Nordic Group, xvi, 48-9, 50

Norfolk, Va., harbor of, xiv, 268

Noria, ancient use of, v, 19

Normals, meteorological, i, 204, 378

North Africa, civet cat of, vii, 353;

civilization in, xiv, 196;

mormoids of, xii, 154;

vultures of, 260;

zoölogy of, xiv, 291

North America, ancient camels of, xii, 313;

animals (carnivora), 340, 342-3, 349;

birds of, 268-9;

climate of eastern, xiv, 346-7;

climate on opposite coasts, 345;

coasts, Atlantic and Pacific, 25-6, 40, 247-8, 249-50;

cyclones and tornadoes, i, 137;

drainage systems, xiv, 190;

exploration and settlement, 196-7, 310-11;

forests of, 371, 372-4, 375-6;

former connection with Asia, xii, 313, xiii, 351, xiv, 30;

former connection with Europe, 290;

frogs of, xii, 180;

fur animals of, 350;

geological history, iii, 164-248;

Ice Age and resulting topography, 62, 236-48, xiv, 3, 30, 43, 59-62,

200, xv, 74-6;

indigenous plants, xiv, 382;

no absolute deserts in, xiii, 377;

Northmen in, xiv, 261;

rainfall of, 360;

rivers in history, 31, 190-5, 196-7;

snails of, xii, 69, 71;

tobacco used by natives, xiii, 256;

trees of, xiv, 375-7;

Urodela of, xii, 170-2

North American Basin, xiv, 288-9

North Atlantic Ocean, birds of, xii, 251, 252, 253;

currents of, xiv, 304;

deep sea life in, xii, 23;

formation of, xiv, 290;

giant squids of, xii, 79-80;

herring fisheries, 156;

limacina of, 19;

sharks of, 145, 146;

temperature of, xiv, 297;

walruses of, xii, 334;

weather charts, i, 275, 276

North Beach, Florida, wave power at, xiv, 300

North Cape, level changes at, xiv, 34

North Carolina, Appalachian Mts. in, xiv, 97, 168;

coast of, 264;

thermal belts, i, 259;

trap dikes of, xiv, 112-13

Northern Hemisphere, cradle of flowering plants, xiii, 319;

deflection of motion in, i, 125;

dip of magnetic needle in, iv, 245-6;

forests of, xiv, 371;

land in, 20;

winds of, i, 125, 127, 128, 137, xiv, 345-6, 348

Northern Lights, i, 158 (see Aurora)

Northmen, history of, xiv, 261-2

North Pole, rain at, i, 109

North Sea, commerce development in, xiv, 308;

formation of, 287;

formerly land, xv, 76;

herring fisheries, xii, 156

Norway, barley ripening in, xiv, 365;

civilization of, xv, 131;

coasts, iii, 57, 79;

coasts, xiv, 247, 258, 259

(see also Fjords);

glaciers of, 55;

Gulf Stream effects, 304;

latitude of, 315;

nitrogen fixation, i, 36, vii, 324, viii, 74;

plain on west coast, xiv, 47

Nose, adaptation to odors, xi, 80;

bones of, ix, 62;

cartilage in, 57;

cleanings of, x, 312;

cold effects on, ix, 311;

functions and diseases of, x, 341;

germ infection through, 198, 202, 219;

in infants, xv, 61;

nerve connections, xi, 81-2;

organ of smell, 62, 78;

passages, 77;

plastic surgery of, x, 57, 189;

racial types, xv, 45-6;

smell organs in, ix, 96;

violent blowing, danger, xi, 101;

X-ray examinations of, x, 373

Nose Rings, xv, 259 (fig.), 260

Nostrils, of monkeys, xii, 376;

racial shapes of, xv, 46

Notes, musical, iv, 206-9, xi, 105-6;

of Indian scale, xv, 311;

pitch and intervals, iv, 205-6, ix, 99-100;

pitch changes by motion, iv, 210;

quality of, to what due, 233

Notochord, xii, 128;

in lancelets, 129

Novae, or New Stars, ii, 331-3;

explanation, 329;

in class of variables, 324;

location, 328;

outbursts, 328-9

Nova Scotia, coal beds, iii, 199;

Vineland as, xiv, 261

Nuclei, chemical, xvi, 162

Nuggets, iii, 367

Numbers, development of systems of, xv, 180-4;

Pythagorean theory, xvi, 80

Numerals, Arabic, xvi, 103;

Babylonian, 60-1

Nummulites, iii, 235

Nut Butter, source, xiii, 10, 220

Nuthatches, xii, 268

Nutmeg, xiii, 261-2

Nutrition, chemistry of, viii, 348-72;

defective, due to under-chewing, ix, 228;

deficiency of, disease from, x, 255-68, 314;

problem of, in therapy, 382;

stimulated by light, 253

(see also Diet, Food)

Nuts, food value, viii, 366;

oil in, 246

Nymphs (aquatic larvæ), xii, 106

Oak-Hazel Copses, xiii, 369-70

Oak Trees, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

family, 193;

fertilization, 148;

flowers without petals, 190;

index plants, i, 255;

in American forests, xiv, 373;

in Danish Peat bogs, xv, 87;

in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;

northern limit, 367;

rate of increase of, xv, 19, 21

Oaths, judicial, xv, 373-4

Oats, food value, viii, 364;

native of Old World, xiii, 182;

vitamines in, x, 262

Obelisks, Egyptian, ii, 24

Obesity, x, 272-5

Obsequent Streams, xiv, 160, 174

Observatories, ancient, ii, 37, 38, 39;

mountain, 139-51;

first European, xvi, 100

Occupational Diseases, x, 244-6

Occupational Fatigue, xi, 270

Occupational Postures, xi, 371, 372

Ocean, Oceans, annual discharge of rivers into, xiv, 135;

atmospheric conditions over, i, 13, 14, 143-4, vii, 212;

basins and shoal water line, xiv, 24-6, 287-8;

basins, topographical features, iii, 52, xiv, 27, 286-90;

birds of, xii, 251-4, 258, 264;

chemical elements in, xiii, 196-7;

circulation of water in, xiv, 298-9, 303-5;

color of, viii, 40;

coloring, to what due, xii, 17, xvi, 147;

density of water in, v, 195-6, xii, 21-2;

deposits on floor, iii, 52-5, 168, xiv, 284-6;

depths, iii, 51, xii, 21, xiii, 72, xiv, 23-4, 26-7, 288-9, 290 (see

also Deep Sea);

depths still a mystery, v, 202;

divisions, xiv, 22;

earthquakes in, 336-7;

erosive work (see Ocean Waves);

evaporation, vii, 212;

exploration of, xiv, 283-4;

extent of distribution, 20-3, iii, 51;

faulting in bed of, xiv, 39;

floors, general flatness, iii, 52, xiv, 24, 284;

floor level changes, iii, 83, 168, 206, xiv, 34, 253;

floors never land, iii, 55, xiv, 290;

floor, ooze of, xii, 17-18;

former extensions, iii, 12, 54, 55, 130, 132, 165-224 (maps), 235,

xiii, 298-9, xiv, 19;

heating and cooling of, 346;

historical importance, 305-11;

metals found in, viii, 148;

meteorology of, i, 271-83;

organic life of, xii, 16-24, xvi, 146-8;

organic life in relation to salts, ix, 174, 175;

