the doors of your
Lordship and of those who are banded with you, as persons who
on account of their private interests do not desire peace, but
neglect the service of our King for the sake of profit, and do
not support the Governor and Ministers. So then we approach you
betimes and peacefully, and, finding your Lordship, as we are
informed, thus committed to war against subjects of his Majesty
among whom you were sent here to preserve harmony, we ask for
that which it is your bounden duty to promote.
And why is it that Pero Alvarez and Tordoya, and the passionate
men who went from here in their company, and have now been
received into yours, are now urging you to come against Don
Diego and us who follow him, giving you to understand that
of the people who favour him, some, on hearing the King's
name, will go over to your Lordship, and others will make off
to Chile, so that you would be able to become a great lord
and acquire land without risking anything? To this we reply
that Don Diego, and we who are with him, have the will of his
Majesty, and the good of his service more at heart than our own
lives and properties. We, therefore, support his royal decrees;
and since you have sheltered yourself under the protection
of our enemies and come against us in such ruthless fashion,
seeking to destroy us and put to death those of us whom they
list, we now assure your Lordship that, in the hour when we hear
that your Lordship is moving against Don Diego, we shall march
to do battle with minds galled by the ill treatment we have
received and expect to receive, from your Lordship, if we do not
defend ourselves. It seems to us that in this course we fulfil
a duty we owe to God and to our King, so that we at no time
fail to be deemed his true subjects and vassals, and jealous
guardians of his honour like faithful servants. And wishing to
be the same towards your Lordship we cannot exaggerate the boon
we should feel it if your Lordship would ponder this deeply and
become a mediator, and not remain partial on the side of the
most unjust cause in the world. But if peradventure you will not
reconsider it, we trust that God will make his justice manifest,
as in the past. Feeling sure that your Lordship will see that
what we ask is the best, we will not prolong our argument any
further. From Vilcas, September fourth one thousand five hundred
and forty-two.
Juan Balsa (_killed in flight_)[118]
Diego de Hoces (_hanged_)[117]
Diego Mendez (_killed for the murder of the Inca Manco_)[117]
Martin de Bilbao (_killed in battle at Chupas_)[117]
Cardenas (_hanged_)[118]
Pedro de Candia (_killed by Don Diego at Chupas_)
Martin Cote (_hanged_)[117]
Juan Gutierrez Malaver[118]
Pedro de Oñate (_hanged_)[118]
Juan Perez (_hanged_)."[118]
When this letter had been written it was entrusted to Lope de Idiáquez
for him to deliver to Vaca de Castro, and he was to do his best to
avoid any breach, adhering to the saying of Cicero that he had "never
known a peace so bad but it was not better than a good war." Although
Don Diego and his captains could easily have enjoyed peace if they
had been so minded, yet people desirous of laying violent hands on
what does not belong to them are not wont to keep or appreciate that
blessing. Idiáquez intended to conduct the negotiations in such a way
that they should have a good ending.
FOOTNOTES:
[117] Murderers of the Marquis Pizarro.
[118] Accomplices.