Iron, affinity strength, viii, 128;

antiquity of use, v, 314-15;

atomic weight of, viii, 180, 383;

body use of, ix, 184, x, 256;

cast and wrought, v, 316-17;

cast and wrought, viii, 157, 158, 159;

castings of, iv, 150;

density of, 111;

electrical conductivity, 283, vi, 77;

electrical positiveness, 59;

electrolytic refining, vii, 320;

expansion on solidifying, iv, 150;

expansion rate, 145-6;

extraction from ores, viii, 271;

fusibility, 384;

galvanized, vii, 318-19, viii, 155-6, 273;

heat conduction by, iv, 179;

importance, v, 314, viii, 156;

in blood, 354;

in chlorophyll, xiii, 79-80;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192;

in earth's interior, xiv, 11;

magnetic, iv, 242, 243 (fig.);

magnetization, 243, 245, 251, 287-8, vi, 35-6;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162, 163;

metallography of, viii, 273-4;

meteoric, ii, 292;

meteoric, in deep sea, iii, 55;

ores and occurrence, 355-9, viii, 47, 130, 148, 156, 198;

ores, profitable, 197;

plant needs of, 337, 341;

properties of, 126-7, 154;

rusting, iii, 25, viii, 9, 13, 155-6;

sheet tin, 161;

shortness, hot and cold, iii, 356;

sound velocity in, iv, 201;

specific gravity of, 109, viii, 384;

specific heat, 308;

symbol, 383;

test for, 287, 288-9;

valences, 161, 189

Iron Age, xvi, 51;

tools of, 47

Iron Compounds, viii, 160-1

Iron Industry, history, xvi, 174-6;

processes in, v, 315-18, viii, 157-9, 273, 345

Ironing Machines, Electric, vii, 82-3

Iron Oxides, viii, 13, 156, 157;

in pigments, 265;

in rock decay, iii, 25, 27;

in soils, iii, 28;

removal in steel-making, v, 320;

rock coloring due to, iii, 25-6, 27, 44

Iron Pyrites, iii, 335, viii, 156, 198;

in wireless detectors, vii, 269

Irons, Electric, vii, 77

Iron Ships, floating of, iv, 104-5;

magnetization of, 254

Iron Structures, magnetization of, iv, 253

Iroquois, Lake, iii, 149, 150

Iroquois Indians, and Mohawk Valley, xiv, 194;

power of women among, xv, 295;

union in nation, 363

Irrationality of Dispersion, ii, 101

Irrigation, development of methods, v, 239;

in Egypt, 18-19, 178;

electrical methods, vii, 231;

in relation to critical periods, i, 250;

sewage disposal by, viii, 327;

snow sources, i, 118

Irritability (life), doctrine of, x, 86, 87, 88

Isallobars, i, 238

Ischia Earthquake, xiv, 339

Isinglass, iii, 334

Islands, classes, continental and oceanic, xiv, 271-9;

formed on coasts, 251-2, 256, 258;

historical importance, 281-2, xv, 137;

new volcanic, xiv, 319;

overpopulation of, 282;

plants of oceanic, xiii, 348;

tidal races produced by coastal, xiv, 294

Isobaric Elements, viii, 189

Isobars, i, 125, 375-6;

classification, 238;

spacing, 126;

winds in relation to, 126

Isohyet, defined, i, 376

Isohyetal Charts, i, 206

Isomer, defined, x, 137

Isomerism, defined, viii, 378

Isomorphism, viii, 313

Isothermal, defined, iv, 382

Isothermal Changes, in gases, iv, 156, 159

Isothermal Layer (atmosphere), i, 19

Isotherms, i, 206, 207, 376;

barriers to plants and animals, xiv, 364

Isotopic Elements, viii, 189

Israelites, "Cities of Refuge," xv, 369;

life of, 199

Italian Honeysuckle, xiii, 142-3

Italian Language, descent from Latin, xv, 160, 162;

musical terms from, 161

Italians, in Alpine group, xvi, 49

Italy, Adriatic coast, xiv, 252, 263;

aeronautical weather service, i, 230, 304;

Alps Mountains and, xiv, 244-5, xv, 138;

"blood showers," i, 55;

boric acid sources, viii, 90;

brontides, i, 196;

bubonic plague measures, x, 164;

buffalo use in, xii, 329;

earthquakes of, xiv, 332, 340-1;

former connection with Tunis, 291;

geographical changes in, 33;

hail-shooting, i, 341, 342, 343;

lakes, beauty of, xiv, 200;

lakes, breezes of, i, 132;

mercury production, iii, 370;

meteorological observations, i, 68-9, 213;

Napoleon's campaigns in, xiv, 244;

paper-making, v, 290;

rainfall, xiv, 358;

Renaissance and science in, ii, 12-13;

rice growing, xiii, 214;

sea captains of, xiv, 310;

volcanic power, v, 179-80;

in World War, xiv, 244-5, 252-3, xv, 138;

in World War, medical preparedness, x, 176

Itching, sensation of, ix, 92-3, xi, 109, 114

Ivory, elasticity of, iv, 36;

sources of, xii, 302, 303

Izalco Volcano, xiv, 321, 325

Jackals, xii, 339-40;

dogs and, 344;

ears of, 346

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, in arum family, xiii, 188;

flower, 52 (fig.);

leaves, 183 (fig.);

stems, 23 (fig.)

Jacks, Hydraulic, v, 100, 101, 124, 260

Jackson, Dr. Charles T., x, 124, 125

Jackson, James, x, 116, xvi, 185

Jacquard Loom, v, 280-2, 377

Jade, iii, 322-3;

pyroxene, 336

Jaguars, xii, 360-2

Jaguarundi, xii, 364

Jamaica Earthquake, cause, xiv, 340

James, William, on associations, xi, 204-6;

on attention, 232;

on emotions, 141;

on habit, 255-6, 256-7;

on instincts, 48;

on memory, 208;

on stream of consciousness, 193;

on will and action, 264;

on complexity of life, x, 244;

on seasickness, 242;

on outdoor treatment, 241;

pragmatic philosophy, xvi, 196

James, W. T., link motion invention, v, 208, 379

James, I. Harvey, physician to, x, 62;

of England, submarine trips, v, 196-7

James River Valley, N. D., wells in, xiv, 12, 139

Janet, Dr. P., x, 360-1

Janssen, Jules, astronomer, ii, 114, 127, 180-1;

station on Mt. Blanc, 142

January Thaws, i, 363, 376

Japan, Ainus of, xvi, 64;

beriberi in, ix, 35, x, 257;

brown bears of, xii, 336;

copper production, iii, 360;

earthquakes of, xiv, 332, 341;

earthquake studies in, 337, 342;

geology of, 125;

ginkgo tree in temples, xiii, 315;

goat antelope of, xii, 325;

historical development from insulation, xiv, 281;

idea of eclipses in, ii, 209;

octopod fishing, xii, 78;

railway bridges, earthquake construction, xiv, 342;

rice, xiii, 213;

tea cultivation, 228;

temperate rain forests, 372;

tidal waves, xiv, 337;

trees of, 377;

volcanic eruption effects, i, 57, 59

Japan Current, xiv, 304

Japanese, artificial immunity practiced by, xv, 49;

food and stature of, xiii, 172;

in yellow race, xv, 37;

tattooing among, xv, 258

Japanese Earthquake, iii, 94;

fault formed by, xiv, 334, 335

Jasper, iii, 337

Jaundice, cause of, ix, 243;

epidemic, x, 201

Java, ancient man-ape of, iii, 302, xv, 88-92;

bats and fruits of, xii, 370;

cinnamon production, xiii, 264;

continental island, xiv, 274;

tea cultivation, xiii, 228;

transplanting rice in, (illus.) 208;

zoölogy of, xiv, 274-5

Javelins, Roman, xv, 213

Jaws, bones and functions of, ix, 62-3;

deformities of, results, 228;

in aged people, 57;

in apes and men, xv, 62;

of primitive men, 91, 92, 95;

protruding, classification by, 43-5

Jealousy, absent in polygamous countries, xv, 288;

sentiment of, xi, 149-50

Jefferson, Thomas, on climatic changes, i, 201;

on standard muskets, v, 49;

vaccination interests, x, 102

Jelly-Fishes, iii, 259, 266-7, xii, 35-7;

coelenterates, 26;

phosphorescence of, 18, 19

Jenkins, C. Francis, v, 330

Jenner, Edward, x, 99-103, xvi, 126-7, 184;

love affair, x, 95;

pupil of John Hunter, x, 94, 99;

vaccination discovery, x, 100-2, 122, 207-8

Jerboas, xii, 289-90

Jesuits, meteorological services, i, 213, 223;

survey of China, xvi, 123

Jewelweed, seed dispersal, xiii, 56

Jewish Medicine, x, 15-16

Jews, of Asia and Europe, xvi, 64;

circumcision, untransmitted, x, 230;

history in relation to Ghor of Syria, xiv, 121;

immunity from trichina, xv, 49;

polygamy among, 289;

prepotency in crosses, x, 230

Jew's Harp, iv, 232

Jibon River, Salvador, xiv, 198

Jihar River, xiv, 185

John Daniel, orang-utan, xvi, 25

"John H. Grindle", (fish), xii, 152

John of Gaddesden, x, 41

Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, x, 151, 172

Johnson, Prof. D. W., coast classification, xiv, 253;

on climatic changes, 361

Johnson, Samuel, compared with Paracelsus, x, 48;

on Heberden, 104

Johnstown Flood, iii, 31

John the Baptist, locusts and honey of, xv, 134

Joints, arm and hand, ix, 67;

diseases of, x, 224-5;

dislocation of, ix, 71;

fastening at, 70-1;

hip, 67, 71;

motion sense in, ix, 90;

muscles to move, 76-7;

sensations of, xi, 124-5, 128;

shoulder, ix, 66, 71

Joints, Joint Blocks (geology), iii, 23, 379, xiv, 128-30;

illustration, iii, 144 (Pl. 8);

residual cores, iii, 32 (Pl. 1);

topography and drainage effects, xiv, 130-3;

various examples, iii, 48, 49-50, 65

Joint Worms, xii, 125

Joliet, expedition of, xiv, 192

Joplin, Mo., mining district, iii, 362, 364

Jordan Engine, v, 294-5

Jordan River, base level of, xiv, 164

Jordan Valley, iii, 151, xiv, 118, 120, 167

Jorullo, Mexico, xiv, 320

Joule, electrical energy unit, iv, 284, 294, 310, 312, vii, 370;

used as heat unit, 369;

erg and calorie equivalents, 382;

work or energy unit, iv, 80

Joule, James Prescott, energy unit named for, iv, 284;

heat experiments of, 49-50;

mechanical equivalent of heat, xvi, 131-3

Joule-Thomson Effect, i, 30

Joy Stick, i, 299

Judæa, Wilderness of, xiv, 121

Judaism, development of, xv, 199

Jumping Hare, xii, 290

Juniper, a conifer, xiii, 174;

in landscaping, 270;

spread by buds, 340

Junker Engine, v, 163-4

Jupiter (planet), ii, 260-3;

atmosphere, 249, 261;

comet families, 271;

disturbing effect on asteroids, 258;

"great inequality," 87;

habitability of moons, 250;

life on, ii, 248-9;

lucid planet, 249, 261;

photographic studies, 132-3;

rotation period, 377;

satellites, 261-3;

satellites, discovery of, 54, 83, 94, 110, 267;

size and orbit, 162, 163;

weight, 76, 77

"Jupiter", U. S. collier, vii, 326

Jura Mountains, xiv, 93-4;

age of, 232;

folding of, 36, 93-4, 229-30;

little metamorphism in, 234;

streams of, 94, 95, 157, 167

Jurassic Period, iii, 213-14;

Age of Reptiles, xv, 71;

animal and plant life in, iii, 20, 255, 270, 276, 289, 295;

flies of, xii, 104

Juries, as crowds, xi, 326

Justifying (printing), v, 308;

on linotype, 310;

on monotype, 311-12

Jute, cellulose composition, viii, 254;

uses and production, xiii, 241-3;

economic importance, 208

Juvenile Water, xiv, 151-2

Kaaba of Mecca, ii, 284

Kaguan, Malayan, xii, 367

Kalahari Desert, xv, 133;

antelopes of, xii, 327

Kames, glacial, iii, 69-70

Kayaks, xv, 264 (fig.)

Kangaroo Mice, xii, 290

Kangaroos, xii, 278-80;

young of, 274

Kansas, ancient birds of, xii, 242;

former reptiles of, 202;

gypsum deposits, iii, 376;

locust plague of, xii, 109;

volcanic dust beds, xiv, 327

Kansas City, automatic telephony, vii, 92

Kant, excessive professionalism of, xi, 376;

nebular hypothesis, ii, 367-8, 380;

on structure of universe, 350, 352;

philosophy of, xvi, 111

Kaolin, iii, 333;

formed from feldspar, 25, 27, 373

Kapteyn Plan, ii, 353

Karnak, Temples of, ii, 25-6

Karst District, xiv, 150

Katathermometer, i, 319-20, 321, 376

Katmai, Mount, crater, iii, 101 (fig.), 102;

eruption, i, 59, iii, 102;

lake in crater, 155

Katydids, xii, 109-10;

Florida, 100 (fig.)

Kaye, John, x, 45

Keewatin Glacier, iii, 238-9

Keewatin Series, iii, 169

Kelvin, Lord, contributions to electricity, vi, 23-4;

on oscillatory circuits, xvi, 191;

on rigidity of ether, 137;

theory of life, xii, 9

Kelvin-Chetwynd Compass, vi, 41-2

Kelvin's Law, vii, 21-2

Kent's Cavern, England, xv, 77-83

Kentucky, "Blue-grass Region," xiv, 68;

"dark and bloody ground" of, 243;

glacial period in, 376;

non-glacial topography, 56;

underground streams, 149

Kentucky Blue Grass, xiii, 179

Kenya, Mount, glaciers of, xiv, 54

Keokuk Power Plant, v, 81-3, vi, 352

Kepler, Johann, ii, 14, 49-52, iv, 19, 95, xvi, 102-3;

as astrologer, ii, 21;

on comets, 83-4;

eclipse calculations, 216;

Galileo and, 53;

idea of moving bodies, 63;

new star seen by, 331;

on star distances, 350;

on sun's corona, 221;

Tycho Brahe and, 12

Kepler's Laws, ii, 49-52;

Newton's explanations, 62-6, 88, xvi, 115-16;

proved by Keeler's discoveries, ii, 121;

used in weighing planets, 75-6

Kerosene, viii, 51, 208;

combustion of, 52, 54, 57, 59;

soap and, 142;

used in mosquito campaign, x, 300

Ketones, viii, 225 (note)

Kettle Holes, iii, 144

Keyhole Nebula, ii, 355, 365

Key Instruments, xv, 318

Kidney Diseases, atmospheric conditions best for, x, 241;

blood pressure and, 335;

Bright's Disease, 112, 346;

from focal infections, 224, 225;

nephritis, 344-5, 346;

salt in, 256;

therapy of, 382-3

Kidneys, development in black and white races, xv, 50;

emotion effects, xi, 135;

functions and disorders, x, 342-6;

functions and structure, ix, 271-4;

functional capacity tests, x, 377-9;

position in circulatory system, ix, 51 (diagram), 197, 198, 199;

Simon's removal of, x, 131;

sugar handling by, ix, 291-2

Kilauea, volcano, iii, 103, 104, 105, 106-7, xiv, 322, 323

Kilimanjaro, Mount, xiv, 317

Killdeer (plover), xii, 262

Kilogram, iv, 46, viii, 28;

standard, iv, 69

Kilowatt, iv, 80, 312, vi, 85, vii, 370

Kilowatt-Hour, iv, 81, vi, 82, 84;

meters and charges for, vii, 174

Kinaesthetic Sensation, xi, 124-8;

space perception by, 166-7, 169-70, 175, 183, 186;

strain in attention, 228, 231-2;

in will, 265

Kindling Temperature, viii, 54

Kinematic, defined, iv, 382

Kinetic, defined, iv, 382

Kinetic Energy, iv, 79, 81, 83;

defined, v, 84, vii, 368;

forms of, iv, 82-5, 87-8

Kinetic System of Body, xi, 57, 60-1;

action in attention, 231-2;

connection with sensation, 67, 68, 127

Kinetic Theory, iv, 30, 131;

of gases, viii, 305-6, 378

Kinetics, defined, iv, 25

Kinetoscope, iv, 348, v, 330

King, Prof. L. V., i, 190-1

Kingfishers, xii, 267

King's River Canyon, iii, 43, 225

Kingston Earthquake, xiv, 340

Kiosks, weather, i, 75, 267, 376

Kipling, airship prediction, i, 43;

"female of the species," x, 162;

on dew ponds, i, 353

Kirchhoff, spectrum lines, ii, 17, 112-13

Kitasato, x, 164

Kitchens, lighting, vi, 276, vii, 71

Kite Balloons, v, 226

Kites, v, 230, 233-5;

action of wind on, iv, 42-3, 76 (fig.);

aerological uses, i, 18, 19, 22, 89

Kittatinny Ridge, Delaware Water Gap through, xiv, 169;

rock weathering at, 776

Kiwis, xii, 243, 249

Klamath Mountains, iii, 214

Klebs, Edwin, x, 141, 155

Knee-cap, ix, 69, 70 (fig.)