phosphorescence of, xii, 18-20, 84;

potassium compounds in, viii, 143, 279;

power from, v, 174 (see Tides, Ocean Waves);

pressure of water in, v, 95, 201;

salinity, iii, 51-2, viii, 138-9, 195, 196, 279, xiv, 295-6;

salt of early, ix, 175-6;

soundings, xiv, 284;

surface form and tides, 291-5;

temperature layers, xii, 21-2, xiv, 297-9;

theories of origin, iii, 160, 163;

thunder audibility, i, 193;

volcanoes in, xiv, 285-6;

wind and pressure belts, i, 128-9;

wind charts, 271-6

Ocean Commerce, development of, xiv, 305-11

Ocean Currents, xiv, 303-5;

altering courses, i, 345;

charts, 271-6;

deflection by earth's rotation, xiv, 32;

plant and animal distribution by, 277, 278;

seed-dispersal by, xiii, 346-8

Oceanic Islands, xiv, 276-9;

plants of, xiii, 348

Ocean Steamers, development, v, 192-4;

strains on, 194;

turbines in, 153-4

Ocean Waves, base level of erosion, xiv, 254;

cause, 299;

coast destruction by, iii, 55-7, xiv, 44, 45, 46, 299-303;

length, vi, 269;

motion, v, 124;

power uses, 174;

quelled by compressed air, 124-5

Ocelots, xii, 364

Octopus, xii, 77

Odorous Oils, in mint plants, xiii, 205

Odors, ix, 97;

adaptation to, 97, xi, 80-1;

agreeable, enjoyment of, ix, 98;

classification, xi, 79;

digestion and, x, 320;

inhibition effects, xi, 81;

perception of, ix, 96, 97;

spread of, iv, 131

Odyssey, historic value of, xv, 323-4

Oersted, Hans Christian, vi, 19-20;

electromagnetic discovery, iv, 276;

on waterspouts, i, 356

Ogden River Canyon, iii, 39;

thrust faults in, 92

Ohm, Dr. S. G., vi, 21-2

Ohm's Law, iv, 281-2, vi, 22, 74-5, vii, 373;

applied in meter construction, 157-8;

anticipated by Cavendish, vi, 17;

for alternating currents, 164-5, 169-70

Ohmmeter, vi, 80

Ohms, electrical resistance unit, iv, 282, 284, vi, 71, 74-5, 170, 171,

vii, 373;

method of measuring, 165-6 (see Ohm's Law)

Ohio, corn-crops and weather, i, 245-8;

glacial drift in, xiv, 170

Ohio River, drainage changes, iii, 245;

water supply and sewage, viii, 318

Ohio Valley, floods, i, 110-11

Oil, fuel on battleships, vii, 328;

Crude (see Petroleum), films of, colors in, iv, 377;

shark's, xii, 146-7;

turtle, 194;

use in lessening friction, v, 203

Oildag, vii, 300

Oil of Vitriol, iii, 336, viii, 83

Oil Pools, iii, 380

Oils, defined, viii, 244

Oils, Fatty, viii, 244, 245, 246, 247;

as food, 363;

hydrogenation of, 232, 247;

insolubility, 112;

preserving of, 371;

vegetable (see Vegetable Oils)

Oil Wells, drilling of, v, 265-7;

from diatom deposits, ix, 28;

gushers, iii, 353-4;

productiveness and life of, 353

Okapi, xii, 321-2

Okeechobee, Lake, xiv, 200

Old Age, cause of degeneration in, x, 201;

feelings of time in, xi, 194;

jaws in, ix, 57

"Old Probabilities", i, 216-17

Old Testament, hygienic laws in, x, 15;

morality of, xv, 374

Old Vienna School, x, 77, 104

Old Wives' Remedies, xiii, 249

Oleic Acid, viii, 221

Olfactory Nerve, ix, 142, xi, 29-30, 81-2

Oligoclase, iii, 329

Olive Oil, chemical nature, viii, 231;

making of, by plants, ix, 28, xiii, 95;

substitutes for, viii, 363

Olives, acquired taste for, xi, 72, 73;

origin, xiii, 226

Olivine, iii, 334

Omega Centauri, ii, 136, 336-7, 338-9

Omens, belief in, xv, 355

Omicron Ceti, type of variables, ii, 324-5, 327

Onions, antiscurvy vitamines in, x, 266;

bulb, xiii, 25 (fig.);

in lily family, 184;

origin, 223;

underground, stems, 23

Ontario, glacial soil of, xiv, 70, 170;

Keewatin series, iii, 169;

lakes, 143;

oldest fossils in, 250

Ontario, Lake, increasing altitude, iii, 82

Oozes, deep-sea, iii, 54, xii, 18, 19, xiv, 285

Opals, iii, 334-5

Opaque Bodies, iv, 324;

X-ray examination, vii, 253-5

Open Hearth Furnaces, v, 320-2, 323

Open-Hearth Process, viii, 160, 269

Opium, history and sources, xiii, 253-4;

use of, in tropics, xv, 126-7

Oppolzer, Johannes von, x, 113

Opossums, xii, 274-6, 278;

embryological resemblances, xv, 54;

instinct of, xi, 46

Optical Illusions, iv, 323, xi, 184-90;

due to atmospheric refractions, i, 171-4, iv, 326-9

Optic Nerve, ix, 110 (fig.), 124, 142, xi, 29-30, 84-5;

discovery, xvi, 82;

retina and, iv, 346;

stimuli affecting, x, 118

Optics, atmospheric, i, 164-85;

"father of physiologic", x, 97;

history of development, xvi, 101, 119

Optimal Temperature, xi, 51

Optophone, v, 332-5, 384

Orange (color), complementary color of, iv, 367;

heat color, 361;

soothing effects, vi, 274, 275

Orange Juice, for babies, ix, 347

Oranges, food values, x, 266, 268;

origin, xiii, 226;

spread, 354;

true berries, 54

Orang-utan, xii, 381, 383;

compared with man, xv, 59;

of Bronx Garden, v, 9

Orators, advantages over writers, xv, 145;

limited speeches of ancient, v, 62;

pitch of voice of, iv, 232

Orchards, frost protection, i, 259, 332;

warm and cold spots, 258-9

Orchestras, sounds of, iv, 199

Orchid Family, xiii, 184-7

Orchids, aerial roots, xiii, 20-1;

butterfly, 145;

epiphytic, 362;

fertilization, 144-5;

flowers, 50;

highest of monocotyledons, 181;

illustrations, 145-7;

leaves of saprophytic, 100;

Madagascar, 48;

seeds, 154, 344;

vanilla, 259-60;

in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Ordeals, xv, 373

Ordovician Period, iii, 20, 185-91, 381;

plants and animals, 251, 261, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 277, 281;

sea extensions in, 183 (fig.)

Ore Deposits, iii, 355-70, viii, 197-200

Oregon, block mountains, iii, 139;

earthquakes in, xiv, 331;

forests of, 374;

lava formations, 102, 104, 318;

storm waves on coast, 300

Ores, defined, iii, 381, viii, 197;

electrolytic refining, vii, 319-21;

extraction of metals from, viii, 131, 269-72;

in metamorphic rocks, xiv, 234, 237;

veins, how formed, iii, 126

Oresme, Nicole, xvi, 101

Organic, defined, viii, 380

Organic Acids, viii, 52, 219-21, 336

Organic Chemical Industries, viii, 241-66

Organic Chemistry, viii, 52, 204-40;

beginnings, xvi, 162

Organic Compounds, viii, 51-2, 204, 205;

character of series, 207;

colors, 85-6, 258, 312;

explosion of, 63;

interchange of groups, 211;

physical state and molecular complexity, 298;

solubility in water, 37

Organic Life, beauty universal, xvi, 145-6;

climatic influences, 141-2;

distinction from inorganic realm, xii, 13-14;

origin, xiii, 300-1, xvi, 144-5, 149;

no traces in meteors, ii, 292;

studies of Mayer and Helmholtz, xvi, 142

(see also Life)

Organic Liquids, solubility, viii, 112

Organic Matter, chemical constituents, viii, 18, 29, 34, 42, 64;

food of animals, 349;

formed by plants, xiii, 14;

in atmospheric dust, i, 60-1;

in soils, viii, 339-40;

in waters, 40-1

Organicists, school of, x, 86

Organisms, binomial nomenclature, x, 84;

cell constitution, 119, xv, 16, xvi, 142;

chemical basis of, xii, 10-13;

chemistry of, viii, 204-5, 348-72;

chemosynthetic, xii, 15;

earliest, xiii, 299, 303;

frames and shells, xvi, 145;

growth and forms due to physical laws, xvi, 142, 144-5;

growth compared with crystallization, iii, 311;

metals congenial to, viii, 148;

microscopic (see Germs);

reproduction of, x, 228;

symmetry in, xvi, 155;

variations, meristic and substantive, xvi, 155;

vestiges in oldest rocks, iii, 249-50 (see Animals, Plants)

Organogens, viii, 18

Organs (physical), disordered functions of, x, 318-65;

vital function testing, 376-9, 382-3

Organs (musical), iv, 228-31;

flue and reed styles, 234-5;

intervals on, 208;

temperature effects on, 231-2;

pipes of, xv, 316

Oribasius, x, 31

Oriental Gobies, fins of, xii, 134

Orientation, in ancient temples, ii, 25-6

Orinoco Basin, arrau turtle of, xii, 193-4;

chocolate in, xiii, 234;

jaguars of, xii, 362

Orinoco River, caribes of, xii, 160;

connections with Amazon, xiv, 187

Orioles, xii, 269

Orion, great nebula in, ii, 357, 359, 363, 364;

moving clusters of, 343;

distortions from sun's motion, 306

Orion Stars, ii, 117;

moving clusters among, 343;

radial velocities, 308

Orkney Islands, wave action at Wick, xiv, 300

Ornaments, bodily, xv, 253-4

Ornithorhynchus, xii, 272

Orongo, Mongolian, xii, 327

Orpathology, x, 318

Orräus, of Russia, x, 164

Orris Root, source, xiii, 189

Orthoclase, iii, 328;

hardness of, 320

Orthodontia Appliances, xi, 373

Orthoptera, xii, 107-10

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, quoted, xii, 13

Osborn, Prof., on cave pictures, xv, 115-16;

on Neanderthal Man, 97

Osborne, J. W., i, 319

Oscillation Circuits, vii, 263, 265, 373-4;

theory of, 286-98

Oscillation Generators, vii, 273-8, 290-1

Oscillations, electric, iv, 313, 314, vii, 373-4;

damped and undamped (see Damped, Undamped Waves)

Oscillations, in planetary system, ii, 75

Osler, Sir William, x, 150-2;

on conceptions of disease and therapy, 380;

on Pasteur, 144;

on sleeping sickness, 169;

on yellow fever germ, 162-3;

on hardened arteries, x, 335

Osler's Disease, x, 152

Osler's Spots, x, 152

Osmium, viii, 172;

symbol and atomic weight, 383;

valence, 178, 180

Osmosis, xiii, 91-2, 93-4

Osmotic Pressure, viii, 113, xiii, 93-4;

bursting of fern spores by, 156;

discovery and law, xvi, 164;

in solutions, viii, 123, 311;

water supplied to plants by, xiii, 102

Ostracoderms, iii, 260, 281-2

Ostracods, xii, 18-19

Ostriches, xii, 249;

hunting of, by bushmen, xv, 134-5, 222

Ostrich Fern, xiii, 159

Ostrich Plumes, xii, 244

Ostwald, chemical work, xvi, 164, 165

Ostwald's Imperative, xi, 257

Oswego Tea Plant, xiii, 201, 205

Ottoman Turks, conquests of, xiv, 308-9

Otters, xii, 347

Ouachita Range, xiv, 227

Oughtred, William, xvi, 104

Ounce (leopard), xii, 357

Outcrop, defined, iii, 381

Outdoor Treatment, x, 240-1

Outgoing Reactions, xi, 54-6, 146

Outriggers, xv, 263-4

Outwash Plains, iii, 68-9

Ouzels, xii, 268

Ovaries, of plants, xiii, 46, 54-5, 118;

beginnings, 317-18;

grouping of plants by, 173-5;

superior and inferior, 202-3

Ovariotomy, x, 122, 147

Over-Compound Generators, vi, 189-90

Overeating, auto-intoxication by, xi, 370;

hardened arteries from, x, 335

Overhead Transmission, vii, 10-11, 14-24, 25

(see also Trolley System);

in telephony, 104, 105

Overheated Liquids, viii, 304

Overshot Wheels, v, 76

Overtones, iv, 213;

of organs, 230-1;

quality of sounds due to, 233

Overwork, fatigue from, xi, 269, 272, 371;

muscular soreness from, ix, 81

Ovules, plant, xiii, 118, 119;

action of fertilized, 153;

naked and enclosed, 173-5

Owen, morphology studies, xvi, 140-1

Owens Automobile, vi, 104

Owen's Valley, California, earthquake of, xiv, 334, 335

Owls, xii, 267

Oxalic Acid, viii, 222, 336

Oxbow Streams and Lakes, iii, 34, xiv, 162

Oxford University, foundation, xvi, 100

Oxidation, defined, viii, 380;

in water, 35;

of organic substances, 266;

of sewage, 326, 327;

of iron, v, 316 (see Rusting);

power extraction by, ix, 16, 24

Oxide of Manganese, ancient use of, xv, 113

Oxides, defined, viii, 380;

chemical formation, 11-13, 20, 36;

combinations with water, 38-9;

extraction of metals from, 47, 131, 271;

metallic and nonmetallic, 20;

ores, 47, 198

Oxyacetylene Blowpipe, i, 33

Oxy-acids, viii, 98, 380

Oxyhemoglobin, ix, 259-60

Oxygen, viii, 17, 34-6;

affinities, i, 12, viii, 33, 36, 47, 77, 85, 87, 134, 155;

amount inspired in sleep, xi, 283, 285;

atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 24, 25;

atmospheric, viii, 67;

atomic weight, 33, 39, 383;

atomic weight base, 92;

body needs and supply, ix, 198-9, 253-62, 267-8, x, 338-9;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

carriers of, viii, 71;

carrying of, in blood, ix, 182-3, 258-61, x, 338-9;

combustion and, i, 10, iv, 138, viii, 12-13, 53, 54, 55-6, 61;

consumption by gas lighting, vi, 264;

consumption of, in exercise, ix, 261-2;

corrosion of metals by, viii, 13;