Knee Jerk, ix, 136

Knitted Goods, threads in, v, 277

Knitting machines, inventions, v, 282-3, 377, 378, 379

Knots, tying, by machine, v, 247-8

Knotweeds, xiii, 194

Knowledge, Bacon on, xi, 10;

Bergson on intuitive, xvi, 196;

Greek theories, 87-8;

growing thirst for, vi, 330;

relativity of, xvi, 195-6;

St. Augustine on proper, 99-100;

science and, 39-40, 41-2;

scientific, remarks on, iv, 26;

transmission means, xv, 142, 145-6, 167

Koch, Robert, x, 149-50, 169, 292, xvi, 184, 185;

"postulates" of, x, 150, 160, 196

Kodak, invention, v, 382

Koenig, acoustician, iv, 52, 233

Kohl-rabi, xiii, 223, 333-4

Kopjes, of S. Africa, xiv, 82

Korea, geology of, xiv, 125

Kraft Paper, v, 294

Krakatoa Eruption, xiv, 324-5;

atmospheric waves from, i, 188, xiv, 324;

distances heard, i, 188;

dust from, 57-8, iii, 100-1, xiii, 344, xiv, 325;

noctilucent clouds from, i, 18;

plant and animal extinction by, xiii, 345, xiv, 278

Krakatoa Island, xiv, 324;

restocked after eruption, xiii, 344-5, xiv, 278

Krasnoiarsk Iron, ii, 284

Kril, xii, 19

Krypton, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Kut-el-Amara, i, 308

Labor-saving Machinery, remarks on, vii, 73-4, 75, xi, 268

Labrador, auks of, xii, 265;

climate of, xiv, 345

Labrador Current, i, 345, xiv, 305

Labradorite, iii, 329

Laccoliths, xiv, 109

Lace Coralline, xii, 47

Lace Leaf Yam, xiii, 89-90, 32 (illus.)

Laces, machine-made, v, 287-8

Lactic Acid, viii, 222, 223, 248, xi, 24-5;

fatigue product, 271-2;

stimulant, 272-3;

from fermentation, x, 138;

in body, 280

Lactometer, iv, 113

Ladakhis, character of, xiv, 245

Ladybirds, xii, 122;

lemon tree scales and, xv, 22

Laënnec, René, T. H., x, 108-10

Lag, angle of, vii, 362;

in electric currents, vi, 167;

correction, 262

Lagrange, mathematical work, xvi, 105, 125;

scientific work of, ii, 15, 71-2, 73, 74, 75, 216, 375

Laid Paper, v, 296

Lake, Simon, submarine of, v, 382

Lake Dwellers, agriculture, xiii, 210;

houses and implements, v, 14

Lakes, iii, 142-57, xiv, 198-212;

color of, viii, 40;

economic importance, xiv, 212;

ephemeral character, iii, 142, xiv, 198-9, 209-12;

few in mature regions, xiv, 160;

freezing of, iv, 150;

processes of destruction, iii, 157, xiv, 198, 210-12;

salt, 206-9;

shore-line development, iii, 57-8;

sizes and depths, xiv, 204

Lake Superior Region, glacial topography of, xiv, 56;

mines, iii, 356-7, 358, 361, viii, 163;

rock formation, iii, 172, 175, 176-7

Lakeview Gusher, iii, 354

Lamarck, cloud classification, i, 97;

on inheritance of acquired characters, ix, 325-6;

paleontological work, xvi, 169

Laminated Construction, vi, 316, vii, 371

Laminated Magnets, vi, 34

Lammergeiers, xii, 261

Lampblack, viii, 47

Lampreys, xii, 130-1

Lamps, portable, vi, 276-7, vii, 68-9

Lamp-Shells, xii, 47-8

Lancashire Cotton Mills, xiii, 236

Lancelets, xii, 129

Lancisi, x, 98, 154

Land, Land Surfaces, always some unsubmerged, xiv, 19-20;

area and distribution, 20-2;

area measurements, 10-11;

changes in features of, 28-30;

character of old and new, iii, 33-5, xiv, 48-9, 155-63;

elevation distribution, 26-7;

forms determined by earth movements and erosion, xiv, 33-79;

forms determined by rocks, 80-113;

heating and cooling of, i, 208, xiv, 346;

level changes (see Level Changes);

oldest, iii, 168-9;

relief features, orders of magnitude, xiv, 27;

rock formation, 19;

wind variations on, 351

(see also Continents)

Land-and-Sea Breezes, i, 131, 376

Land Animals, beginnings of, iii, 20, ix, 176;

development of, iii, 285-6, xii, 167;

salt in body fluid of, ix, 175-6

Land Filling, by machine, v, 258-9

Landlocked Areas, of continents, xiv, 190

Land Plants, beginnings, iii, 252;

development, xiii, 304-22

Land Plaster, iii, 376

Landscape Gardening, xiii, 267-97;

color contrast and induction in, xi, 95

Landscape Painting, xv, 302

Landscapes, changes in, iii, 10, xiv, 28;

dramatic interest in, xiii, 11

Land-sculpture, xiv, 30

Lane's Law, ii, 309, 371, 380, 383

Lanfranchi of Milan, x, 38, 39

Langenbeck, Bernard von, x, 130-1

Langley, Prof. S. P., aeronautical work, iv, 43-4, v, 231, 382;

astronomical work, ii, 144, 169, 213, 223-4;

measurement of heat of moonbeams, iv, 301;

on the camera, ii, 221;

spectrobolometer, 128, 186

Language, xv, 141-2;

association principle in, ix, 151-2;

clearness of, xi, 379;

importance of, ix, 152-3, xv, 68, 142, 143, 145-6;

inadequacy in feelings, 143;

making of, xv, 140-63;

psychological importance, xi, 200, 224, 225;

race and, xv, 159;

thought and, 143-5, 146

Languages, Aryan and Semitic, xv, 161-3;

changes in, 154-6;

difficulty of learning new, xi, 201;

foreign, advantages of learning, xv, 146;

foreign, sound of, xi, 103;

relationships and common origin, xv, 159-63

Lantern Gears, v, 27-8

Lanterns, enlarging and projecting, iv, 341-2

Lanthanum, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Lap, cotton, v, 272;

wood pulp, 293

Lapilli, volcanic, xiv, 323-4

Laplace, asteroid hypothesis, ii, 258;

mathematical work, xvi, 105, 125;

nebular hypothesis, ii, 369-72, 374-5, 378, 380 (see Nebular

Hypothesis);

on sound velocity, iv, 198-9;

other work, ii, 15, 72, 73, 74, 87

La Plata River, connections of tributaries, xiv, 187;

fish of, xii, 160

Lapwings, xii, 262, 263

Lard, animal fat, viii, 246;

calories in, ix, 299;

vitamins absent in, x, 261, 262

Larks, xii, 268

Larmor, light theory, xvi, 137-8;

magnetism theory, 193

Larrey, Jean, x, 130

Larvæ, affected by light, x, 253;

used in nest repairing, v, 10;

"rains," i, 356-7

Larynx, aphonia of, x, 29-30;

infection center, 220

La Salle, xiv, 192

La Soufriere, eruption of, xiv, 28, 338

Lassen Peak, iii, 103, 226, 176 (Pl. 10);

activity of, xiv, 315

Latent Heat, iv, 152-3, v, 169, 353-4, viii, 37-8, 378;

of fusion, iv, 152, 160, 161, 162;

of vaporization, 173-4, 187

Latent Period, of pain, xi, 121;

of sound, 105;

of touch, 111

Lateral Line, of fishes, xii, 137

Lateral Moraines, lakes formed by, xiv, 202

Lathes, development of, v, 42-6, 47, 52-3, 376, 378, 380, 383

Latin, in animal classification, xii, 29;

in cloud classification, i, 98;

in plant classification, xiii, 169;

languages derived from, xv, 160, 162

Latitude, barometric corrections for, iv, 122-3;

color of skin and, xv, 36-7;

of ships, how determined, v, 65;

plant distribution determined by, xiv, 364-6;

temperature and, 344-5;

weight of bodies, affected by, iv, 101-2

Laudanum, discovery of uses, xvi, 109;

first prepared by Paracelsus, x, 50

Laughing Gas, viii, 71, x, 123-4;

critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172

Laughter, emotional control of, ix, 164;

in infants, 349;

kinetic theory, xi, 355-7;

psychology of, 350-7

Laurel Family, xiii, 196-7

Laurel-leaf Points, xv, 109

Laurel Magnolia, xiii, 318 (fig.)

Laurent, chemist, xvi, 162, 163

Laurentian Highlands, antiquity of, xiv, 235

Laurentide Glacier, iii, 238

Lava, iii, 380, xiv, 17-18;

fissure flows, iii, 105-6;

forms of fragments, xiv, 323-4;

heat of molten, iii, 106-7;

heat retention by, xv, 230;

in Hawaiian craters, iii, 103, 104, 105, xiv, 322-3;

porous, iii, 101 (see Pumice);

rate of flow, 104-5;

sheets, 102 (fig.);

soils from, 28, xiv, 329;

spine of Mount Pelee, iii, 103

Lava-dam Lakes, iii, 156

Lava Formations, xiv, 102-4, 164, 170, 172, 188;

erosion effects, 103-5;

extent of, iii, 106;

in Appalachian trough, 212;

in British Isles, 191;

in Colorado, 177;

in Columbian Plateau, 105-6, 227, 228, xiv, 102-3, 104, 164, 170, 172,

188;

in Deccan of India, 105-6, 228, xiv, 103;

in East Africa, 103;

in Keewatin Series, iii, 169;

in Lake Superior region, 177;

in Snake River Valley, 228

Lava Rocks, not crystallized, iii, 170-1

Lavender, source, xiii, 205

Laveran, Alphonse, x, 155

Lavoisier, chemical work, xvi, 120, 121, 159-60, 177;

combustion theory, viii, 34

Law, beginning of, xv, 360-3, 367-74, 379-80

Lawn Sprinklers, revolving, v, 143

Laxatives, use of, ix, 252

Lazear, Dr. Jesse W., x, 160, 162

Lead, affinity intensity, viii, 128;

alloys with tin, melting point, iv, 161-2;

atomic weight, viii, 189, 383;

commercial source, iii, 330;

compounds, viii, 29, 162;

density of, iv, 113;

extraction from ores, viii, 270, 271;

from radium disintegration, 185;

fusibility, 384;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162;

occurrence of, viii, 129;

opaque to X-rays, vii, 250, 251;

ores of, viii, 154, 198, 199-200;

positiveness, vi, 59;

production, iii, 362-3;

properties, viii, 126-7, 154, 162;

refining of, 272;

refining, electrolytic, vii, 320;

specific gravity, viii, 384;

symbol, 383;

test for, 287, 288;

uses, iii, 362, viii, 162

Lead (of electric currents), vi, 171-4, 261, 262;

angle of, vii, 362

Lead Arsenate, viii, 169

Lead Cells, vi, 130, 146-7, 150-1, viii, 167-9

Leaders, of crowds, xi, 332-3;

of primitive peoples, xv, 363-6

Lead Pencils, graphite of, viii, 43

Lead Peroxide, in storage batteries, viii, 167-9

Lead Pipes, corrosion of, viii, 162

Leadville Mining District, iii, 363, 364

Leaf Mosaic, xiii, 38

Leafstalks, xiii, 34, 35 (fig.);

light effect on, 87-8

Leakage, electrical, vii, 10-11, 371

Leaning Tower of Pisa, ii, 53, iv, 100-1;

Galileo's use of, iv, 28, 97

Learning, Egyptian advice, xvi, 70;

experience and, viii, 269

Learning Processes, xi, 33-46, 68;

rules, 211-15

Leather, making of, viii, 257

Leather Collar, Maudsley's, v, 99

Leaves, xiii, 32-43;

absent in some plants, 15, 28, 30, 31, 99, 100;

arrangement on stems, 38;

branches as, 378, 379;

buds of, 34;

colors, 42;

coloring in autumn, 79;

coloring in tropics, 361;

compound, 36-7;

first, 60-1;

forms and varieties, 34-6;

fossils of, 302;

functions, 37-8, 42, 61, 77-84;

hairy covering, 104-5, 379;

insect-capturing, 39-41;

light and, 38-9, 87-90;

large, examples, 189, 217, 359;

moving, 105-6, 113, 114;

none in fungous plants, 70;

not decisive in family grouping, 184;

of desert plants, 41-2, 106-7, 378, 379-80, xiv, 378-9;

of evergreens and deciduous trees, xiii, 174, 175;

of ferns, 63, 65;

of monocotyledons and dicotyledons, 176, 178;

osmotic pressure, 94;

reproduction by division of, 165-6;

rigidity of, viii, 338;

shedding of, in dry periods, xiv, 369;

skeleton (Madagascar yam), xiii, 90;

sleeping, 88-9, 113;

stems acting as, 28-31, 378;

structure, 78-9;

struggle for sunlight, 38-9, 87-90;

tendrils on, 38;

transitional form, 43;

transpiration, 103, 104, 113, 374, 378, 379;

uses, summarized, 42-3;

veins, 32-3;

water-dripping, 107-8;

water-storing, 41-2, 106-7, 379-80;

water-supply methods, 102-9;

wilting, 102, 103, 114

Leblanc Process, viii, 276-7

Leclanche Cell, vi, 138

Lee, Dr. Willis T., i, 47

Lee, William, knitting machine of, v, 283

Leeches, xii, 51, 55-6

Leeuwenhoek, Antonius von, xvi, 107-8, 112

Legs, bones of, ix, 68-9, 70 (fig.);

bones, growth, 56, 58;

equal length, 169-70;

evolution of, xii, 167;

in insects, 102;

length of men and apes, xv, 57, 59;

muscles of, ix, 76;

nerves of, 124-5;

vestiges of, in snakes, xii, 213

Legumes, xiii, 56;

nitrogen fixation by, viii, 74, 346, xiv, 66

Lehigh River, gap of, xiv, 51, 167

Leibnitz, mathematical work of, ii, 14, xvi, 105;

monad theory, 117-18;

scientific work, 113

Leif Ericson, xiv, 261

Lelande Cell, vi, 137, 139

Lemmings, xii, 290, 291

Lemon Oil, viii, 240, 252

Lemon Tree, origin, xiii, 225;

scale on, xv, 22;

spread, xiii, 354

"Lemuria", xii, 192

Lemurs, xii, 374-6;

primates, 373;

feet of, iii, 301 (fig.)

Length, British units, iv, 45, 69, 283;

measurements and standards, xvi, 130;

metric units, iv, 46, 69, viii, 28

Lenoir Motor Car, v, 213

Lenses, iv, 337-8;

achromatic, iv, 372-3, xvi, 125-6;

Bacon's improvements, 101;

for eye defects, ix, 111, 112, 113, 114;

formation of images by, iv, 337-42, ix, 108-9;

of eye, 109-11, 113 (fig.);

refraction of light by, ii, 99

Lenticels, xiii, 26

Lenticular Clouds, i, 104, 376

Lentils, xiii, 198, 223

Lenz's Law, vi, 311, vii, 371

Leonardo da Vinci, anatomical work of, x, 51-2;

astronomical work, ii, 41;

idea of moving bodies, 63;

views of fossils, iii, 14

Leonids, ii, 288

Leopards, xii, 357;

deer-hunting with, xv, 223

Lepidoptera, xii, 115-20;

"blood rains" of, i, 358

Lepidosirens, xii, 142, 166

Leprosy, immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Lesions, meaning, x, 98, 322;

X-ray treatment, vii, 253, 255-6

Lettuce, as food, ix, 27, 30;

family, xiii, 206;

origin, 223;

wild, 105

Leucippus, theory of matter, xvi, 83, 84, 118

Leukaemia, metabolism in, x, 272

Leucocytes, germ destruction by, x, 209-10

Levees, effects of, xiv, 162

Level Changes, iii, 76-83, xiv, 33-6;

due to earthquakes, iii, 97, 98;

due to lateral pressure, 85;

effect on erosion cycles, 36-7, xiv, 40, 163-4;

shown by erosion of rocks, iii, 171-2

(see also Elevation, Rejuvenation, Subsidence)

LeVerrier, astronomical work of, ii, 16, 79, 189, 269;

meteorological work, i, 217, 228

Levers, v, 21-5;

Archimedes on power of, iv, 25;

classes of, remarks on, 89;

clubs as, v, 12;

friction in, iv, 93;

legs as, v, 215;

liquid, 97-103;

mechanical gain in, iv, 41;

primitive beginnings of, 24, v, 9, 14-15;

principles shown by Archimedes, xvi, 89;

revolving, v, 25-35

"Leviathan," steamship, v, 193-4

Leviathan Reflector, ii, 16-17, 105-6

Levulose, viii, 226, 248

Lewis & Clarke reports, xvi, 171

Lewis Machine Gun, v, 365-6

Lex Talionis, xv, 371

Leyden Jar, iv, 267, 368 (fig.), vii, 259, 260;

discovery and experiments, xvi, 188-9;

oscillations of, iv, 313

Lianes, xiii, 362, 363, 366

Liberty Engines, v, 53-4

Libyan Cat, xii, 355

Libyan Desert, rain in, i, 210

Lichens, species, xiii, 323

Lick Observatory, ii, 142-4, 148

Licorice Plant, leaves, xiii, 113

Liebig, Justus von, x, 126;

chemical work, xvi, 162;

on fermentation, x, 138-9

Liège, siege of, xiv, 92

Life, antiquity on earth, xiii, 314;

beginnings on earth, iii, 20, 173, 249, xv, 71;