critical temperature, i, 29, iv, 174;

deficiency effects, i, 322, 328, ix, 268, x, 238, xi, 371;

density of, iv, 110;

diffusibility, viii, 108;

discovery, 34, 170, xiv, 65, xvi, 120;

energy source, viii, 268;

elimination from body, 353;

explosion with hydrogen, viii, 62;

hydrocarbon derivatives, 52, 212, 216-20;

importance, i, 24, 25;

in chlorophyll, xiii, 80;

in coal series, iii, 345;

in earth's crust, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192;

in organic compounds, 64, 204;

in proteins, 351;

in steel making, vii, 321;

in water, viii, 39-40, x, 26;

industrial uses, i, 32-3, viii, 274;

liquefied, i, 29, iv, 171, viii, 68;

melting point, iv, 162;

molecular structure, viii, 26-7, 36;

molecular velocity in, iv, 133, viii, 24;

most active form, 36, 41;

negativeness of, 31;

necessity of, to life, ix, 16, 18, 22, 267-8;

plant uses of, viii, 336-7, 340-1, xiii, 14, 80, 81, 109, xiv, 64-5;

potential energy in, iv, 82;

preparation, viii, 34-5;

production by plants, 49, 335, xiii, 81, 82, 109, xiv, 65;

production from liquid air, i, 30, 32-3, viii, 68, 274;

production from nitric acid and nitrates, 72;

production from water, 30, 31, 274;

rock decomposition by, 194, iii, 24, 25;

rusting produced by, 25;

solubility in water, viii, 35, 40, 111;

supply of, in air, ix, 254, 267-8;

symbol, viii, 383;

valences to, 178, 179-80

Oxygen Compounds, viii, 20, 34, 36-41, 70-4

Oxygen Cycle, viii, 334, 350

Oysters, iii, 260, 272, xii, 58-63;

enemies and destroyers, 50, 70, 72, 73;

food procuring by, ix, 19, 74;

raw, digestion of, 233

Oyster-Shells, deposits of, iii, 272

Ozone, i, 15-16, 378, vii, 353-5;

activity of, viii, 36;

allotropic form of oxygen, 43;

electrical production, vii, 238-9, 301;

molecular structure, viii, 26, 36;

production by lightning, i, 153

Pacas, xii, 289

Pacific Coast, geological changes, iii, 213, 222, 214 (maps);

ports and commerce of, xiv, 269;

potash from seaweeds, viii, 279;

seaweed of, xiii, 27, xiv, 67, 68;

shellfish of, xii, 62, 65, 68, 74;

thunderstorms rare, vii, 218;

width of continental shelf, xiv, 285

Pacific Coastal Plain, xiv, 215

Pacific Coast Forest, xiv, 374

Pacific Drainage System, xiv, 189-90

Pacific Islands, xiv, 277;

coco palm of, xv, 125;

weapons of, xv, 216, 219

Pacific Ocean, climate on opposite coasts, xiv, 345;

coral reefs in, 264;

currents of, 304, 305;

depths, iii, 51, xiv, 23;

extent, 22;

herring of, xii, 156;

salmon of, 157;

seals of, 333-4;

sharks of, 145, 146;

shoal-water belt, xiv, 25;

temperatures, 297;

trade winds, i, 127;

unchanged for ages, iii, 55;

volcanic dust in, 55;

whales of, xii, 298

Pacific Type of Coasts, xiv, 247-9, 250

Pack Rats, acquisitiveness of, xii, 292-3

Packing, Maudsley's cup leather, v, 99, 376

Paddle-fish, xii, 151

Paget, Sir James, xvi, 184

Pain, xi, 116-21;

"arrival platform" for, ix, 146;

contact sense of, 91;

expression of, by dogs and monkeys, xv, 64-5;

no space perception by, xi, 164;

organs and nerves in skin, ix, 314;

purpose as warning, 87;

sense of, in infants, 349;

use of morphine in, x, 381

Painter Fogs, i, 96-7, 378

Painting, art of, beginnings and development, xv, 108-9, 110-16, 120-1,

297-303, 325;

by compressed air, i, 29, iv, 130, v, 136;

of body, xv, 255-6

Paintings, depth impressions in, ix, 120;

skies in, i, 105

Paints, ancient, xv, 113-14;

chemistry of, viii, 264-6;

colors of, iv, 369-70;

drying oils in, viii, 245, 247;

lead in, 162;

linseed oil in, 231

Pajero, xii, 364

Paleolithic Man, iii, 303-5;

horses of, xii, 307;

implements of, xv, 103, 105-9;

state of, xiii, 209-10

Paleontology, defined, iii, 381;

history, xvi, 169, 170, 172

Paleophytology, xvi, 167

Paleozoic Era, iii, 20, 381;

animals, 263, 266-75, 276-8, 284, 285, xii, 49, 75, 104, 142, 151, 165;

climatic zones in, iii, 173;

divisions and species of, xv, 71;

plants, iii, 251-5;

rocks and history, 179-207;

vertebrates absent, 261

Paleozoic Rocks, iii, 179-207;

recognizable by fossils, 174, 179;

why rich in fossils, 264

Palestine, ancient rain measurements, i, 68, 213;

climate changes in, xiv, 361-2, 379;

maritime plain of, xv, 138

Palisades of the Hudson, iii, 111, 212, xiv, 108-9, 122;

blocks at foot of, 76;

jointing at Bergen Cut, 133

Palladium, viii, 173;

as catalyzer, 103;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Pallas, meteor found by, ii, 284

Pallas (asteroid), discovery, ii, 255;

orbit, 258

Pallor, causes of, x, 337;

temporary, ix, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166

Palm Beach, millionaires at, xi, 52

Palmer, Dr. G. T., i, 323

Palm Family, xiii, 188

Palmitic Acid, viii, 220, 221, 350

Palm Kloof, xiv, 369-70

Palm Oil, African development and, xiii, 11;

source, xiv, 383;

vegetable fat, viii, 246

Palm-Oil Tree, xiii, 188

Palms, cocoanut, xiii, 219-20;

first appearance, xiii, 319;

in tropics, distribution of, xiv, 368;

leaves of, xiii, 176;

monocotyledons, 178;

trunks of, 26

Paloverde, leaves of, xiii, 379

Pamias, rock disintegration on, xiv, 73-4

Pamlico Sound, bar of, xiv, 264

Pampas, absence of trees in, xiv, 381;

armadillo burrows on, xii, 284;

cattle-raising and agriculture on, xiv, 384;

dust whirls, i, 60;

flatness of, xiv, 158, 216;

grass and other plants of, xiii, 375-6;

grasses, drying of, xiv, 381;

horses of, xii, 307;

true plains, xiv, 218

Pampas-Cat, xii, 364

Panacea, x, 16

Panaceas, medicinal, x, 41

Panama Canal, Caribbean traffic, i, 282;

Chagres River and, xiv, 195;

dredges used, v, 255-6;

material excavated, 258

Panama Canal Zone, health conditions, i, 327, x, 162;

sanitary control, costs, xiv, 344, 356;

temperatures, i, 209

Panama, Isthmus of, anteaters of, xii, 283;

earthquakes on, xiv, 331;

pearl fisheries of, xii, 62;

sea devils of, 150;

temperature, i, 208-9;

yellow fever extermination, x, 162, xiv, 356, 357

Pancreas, functions of, ix, 237, x, 330, 347;

secretin effects on, 325

Pancreatic Juice, viii, 358, ix, 237-8, 242, x, 325-6, 330;

of infants, ix, 346

Pangolins, xii, 281

Pangong Lake, Tibet, xiv, 211

Panpipes, xv, 315 (fig.), 316

Panspermia, xii, 9

Panthers, xii, 363;

stalking of game, xi, 224

Pantograph, in trolley systems, vii, 197

Papaw, origin, xiii, 226

Paper, electrical conductivity, iv, 259;

electrification by tearing of, 260;

heat conductivity, 179;

making of, v, 289-99, 380;

making of, in ancient Egypt, xvi, 72;

made from corn fiber, xiii, 213;

made from mulberry, v, 290, xiii, 244;

made from spruce wood, 10, 236;

Manila, 240;

origin of name, xv, 157

Paper Machines, v, 295-9, 377

Paper, Mulberry, xiii, 244;

bark as cloth, xv, 256-7

Paper Pulp, making of, viii, 153

"Paper Sailor," xii, 78

Paper Showers, i, 359

Papier-Maché, ancient, xvi, 73

Papillæ, xi, 70-1

Papin's Digester, iv, 170-1

Papuans, hair of, xv, 38;

prayer, 346

Pappus, Greek author, xvi, 94-5

Papyrus, v, 289;

Egyptian, xvi, 72

Paracelsus, x, 46-50;

classifying tendency of, 83;

compared with Vesalius, 53;

followed by Van Helmont, 68;

Locke on, 75

Parachutes, v, 234

"Paradise Lost", quotations, ii, 36, 210-11, 350

Paraffin, viii, 51, 208;

combustion of, 52;

meaning of name, 206, 380;

melting requirements, iv, 162

Paraffin Candles, viii, 247

Paraffins, Paraffin Hydrocarbons, viii, 206-210, 241;

contrasted with benzenes, 232-4;

defined, 380;

derivatives, 210-32;

molecule configuration, 233;

residues in benzenes, 235-6, 238-40;

unsaturated, 230-2

Paragreles, i, 341, 378

Parallactic Motion, ii, 317

Parallax, ii, 311-18;

Galileo's method, 55;

Hipparchus on, 32;

in distance perception, xi, 182;

photographic study, ii, 137, 314

Parallel Forces, resultant of, iv, 99

Parallel-veined Leaves, xiii, 32, 37 (fig.), 176, 177, 178

Parallelogram of Forces, v, 184-6

Paralysis, electric treatment, vi, 17, vii, 238

Paranthelion, i, 378

Parantiselenæ, i, 378

Para Rubber, xiii, 246-7

Paraselanæ, i, 180, 183, 378

Parasitic Clouds, i, 104, 378

Parasitic Plants, xiii, 15, 21, 100, 364

Parasitology, xvi, 181

Parchment Paper, strength, viii, 255

Paré, Ambroise, x, 46, 54-6, 97, 129, xvi, 108

Pareira, "Materia Medica", xvi, 186

Parental Instinct, xi, 56

Parental Solicitude, xi, 149

Parents, care of children, ix, 352;

children's resemblance to (see Heredity);

pleasure of, in children, 153

Parhelia, Parhelic Circles, i, 179-80, 181, 183, 378

Parian Chronicle, meteor recorded in, ii, 284

Paris, balloons in siege of 1871, v, 225;

bombardment in World War, 369-70, iv, 201-2;

Salpêtrière Hospital, xvi, 184;

sewage disposal, viii, 327

Paris Green, viii, 169

Paris-London Air Service, i, 44-5, 95, 285-6

Paris Observatory, ii, 58

Paris, University of, founded, xvi, 100;

medical school, x, 38

Park, Mungo, xvi, 123

Park Cattle, xii, 331

Parker, morphology studies, xvi, 140-1

Park Forests, xiv, 374

Parkinson, James, x, 112

Parklike Landscapes, xiii, 374-5, 376

Parliament, British, gold mace of, xv, 208

Parmenides, Greek philosopher, xvi, 84

Paros, fossils in rocks of, iii, 14

Parrakeet, Carolina, xii, 266

Parrots, xii, 265, 266-7;

dyeing of, 179;

monogamous, xv, 276

Parsec, astronomical unit, ii, 315

Parsley, xiii, 200-1, 223

Parsnips family, xiii, 200-1;

origin, 223;

swelled roots, 19

Parsons Steam Turbine, v, 150-1, 382

Particles, technical meaning, iv, 382

Partridge Berry, crossbreeding devices, xiii, 122;

in madder family, 205;

illustration, 96

Partridges, xii, 261

Pascal, Blaise, atmospheric pressure studies, iv, 114-16;

mathematical work, xvi, 105, 114, 119;

vacuum studies, 110

Passenger Aircraft, i, 41-3, 44-5, 50

Passerine Birds, xii, 268-9

Passiflora, origin, xiii, 226

Passion Flower, tendrils, xiii, 112

Passions (see Emotions)

Past comparisons with present, vii, 76

Pasteboard, making of, v, 299

Pasteur, Louis, x, 136-44, 208;

bacteria studies, xvi, 143, 182, 184, 185;

chemical work, 163-4;

courage of, x, 101;

Lister and, 144, 145, 146;

references to work of, 107, 132, 133

Pasteurization, x, 139-40

Pasteurized Milk, xiii, 71, x, 132, 140;

scurvy from, 266;

vitamines in, 263, ix, 347

Pastries, as food, x, 273, 315

Patagonia, bushlands of, xiv, 381;

huanacos of, xii, 313;

plains of, xiv, 218;

rhea of, xii, 249;

tides of, xiv, 298

Patagonians, height of, xv, 39

Patches of Peyer, x, 287-8

Patella, ix, 69, 70 (fig.)

Patent Medicines, remarks on, vii, 241

Pater Noster, in Aztec, xv, 169

Pathfinders, of flowers, xiii, 134, 140

Pathogenic Germs, x, 194-5 (see Disease Germs)

Pathological Anatomy, Morgani's work in, x, 98

Pathology, Cellular, founded by Virchow, x, 119, 128

Patriotism, sentiment of, xi, 145, 151

Pavloff, Ivan, x, 131, 319

Pavlov's Law, xi, 198, 201

Pay-as-you-enter Cars, vii, 184

Peach Trees, xiii, 197, 226

Pea Family, xiii, 198-9;

antiquity, 324-5;

fertilization, 137-9;

food devices, 97-8;

nitrogen-fixing parasites, i, 35, xiv, 66;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 339, 347

Peake Deep, xiv, 289

Peanuts, oil of, ix, 28

Pearl Islands, xii, 62

Pearls, finding by X-rays, vii, 256;

origin, xii, 62-3, 66

Pearly Nautilus, xii, 75-6;

evolution of, iii, 273-5

Pear Psylla, honeydew of, i, 351-2

Pearson, eugenic studies, xvi, 157;

on artificial selection, 154;

statistical methods, 153

Pear Trees, development of fruit, xiii, 54;

in rose family, 197;

origin, 224, 226

Peary, Arctic soundings of, xiv, 22;

mirage of Crocker Land, i, 173

Peas, as food, viii, 365, ix, 34, x, 262;

crossing experiments, 231-2;

flowers, xii, 44 (fig.);

food-obtaining devices, 97;

leaf-tendrils, 38;

leaves, 36-7, 113;

origin, 223;

petals, 47, 190;

pods, dry fruit, 54;

seeds, 56;

sleeping of leaves, 88-9

(see also Pea Family)