Bergson on, xvi, 196;

brain in relation to, xi, 15;

Brunonian (excitability) theory of, x, 89;

cell basis of, ix, 17, x, 119, xii, 10, 14, xv, 16, 381;

chemical nature of processes, viii, 353, 355;

chemical theories of, x, 69, 84;

colloidal theory, xii, 11-13;

conditions necessary, ii, 242-5;

conscious, parts concerned in, ix, 21-2;

demand for, in nature, xiii, 69;

dependence of, on sugar products, ix, 27;

distinctions from inorganic realm, xii, 13-14;

fundamental instincts, xi, 49-56;

Hoffman's "ether" theory, x, 85;

instinct for renewal, xiii, 116, 167;

instinct of preservation of, x, 9-10, 282-3;

interest and triteness, vi, 330;

irritability theory of, x, 86, 87, 89;

James on complexity of, 244;

low temperature effects, i, 32;

maintenance of, ix, 18-23;

mechanical explanations of, x, 70, 71, 72;

metals congenial to, viii, 148;

nature of processes, ix, 34;

necessity of water, xi, 66;

only thing man cannot produce, vii, 310;

origin, ii, 243, 245, xii, 9-13, xiii, 300-1;

Paracelsus on process of, x, 49;

possibility in other worlds, ii, 242-53;

possibility on Mars, 228-32, 237-8;

protoplasm the seat of, viii, 356, ix, 13, 17, x, 228, xiii, 74;

recent lengthening in U. S., x, 291;

salts in relation to, ix, 174-5;

savage attitude toward, xv, 327;

seat of, in body, ix, 11-12, 17;

sea water favorable to, viii, 355;

signs (proofs) of, ix, 9-17;

soul as source of (Stahl), x, 84;

spontaneous generation of, 139;

temperature in relation to, ii, 249, v, 348, x, 250-1;

universality, Indian belief, xvi, 44

(see also Vital Processes)

Life Plant, xiii, 165

Lift, of aeroplanes, i, 288, 298

Lifting Magnets, iv, 289, vi, 86, 94

Lifting Pump, iv, 126

Lift Locks, of canals, v, 103

Ligaments, ix, 70-1

Ligatures, history of use of, x, 14, 27, 55-6, 91, 121-2, 123, 129-30,

146, 148

Light, iv, 322-34;

aberration of (see Aberration of Light);

absorption in space, ii, 160, 354-5;

absorption of, by objects, iv, 364;

actinic effects, vii, 250;

artificial, applications of, iv, 50-1;

artificial, colors, of, ix, 115;

bacteria destroyed by, viii, 332;

body regulation to, x, 250;

chemical action of, viii, 171-2;

chromatic aberration, ii, 99-100;

corpuscular theory of, iv, 47, 50, xvi, 136;

decomposition, ii, 99, 111, 112, iv, 357-9

(see also Spectrum, Spectroscope);

deflection of, 330, 374;

deflection by sun, ii, 81-2;

diffraction, i, 183, iv, 326;

effects of objects on, 323-4;

effects on organisms and man, x, 253-4;

Einstein theory, ii, 80-2;

electrical production, inefficiency, vi, 268;

electromagnetic theory of, iv, 54, vi, 25, vii, 371, xvi, 137-8;

eye and, vi, 270-2, xi, 86, 95-6;

eye regulation to, x, 254;

from sun, importance of, ix, 25-6;

"gentleman" of physics, iv, 50;

glowing effects on minerals, vii, 254;

injury from excessive, 153;

intensity unit, iv, 351-2;

interference of, 376-8;

instinct of seeking, xi, 52-3;

invisibility, iv, 333-4;

machines responding to, v, 331-2, 332-3;

measurement of illumination of, iv, 350-2;

measurement of intensity, viii, 374;

monochromatic, iv, 364, 365;

of electric lamps, vi, 268;

of firefly, 268;

of glowworms, xvi, 144;

of moon, ii, 200;

of stars, 296;

of sun, 168-9;

penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;

perception limits, iv, 360-1;

perception of, in animals, ix, 105;

physiological sensation, vii, 249;

polarization, iii, 319-20, iv, 353-6;

polarization, discovery, xvi, 119;

production by various kinds of rays, iv, 378-80;

quantity unit, 352;

radiant energy, 322, ix, 114;

rays of, iv, 323;

reflection and refraction (see Reflection and Refraction);

seeing by, iv, 322-3, 324-9;

shadows cast by, 332-3;

theory of, present state, 50;

transformed to musical sounds, v, 332-5;

transmitted by ether, vi, 119, 120, 269, vii, 259;

traveling of, in straight lines, iv, 330;

velocity, 323;

velocity constancy, xvi, 196;

velocity in different media, iv, 327;

velocity, methods of obtaining, ii, 59-60, 91, 167;

vibrations and colors of, ix, 115;

wave theory, iv, 47, 353, vi, 118-19, 269, xvi, 136-8;

wave theory discovery, 119;

white (see White Light);

wind effects on, iv, 211

(see also Light Waves, Sunlight)

Light-headedness, production of, ix, 266-7

Lighthouses, strength of, xiv, 300-1

Lighting, art of, modern advances in, iv, 50-1;

direct, xi, 277, 373;

emotional effects, vi, 273;

factory, xi, 361;

flood, vi, 283;

modern gas, viii, 60;

proper and improper, vi, 273-5;

unit of intensity, vii, 368

(see also Electric Lighting, Lighting Systems)

Lighting Systems, color effects, iv, 370;

exterior, vi, 278-83, vii, 339-43;

interior, vi, 275-8, vii, 68-72

Lightning, i, 146-57, vii, 201-19;

annual deaths by, x, 254;

awe-inspiring power, vii, 201, 202;

causes, i, 149-52, iv, 269, vii, 206-15, 217-8;

current strength, i, 152-3;

danger and protection, 155-7, vii, 201-2, 218-19;

danger in aeronautics, i, 303;

defined, 376, vii, 371;

displays, 203;

distance, how determined, i, 187, vii, 210;

electromagnetic waves from, 260;

fire from, xv, 320;

Franklin's experiment, i, 141, vi, 10-11, 14-16, vii, 204-5;

large raindrops and, 215-17;

multiple flashes, i, 146-8;

nitrogen fixation by, 13, 34-5;

oscillations, vii, 208, 366, 374;

ozone produced, i, 15;

photographic study, 146-8, 151;

protection of electric lines, vii, 16-19, 49-50;

thunder from, i, 192-3, vii, 210-11;

types, i, 146, 148-9, vii, 205-6, 211-15;

visibility, i, 152;

voltage, 151-2, vii, 206-7;

weathering agency, iii, 24;

wind effects, i, 148

Lightning Arresters, vii, 17-18, 49-50, 362, 371

Lightning Prints, i, 154-5, 376

Lightning Rods, i, 156-7, 376, iv, 270, vii, 218-219, 371;

invention, i, 141, vi, 14, 16;

principle, vii, 209;

use of points, vi, 297

Light-Pillars, i, 376

Light Waves, iv, 353, vi, 118-19, 269;

atmospheric effects, i, 165-6, 170-1;

caused by molecular vibrations, iv, 360, 363, 379;

Doppler's principle, ii, 119, iv, 210;

glass and, 183;

interference of, 376-8;

length and frequency, vii, 250, 260;

length and frequency with different colors, iv, 359, 360, 365, ix,

114, 115;

motion of, xvi, 137;

unit of length, iv, 359, xvi, 130

Light-Year, ii, 315, xvi, 33

Lignite, iii, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, viii, 44, 45

Lilac, fertilization, xiii, 143-4;

leaves, 38

Lilienthal, Otto, v, 231

Lily, African, xiii, 38;

leaves, 38, 176

Lily Family, xiii, 183-4

Lily of the Valley, xiii, 45, 47, 178

Lima Beans, variation in, xiii, 331

Limacina, xii, 19

Lime, calcium oxide, viii, 149;

in earth's crust, iii, 308;

in water, viii, 40, xiv, 142, 147;

production, iii, 373, viii, 150, 276;

slaking of, 38-9;

uses, iii, 373, viii, 149-50, 278, 323, 347

Limes (fruit), origin, xiii, 225;

spread, 354

Lime Salts, body needs of, ix, 32, 33, 33-4, 174;

in bone, 57;

in diet, x, 256

Limestone, iii, 13, 380;

cliffs of, jointing in, xiv, 133;

composed of carbonate of lime, iii, 25, 308;

destruction by frost, xiv, 76-7;

formation of, viii, 152;

lime making from, 149, 150, 276;

marble from, iii, 169, 189, 371;

occurrence in U. S., 371-2;

polyzoans in, xii, 47;

residual soils from, xiv, 68, 145;

sedimentary rock, 18;

solubility, iii, 24-5, 126, viii, 151, xiv, 145-6, 147;

travertine deposits, 146;

uses, iii, 325-6, 373-4, v, 315, 318, viii, 151, 280;

weathering of, iii, 27

Limestone Formations, iii, 185, 267, 270;

caves in, 127, viii, 151, xiv, 147-8;

underground streams in, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50

Limonite, iii, 333, 359, viii, 130, 156

Lincoln, assassination incident, xi, 323;

in Holmes's "goodly company," x, 134

Linden Trees, xiii, 324-5, 345-6

Linen, antiquity of, xv, 243;

as clothing material, ix, 311-12, x, 307, 309;

cellulose composition, viii, 254;

from flax plant, xiii, 235;

paper from, v, 290-1, 292

Lines of Force (electric), iv, 261-2, vi, 295-6

Lines of Force (magnetic), iv, 251-2, 261, 274-5, vi, 33, 54, vii, 371;

cutting of, iv, 301-8, vi, 23, 54, 307-8;

direction, iv, 277-8, vi, 54-5, 88-90;

leakage, vii, 371;

least resistance tendency, vi, 43-4, 96;

shortest direction tendency, 219;

terrestrial, 39, 40;

terrestrial, in relation to aurora, i, 159-60

Line Squalls, i, 138-9, 376

Link Motion, v, 208-10, 379

Linnæus (Carl von Linné), x, 84, 134;

natural history work, xvi, 116, 126, 139, 165;

rattlesnake named by, xii, 235

Linotype, Mergenthaler, v, 308-10, 381-2

Linsangs, xii, 353

Linseed Oil, viii, 231-2, 246;

action in paint, 264, 265;

source, xiii, 235;

spontaneous combustion of, viii, 55-6

Lions, xii, 359-60;

fearlessness, xi, 136;

instinctive fear of fire, 46;

strength of, xv, 16, 18

Lipari Islands, volcanoes of, xiv, 317

Lipases, viii, 357, x, 326

Lipins, viii, 350-1

Liquefaction of Gases, i, 29, 32, iv, 143, 153, 171, 188, 191-2, viii,

303-4

Liquid Air, i, 26, 29-33, iv, 190-2, vii, 323, viii, 68;

boiling point, iv, 173;

oxygen production from, viii, 67, 274;

temperature, and pressure, iv, 172

Liquids, boiling of, iv, 167-74;

boiling point and chemical composition, viii, 298-301;

boiling point and pressure, iv, 168, 169-72, v, 354, viii, 303-5;

buoyant powers of, iv, 30, 103-7;

chemical aspects, viii, 22, 297-301;

compressibility, v, 107;

conversion to gases, iv, 152-3, 153, 167;

critical temperature, 171-2, viii, 303-4;

density, how measured, iv, 113, vi, 147;

distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;

elasticity of, 156, 158;

evaporation, 167, 174;

expansion by heat, 135, 138;

expansion coefficient, 145;

fractional distillation of, 168;

heat effects on, 144, viii, 25;

heat transmission in, iv, 138-9, 177-8;

intermingling of, in contact, 131;

latent heat (see Latent Heat);

molecules in, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131, 152, 167, 363, viii, 23, 24;

osmosis, xiii, 90-1;

pressure of, iv, 116-19;

solubility in water, viii, 111-12;

sound velocity in, iv, 198;

specific gravity, how determined, 112, 113;

spectra of incandescent, ii, 112, iv, 360, 363;

supercooled and heated, viii, 113, 304-5;

vapor pressure of, 303-5;

vaporization of, iv, 173-4;

vibrations of, 196, 215;

volatile, 174

Lister, Joseph, x, 144-6, xvi, 182-3;

importance of work of, x, 40, 107, 149, 381;

on Pasteur, 143

Liter, standard of volume, viii, 28

Lithium, viii, 128, 132, 133;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

flame color, 301;

specific gravity, 384;

spectrum of, 301-2;

test for, 287, 289

Litmus, viii, 114

Little Falls Gorge, iii, 243

Little Red Riding-hood, xv, 358

Littoral Fauna, xii, 16, 17

Live Oaks, xiv, 370

Liver, bile secreted by, ix, 237, 275;

changes caused by shock, xi, 59;

development in black and white races, xv, 49-50;

disorders of, x, 330;

emotion effects on, xi, 136-7, 138;

failure in diabetes, ix, 293;

functions, x, 329-30, 347, xi, 60;

gall stones in, ix, 286;

glycogen storage in, 291, 292, 293, 298;

hemoglobin decomposed in, 184, 275;

in circulatory system, 196 (fig.), 198, 245;

inflammation of, x, 224;

secretin effects on, 325;

therapy of, 382-3;

urea production in, ix, 284, 285;

waste removal by, 271, 275

Liverwort, reproduction, xiii, 166, 167

Livingstone, David, African exploration, xiv, 196;

quoted, 78

Lizards, xii, 182, 203-10;

descent of, 203;

embryo of, xv, 54;

Mesozoic, iii, 295

Llamas, xii, 313, 315 (fig.)

Lloyd's, insurance of, i, 270

Load Factor, vi, 380-2

Loadstones, vi, 28-9, vii, 372;

at magnetic pole, vi, 30;

Gilbert's studies, 11, 12;

used as suspended compass, 29, 31 (fig.);

(see also Lodestone)

Lobsters, iii, 260, 278-9, xii, 87

Locaille, xvi, astronomer, 124

Locke, John, medical work of, x, 74-5;

philosophy of, xvi, 111, 115, 117

Lockjaw, x, 298-9;

immunity to, 206, 207;

prevention of, 218

Lockyer, Sir Norman, discovery of sun prominences, ii, 181;

collision theory, 327, 333;

star classification, 309-10;

on temple orientation, 26

Locomotion, forms of, ix, 82, 155-6;

friction necessary to, iv, 94;

of animals, means of, ix, 73-4;

of serpents, xii, 212;

reflex processes in, ix, 156-9;

rolling, v, 215

Locomotives, Steam, v, 207-12, 377, 378-9;

boilers, 140 (see Boilers);

efficiency, 155;

compared with electric, vii, 193-4;

power source of, ix, 15;

smoke from, i, 64, vii, 345;

sound of passing, iv, 210

Locomotor Ataxia, ix, 90-1

Locusts, xii, 108-9;

jaws of, 100;

seventeen-year, 112, 113;

as food, xv, 134

Locust Trees, in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;

in Long Island, 354;

in pea family, 198;

lightning danger, i, 155;

petals, 47;

sleeping of leaves, 89, 113

Lodestone, iv, 52-3, 242, viii, 156;

name of, iv, 243,

(see also Loadstone)