Peat, elements, iii, 345;

formation, xiii, 68, 313;

in relation to coal, iii, 344;

in sheep plant, xiii, 380;

per cent of carbon in, viii, 44;

wood fiber seen in, 45

Peat Bogs, dust from burning, i, 56, 57;

extent of present, v, 173;

of Denmark, xv, 87

Pebrine, Pasteur's study of, x, 140

Peccaries, xii, 310-11;

jaguars and, 362

Pekans, xii, 350, 351

Peking, Temple of Sun, ii, 26

Pelagic Fauna, xii, 16

Pelee, Mount, eruption, iii, 102-3, xiv, 28, 325;

dust from eruption, i, 58, 59;

earthquakes preceding eruption, xiv, 338

Pelée's Hair, iii, 105

Pelicans, xii, 254

Pellagra, x, 265, 268;

cause of, viii, 351;

eruptions on uncovered surfaces, x, 254

Pelterie, R. Esnault, v, 175-6

Pelton Wheels, v, 77-9, 80, 81, 170, vi, 368

Pelvis, ix, 63, 66-7 (fig.);

in man and apes, xv, 58;

vestiges of, in snakes, xii, 213

Pelycpoda, xii, 58-63

Pemba, clove production, xiii, 263

Penang, clove trees, xiii, 262

Penck, Prof., climate studies, xiv, 361;

land and water curves, 26

Pendulum, discovery, v, 63-5;

Galileo's observations, ii, 53;

gravity action on, iv, 97-8;

oscillations and regulation of, 147, 225, 226;

types in clocks, v, 73, 74

Pendulum Clocks, invention, ii, 58;

escapement, v, 73-4;

regulation to temperature, iv, 147

Peneplains, iii, 30, 34-5, 381;

cretaceous, 232

Penetrating Radiation, i, 143-4, 146, 379

Pennsylvania, coal beds, iii, 199, 347-8;

former volcanoes, xiv, 318;

glacial soil of, 70, 170;

natural gas, iii, 355

Pennsylvanian Period, iii, 198-202;

coal deposits, 198-201, 345;

insects, 279;

plants, 252-4

Pennyroyal, source, xiii, 205

Penguins, xii, 251

Penstocks, vi, 363

Pentane, derivatives, viii, 210

Pentose, viii, 229

Pentstemon, corolla, xiii, 201

Penumbra, of shadows, iv, 332-3

Peony, pollen of, xiii, 124

Pepin, Lake, xiv, 202

Pepo, xiii, 54

Pepper, black, xiii, 265;

red, 223

Peppermint, viii, 251, 252

Pepsin, in gastric juice, ix, 235, x, 320, 326

Peptones, x, 277

Pepys, Samuel, "Diary" quoted, iv, 53

Per, defined, viii, 380

Perceptions, defined, xi, 160-2;

differences in power of, 152;

Greek theories, xvi, 87;

misinterpreted, x, 358;

of color, ix, 114-17;

of light and shade, 105;

of objects, 105-11;

of space, xi, 162-91;

of time, 192-6;

relativity of, xvi, 85

Percussion, in diagnosis, x, 99, 110, 371

Percussion Cap, viii, 145

Percussion Drills, v, 129, 261-2, 263

Percussion Shells, v, 372

Percussive System, of oil boring, v, 265-7

Perennials, buds, xiii, 53;

roots, 16;

planting tables, 289-96

Perfection, Man's struggle for, xv, 38-9

Perfumes, chemistry of, viii, 251-2

Pericles, reference to, x, 20

Peridot, iii, 334

Perier, Pascal and, iv, 114-15

Perigee, defined, ii, 197

Perigord District, human relics, iii, 304-5

Perihelion, defined, ii, 50, 275

Period, technical meaning, iv, 383

Periodic Breathing, x, 340

Periodic Classification, viii, 177-83, 307, 309

Periods, Geological, iii, 19-21, 381

Peripatus, xii, 81

Perique Tobacco, xiii, 258

Periscopes, v, 200-1

Peristalsis, x, 327

Peritonitis, asepsis in, x, 147;

causes of, 195, 288

Periwinkles, xii, 71

Perkins Ice Machine, v, 358, 379

Perlite, viii, 160, 274

Permanent Magnets, iv, 243, vi, 30, 37, 117, vii, 372;

care of, vi, 34, 38;

lifting force of, iv, 289

Permian Period, iii, 20, 202-5, 381

Perpetual Motion, v, 97, vi, 214, xvi, 135

Perpetual Snow Line, iii, 59

Perpetuation of the Race, ix, 324-44;

marriage and the family, xv, 273

Perret, Prof. F. A., i, 194

Perrine, astronomer, ii, 136, 146, 262, 362

Perseids, ii, 288

Perseus, star clusters in, ii, 336, 343

Persia, ancient, Mediterranean aims, xiv, 306;

astronomy of ancient, ii, 26;

cheeta of, xii, 365;

climate changes, xiv, 361-2;

lions of, xii, 359;

magi of, xvi, 59;

plateau of, xiv, 222;

sun-worship, ii, 20;

use of opium, xiii, 253;

wild asses of, xii, 308

Persian Cats, xii, 356

Persian Gulf, first civilization around, xvi, 47;

pearl fisheries of, xii, 62

Persian Language, xv, 162;

words from, in English, 161

Persimmons, xiii, 226, 352-3

Persistence of Vision, iv, 346-7, v, 329, vi, 155

Persistency and will, xi, 264

Personal Equation, xi, 156

Personal Hygiene, disease prevention through, x, 302-17;

teaching of, 283-5

Personality, changed in emotion, xi, 134;

dreams as revelation of, 302;

loss of, in crowds, 324, 325-6, 329-30;

source, 33;

splitting of, in hysteria, x, 360-1, 362

Perspective, xi, 181-2;

in distance perception, ix, 119-20

Perspiration, absorption by various materials, x, 307, 308, 309;

amount of "insensible," 70-1;

caused by fear, xi, 131,132, 133;

constitution of, x, 310;

humidity and, i, 77;

temperature regulation by, 317, v, 348-9, ix, 169, x, 251, 274 (see

also Sweat, Cold Sweat)

Peru, ancient use of cocaine, xiii, 254;

ancient corn-growing, 212;

ancient stone structures of, xv, 271;

conquest of, xiv, 250;

foot plow of Indians, xv, 236 (fig.);

harbors and commerce, xiv, 265, 266;

Incas (See Incas);

rainfall and fog, i, 95, 96-7;

rain-tree, 352;

source of quinine, xiii, 251;

words derived from, xv, 161

Peruvian Art, ancient, xv, 297 (fig.), 311 (fig.)