Lodge, Sir Oliver, Evesham experiments, vii, 352;

on atmospheric electricity, 212;

on electrons, vi, 114;

on forces in atoms, 115;

on luminiferous æther, 118;

wireless system, xvi, 191

Lodgepole Pines, xiv, 374

Loess, i, 53-4, iii, 73-4, 380, xiv, 63, 72-5

Loire River, base-leveled stream, xiv, 49

London, "Black Day," ii, 211;

eclipses in, 214;

fogs, i, 94;

harbor of, xiv, 270;

sewage disposal, viii, 327;

smoke deposits, i, 65;

tea market of world, xiii, 231;

water purification, viii, 319-20

London-Paris Air Route, i, 44-5, 95, 285-6

Long, Crawford W., x, 124, 125

Long Branch, N. J., wave destruction at, xiv, 45, 302

Long Distance Electrical Transmission, alternating and direct currents

in, vi, 159-61, 195-6;

choke coils in, vii, 50;

condensers in, vi, 285-6;

difficulties, 367;

high voltages best, 159, 161, 163, 331-2;

high voltages and leakage, vii, 10-11;

of Niagara Power Plant, vi, 376-8;

power-factor correction, 262;

present distances attained, 365;

progress in, vii, 9-10;

synchronous condensers in, vi, 262;

three phase alternators in, 206;

transformers, 309, 324;

transcontinental, 10, 367-8;

vacuum tubes in, 125

Long Distance Telephony, inductance reduction, vii, 104-5;

method of connecting cities, 104;

phantom circuit, 105-6, 119;

repeating stations, 114;

in United States, 91-2

Longfellow, stanzas on nature, xvi, 43

Long Heads, physical characteristics, xv, 47;

racial divisions, xvi, 48-9;

skull index in, xv, 42

Long Island, bowlders on, xiv, 69;

locust tree on, xiii, 354;

opossums in, xii, 275;

outwash plain on, iii, 69;

plant conditions, xiii, 382;

scallop fisheries, xii, 65;

terminal moraine on, iii, 68, 237, 238

Long Island Sound, false corals of, xii, 47;

oysters of, 61;

oyster "drills" of, 72

Longitudinal Rivers, xiv, 153-4

Looking-glass, images in, iv, 335-6

Looming, optical, i, 172, 174, 376

Looms, history and development, v, 268, 277-82, xv, 245-7;

various inventions, v, 376-7, 381, 383

Loons, xii, 250

Loop-the-loop Cars, iv, 74

Loosestrife, xiii, 140-1, 203

Lop-Nor Desert, xiv, 209

Lorentz, light theory, xvi, 137-8;

relativity theory, iv, 18, xvi, 196

Lories, Australian, xii, 266-7

Los Angeles, electric power supply, v, 81, vi, 363;

telephone connection with New York, 367-8

Loudness, of sound, iv, 211;

to what due, xi, 104

Louis XIV, high heels introduced by, x, 306;

observatory founded by, ii, 58;

on Pyrenees Mts., xiv, 239

Louis, Pierre C. A., x, 108

Louisiana cotton, xiii, 237;

salt deposits, viii, 140;

sulphur deposits, 76

Louisiana Purchase, xiv, 192, 193, 311

Louisville, early growth, xiv, 219;

water supply, viii, 318

Loup Fork, xiv, 161

Love, fundamental impulse, xv, 185;

motor character, xi, 58;

sentiment of, 149-50;

unknown to savages, xv, 279, 321

Lowbrows, xv, 43

Lowell, Percival, ii, 233-4, 237, 271;

reference to, xi, 218

Lowell Observatory, ii, 146-7, 148

Low German, xv, 162

Lowlands, xiv, 213

Lows, Low Pressure Areas, i, 135-6, 137, 376;

of Iceland, 361;

movement, 134-5, 237;

physiological effects, 330;

thunderstorms and, 138;

wind and weather attendants, 125, 218, 236, 237

(see also Pressure Areas)

Lubricants, fatty, viii, 247;

graphite, 43, vii, 308, 309;

oil-dag, 300

Luciferin, xii, 20

Lues, curability of, x, 134;

germ of, 195, 199;

immunity to, 207

Lumber, chief source of, xiv, 383;

from heartwood, xiii, 25

Lumen, light unit, iv, 352

Luminous Plants and Animals, i, 346-7, xii, 20, xiii, 203-4, xvi, 144,

146

Lunation, defined, ii, 196

Lundy, Lake, iii, 149

Lung Fish, iii, 283 (fig.), xii, 164-6

Lungs, ix, 254-6;

aeration of blood by, 253, x, 62, 63, 331;

carbon dioxide diffusion by, ix, 263-7;

circulation of blood through, 196 (fig.), 198-200;

congestion of, x, 341;

development in black and white races, xv, 50;

diseases of, susceptibility to, 50, 51;

dust in, ix, 223;

evolution in animal kingdom, xii, 164-5, 169, 187, 248;

external respiration by, x, 339;

functions in maintenance of life, ix, 21-3;

infection through, x, 198, 220;

in pneumonia, 289;

oxygen supply through, ix, 51 (diagram), 253, 258;

poisons exhaled by, 269;

water loss by, i, 317, ix, 274

Lupine, leaves, xiii, 113

Luray Caverns, iii, 127, xiv, 148

"Lusitania," loss of, xi, 332

Luster, of metals, viii, 126;

of minerals, 201

Lycopodium Selago, xiii, 305-6, 322

Lycopods, iii, 253-4, 256

Lye, making of, viii, 276, 278;

in soap-making, 221

Lyell, geological work, xvi, 126, 171

Lymphatics, ix, 222-5;

in circulatory system, 196 (fig.)

Lynx, xii, 364-5

Lyra, elliptic nebulæ in, ii, 360;

movement of sun toward, 18, 122, 137, 305-6

Lyric Poetry, primitive, xv, 319-21

Lysins, x, 211

Maas River, shifts in delta, xiv, 186

(see also Meuse)

Macaques, xii, 378-9

Macaws, xii, 266

McCormick, Cyrus, reaper, v, 244-7, 249, 379

MacCulloch, on rocks, xvi, 170

McDowell, Ephraim, x, 122, 147

Mace, spice, xiii, 261, 262

Mace, symbol of power, xv, 208

McGehee, Arkansas, antimalarial work in, x, 174

Machine Guns, v, 362-8, 380, 382

Machines, advantages of electrical drive, vii, 62;

air-cushioning in, v, 134;

"animated," 326-44;

contract with operators, vii, 121-2;

displacement of men by, v, 17-18;

early, iv, 26;

efficiency (see Efficiency of Machines), elementary, iv, 89-94, v,

20-41;

fascination of, vi, 175;

force and resistance law, iv, 90, 92;

for making machines, v, 42-56;

friction in, iv, 92-4;

history of development, v, 15-19, 376-84;

hydraulic, reliability, 106;

instruction of workers, xi, 363-5;

labor-saving, vii, 73;

mechanical advantage, iv, 89, 98;

parts named from human parts, v, 20;

skilled artisans and, 42, 46;

standardization of parts, 48-50, 53-4;

summary of progress in, 376-84

Machine Tools, development, v, 42-56, 376;

in relation to automobile industry, 55-6, 214, 383

Mackerel Sky, i, 100, 376

Mackerel Year, i, 359

Mackintosh Waterproof Cloth, xiii, 245

Madagascar, chameleons of, xii, 210;

crocodiles of, 199;

former union with Africa, 376;

fossane of, 353;

lemurs of, 374, 375;

laceleaf yam, xiii, 89-90;

orchid, 48;

ratite birds in, xii, 249;

separation from Africa, xiv, 273;

tenrecs of, xii, 367;

tortoises of, 191, 192

Madder Family, xiii, 205-6

Madeira, discovery of, xiv, 309;

oceanic volcano, 289, 316

Madrepores, xii, 39-40

Maeterlinck, on eelgrass, xiii, 150-1

Magazines, printing and binding, v, 305-7

Magdalenian Period, xv, 105, 109;

clay models of, 118-19

Magdeburg Hemispheres, iv, 29

Magellanic Clouds, ii, 355

Magendie, François, x, 126, 127, xvi, 186

Maggiore Lake, iii, 146

Magi, Persian, xvi, 59

Magic, history of, xvi, 44, 59

Magic Lantern, iv, 341-2

Magma, viii, 191

Magnesium, viii, 17, 127, 148-9, 153;

affinity intensity, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

automobile parts made of, 127, 149;

electrolytic production, vii, 320-1;

fusibility, viii, 384;

ignition, 53, 54;

in body, 354;

in body fluids, ix, 174;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192, 195, 196;

light of, 60, 172;

plant needs of, 337, 341;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Magnesium Chloride, in sea water, xiv, 295-6

Magnesium Compounds, viii, 130, 148-9;

deposits of, 138, 195, 196, 275;

in hard water, 40, 318, 322-4;

lightness of, 29

Magnesium Oxide, medicinal uses, viii, 153

Magnetic Axis, of earth, iv, 250

Magnetic Blowout, vii, 37, 39

Magnetic Circuits, vii, 364;

force of, vi, 93

Magnetic Disturbances, accompanying aurora, i, 161;

due to moon, ii, 201;

sun-spots and, 176, 186

Magnetic Equator, iv, 246

Magnetic Fields, iv, 251, vi, 31, vii, 368;

concentration of, vi, 91-2;

distortion, 43-4;

electromotive force created by, 50-3, 54;

electron theory, 128;

generator and motor actions in, 218-19;

of atoms, 117;

of earth, iv, 253, vi, 39, 40;

of electric currents, iv, 274-5, 277, 279 (fig.), vi, 19-20, 88-91;

of sun, ii, 177-9;

spectra of vapors in, 178;

strength or intensity, iv, 252, vii, 368, 370

Magnetic Force, vii, 369

Magnetic Leakage, vii, 371

Magnetic Meridians, iv, 246

Magnetic Needle, iv, 243-4;

dip or inclination of, 245-6;

earth's action on, 248;

electric current effects on, 273-4, 275-6, 278-9

Magnetic Permeability, vii, 372

Magnetic Poles, vii, 374;

force of attraction between, iv, 249

Magnetic Poles (of earth), iv, 246, 248, vi, 29-30;

aurora in relation to, i, 159-60

Magnetic Saturation, vii, 372

Magnetic Screens, vi, 32 (fig.)

Magnetic Storms, vi, 40

Magnetism, iv, 242-55, vi, 27-45;

daily application, xvi, 19, 30;

effects on body, vii, 246, 247;

electricity and, vi, 12, 19-20, 27-8, 86, iv, 256, 276;

electron theory, vii, 371;

energy in, iv, 82;

force of, how measured, 249;

history of, 52-5, vi, 9-26, xvi, 109, 122;

law of attraction and repulsion, vi, 18, 42-3, 286-7;

of direct and alternating currents, 155-6;

lines of force (see Lines of Force);

of earth, iv, 248-50, 252, vi, 29-30, 39-40;

of earth, connection with internal iron, xiv, 11;

of rotating bodies, ii, 178, vi, 21;

residual, vi, 191, vii, 372;

science of power, xvi, 36-7;

term as used, vii, 372;

universal presence, vi, 40

(see also Electromagnetism, Magnetic Fields, Magnets)

Magnetite, iii, 333-4, viii, 156;

ores in Adirondacks, iii, 359;

properties of, iv, 242

Magnetization, iv, 242;

aided by striking, 253;

by electric currents, 286-8, vi, 30, 50;

by induction, iv, 243, 253;

by lightning, i, 152-3;

by loadstone, vi, 29;

internal effects, 36-7;

of iron structures, iv, 253;

molecular effects, 245, 253;

processes of, vi, 44-5;

test, 43

Magneto Generators, vi, 215-16

Magnetomotive Force, vi, 92-3

Magnetos, automobile, vii, 140-41

Magnets, iv, 242-4;

action of, 250-1, vi, 31-2;

aging of, 45, vii, 159;

attraction and repulsion of, iv, 242, 244, 245, 249, vi, 33, 42-3,

(fig.);

demagnetization methods, iv, 253, vii, 366;

effect on compass, vi, 27, 42-3;

electromotive force produced by, iv, 303;

force, how measured, 249-50;

heat and jarring effects, vi, 34-8, 117;

internal constitution, 36-7;

laminated, 34, 35 (fig.);

lines of force, 33

(see also Lines of Force);

lifting force of, iv, 289;

making of, vi, 44-5 (see Magnetization);

natural, iv, 242;

penetrability, 250, vi, 31-2;

permanent and temporary, iv, 243, vi, 30;

poles of, iv, 242, 244-5, 253, 262, vi, 31, 42, 43;

types, 30-1, vii, 372;

uses, commercial and industrial, iv, 255, viii, 270

(see also

Electromagnets)

Magnifying Glass, iv, 343

Magnitude, illusions of, xi, 184-90

Magnitude of Stars, absolute (see Absolute Magnitude);

catalogued by Hipparchus, ii, 31;

classification by, 295-6, 297;

conditions affecting, 322;

determined by photoelectric methods, 328;

different kinds, 296;

different stages, 383, 384;

spectral type in relation to, 309

Magnolias, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

development, 55;

fertilization, 130-1;

former distribution, xiv, 375;

fossil ancestor, xiii, 318;

index plants, i, 255;

in landscaping, xiii, 271-2

Mahogany, from tropical forests, xiv, 383;

in anacardiaceae family, xiii, 200

Maidenhair Tree, xiii, 315-16;

in landscaping, 271-3

Mail-Order Business, in stormy weather, i, 264

Maine, coast of, iii, 37-8, 57, 235, xiv, 256, 257, 262-3;

coast destruction, 46;

dikes on coast, iii, 110, xiv, 108;

harbors, 268;

moose of, xii, 318

Mains, electric, vii, 373

Maize, history and uses, xiii, 211-13

Major Triad (music), iv, 206-7

Make-and-Break (electricity), iv, 382

Malachite, iii, 334, 360

Malaise, sensation of, ix, 91

Malaria, x, 153-9;

campaign against, 173-4, 299-301;

control of, in tropics, xiv, 356, 357;

former idea of causes, x, 286;

quinine and, xiii, 250-1

Malaspina Glacier, iii, 70

Malay Archipelago, bananas native to, xiii, 216;

continental relationships, xiv, 274;

crocodiles of, xii, 201;

lemurs of, 374, 375;

largest flower in, xiii, 363-4;

parrots of, xii, 266;

rain forests, xiv, 369

Malay Peninsula, beriberi in, x, 257;

coco palm of, xv, 125;

leaf butterfly of, xii, 117;

rhinoceros of, 306;

snakes of, 214, 218;

tapirs of, 306;

tin production, iii, 369

Malays, hair of, xv, 37;

immunity to tuberculosis, 51;

in tropics, xiv, 356;

members of brown race, xv, 37

Malic Acid, viii, 222-3, 336

Malicious Animal Magnetism, xi, 311

Malleable Iron, v, 319

Malleability, viii, 126;

in mineral identification, 202

Mallow Family, xiii, 200

Malmags, xii, 374

Malpighi, Marcello, x, 77, xvi, 107, 112, 116, 126

Malt, viii, 249

Malta Fever, diagnosis of, x, 216

Maltase, viii, 357

Maltose, viii, 227, 241, 243, 244;

in brewing, 249;

formed in digestion, ix, 230

Mammals, xii, 270-384;

Age of, iii, 20;

appearance in Cretaceous, xv, 71;

egg-laying, 272-3, 274;

evolution of, xii, 185, 271-2;

geological history, iii, 20, 297-306;

growth in relation to flowering plants, 257;

in oceanic islands, xiv, 277-8;

order of succession, xii, 338-9;

primitive types, 272-4;

smallest of, 368;

temperature maintenance in, ix, 307-8;

warm-bloodedness of, 305, 306

Mammato-Cumulus Clouds, i, 104, 376

Mammoth Cave, iii, 127, xiv, 148;

fishes of, xii, 163

Mammoth Coal Bed, iii, 201, 347-8

Mammoth Hot Springs, terrace, iii, 192 (Pl. 11);

travertine deposits, 325, xiv, 146

Mammoths, xii, 301 (fig.), 302;

of Ice Age, xv, 76, 79;

prehistoric pictures of, 85, 86;

remains found in Siberia, 16

Man, activities of, ix, 21;

adaptation to environment by, xiv, 344, 363, xv, 25, 26, 28, 31, 36;

adapted to mixed diet, ix, 246, 285;

Age of, iii, 20;

anthropology science of, xv, 10-11, 15, xvi, 36;

antiquity of, ii, 19, iii, 301-2, 303, v, 11, xv, 11-12, 69-87, 95,

163;

apes and, physically compared, xii, 373, xv, 57-62, 94;

brain in, 39-41, 62-3, 96;

broadened interests of, x, 10;

cell development in, ix, 44;

chromosome number in, 46, 339;

dependence on fire, shelter and clothing, 308-9;

descent of, 349, xii, 384, xv, 56;

distribution over earth, xiv, 21, 344, xv, 12;

distribution mostly on plains, xiv, 218-19;

dominant impulses, xv, 185;

educability, 66;

embryological development, 53-5;

environmental control of, xi, 33, 58, xiv, 30-1;

environment conquest by, xv, 25-6;

environment of present, x, 354;

erect posture and walking, xv, 58;

evolution of, iii, 283, 301-6, xv, 25, 26-31, 53-4, 70, 88-102;

evolution, Anaximander on, xvi, 78-9;

face and brain case in, xv, 43;

fear in, origin of, xi, 136;

fire generation confined to, ix, 308, xv, 229-30;

fundamental instincts, xi, 50-6;

grasp of, ix, 67-8;

grouping tendency in, xv, 361-3;

improvement by selection and education, xvi, 157;

impulses conscious, xv, 273;

increase in numbers, 26-7;

infectious diseases peculiar to, x, 206;

instincts and reason in, xv, 65-6, 68;

language evolution, 140, 142-3, 146-63;

language importance, ix, 152-3, xi, 224;

"measure of all things," xvi, 85;

origin of, various accounts and theories, xv, 69-70;

Paracelsus on, x, 48;

physical, xv, 32-52;

physical measurements, comparative, 57;

place in nature, iii, 260, 281, xvi, 126;

primate, xii, 373;

psychological unity, xvi, 42-3;

races of (see Races);

rate of growth in, ix, 32 (diagram);

reasoning power, xi, 237, 243-4, xv, 65, 66, 68;

relation to lower animals, 53-68;

rudimentary structures in, 56;

sense of smell, xi, 77-8;

sex determiners in, ix, 338-9;

skull capacity, xv, 40-1, 89;

skull shapes in, 42-3;

stages in development of, 188-204;

structure compared with apes, 57-62;

struggle for existence in, 25-6, 27;

struggle for perfection in, 28-9;

survival of fittest in, 27;

symmetrical instinct in, 251;

tool-using animal, v, 9, 10-11, ix, 67-8, xv, 205;

tropical animal, ix, 308-9

(see also Primitive Man)

Manatees, jaguars and, xii, 362

Mandan Indians, buffalo dance, xv, 305-6

Mandibles, of insects, xii, 99;

of men and apes compared, xv, 94

Mandrills, xii, 379-80

Mangabeys, xii, 379

Manganese, viii, 154;

affinity strength, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

electrochemical analysis, 295;

fusibility, 384;

ores, 198, 271;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Manganin, resistance, vi, 77, vii, 364

Mangrove Keys, xii, 42

Mangle, Electric, vii, 82-3

Manhattan Elevated Railway, engines and turbines, v, 152-3

Manholes, construction, vii, 30

Mania, hot baths in treatment of, x, 311;

of adolescence, 236-7

Maniacs, strength of, xi, 264

Manila Hemp, xiii, 236, 239-40

Manila Paper, source, xiii, 240

Manna, "rains" of, i, 355, 357

Mantids, xii, 107-8

Manual Labor, fatigue from, ix, 81;

food requirements in calories, 297

Manufacturing Centers, of future, v, 173

Manufacturing Stage, xv, 187, 203

Manures, as fertilizers, viii, 342-3;

as nitrogen source, xiv, 66;

waste of, viii, 346

Map-Making, aeronautical, i, 45-8

Maple Tree, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

as forest tree, 86-7;

fruit, winged, 57, 58 (fig.);

in landscaping, 271-2;

petals absent in, 195;

seed dispersal, 343;

source of sugar, viii, 242-3;

in United States, xiii, 368, xiv, 372

(see also Sugar Maple)

Maps, discrepancies in, xiv, 10-11;

tinting of, iv, 130

Marble, iii, 371;

green, 338;

metamorphic rock, 380, xiv, 19;

reaction with acids, viii, 37

March (of weather elements), i, 205, 376-7

Marchetti, Peter, x, 79

Marconi, distress signal system, vii, 284;

wireless messages, 258, 259;

wireless work, xvi, 191

Marconi Transmitting System, vii, 263-5

Mare Tenebrosum, i, 55

Mare's Tail Clouds, i, 99, 377

Margarines, vegetable, x, 261, 267

Marine Animals, conditions necessary, iii, 17;

large, xii, 297-9, 333-5, 347;

mollusks, 57-80;

primitive types, 16-24, 26, 32, 128-9;

worms, 45, 51, 54

Marine Climate, i, 208, 377

Marine Deposits, iii, 52-5

Marine Meteorology, i, 271-83;

founding of, 216

Marine Rivers, xiv, 153

Marine Rocks, xiv, 19;

found above sea level, iii, 82-3, 85, 132, 235;

in mountains, xiv, 231

Mariner's Compass, iv, 253-4, vii, 365;

invention and improvements, vi, 29, 41-2

Mariotte, Edme, xvi, 110, 111;

law of, iv, 140

Markhor, xii, 325

Marmosets, xii, 376

Marmots, xii, 294-5

Marne, Battle of, defence of "Grande Couronne", xiv, 90;

soldiers asleep on retreat, xi, 286-7

Marne River, topographical features, xiv, 89

Marquette, Père, xiv, 192

Marriage, xv, 273-95, 364

Mars, (planet), ii, 227-34;

atmosphere, 228-32, 247;

canals, 235-41, 248;

distance, 235-6;

Kepler's studies, 50;

life on, 228-32, 237-8, 247-8;

"lucid" planet, 264;

motions and orbits, 50, 162, 163;

photographic study, 131, 132;

rotation period, 59, 377;

satellites, 241, 110;

size, 162, 163;

surface study, 238-9;

Tycho Brahe's studies, 49;

weight, 76, 77-8

Marshes, draining of, by trees, xiv, 379;

malaria and, x, 154, 300

Marsh Gas, iii, 345, 354, viii, 51;

as ignis fatuus, i, 347, 348

(see also Methane)

Marshmallow, family, xiii, 200

Marsupials, xii, 274-81;

evolution of, 271

Martens, xii, 350, 351

Martensite, viii, 274

Martha's Vineyard, waves action, iii, 56

Martin, Prof. E. G., author PHYSIOLOGY Vol. ix

Maryland, former volcanoes, xiv, 318;

oyster industry, xii, 61

Maskelyne, astronomer, xvi, 124;

mountain-weighing, ii, 68-9

Mass, defined, iv, 35, xvi, 130;

density and, iv, 110;

measured by beam balance, 102;

momentum in relation to, 62-3;

motion in relation to, 60-1, 63-5, 72, 78;

standard units of, 46, 69, xvi, 130;

weight and, iv, 35, 110, xvi, 130

Massage, ancient Chinese, x, 13;

effect on lymphatics, ix, 223

Massasauga, xii, 235

Mastoiditis, ix, 61-2

Matches, friction and safety, viii, 88;

invention of, xv, 232

Materialism, xi, 13-14;

in mediæval philosophy, x, 35

Materia Medica, Mesue's work on, x, 32;

17th century improvements, xvi, 109

Mathematical Astronomy, ii, 15, 113-14;

culmination of, 15, 71-2;

spectroscopic methods in, 119-24

Mathematical Calculations, development of, xv, 181-4, xvi, 61

Mathematical Machines, v, 326-7

Mathematics, coordinates used in, iv, 16;

Golden Age, ii, 15;

history of development, xvi, 54, 60-3, 68, 71-2, 79-81, 88-90, 92,

94-5, 103-5, 113-14, 118-19, 125;

practice of challenges in, iv, 89

Mather, Cotton, on disease, x, 380;

on inoculation, 101

Mating Instinct, xiii, 116

Mato Tepee, xiv, 129-30

Matter, chemical energy of, viii, 267;

chemistry, science of, 11, iv, 12;

constitution of, 21, 23, vi, 35-6, 78, 108, 109-12, viii, 22-8 (see

also Atomic Theory, Electron Theory, Molecular Theory);

elasticity of, iv, 35-6;

elements of, viii, 11-12, 16-21;

energy and, iv, 12, 13-14;

energies in, xvi, 15;

energy loss, 134;

ether in, iv, 181;

fluxation idea, xvi, 194;

fourth state of, iv, 54-5, xvi, 193;

Greek theories, 77, 83-4, 86, 91, 118;

indestructibility, vi, 128, viii, 110;

inertia of, iv, 20;

kinetic theory of, 30, 131;

monad theory, xvi, 117-18;

primary concept, iv, 15, 16;

sciences of, xvi, 36-7;

states of, iv, 21-3

(see also Physical States)

Matterhorn, formation of, iii, 236

Matriarchy, xv, 295

Maudsley, Henry, inventions, v, 45-6, 99, 376

Mauna Loa, iii, 103-4, 107, xiv, 322-3;

real height and diameter, 101, 225

Maury, Lieut. M. F., i, 216, 271-2, xiv, 288

Maxim Machine Gun, v, 363, 364, 382

Maxwell, Clerk, electromagnetic theory, iv, 54, 55, vi, 25, vii, 371;

on loss of molecular energy, xvi, 134;

on motor-dynamo discovery, iv, 54;

on rings of Saturn, ii, 133, 265-6;

prediction of electromagnetic radiations, xvi, 191

Mayans, number and time systems of, xv, 181, 182 (fig.)

May Bugs, xii, 123

Mayflies, xii, 104

Mazama, xii, 325

Mazda Lamps, vi, 267, 268;

ohms of, 75;

sizes and light, vii, 153

Mazda Nitrogen Lamps, vi, 278

Meadow Pink, xiii, 133-5

Meals, agreeable surroundings, at, ix, 241, x, 319-20;

alcohol at, ix, 244;

bathing after, 313;

eating between, 88;

excitement at, xi, 374-5;

soup value at, ix, 241, x, 320;

water at, ix, 229

Meanders, iii, 380;

in old and new areas, 33, 34, xiv, 162, 165;

intrenched, 165

Measles, Brown's treatment of, x, 89;

consumption and, 292;

eardrum affected by, ix, 103;

epidemic of 15th century, x, 59-60;

first description of, 32;

germ of, 200;

Indian susceptibility to, xv, 48, 51

Measurements, British and metric systems, iv, 45-6, 69-70, viii, 27-8;

chemical apparatus, 294, 295 (fig.);

in different fields, vii, 151-2;

sciences and standards of, xvi, 129-31

Meat, body heat production by, ix, 309, x, 271, 273;

calories in, 269;

calory loss in preparing, ix, 299;

composition, viii, 362;

cooking effects, 368;

digestion of, x, 326;

eating of, effects, ix, 384-6, x, 279;

eating of, in relation to bile, ix, 275;

food constituents in, 300;

gristle of, 13;

proteins in, 34, 35, 280;

salted, tinned and dried, x, 263;

salts and extracts of, viii, 366;

structure of lean and coarse, ix, 75;

vitamines in, x, 260, 261, 262, 266

Mechanical Advantage, iv, 89, 92, 93

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, iv, 49-50, 140, 142, 189-90, v, 350-1,

viii, 186-7, xvi, 131-3

Mechanical Progress, summary, v, 376-84

MECHANICS, Volume v

Mechanics, "artisan" of physics, iv, 50;

daily applications, xvi, 16-17, 19-20, 30;

defined, iv, 25;

history, xvi, 67-8, 72, 89, 91

Medical Education, requirements of, x, 367-8, 369;

Rockefeller Foundation and, 172

Medical Humanists, x, 45

Medical Meteorology, i, 316-31

MEDICINE, Volume x

Medicine, history of, x, 9-192, xvi, 59, 63, 70-1, 82-3, 95-6, 98,

106-9, 112, 126-7, 178-87;

Paracelsus on science of, x, 49;

science of, remarks on, 368, xvi, 15, 37

Medicine Men, xv, 349-53, 354, 359, 365-6

Medicines, electrical application of, vii, 247-8;

quack, 240-1;

plants used as, xiii, 249-55;

specific, x, 49-50

Mediterranean Lands, climate of, xiv, 348-9, 358-9;

source of cultivated plants, 381-2

Mediterranean Racial Group, xvi, 49

Mediterranean Sea, ancient civilization around, xiv, 290, 306-7, 358,

359;

concordant coasts, 249;

darkness at depths, 298;

geology of, 290-1;

petrels of, xii, 252;

"pilgrim shell" of, 65;

salt in, viii, 139, xiv, 296, 297;

sponges of, xii, 32;

temperature of waters, xiv, 299

Mediterranean Volcanic Belt, xiv, 316-17

Medium, technical meaning, iv, 382

Medulla, xi, 28, 29, 76

Medusae (jellyfish), xii, 36

Megabar, iv, 123

Megaphones, iv, 239-40

Megatheres, xii, 283

Melampus, xii, 68-9

Melancholia, of adolescence, x, 236-7

Melancholic Temperament, xi, 153, 205

Melanesia, xiv, 277

Melanesians, beards of, xv, 38;

hair of, 38

Melting Point, iv, 153;

chemical composition and, viii, 298-301;

of various substances, iv, 161-2;

pressure and, 153, 162, 163-6

Membranes, fluid equalization through, ix, 194, xiii, 90-1;

vibrations of, iv, 101

Memory, xi, 208-17, ix;

association of ideas in, 149-51;

delayed nervous disturbances in, 141-2;

of emotions, 154;

hypnosis and, xi, 317-18;

reason and, 243-4;

right use, 378;

seat of, in cerebrum, ix, 145, 146-7

Memory Colors, xi, 89, 220-1

Men, basal metabolism of, x, 271;

brain in, xv, 39;

color-blindness in, ix, 116, 340-1;

hats of, x, 309;

heart rate in, 334;

height of, xv, 38;

skull capacity, 40;

susceptibility of, x, 240;

voice vibration rates in, ix, 99

Mendel, Gregor, x, 231-2, 13, 333, xvi, 154;

experiments on peas, ix, 328, 333-4

Mendel's Law, xiii, 333, xvi, 157

Mendeléeff, chemical work, xvi, 134, 163;

classification of elements, viii, 177;

prediction of elements, 180

Mendelian Theory, xvi, 156

Mental Activity, insomnia due to, ix, 219;

seat of, 145-6;

temperature effects, i, 323-4

Mental Fatigue, ix, 137-8, x, 247, xi, 269

Mental Healers, x, 242-3, 365

Mental Hygiene, xi, 368-82

Mental-Nerve Diseases, x, 353

Mental Processes, in brain, ix, 145, 147-54;

similarity in all men, xvi, 42-3

Mental Tests, in diagnosis, x, 371;

in vocational guidance, xi, 359-60

Mental Types, xi, 152-9

Mercaptan, smell of, xi, 80

Mercerized Cotton, viii, 255

Mercuric Chlorides, viii, 170, 333

Mercuric Mercury, test for, viii, 287, 288

Mercuric Oxide, instability, viii, 101;

oxygen preparation from, 34, 170

Mercurous Mercury, test for, viii, 288

Mercury (metal), affinity intensity, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

barometric column of, iv, 30;

compounds, viii, 170;

density of, iv, 113;

electrical conductivity, 283;

expansion by heat, 135;

freezing point, 153;

heat capacity, 155;

light of, viii, 172;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162, viii, 384;

ores and production, iii, 370, viii, 198, 270;

properties and uses, iii, 370, viii, 126-7, 170;

specific gravity, 384;

specific heat, iv, 155;

use of, in syphilis, x, 60, 104;

use of, in thermometers, iv, 135, 137, 153

Mercury (planet), ii, 189-90;

atmosphere, 190, 246;

life on, 245-6;

"lucid" planet, 264;

motion at perihelion, 79, 81;

non-rotation theory, 377;

orbit, 39, 73, 162, 163;

size, 162;

weight, 76, 77

Mercury Arc Converters, vii, 365

Mercury Arc Lamp, vi, 281-3

Mercury Arc Rectifiers, vi, 331, 333-9

Mercury Fulminate, viii, 145

Mercury Vapor, viii, 309

Mergansers, xii, 257

Mergenthaler Linotype, v, 308-10, 381-2

Meridian Photometer, ii, 297

Mesaba Range, iii, 358

Mesas, iii, 140, 380, xiv, 81, 82

Mesenchyme, xii, 26-7

Mesentery, ix, 59

Mesopotamia, ancient empire of, xiv, 306;

astronomy of ancient, xvi, 70;

British campaign, i, 308;

cradle of human race and history, xvi, 46, 51;

food plant center, xiii, 221, xiv, 381-2;

mirage in World War, i, 173;

ostriches of, xii, 249;

photographic mapping, i, 47;

present desert character, xiv, 219;

scurvy in, during World War, x, 265;

wild wheat of, xiii, 210

Mesozoic Era, iii, 20, 208-20;

animal life in, 270, 272, 275, 285, 286;

birds of, xii, 239, 242;

divisions and species of, xv, 71;

mammals of, iii, 297, xii, 271;

marsupials in, 277;

plants of, iii, 255, 256, 257;

reptiles of, 286-95, xii, 183, 188, 194-5, 202-3;

sharks of, 143

Messages, primitive methods of sending, xv, 165-7

Messina Earthquake, xiv, 340-1

Mesue of Damascus, x, 32

Metabolism, ix, 37, x, 268;

calculation of, 269-70;

daily total in calories, ix, 296, 297;

disease in relation to, 302-4, x, 268-81;

fatigue caused by, ix, 80, 81;

food requirements for, 289, 295-301;

protein, x, 277-80;

protein effects on, ix, 301-2;

rate of, how influenced, x, 270-1;

studies of, 128, 382;

temperature effects on, ix, 37, 306-7

(see also Cell Metabolism, Basic Metabolism, Functional Metabolism,

Growth Metabolism)

Metal-Bearing Deposits, iii, 355-70

Metallography, vi, 78, viii, 273-4, xvi, 175-6

Metallurgy, viii, 269-74;

historical development, xvi, 51, 59, 74, 174-7

Metals, viii, 17, 126-74, 379;

affinities (electromotive series), 127-9;

affinity for sulphur, 76, 77;

atomic weights, vii, 384, viii, 383;

atomic weights in relation to activity, 133, 180;

chemical analysis, 286-9, 291-2;

colors of compounds due to, 312;

common states of, iv, 153;

compounds of, viii, 130, 146, 202;

corrosion of, 13, 100;

cutting of (see Cutting of Metals);

electrical conductivity, iv, 259;

electrification of, 257, 259;

electrochemical analysis, viii, 295;

electromotive positiveness, vi, 59;

expanding on solidifying, iv, 150;

extraction from ores, viii, 131, 269-72;

groups of, 181-2;

heat conductors, iv, 177, 178-9;

identification of, viii, 201, 202, 313;

industrial, 154;

internal structure, vi, 78-9;

in body, viii, 354;

in sea, 197;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162;

melting points, viii, 384;

occurrence, 129-31, 198-200;

occurrence due to igneous action, xiv, 234, 237-8, 329;

original form in earth, viii, 193;

periodic classification, 180-1;

plant uses of, 337, 341;

positive ionization of, 122;

potentials against hydrogen, vii, 383;

rare earths, viii, 182;

refining of, 272;

refining, electrolytic, vii, 319-21;

resistance (electrical), vi, 77-9;

resistance tables, vii, 384;

resistance reduced by low temperatures, i, 32;

specific gravity table, viii, 384;

thermoelectric powers, vii, 383;

valency, vii, 384;

welding by oxyacetylene blowpipe, 33;