Peruvian Bark, xiii, 250-1

Peruvian Earthquake, xiv;

tidal waves of, xiv, 337

Peruvian Paint, i, 96-7, 378

Pessimism, physical causes, xi, 339, 369-70, 372

Pestles, xv, 238-9

Petals, of flowers, xiii, 45, 47;

importance in classification, 47;

first appearance, 318;

lacking in some flowers, 46

Peter Pan, story of, xv, 330

Peters, Dr., of Hamilton, ii, 256

Petiole, of leaves, xiii, 34, 35

Petit, Jean-Louis, x, 90-1, xvi, 161

Petrels, xii, 251, 252

Petrified Animals and Plants, iii, 15-16, 126-7

Petroleum, composition, products, and supply, viii, 208-10;

fluorescence of, iv, 323, 379-80;

origin and occurrence, iii, 348-54;

production and supply (U. S.), v, 172-3;

supply and approaching exhaustion, vii, 309

Petrology, iii, 381, xvi, 170

Pfeiffer, immunity theory of, x, 211;

influenza germ discovery, 295

Phaestos Disk, xv, 176 (fig.)

Phagocytosis, x, 209-10

Phaleropes, xii, 262

Phanerogams, xiii, 62-3;

reproduction, 117-54 (see Flowering Plants)

Phantasies, in psychoanalysis, x, 365

Phantom Circuits, vii, 105-6, 119

"Pharaoh's Chicken," xii, 260

Pharmacognosy, xiii, 249

Pharmacology, x, 381, xvi, 186;

chemical, founded by Paracelsus, x, 50

Pharmacy, history, xvi, 186-7

Pharnyx, condition in thirst, xi, 66

Phase (electricity), defined, vi, 204-5;

"in," 168;

"out of," 167, 204

(see also Single-Phase, Two-phase, Three-phase)

Phase Law (chemistry), xvi, 136, 164

Phase Relations, vi, 167-9, 171-4

Phases, of Mars, ii, 227;

of moon, 190, 193-5, 196

Phasing-in, defined, vi, 263, 342

Pheasants, xii, 261;

hearing of, i, 188

Phenology, i, 254-6, 379

Phenolphthalein, viii, 294, x, 378

Phenols, viii, 236, 237-8, 380;

as disinfectants, 333

Philadelphia, summer of 1816, i, 360;

water supply of, xiv, 140;

yellow fever epidemic, x, 159

"Philadelphia Ledger," first Hoe press, v, 301

Philippine Islands, aerial exploration work, i, 47;

baguios, 136;

beriberi in, ix, 35, x, 257;

carabao of, xii, 329;

civilization in mountain valleys, xv, 131;

continental islands, xiv, 274;

copra production, xiii, 220;

dipterocarp forests, 350;

fiber-wear, 236;

fire obtained by friction, viii, 89;

fire by air-compression, v, 128;

Manila hemp, xiii, 239-40;

new volcano in Camiguin, xiv, 320;

ocean depths near, iii, 51;

octopod fishing, xii, 78;

rainfall at Baguio, i, 110;

rice growing, xiii, 213, 214;

Weather Bureau, i, 223

Philo of Byzantium, thermoscope, i, 69

Philosophers, Faraday on, x, 376

Philosopher's Stone, xvi, 14

Philosophy, Greek, xvi, 76-80, 83-8, 99;

18th century, 117;

mediæval, x, 35;

recent, xvi, 195-8;

Roman and Mediæval, 99-100;

science and, 112, 115;

social spirit and, 195

Philostratus, on death of Domitian, ii, 221;

on sun, 165

Phlegmatic Temperament, xi, 153

Phlegraean Fields, xiv, 225, 316, 320

Phlogopite, iii, 334

Phœnician Language, xv, 162

Phœnicians, Africa circumnavigated by, xiv, 196;

commerce of, 307;

in Iberian group, xvi, 49;

introduction of cats by, xii, 355;

invention of Alphabet, xv, 175;

navigation of, v, 182;

ships of, xiv, 265

Phonisms, xi, 222

Phonograph v, 328-9, 381;

combined with motion pictures, 331;

making of records of, iv, 240;

motor-driven, vii, 87;

vibration rates in, ix, 101

Phosgene, viii, 263, x, 187

Phosphate Baking Powders, viii, 136

Phosphate Group, viii, 93

Phosphate of Lime, plant needs of, xiv, 67

Phosphate Rock, as fertilizer, viii, 89, 344, 345;

occurrence and supply, xiv, 67

Phosphates, derivation and uses, viii, 89;

fertilizers, 153, 279-80;

in blood, x, 280;

in urine, x, 343;

test, viii, 290

(see also Calcium Phosphate, Sodium Phosphate)

Phosphine, viii, 89

Phospholipins, viii, 351

Phosphorescence, iv, 380;

of decaying wood, i, 346;

of marine animals, xii, 18-20, 24, 84

Phosphoric Acid, composition, viii, 89, 115;

in body, x, 280;

plant needs and sources, xiv, 67, 68, 69;

salts from, viii, 116;

solubility, 112;

stability, 115

Phosphorus, viii, 18-19, 87-9;

burning under water, 54-5;

ignition point, 53;

in body, functions, 354-5;

in fertilizers, 343, 344-5;

in iron ores, iii, 356;

melting requirements, iv, 162;

plant needs of, viii, 337, 341, 342, 344-5, ix, 29;

sources, viii, 345;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Phosphorous (plant), ancient name of Venus, ii, 191

Phosphorus Pentoxide, viii, 87, 89

Photisms, xi, 222

Photochemical Climate, i, 325, 379

Photo-engraving, xvi, 129

Photographic Action, of different colors, iv, 365-6

Photographic Films, composition, viii, 255;

invention, v, 330-1

Photographic Map-Making, i, 45-8

Photographs, savage ideas of, xv, 331;

X-ray, vii, 250, 253-4

Photography, chemistry of, viii, 171-3;

color, iv, 368-9;

history, xvi, 192;

in astronomy (see Astronomical Photography);

in aurora studies, i, 162;

in lightning study, 146-8;

lenses used in, iv, 373;

underwater, i, 47-8

(see also Camera)

Photometers, vii, 374

Photosphere, defined, ii, 173

Photosynthesis, xiii, 81, 105, 109;

in cactus plants, 378

Phrenic Nerve, xi, 37

Phrenology, ix, 145

Phrygian Stone, ii, 284

Phylum, Phyla, xii, 29

Physas, xii, 69, 71

Physical Changes, contrasted with chemical, viii, 14-15

Physical Characters, classification of man by, xv, 36-47

Physical Chemistry, viii, 296-316

Physical Examinations, x, 370-1

Physical States of Matter, viii, 22, 382;

changed by heat, iv, 139, 151-3;

chemical interpretation, viii, 296-316;

in relation to pressure and temperature, 303-5;

suspended changes, 113, 304, 305

Physical Training Exercises, x, 305

Physicians, Babylonian laws controlling, x, 14-15;

capacity and preparation of, 367, 369;

earliest distinction from surgeons, 16-17;

essential duties of, 21, 75-6;

Oath of Hippocrates, 18-19;