X-ray examination, vii, 257

Metamorphic Rocks, iii, 13, 380, xiv, 18-19;

jointing of, 133;

land forms in, 44, 113;

ores in, 234, 237

Metamorphism, iii, 380;

by molten intrusions, xiv, 112;

fossils and, iii, 265

Metazoa, xii, 25, 26-7

Metchnikoff, x, 143, 201, 209-10, xi, 218

Meteoric Dust, i, 53, 56;

in deep-sea deposits, xiv, 285

Meteoric Iron, ii, 292

Meteorites, ii, 290-3;

energy from, ix, 25;

iron and dust from, iii, 55;

origin of life from, xii, 9

Meteorograph, i, 88, 377

Meteorological Instruments, i, 68-89;

public display, 266-7

Meteorological Observations, history and organization, i, 212-23;

marine, 272-3, 274-6

Meteorological Terms, i, 365-84

METEOROLOGY, Volume i

Meteorology, daily interest, xvi, 13;

defined, i, 7, 377, xvi, 37;

history of development, 114, 177;

organized, i, 212-23

Meteors, ii, 283-9;

carborundum found in, vii, 310;

cause of brontides, i, 196;

dust from, i, 53, 56;

former meaning, 7;

in relation to corona, ii, 224, 225;

in relation to solar system, 164;

orbits, 287, 288, 289;

photographic study, 134-5;

planetesimal theory, iii, 162

(see also Meteorites)

Meter, length unit, iv, 46, 69, viii, 27-8;

radio unit, vii, 272;

value in yards, iv, 70

Methane, viii, 51, 206;

combustion products, 61;

derivatives, 210, 230-1;

flame of, 60;

name of, 98

Methodism (medical), x, 26, 28, 29

Methyl, defined, viii, 379

Metric System, iv, 46;

adoption in French Revolution, 136;

advantage in specific measurements, 111;

units in, iv, 69-70, 80-1, 154, viii, 27-8

Meuse River, xiv, 89;

delta and shifts, 186

Mexico, ancient civilization (see Aztecs);

century plants, xiii, 355;

chocolate cultivation, 234;

climatic belts, xiv, 223;

copper production, iii, 360;

corn-growing in ancient, xiii, 212;

deserts of, xiv, 380;

first hospital, x, 81;

harbors and commerce, xiv, 265-6;

jaguars of, xii, 362;

lava fields, iii, 228;

lead production, 362;

new volcanoes in, xiv, 320;

oil output, iii, 350, 354, v, 173;

plateau and hot lands of, xiv, 221, 223;

rivers of, 195;

rubber plants, xiii, 248;

serpents of, xii, 214, 234, 235;

silver production, iii, 367-8;

vanilla production, xiii, 260;

yellow fever in, x, 163

Mexico, Gulf of, importance in rainfall distribution, xiv, 360;

sponges in, xii, 32

Meyer, Lothar, xvi, 163;

classification of elements, viii, 177

Mica, iii, 334;

in granite, 308;

chemical composition, viii, 90, 193

Mice, xii, 289-91;

snakes and, 220, 227

Michelangelo, anatomical work of, x, 51-2

Michelson, interferometer, ii, 151, 322-3;

standard length measurements, xvi, 130

Michigan, copper production, iii, 327, 360, 361;

gypsum deposits, 376;

iron ores, 357;

salt deposits, 375

Michigan, Lake, size, xiv, 204

Micron, wave length unit, iv, 359

Microline, iii, 328

Micrometer, use of, ii, 58, vii, 151

Micronesia, xiv, 277

Microscopes, iv, 343-4;

in chemical analysis, viii, 290-1;

in medicine, x, 67, 128, 132, xvi, 112-13

Middle Ages, astronomy in, ii, 37-41, 42;

comets of, 273;

constructive work, 12;

ermine fur in, xii, 350;

European commerce in, xiv, 240, 241, 307, 308;

falconry of, xv, 223;

hail and lightning prevention, i, 341;

hysteria epidemics in, x, 360;

intellectual character of, 34, 35, 43;

intellectual lethargy, ii, 11;

Jewish polygamy of, xv, 289;

magic, xvi, 79;

medicine in, x, 31, 34-42, 43;

meteoric showers of, ii, 287;

minstrels of, xv, 323;

painting in, 302-3;

poisoning in, 228-9;

science in, iv, 27-8;

science and philosophy, xvi, 99-105;

views of fossils in, iii, 14

Migrations, of birds, xii, 258, xiii, 55;

of forests, xiv, 375-6;

of plants, xiii, 348

Mikulicz-Rodecki, xvi, 183

Mil, wire measure, iv, 283, 382, vii, 373

Mil Foot, vi, 77

Military Meteorology, i, 306-15

Milk, amino acids in, x, 278;

boiling of, viii, 368;

calories in, ix, 299;

composition, value and products, viii, 363;

contamination and safeguarding of, ix, 347;

digestion of, 235, 292;

fat globules of, viii, 315;

food constituents in, ix, 300;

for infants, 33-4, 346-7;

germs in, x, 193;

milk sugar in, viii, 227;

pasteurized, x, 139-40, 263, xiii, 71, ix, 347;

snakes and, xii, 222-3;

sour, and longevity, xiii, 172;

souring of, 71;

souring, lactic acid developed, viii, 223;

typhoid fever from, x, 287, 288;

vitamines in, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266;

vitamines and lime salts in, ix, 33-4, 347;

water in, how measured, iv, 113

Milking Machines, vii, 227

Milk Sugar, viii, 226, 227, 363;

digestion of, ix, 292

Milkweeds, flowers, xiii, 50;

plumes, 343-4

Milky Way, ii, 350-6;

discovery of separate stars, 96;

Egyptian knowledge of, xvi, 69;

Galileo's observations, 103

(see also Galaxy)

Miller, Hugh, xvi, 169

Miller, Prof. W. J., author GEOLOGY, Vol. iii

Milliken, Dr., vi, 121

Milling Machines, v, 47, 53, 378, 381

Millipedes, xii, 87, 88-9

Mills, Milling, development of, xv, 237-41

Mind, activities of, xi, 12, 25, 32, 236;

body and, relations, 13-14, 61, 369-75;

care and right use, 375-82;

character of a good, 377-80;

complexity, 206;

conscious and subconscious, 47;

differences and classes of, 152-9;

difficulty of study of, x, 356;

diseases of, 354-63;

dominant traits, xi, 208-9;

Emerson on common, 152;

environment effects on, x, 237, 242-4;

fatigue of, xi, 269;

impairment by physical ills, 369-75;

kinetic theory, 57-61, 123;

meaning, 12, 13, 23-5, 32, 236;

mechanism, meaning, 12-14;

origins, 45;

psychology as science of, 10-14;

qualities revealed in smiles, 357;

similarity in all men, xvi, 42-3

Mind of the Crowd, xi, 323-33

Mineral Matter, in animal and plant tissues, viii, 354-5;

in ground water, xiv, 142-3, 144;

in human body, viii, 348;

in plants, 337, 339, 341, xiv, 65-6;

in sea and surface waters, iii, 52, 127;

in soils, viii, 338, 339, xiv, 68-9

Mineralogy, iii, 307-41, viii, 200-3;

daily interest, xvi, 23, 29;

defined, 38;

history of development, 112, 126, 169, 173

Minerals, concentrations of, viii, 192, 195-200, xvi, 173;

definition, iii, 307-8, 380, viii, 192, 200, 379;

description of various, iii, 321-41;

distinguished from living things, xii, 13-14;

groups of, viii, 200-1;

number of species, iii, 308, 315, viii, 200;

properties and identification, iii, 309-21, viii, 201-3, 313;

silicates, importance, viii, 193;

veins, how formed, iii, 126

Mineral Salts, need of, in food, x, 256, ix, 33

Mineral Springs, xiv, 142-5;

limestone deposits of, 146

(see also Hot Springs)

Mines, Mining, coal dust explosions, i, 63;

compressed air uses, 26, 27, iv, 129;

deep shafts, iii, 120, v, 259-60;

explosions caused by oxygen, i, 322, xiv, 12, 15;

hot water in, 144;

importance of faults, iii, 88, xiv, 37;

mountains and, 237-8;

oxygen in air, i, 322;

science of, xvi, 36;

temperature limitations, xiv, 15;

underground water in, iii, 116;

water-blasting in, v, 100

Mining Machinery, compressed air in, v, 128-9;

sonic wave transmission, 108

Mining Schools, xvi, 126

Mink, xii, 349, 350

Minnesota, iron ores, iii, 357-8;

lakes and lake basins, xiv, 200, 212;

newness of topography, 158;

moose of, xii, 318

Minnows, xii, 161, 163

Minstrels, mediæval, xv, 323

Mint Family, xiii, 204;

petals in, 190

Miocene Epoch, iii, 221;

species surviving from, xv, 71;

tortoise of, xii, 191

Mira, classification, ii, 115;

oldest known variable, 325

(see Omicron Ceti)

Mirages, i, 172-4, 377, iv, 328-9

Mirrors, ancient, v, 109-10;

fire generation by, xv, 232;

images formed by, iv, 335-7;

making of, viii, 171

Missing Link, xv, 56, 91

Mississippi-Missouri System, xiv, 153, 189

Mississippi River, aerial mapping, i, 47;

course changed, iii, 98;

delta, xiv, 53;

depth and dredging at mouth, 270;

discovery and exploration, 192;

flood plain slope, 162;

former steamboats, 193;

harnessing of, v, 81-3;

in American history, xiv, 192-3;

meanders of lower, 162, 165;

mineral matter in solution, iii, 127;

overflow question, xiv, 71;

paddle-fish of, xii, 151;

salt content, viii, 139;

sediment carried by, iii, 31, xiv, 53;

upper, superimposed, 171

Mississippi Valley, alluvial soils of, xiv, 71;

bowfins of, xii, 152;

coal fields, iii, 348;

development due to rivers, xiv, 31;

earthquakes of 1811, 203;

forests of, 378;

French in, 192;

geological history, iii, 35, 182-3, 187, 195, 206, 207, 231;

growth of population, xiv, 193;

loess deposits, i, 54, xiv, 72;

panthers formerly in, xii, 363;

precipitation in, xiv, 360;

thermal springs absent, 143-4;

thickness and composition of strata, 228-9;

turtles of, xii, 187, 193;

volcanic action in, xiv, 318;

yellow fever epidemic, x, 160

Mississippian Period, iii, 20, 197-8, 380;

animals of, 268-9;

plants of, 252-3;

sea extensions in, 193

Missouri, Ice Age in, iii, 239;

loess deposits, xiv, 72;

mining products, iii, 362, 364;

sunk country, 98

Missouri River, course changed, iii, 245;

in western emigration, xiv, 195;

upper Mississippi, xiv, 153

Mist, i, 377, Brocken specters in, 184-5

Mistakes, analysis of, xi, 340, 379

(see also Errors)

Mistletoe, xiii, 15, 100

Mistpoeffers, i, 195, 377

Mistral Winds, i, 133, 377

Mitchell, John, x, 116

Mitchell, Mount, xiv, 97, 168

Mites, xii, 98

Mixtures, compared with compounds, viii, 15;

explosions of, 62;

heat and cold production by, iv, 174-5;

separation by vapor pressure, viii, 305

Mizar, double star, ii, 123, 334

Mocking Bird, xii, 269

Modesty, clothing and, xv, 253;

custom and, 254-5

Mohammed Ibn Musa, xvi, 103

Mohammedan Astronomy, ii, 37-9

Mohammedanism, development of, xv, 199;

polygamy allowed by, 289

Mohawk Valley, importance of pass, xiv, 194;

origin, iii, 232;

rock faulting, 91

Moissan, electrical work, xvi, 176;

Arc Furnace, vii, 303

Moisture (atmospheric) climate determined by, xiv, 351-6;

temperature effects, 352-4;

vegetation determined by, 364, 366, 372, 377-8, 380, 381;

atmospheric (see Humidity)

Molar Solutions, viii, 118-19, 379

Molasses, production and use, viii, 242, 243, xiii, 215;

vitamines in, x, 262

Mold, cause of formation, i, 61;

disease-producing, x, 196;

reproduction, xiii, 164

(see also Fungi)

Molecular Theory, viii, 23-5;

history of development, xvi, 91, 133-4

Molecular Weight, viii, 92;

boiling point and, 299-300;

diffusibility and, 108;

differences, to what due, iv, 110;

found by vapor pressure, viii, 305;

in relation to actual weight, 109;

of proteins, 351

Molecules, iv, 21, vi, 109, viii, 379;

arrangement in relation to crystals, 203, xvi, 164;

attraction of, viii, 306;

possible variations in, iv, 143;

condition at absolute zero, iv, 142-3;

discrimination from atoms by Dumas, xvi, 162;

dissipation of energy, 134;

electrical balance and unbalance, i, 142, 143;

electrical charges of, viii, 121;

escape from liquids, iv, 167;

ether in, iv, 181;

formulæ of, viii, 91;

fundamental vibrations of, iv, 363;

in solids, liquids and gases, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131-3, 152-3, 363,

viii, 23-4, 106;

in solutions, 311-12;

invariability law, 110;

laws of, 106-10;

magnetization of, iv, 245, 253;

momentum, viii, 109-10;

monatomic, 309;

motions of, iv, 132-3, 363, viii, 23-5, 305-6;

motion increased by heat, iv, 138-9, 144, 152-3, viii, 25, 37-8, 107,

108, 309, 310;

number, vi, 112;

number of, in gases, iv, 133, viii, 25, 108-9;

polymerization, 219;

size, vi, 112, viii, 24, 306;

structure, 25-7, 306;

structure, chain and ring, 233;

structure, ether, 217, 224;

structure in hydrocarbons, 51;

structure in proteins, 351;

structure and color, 258, 259, 312;

structure and physical state, 207, 298;

structure in relation to boiling and freezing points, 298-9;

structure revealed by polariscope, 309;

velocity of, iv, 133, viii, 24

Moles, xii, 366, 367-8

Molluscoids, iii, 259, 263, 270;

origin of name, xii, 47

Mollusks, iii, 260, 272-6, xii, 57-80;

deep sea, 23;

in sea plankton, 19;

sponges and, 32

Molybdenum, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

use and occurrence, xiv, 238

Moments of Force, iv, 382

Momentum, iv, 62-3, 66-7

Monadnock, Mount, iii, 232

Monadnocks, iii, 35

Monads, xvi, 117, 118

Mondeville, Henri de, x, 39, 40

Mongolian Orongo, xii, 327

Mongols, hair of, xv, 37, 38 (fig.);

in yellow race, 37

Mongooses, xii, 351, 352

"Monitor," Ericsson's, v, 380

Monitors (lizards), xii, 208

Monkeys, xii, 376-9;

embryological resemblances, xv, 54;

expression of feelings by, 64-5;

fear in, xi, 136;

feet of, iii, 301 (fig.), xv, 61;

first appearance, iii, 301;

jaguars and, xii, 362;

lemurs and, 374, primates, 373;

resemblance to man, xv, 57;

thumb in, 60

Monkshood, xiii, 196;

aconite from, 252

Monochord, xvi, 82

Monocotyledons, defined, xiii, 60;

evolution, 181;

families, 181-9;

first appearance, 319;

leaves and flowers, 176, 179;

stem formation, 177 (fig.);

relative antiquity, 207;

subdivisions, 179, 180

Monoecious Plants, xiii, 46

Monogamy, xv, 285, 289-94, 295;

among birds, 276-7

Monorail Car, v, 342-3

Monosaccharides, viii, 223-6

Monotony, of work, xi, 275-6, 277-8, 280

Monotype, v, 310-12, 383

Monros, physicians, xvi, 179, 181, 186

Monsoons, i, 130-1, 377, xiv, 350-1;

conditions resulting from, 359-60;

use of, in early trade, 307

Montana, bad lands of, xiv, 82;

fossils found, iii, 250;

grasslands and cattle, xiv, 222-3;

mining products, iii, 360, 361, 364, 368

Montauk Point, birds at, xiii, 342

Mont Cenis Tunnel, xiv, 240, 241;

drills used, i, 27

Montenegro, mountaineers of, xiv, 243

Monte Nuovo, eruption of, xiv, 316, 320

Montpellier, University, x, 36, 38

Montreal, harbor of, xiv, 270

Moodus, Conn., brontides, i, 196, 360

Moon, ii, 193-205;

acceleration of, iv, 98;

atmosphere, ii, 200, 204, 232;

coronas, i, 183;

distance, ii, 64, 197-8;

earthshine on, 41;

eclipses, 32, 206-8;

erratic amplitude, 25;

falling motion, 64, 65;

Galileo's studies, 54, 96, xvi, 103;

Halley on motions of, ii, 87;

halos, i, 100, 103, 178, 180, 181;

Hevelius's studies, ii, 57;

influences of, 201;

irregularities in motions, 32, 34, 73-4;

life on, 204-5, 247;

light and heat of, 168, 200;

light of, Egyptian knowledge, xvi, 69;

non-rotation theory, ii, 376, 377;

path around earth, xiv, 292-3;

photographic studies, ii, 130;

quartering, 28, 194-5;

size, 198-9, 230;

size as observed by ancients, 27-8, 32;

solar corona and, 221, 222;

spectrum lines, 112;

stereograms of, xi, 181;

telescopic views of, iv, 346;

theories of origin, ii, 375-6;

tides caused by, 70;

tides caused by, xiv, 291, 292-3

Moonbeams, measurement of heat of, iv, 301

Moon Dogs, i, 180, 377

Moon-Pillar, i, 376

Moonstone, iii, 329

Moor Fires, i, 56

Moors, astronomy of, ii, 11, 38;

in Mediterranean group, xvi, 49;

medical influence of, x, 37-8;

science of, xvi, 100, 106

Moose, xii, 318-19;

antlers of, 316

Moraines, iii, 67-8, 380, xiv, 59;

lakes formed by, iii, 144-6, xiv, 202

Morality, beginnings of, xv, 356;

civilization and, xvi, 43-4, 45, 47-8;

primitive, limited to tribes, xv, 374;

religion and, 355-7;

varying conceptions of, 285-6

Morgagni Giovanni, x, 97-8

Moriceau, François, x, 79, 80

Morning Glories, climbing stems, xiii, 27;

roots, 18;

tendrils, 111

Moro, Lazzaro, xvi, 126

Morphine, xiii, 253;

an alkaloid, viii, 240;

use of, in pain, x, 381

Morro Velho, mine shaft, v, 259-60

Morse, S. F. B., telegraph inventor, vi, 24, vii, 108, xvi, 188

Morse Systems, vii, 108, 109-11

Mortar, lime in, viii, 150

Mortar and Pestle, xv, 238

Mortars (military), v, 368

Mortmain, meaning, xi, 44

Morton, William, ether introduction, x, 124-5, xvi, 185

Mosaic Laws, medical importance of, x, 15

Mosasaurs, iii, 288, xii, 203

Moselle River, xiv, 89, 90, 165

Mosenthal's Test, x, 379

Mosquitoes, campaign against, x, 299-301;

in fly family, xii, 120;

kinds of, x, 156;

malaria spread by, 154, 156-9, 299-301;

singing of, cause, xii, 103;

yellow fever and, x, 160, 161-2, 173

Moss Animals, xii, 46-7

Mosses, alternation of generations, xvi, 166;

character and kinds, xiii, 68-70;

reproductive process, 160-3

Mosso, Prof., experiment of, xi, 285;

on mountain sickness, i, 328

"Mother Carey's Chickens", xii, 252

Mother-Family, xv, 295

Mother-of-Pearl, xii, 63;

iridescence of, 245

Mother Shipton, iv, 104

Mothers, rule of, under polyandry, xv, 294-5;

transmission of hereditary traits, ix, 340-1;

transmission of nervous influences, 343-4

Mother's Milk, infants' digestion of, ix, 346

Moths, xii, 114-16, 118-20;

appearance in Tertiary, 104;

evolution of, 107;

in flower fertilization, xiii, 142-3;

number of species in New York, xii, 99;

Pronuba, adaptation in, xvi, 152-3

Motion, as sign of life, ix, 9-11, 14;

bodily, different kinds of, 82-3;

of animals, means of, 73-4;

sense of, ix, 90, xi, 123-8

(see also Movement)

Motion (mechanics), energy of (see Kinetic Energy);

force in relation to, iv, 56-69, 71-2, v, 182-3;

forms of, iv, 85-6;

Galileo's investigations, iv, 19;

laws of (see Newton's Laws of Motion);

quantity of, iv, 62;

rapid, not explained by Newton's theory, ii, 80, 81;

relativity of, iv, 16-17, xvi, 85;

science of, iv, 25;

time and, Newton on, 15;

uniform and difform, ii, 80;

Zeno's theories, xvi, 84-5

Motor Cycles, cooling of cylinders, v, 160;

gyroscopic action, 343;

generators in, vi, 215-16

Motor-Generator Sets, vi, 332-3, 342-3;

efficiency in electric furnaces, vii, 306

Motor-mindedness, xi, 222

Motor Nerve Cells, ix, 125, 126, 129, 160;

connections, 130 (fig.), 131, 147, 148 (fig.)

Motor Nerves, at birth, ix, 348

Motor Neurones, xi, 21, 22, 24;

development in embryo, 34, 35

Motor Response, defined, xi, 123-4;

method of, 26-7;

sensation dependent on, 27-8, 43, 63, 66, 74-5, 102-3, 110-11, 118-21,

202-3;

to contact and distance senses, ix, 95, 121, 140;

violence in emotions, xi, 134

(see also Final Common Path, Reactions, Reflex Actions)

Motors, iv, 308-9, vi, 217-63, vii, 367, 373;

advantages over engines, 223;

air-driven, v, 129-30;

alternating-current, vi, 240-63;

automatic regulation, 218, 224-9, 232;

automobile, v, 156-61;

compressed-air effects, 128;

compression and non-compression, 157;

constant-speed, vi, 231;

direct-current, 217-39;

direction of revolutions, 56;

earliest form, 21;

efficiency, 228;

efficiency in cold weather, vii, 194;

electromagnetic, vi, 95-6;

for farm purposes, vii, 223-4, 225-6, 228;

heat, Clausius's principle, xvi, 135;

individual machine, vii, 52;

in household appliances, 74, 78, 83-4, 86;

interchangeability with dynamos, iv, 54;

multiple cylinder, v, 159;

of electric cars, vii, 182-3, 185, 186;

of electric locomotives, 196, 200;

popular applications of, iv, 10;

power, on what dependent, vi, 223;

ratings, 192-4;

self-regulation of voltage, 226-8;

single-cylinder, v, 157;

speed variation and constancy, vi, 240-1;

starting and starters, 235-9, 250-5, 262-3;

synchronous, 241;

three-phase system, 206-7;

torque of, iv, 309, vi, 224-7;

toy, 95-9;

voltage generated, 247;

water and air-cooled, v, 159-61;

waterproof in U. S. Navy, vii, 332

Motor Tractors, v, 214, 215-218, 243

Motor Trucks, v, 214;

advantages to farmers, vii, 231;

growing use, 195

Motor Type of Men, xi, 155, 157, 158-9

Mott, Valentine, x, 121-2

Motus Peculiaris, ii, 346

Mound Builders, weaving of, xv, 248 (fig.)

Mountain-and-Valley Breezes, i, 131, 132, 377

Mountain Goats, xii, 325

Mountain Health Resorts, i, 322

Mountain Lions, xii, 363

Mountain Observatories, ii, 139-51

Mountain Passes, formation of, xiv, 58, 176

Mountains, Mountain Ranges, xiv, 224-6;

atmospheric pressure on, i, 28, iv, 114-15, 170, ii, 245;

block, iii, 138-9, xiv, 117, 226;

boiling point of water on, viii, 303;

Brocken specters, i, 184-5;

cirques of corries on, xiv, 58;

civilization of, xv, 129-31;

cloud caps and banners, i, 104-5;

coast lines and, xiv, 248, 249;

distinguished from plateaus, 28;

economic importance, 237-9, 245;

ephemeral character, iii, 11, 12, 130, xiv, 235;

faulted, iii, 138-9, xiv, 226;

folded, iii, 131-8, xiv, 36, 93-4, 96, 226-34;

forests on, xiv, 238-9;

formed by erosion of plateaus, iii, 139-40, xiv, 225, 226;

formation complex, iii, 140-1;

granite cores of, 112, xiv, 110-11;

heights determined by barometers, 124;

hot springs of, 143;

igneous intrusions, 228, 230, 232-3, 234;

influence of, on human history, 10, 236-45, xv, 136, 137-8;

lightning dangers, i, 156;

making of in various eras, iii, 187-91, 205-6, 213-14, 218-19, 224-6;

metamorphism in, xiv, 234;

old and young, 235-6;

ores and mines, 234, 237-8;

peoples of, 245, xv, 129-31;

plants and animals of, xiii, 321, 381, xiv, 365-6, 370, 376-7;

rainfall and, i, 111, xiv, 354-5;

rime on, i, 121-2;

rock weathering on, iii, 23, 24, xiv, 40, 233-4;

ruggedness due to erosion, 234;

St. Elmo's Fire, i, 157;

shadows in sky, 169-70;

snow-line on, iv, 183-4;

solar radiation on, i, 210;

sound intensity on, 186;

structural topography of, xiv, 94;

stunted trees, xiii, 367;

temperature on high, i, 19;

volcanic, iii, 139, xiv, 225-6, 327

(see also Volcanic Cones);

weighing of, ii, 68-9;

wind types, i, 132-3

Mountain Sickness, i, 328, ii, 144, 150

Mountain Streams, harnessing of, v, 79-81;

material transported by, xiv, 52, 233-4

Mountain Systems, xiv, 227

Mount Wilson Observatory, ii, 147-8;

program and equipment, 152-61

Mouse-hunter (weasel), xii, 349

Mousterian Implements, xv, 100, 105, 107-8

Mouth, cavity as resonance chamber, iv, 232;

dryness of, in fear, ix, 166;

germs in, x, 201, 202, 219, 289;

grasping organ, ix, 82;

opening of, in concussions, xi, 101;

"watering" of, cause, ix, 165

Movement, perceptions of, xi, 165, 166, 170-1, 184, 185

(see also Motion)

Moving Bodies, deflection by earth's rotation, i, 124-5, xiv, 32, 348;

old theory of, ii, 63

Moving Pictures, iv, 347-9;

business men and, xi, 340;

color reproduction in, iv, 369;

facial expressions in, xv, 63;

of eclipses, ii, 212

Moving Picture Machines, v, 329-31;

mercury arc rectifiers in, vi, 333

Moving Star Clusters, ii, 341-4, 379

Mozambique Channel, xiv, 273

Mudfish, xii, 152

Mud Hens, xii, 262

Mud Puppy, xii, 171

Mufflers, automobile, v, 165

Mulberry Tree, fruit, xiii, 55, 226;

paper from, v, 290

Mule Killers, xii, 167

Mullein, hairy covering, xiii, 105

Müller, Johann (1801-58), x, 117-18;

pupils of, 118, 127, 128, 131

Müller, Johann, ii, 13 (see Regiomontanus)

Multiple Proportions, law of, viii, 110

Multiplex Telegraphy, vi, 87, vii, 112-18, 373

Mummies, Egyptian, linen wrappings of, xv, 243;

scars of tuberculosis in, x, 290;

wheat grains found with, ix, 17, xiii, 211

Muriatic Acid, viii, 87

Murrayville Well, iii, 355

Muscle-and-Joint Sense, ix, 80, 90-1, 153

Muscle Cells, ix, 74-5;

action of, 78-9;

fatigue in, 81;

number unchanging, 48, 348

Muscles, action of, ix, 77-9;

action in posture, 83-4;

adrenalin effects, 171, xi, 273;

at birth, ix, 348;

blood supply, how controlled, 216-17, 220;

blood supply in emotion, xi, 136-7;

cell constitution of, ix, 22 (See Muscle Cells);

communication with sense organs, 19-20, 122, 124, 137, 139, 140;

connection with nervous system, 124-37, xi, 19, 20, 24;

control of, by brain, ix, 139-40, 141, 147, 148 (fig.);

cramps in, 313;

development and overdevelopment, x, 304;

development in embryo, xi, 34, 35;

efficiency of, ix, 296;

energy release and restoration, xi, 24-5;

exercise effects, x, 270, 303;

fatigue in, 247, xi, 271, 273-4, ix, 79-81, 83-4;

fear and anger effects on, 166-7, xi, 132, 133;

flexibility and tensions, effects, 337, 339-40, 371, 372, 374;

flexion strength, 41-2;

flexors and extensors, 54, 166, 262-3, ix, 76-7;

force of, 75;

functions in kinetic system, xi, 60;

fundamental purposes of, ix, 86;

injuries to tissues, 287, 348;

irritability of, x, 87;

mechanical action of, 71-2;

kinaesthetic sensations from, xi, 123-8;

kinds of, ix, 74-5;

metabolism of, measurement in calories, 296, 297;

motion sense in, 90-1;

origin from coelom, xii, 27;

pain in relation to, xi, 118-21;

range of effort, ix, 79;

reciprocal innervation, xi, 86;

responses (see Motor Response);

response to contact & distance sensations, ix, 95, 121, 140;

soreness of, 80-1;

strength and capacity, on what dependent, 75-6, 79;

structure, 75;

thickness and length, 75-6;

uses, different kinds of, 82-4;

wasted in starvation, 297-8

(see also Heart Muscle, Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles)

Muscle (Muscular) Senses, ix, 90-1, xi, 63, 64;

in infants, ix, 350;

organs of, 125

Muscular Motion, electricity from, vi, 16-17, 63-4

Mushrooms, character of, xiii, 43, 70;

origin, 223;

reproductive processes, 163-5

Music, fatigue diminished by, x, 247;

Hawaiian, xv, 315;

light transformed to, v, 332-5;

pitch modulations in, iv, 209;

primitive, xv, 312-15

Musical Chords, xi, 106-8

Musical Insects, xii, 109-10

Musical Instruments, development of, xv, 315-18, 325;

quality differences, iv, 233;

reed mouthpieces, 234-5;

stringed, 222-4;

wind, 231

Musical Scale, iv, 206-9, xi, 105-6;

tones in Indian, xv, 314

Musical Terms, from Italian, xv, 161

Musk, source of, xii, 322;

spread of odor of, iv, 131, xi, 80

Musk Deer, xii, 322

Muskox, xii, 328;

in glacial period, xiv, 376

Muskrats, xii, 289, 290

Mussels, xii, 58-67;

in lakes, xiv, 211-12

Mustangs, xii, 307

Mustard, effects on stomach, ix, 243-4;

origin, xiii, 265

Mustard Family, xiii, 197

Mustard Gas, viii, 263, 264, x, 187

Mustard Plant, fruit, xiii, 57 (fig.);

leaf, 38

Mustard Seed, xiii, 60

Mutants, Mutation, ix, 342-3, xiii, 333-4, xv, 23-4, xvi, 155

Mutilations, of body, xv, 257-60;

regeneration of, xii, 170

Muybridge, Edward, v, 330

Myer, Gen. Albert J., i, 217, 220

Myopia, ix, 112

Myotomes, xi, 34, 35

Myrtles, antiquity, xiii, 324-5

Mythology, beginnings of, xv, 357-8

Myxedema, x, 272, 349-50, 351

Nacre, xii, 59

Naias, fertilization, xiii, 151-2

Naids (Naidae) xii, 53-5, 65-6

Nails, former making of, by smiths, iv, 49

Nails (body) cells of, ix, 13

Names, and perceptions, xi, 160-1

Naphthalene, viii, 51, 240, 253

Napier, John, logarithm invention, xvi, 104

Naples, Bay of, crustal movements about, iii, 80-1

Napoleon, dissolution of Salerno University, x, 36;

Egyptian campaign, mirage, i, 172;

indigestion before Waterloo, ix, 238;

Italian campaign, xiv, 244;

military road over Alps, 241;

Russian campaign, i, 306-7;

vaccination order, x, 102-3

Napoleon III, brain weight, xv, 39

Narragansett Bay, oysters of, xii, 61;

scallop fisheries, 65

Narrow-mindedness, muscular causes, xi, 372;

of grinds and thrill-hunters, 376

Narwhales, xii, 297

Nassa, xii, 70

Nassir Eddin, ii, 39

Nasturtium, leaves, xiii, 33 (fig.);

roots, 16 (fig.);

water-dripping by, 108

Natal, forests and grasslands, xiii, 375, 376;

hailstorm, i, 119

Naticas (mollusks), xii, 73

Native Shrubs, advantages, xiii, 273;

planting table, 274-89

Natural Bridges, iii, 127 (fig.), 128

Natural Gas, iii, 354;

composition, viii, 208;

exhaustion of supply, v, 173;

found with petroleum, iii, 350-3, 354, 355;

low luminosity, viii, 60;

origin and occurrence, iii, 354-5;

waste, 355

Natural History School, of medicine, x, 113

Naturalism, development, xvi, 111, 115

Natural Sciences, xvi, 139-48

Natural Selection, x, 135, 136, xv, 23, 24, xvi, 150-1, 152;

disease and, xv, 48;

in man, xv, 47-8;

working of, xii, 293, xiii, 334-5, 346, xv, 24-5

(see also Struggle for Existence, Survival of Fittest)

Nature, actions of, former theories, iv, 18-19, 26;

complexity and interdependence in, xv, 22;

curative powers, of, x, 21, 73, 75-6, 84-5, 367, vii, 240;

cycles in, viii, 349;

efficiency of, vi, 96;

life-renewing instinct, xiii, 116-17;

Longfellow's lines, xvi, 43;

man and, contrasted by language, xi, 224;

personification of, xv, 357;

prodigality (see Prodigality of Nature);

savage attitude toward, xv, 321, 329, 331, 339;

science and the forces of, vii, 235

Nature-Philosophy School, x, 113

Naunyn, Bernard, xvi, 184

Nausea, ix, 91;

cause of, xi, 39;

visceral sense, 63

Nautical Almanacs, ii, 13, 40, 216, 263;

of Greenwich, xvi, 125

Nautilus, pearly, iii, 273-5, xii, 75-6

"Nautilus," submarine, v, 198

Navajo Indians, weaving of, xv, 247 (fig.)

Naval Architecture, problems of, v, 194

Naval Warfare, projectiles in, v, 373

Navigation, chronometers in former, v, 66;

historical development, 182, 188-9, xv, 261-5;

meteorology in, i, 271-83;

wireless applications, vii, 284-5

Neanderthal Cave, xv, 95 (fig.)

Neanderthal Man, xv, 96-8;

disappearance of, 99;

implements of, 107, 108;

period of, iii, 302, xv, 102;

skull of, iii, 304 (fig.)

Neap Tides, ii, 70, xiv, 292

Nearsightedness, ix, 112, xi, 85

Nebraska, potash supplies, viii, 279, xiv, 67;

volcanic ash deposits, 327;

water beneath, iii, 114

Nebulæ, ii, 357-60;

distribution, 352;

double, 377;

Herschel's conception, 16, 368-9;

in connection with new stars, 332, 333;

in relation to Galaxy, 355, 364-5;

in relation to stars, 308-9, 365, 381;

motions, 364;

photographic study, 135-7;

spectra, 116;

types, ring and spiral, iii, 160-1

(see also Spiral Nebulæ)

Nebular Hypothesis, ii, 367-72, 374-5, 380, iii, 159-61;

anticipated by Swedenborg, ii, 367;

applied to asteroids, 258;

in relation to earth's heat, iii, 108, 178, 184-5

Nebulium, ii, 359

Neck, arteries of, ix, 196-7;

pulse in, 311

Necropsies, x, 98

Nectar, of flowers, xiii, 124, 125

Needles, primitive, xv, 81;

threading of, ix, 118

Negative, electrical meaning, vi, 57, 124

Negative Electricity, i, 141, 142, iv, 258, 265, vi, 287, 288;

electrons as, viii, 187-8;

in atmosphere, i, 143

Negroes, color of skin, xv, 36;

hair of, 38;

in Tropics, xiv, 356;

in U. S., 218-19;

language of, xv, 159;

nose index and nostril shape, 46;

prepotency in crosses, x, 230;

susceptibility to lung diseases, xv, 50;

type characteristics, 35

(see also Black Race)

Negroes (African), belief in Reincarnation, xv, 334;

idea of soul, 330;

ideas of sleep, 332;

priests of, 350-1

Nematodes, xii, 45

Neodymium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Neolithic Period, domestic animals of, xii, 346;

implements of, iii, 302, 306, v, 14, xv, 103, 109-10

Neon, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;

production and use, i, 33;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Neotomy, xii, 173

Nephoscope, i, 86, 377

Neptune (planet), ii, 268-9;

atmosphere, 250;

comet families, 271;

discovery, 67, 79, 86, 189, 268, 272;

distance from sun, iii, 159;

habitability, ii, 250;

orbit, 270, 163;

photographic study, 133;

planets beyond, 270-3;

retrograding motion, 271;

size, 163;

rotation period, 377;

weight, 77

Nerve Cells, functions and structure, ix, 122-4, 125;

growth of, 48;

of brain, 140

(see also Connective, Motor and Sensory Nerve Cells)

Nerve Centers, of brain stem, ix, 168, 257

Nerves, color effects, vi, 274-5;

at birth, ix, 348-9;

composition and color, 124, 159-60, xi, 17;

cranial, 29-31 (see Cranial Nerves), ix, 131, 132;

distribution to muscles, 124-5, 127;

electrical excitation, vi, 63-4;

spinal, ix, 131-2, xi, 25-6;

to glands and smooth muscles, ix, 159-60, 162, 164-5

(see also Nerve Cells, Neurones)

Nerve Trunks, ix, 131-2

Nervous Actions, complex, ix, 139-54;

simple, 132-7;

special, 155-72

Nervous Activity, fundamental laws, xi, 18-23, 27-8

Nervous Diseases, electrical treatment, vi, 17, 63-4, 284-5;

electrical treatment, vii, 235, 238-9;

habit in, xi, 248;

hot baths in, x, 311;

physical attendants, 353;

physical causes, xi, 370-2;

suppressed emotions and, 140

Nervous Fatigue, ix, 137-8

Nervous Fluid Theory, x, 85-6

Nervous Prostration, x, 248

Nervous System, xi, 16-32, ix, 122-38;

brain connections in, ix, 142-4, 147-51;

complexity and mental activity, xi, 13, 20;

control of body functions by, x, 346-7, 352-3;

control of glands and smooth muscles by, ix, 159-60, 162-3, 164-5, 168;

development in embryo, 343, 344, 348-9, xi, 34-6;

emergency effects on, ix, 166-7, 171;

examination methods, x, 371;

fatigue effects, xi, 272, 274;

function (Crile), 58;

functional unit, 20;

habit in, 248;

hereditary diseases of, x, 234;

in sleep, xi, 286-8;

part of, in maintaining life, ix, 20, 21, 23;

reciprocal innervation in, xi, 86;

sympathetic, x, 352-3, xi, 134-5;

thyroid effects on, ix, 303, 304

(see also Central Nervous System)

Net Goods, v, 277

Netherlands, delta formation of, xiv, 186

Nettle, hairs of, xiii, 42

Net-veined Leaves, xiii, 32, 34, 176, 178, 183 (fig.);

classification of plants with, 60-1

Networks, electric, vii, 27, 373

Neuralgia, barometric effects, i, 329

Neurasthenic Abscess, Amatus' cure of, x, 58-9

Neurones, xi, 17-18, 20-1, 22

(see also Nerve Cells)

Neurotomes, xi, 34, 35

Neutral Coasts, xiv, 248, 254, 263-4

Nevada, mining products, iii, 366, 368, 370;

"pogonip" fogs, i, 96;

rainfall, 112;

silver mines, viii, 198;

topography, xiv, 42

Névé, granulated snow, iii, 59

New Brunswick, N. J., radio plant, vii, 274-5

Newcomen's Engine, v, 144, xvi, 125

New England, agriculture and manufacturing in, xv, 132;

building stones, iii, 371, 372;

clock making, v, 50;

cod fisheries, xii, 164;

cotton mills, xiii, 236;

"dark days", i, 56-7;

forest trees of, xiv, 372;

geological history, iii, 219, 231-2, 234, 235, 240;

glacial bowlders, 70, xiv, 59;

glacial soil of, 70;

glacial topography, 56, 60;

gorges, iii, 44;

igneous rock formations, xiv, 111, 112;

January thaws, i, 363, 376;

Labrador current effects, xiv, 305;

lakes of, 200;

mussels on coast, xii, 65;

opossums in, 275;

peneplain of southern, iii, 35;

plateau of southern, xiv, 216-17, 221, 236;

"Vineland" as, 261;

water power and manufactures, 31

Newfoundland Banks, cod fisheries of, xii, 164;

fogs, i, 93-4, 94, xiv, 305

(see also Grand Banks)

New Guinea, animals of, xii, 249, 272, 279;

bird of paradise of, xv, 275;

cockatoo of, v, 9-10;

continental island, xiv, 276;

rain forests of, 369

New Jersey, coast of, xiv, 256, 262, 263;

coast destruction, 45, 302;

coastal plain water supply, 138;

dunes on coast, iii, 71;

former copper mines, xiv, 112;

former volcanoes, 318;

igneous rock formations in, 107, 111, 112;

pine barrens, xiii, 371;

silk industry of, xiv, 269;

streams of southern, 160;

zinc production, iii, 363, 364

New Madrid Earthquake, iii, 95, 98

Newman, Cardinal, on change, xiii, 325-6, 336

New Mexico, arid topography of, xiv, 42;

mesas of, 82;

volcanic fields of, 102, 315, 317, 318;

wife auctioning by Indians, xv, 283-4

"New Mexico" (battleship), electrical operation, vii, 327-8;

induction motors, vi, 248

New Orleans, acquisition of, xiv, 193;

founding of, 192;

growth, 219;

harbor of, 270;

yellow fever epidemic, x, 160

New Orleans Inner Harbor Canal, v, 259

Newspapers, printing and presses, v, 301-5, 306;

typesetting by machine, 307-8

Newsprint, making of, v, 292, 298

New Stars (see Novae)

New Testament, sounding lines mentioned in, xiv, 284

Newton, Sir Isaac, ii, 14, 62, iv, 19-20;

forerunners of, ii, 58-9;

gravitation discovery and laws, 63-72, iv, 20, 95-8, xvi, 115-16;

Halley and, ii, 88;

influence of, on mechanics, iv, 11;

laws of motion, ii, 62-3 (see Newton's Laws);

light experiments, ii, 111, iv, 357, xvi, 119;

light theory of, iv, 47;

mathematical work, ii, 14-15, xvi, 115-16;

methods, ii, 71;

on comets, 85;

on conservation of energy, xvi, 131;

on mountain observatories, ii, 139, 140;

on precession, 70-1;

on refracting telescopes, 100, 140;

on shape of earth, 69;

on tides, 70;

on time, iv, 15;

on what gravitation is, ii, 78;

"Principia", 13, 63, 67-8, 88, xvi, 105, 115;

sound velocity law, iv, 198;

telescopes, ii, 102, 103

Newton's Laws of Motion, ii, 62-3, 66, iv, 61-9;

anticipated by Galileo, ii, 56, iv, 19;

applicability, 86;

based on absolute space and time, 16, 18;

discovered under apple tree, v, 109

Newts, xii, 169, 170-3

New Vienna School, x, 113

New York (City), Beach's subway, v, 138;

Broadway lighting, vii, 340-1;

croton bugs of, xii, 107;

Croton Dam, iv, 119;

crowds after Lincoln's death, xi, 323;

Edison system, vi, 151, xvi, 188;

five-cent fare, vii, 198;

garbage value, viii, 330;

geological changes around, iii, 78, 79;

growth, to what due, xiv, 267-8;

"hobble-skirt" cars, vii, 184;

insects around, xii, 99;

magnetism of earth at, iv, 247, 249, 250, 252;

Penn. R. R. station, xiv, 146;

region west of, iii, 211 (fig.);

sewage disposal, viii, 325;

submachine guns for police, v, 368;

subway excavating, 261;

subways, air-brake system, 132-3;

subways, dust, i, 325;

subways, electrolytic corrosion, vi, 66;

synchronized electric service, 384;

telephone connections with Los Angeles, 367-8;

telephone exchanges, vii, 103;

telephones in, 75;

telephones, automatic, vi, 87, vii, 92, 106;

temperature range, xiv, 346;

terminals electrified, vi, 162, vii, 181-2, 193-4;

underground wire systems, 12, 14, 24;

water supply, viii, 317, xiv, 140;

weathering in climate of, iii, 23;

wireless device in Times Square, vii, 280

New York Harbor, developing shore lines, iii, 58;

dredging of Ambrose Channel, v, 257-8;

formation of, xiv, 255, 268;

lighterage conditions, 266-7;

sedimentary deposits, 268-9;

wireless piloting, vii, 284-5

New York (State), drumlins, iii, 69, xiv, 60;

finger lakes, 203, 211;

forest trees of, 372;

geological history, iii, 195-6, 231-2, 234-5, 219, 240, 243-5;

glacial bowlders, 70;

glacial soil of, xiv, 70;

glacial topography, 56, 60, 61;

gorges, iii, 44, 243, xiv, 50, 52, 171-2, xiv, 50, 52, 171-2;

gypsum deposits, iii, 376;

lakes, how formed, 143-4, 145;

lakes, number, xiv, 200;

oyster industry, xii, 61;

salt deposits, iii, 375, viii, 140;

weather observations, organized, i, 215

New Zealand, coasts, xiv, 258, 264;

geological history, 275-6;

Maori of (see Maori);

native carvings in, xv, 300;

ratite birds of, xii, 249;

sheep plant, xiii, 379;

sheep-raising in, xiv, 384;

snakes absent from, xii, 217;

spinach in, xiii, 224;

travertine terraces, xiv, 146;

tuatera of, xii, 183-4

Niagara Falls, electric furnace industries at, vii, 302;

harnessing of, vi, 368-70;

origin and history, iii, 45-7, 243;

rate of recession, 246;

verticality due to undermining, xiv, 133;

working power, vi, 47

Niagara Falls Power Plant, vi, 368-78;

load factor and charges, 381;

phased with Canadian plant, 384

Niagara Limestone, iii, 192

Niagara River, drop in, vi, 368;

due to Ice Age, iii, 243;

first impressiveness, vii, 202;

gorge of, xiv, 51

"Niagaras," Electric, i, 342, 343-4

Nickel, viii, 126-7, 154;

affinity strength, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

classification place, 178, 183;

electrical conductivity, iv, 283, vi, 77;

fusibility, viii, 384;

in earth's interior, xiv, 11;

in steel alloys, xiv, 238;

magnetic susceptibility, iv, 251;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162;

ores of, viii, 198, 270;

positiveness, vi, 59;

source, xiv, 238;

test for, viii, 287, 289

Nickel-Iron Batteries, vi, 149-51

Nickel Plating, vii, 314, 316-17

Nicol's Prism, iv, 354

Nieve Penitente, i, 117, 377

Niger River, furrow of, xiv, 287;

Park's explorations, xvi, 123

Night, cooling of earth at, i, 121;

"falling" of, xi, 173;

plant conduct at, xiii, 88-9, 113, 114, 126

Night Adders, xii, 232

Night-Blooming Plants, fertilization, xiii, 152-3

Nightingales, xii, 269

Nightjar Family, xii, 267

Nightshade, xiii, 250

Nile River, aerial photography, i, 46-7;

ancient harnessing, v, 19;

annual overflow of, xiv, 53, 70-1;

bichir of, xii, 151;

Bruce's exploration, xvi, 123;

connections with Congo system, xiv, 186-7;

course of, 120, 155;

crocodiles of, xii, 199;

dominance of Egyptian life, ii, 26;

Egypt gift of, xiv, 71;

gobar of upper region, i, 96;

hippopotamus of, xii, 310;

length and volume, xiv, 189;

rafts used on, xv, 264-5;

veneration in Egypt, v, 18;

water supply of, xiv, 182-3

Nile Valley, antiquity of man in, xv, 84;

fertility, xiv, 71;

sand-abrasion of granite bluffs, 77

Nimbus Clouds, i, 98, 101, 103, 377

Ninevah, burying of, iii, 75

Ninevah Eclipse, ii, 209

Nipissing Lakes, iii, 150, 151

Nirvana, xv, 334

Niton, viii, 185;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

in atmosphere, i, 11, 12

Nitrate Group, viii, 93;

in explosives, 71

Nitrates, cellulose forms, viii, 254-5;

Chilian deposits, i, 35;

viii, 64, 197, xiv, 66;

commercial production, i, 35-6, vii, 322, 323-4, viii, 74;

formation in soil, i, 35, viii, 340, 345, xiii, 98;

metal occurrence in, viii, 130;

test, 290;

uses, 72;

arterial spasm, x, 381

(see also Potassium, Silver, Sodium Nitrates)

Nitric Acid, character and uses, viii, 71-3, 115, 116;

in atmosphere, i, 13;

production of, 36, vii, 322, 323-4, viii, 74, 137, 275;

solubility, 112;

strength, 115

Nitro, defined, viii, 379

Nitrocellulose, viii, 255, 256, 261

Nitro Compounds, viii, 237;

in explosives, 71

Nitrogen, viii, 18, 64-8;

agricultural needs and sources, i, 34, vii, 321, viii, 73-4, 75, 280,

340, 341, 343, 345-6, xiv, 64-5, 66;

atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 34, vii, 321-2, viii, 67;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

chemical inertness, i, 12-13;

critical temperature, 29, iv, 173;

derivatives, viii, 229-30

(see also Amines);

elimination from body, 353-4, x, 342;

fixation, natural and artificial, i, 13, 33, 34-7, 153, vii, 301,

321-4, 352-3, viii, 66, 73-5, 153, 345-6, x, 193-4, xiii, 98,

xiv, 66, xvi, 165;

freed by combustion and decay, viii, 61, 330, 345-6;

in blood effects, i, 329, v, 120, x, 346;

in chlorophyll, xiii, 80;

in explosives, viii, 63, 345-6;

in garbage, 330;

in proteins, 64-5, 340, 351, ix, 29, 279, 282, 284, x, 270, 277;

industrial uses, i, 33, 34;

liquefaction of, iv, 171;

melting point, 162;

preparation from air, viii, 65-6;

production from liquid air, i, 30, 32, 34, viii, 67, 68, 274;

solubility in water, 40, 111;

spectrum of, i, 161

Nitrogen Compounds, viii, 64, 68-74;

by-products of coke, 46-7;

in air, i, 13;

in animal body, viii, 353-4;

instability, 66;

organic, 229-30;

vitamines, 369

Nitrogen Cycle, viii, 73, 334, 335, 349;

practical applications, 325-6, 330, 340, 345-6

Nitrogenous Waste, x, 270

Nitroglycerine, viii, 63, 247-8, 260, 261

Nitrous Acid, viii, 115;

in atmosphere, i, 13;

production, 36

Nitrous Oxide, viii, 70-1;

as anesthetic, x, 123-4;

critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172

Nobody Crabs, xii, 89

Noctilucent Clouds, i, 17-18, 58, 377

Nodes, of moon, ii, 197

Nodes, of vibrations, iv, 217

Noguchi, Hideyo, x, 173

Noises, awe roused by, xi, 147;

qualities of, 104

Nomadic Life, xv, 128, xiv, 141

Nonconductors, (electrical) iv, 259, vi, 77, 294, vii, 373;

nonmetals as, viii, 126

Nonmetals, viii, 17-19, 84, 126, 379;

in body tissues, 354;

manufacture and uses, 274-5;

negative ionization, 122;

oxides of, 20, 39;

periodic classification, 181;

plants needs of, 337, 341;

tests, 289-90;

union with metals, 20, 32