Paracelsus on province of, 49

PHYSICS, Volume iv

Physics, branches of, iv, 50;

concrete science, xvi, 42;

daily applications of, iv, 10, 187, xvi, 17, 19, 30;

defined, 36;

energy the subject of, iv, 12, 13-14, 50;

exact, positive science, x, 368;

history of development of, iv, 11, 18-20, 24-30, xvi, 54, 82, 89,

91-2, 101, 103, 105, 109-10, 129-38;

interrelation of phenomena of, iv, 39, 40;

measurements in, iv, 45, xvi, 129-30;

medicine and, x, 81, 369;

realm of, iv, 13-20;

technical terms, glossary, 381-4

Physik, Philip, x, 121

PHYSIOGRAPHY, Volume xiv

Physiography, defined, iii, 381, xvi, 36

Physiological Meteorology, i, 316-31

PHYSIOLOGY, Volume ix

Physiology, daily applications, xvi, 15, 16-17;

history of development, x, 29, 30-1, 81, 125-8, xvi, 82-3, 180;

medicine based on (Boerhaave), x, 76-7;

science of body, xvi, 37;

teaching of, remarks on, x, 284-5

Piano, automatic, vi, 97;

evolution of, xv, 318;

intervals on, iv, 208;

sympathetic vibration, vii, 261-2;

vibration rate of notes, ix, 99

Picard, astronomer, ii, 58, 59, 64

Piche, A., deperditometer, i, 319

Pickerel Frogs, xii, 180

Pickerels, xii, 163

Pickering, Prof. Edward C., astronomical work, ii, 17, 116, 118, 122,

127, 130, 132-3, 133, 145, 146, 233, 237-8, 297, 307, 359

Pickering, W. H., ii, 271

Picric Acid, viii, 63, 238, 262

Pictou, Nova Scotia, pollen shower, i, 359

Picture Writing, xv, 167-9

(see also Hieroglyphics)

Pictures, depth impressions in, ix, 120

Piddington, Henry, i, 135

Piddocks, xii, 59

Pie Crust, "taste" of, xi, 127

Piedmont Glaciers, iii, 60

Piedmont Plateau, xiv, 27-8, 213;

building stones of, iii, 371, 372;

forests of, xiv, 378;

geology, iii, 28, 112, 172, 188, 231-2

Pig Iron, v, 318, viii, 157, 158, 159;

electric furnace production, vii, 312

Pigeons, xii, 265;

equilibrium disturbances in, x, 126, xi, 31

Pigments, viii, 162, 264, 265-6;

ancient, xv, 113-14;

colors of, iv, 369-70

Pigs (swine), xii, 310-11;

evolution of hoof, iii, 300

Pikas, xii, 287-8

Pikes (fish), xii, 163

Pike's Peak, shadow in sky, i, 170

Pile-driving, by water jets, v, 88-9

Pileus, of mushrooms, xiii, 163

Pilgrim Shell, xii, 65

Pili Erectores, xi, 113

Pillows, and sleep, xi, 290

Pillsbury, Prof., quoted, xi, 168-9

Pilot Balloons, i, 21-2, 312, 379

Pilot Charts, i, 273-5

Piloting, wireless system, vii, 285

Pilot Lights, vi, 276

Pilot Snakes, xii, 219-20, 233

Piltdown Man, xv, 92-5;

brain of, 96;

implements of, 107;

period of, 102

Pimento, origin, xiii, 265

Pimpernel, xiii, 203

Pimples, ix, 186, 187;

germs of, x, 201

Pineapple, American origin, xiii, 221, 226, xiv, 382;

fiber of leaves, xiii, 236;

introduction, 10;

water-holding leaves, 106

Pineapple Family, in tropical forests, xiii, 362-3;

restricted to America, 320

Pine Forests, conditions favorable to, xiii, 371;

pollen showers, i, 359

Pinel, Philippe, x, 110-11

Pine Needles, measuring heat in, vi, 62-3

Pine Trees, in American forests, xiv, 372, 374;

lightning dangers, i, 155;

planting conditions, xiii, 270;

pollen of, 118, 149;

polycotyledons, 60;

seeds of, 345;

seed-dispersal, 343;

wind-fertilization, 148

(see also Conifers)

Pinhole Camera, ix, 107-8, 109

Pinion Gears, v, 29, 30 (fig.)

Pink Family, petals and sepals, xiii, 194, 195

Pink Lady's Slipper, xiii, 145 (fig.)

Pinks, meadow, xiii, 133-5;

sea or marsh, 204

Pinuela, origin, xiii, 226

Pipal Tree of India, xiii, 108

Pipefishes, xii, 163

Pipe Organ, of Ctesibius, v, 110-11 (see Organs)

Pipes, lead, viii, 162

(see also Water Pipes)

"Pipes", in ingots, v, 323

Pipes of Pan, xv, 316, 315 (fig.)

Pipette, viii, 294, 295 (fig.)

Pipe Vine, fertilization, xiii, 131-3

Piracy, Stream, iii, 38-9, xiv, 177-83

Piranha, xii, 159

Pirogoff, Nikolai, x, 131

Pisa Cathedral, lamp in, ii, 53, v, 63-4

Pisa, Leaning Tower (see Leaning Tower)

Pistillate Flowers, xiii, 46-7

Pistils, xiii, 45, 46;

in reproduction, 117-22;

of highly cultivated plants, 51

Pistons, measurement of work of, vi, 81-2;

reciprocating and rotating, v, 148;

service in internal combustion engines, i, 57-9

Pita, origin and product, xiii, 244

Pitch of Sounds, iv, 205-6, ix, 99-100, xi, 104, 105;

extremes of audibility, iv, 204;

hearing of, xi, 103;

modulations of, in voice and music, iv, 209;

motion effects on, iv, 209-10;

of bells, 222;

of organ pipes, 230-1, 231-2;

of vibrating strings and rods, 223-4;

resonators for special, iv, 232, 233;

temperature effects on, 231-2

Pitchblende, radium from, xvi, 193

Pitcher Plant, xiii, 39-40

Pith Balls, electrification of, iv, 257-8, vi, 286-7

Pithecanthropus Erectus, iii, 302-3, xv, 88-92;

brain of, 96;

period of, 102

Pittsburg, dryness of, i, 337;

growth as river city, xiv, 219;

smoke nuisance, i, 64, 65;

"Smoky City", vii, 343;

water supplies of, viii, 318;

water supply and typhoid rate, 322

Pittsburg Bituminous Coal Bed, iii, 200-1, 347

Pituitary Gland, x, 347

Plaaters Kill, xiv, 179

"Place in the Sun", struggle of plants for, xiii, 27-8, 38-9, 76-7, 361-3

Placental Animals, iii, 297, 298;

evolution of, xii, 271, 332

Placer Deposits, defined, iii, 381;

gold, 331, 365-6, 366-7;

platinum, 335;

tin, 369

Plagioclase, iii, 328-9

Plague, Greek ideas of, x, 285;

immunity to, 207;

inoculation against, 208;

racial susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Plagues, great, x, 153-70;

uncleanliness and, xv, 49

Plains, xiv, 212-19;

civilization in relation to, xv, 128;

define and distinguished, xiv, 27, 213, 220;

Great (see Great Plains);

outwash, iii, 68-9;

perfect, seldom attained, 35;

populations mostly on, xiv, 218-19;

sea-cut, 46-7, 216;

surfaces of high and low, 28

Planarians, xii, 44

Plane of Ecliptic, ii, 70, 163

Planers, invention, v, 47

Plane Tree, in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;

leaf buds, 34

(see also Sycamores)

Planet Deep, iii, 51

Planetary Motions, ii, 163, iii, 158, 159;

compared with whirling of pail, iv, 71;

Copernicus on, ii, 43-4;

gravitation and, iv, 95, 98;

Huygen's studies, ii, 58;

irregularities, 66, 67, 71, 73, 79, 87;

Kepler's laws, 49-52;

Ptolemaic theory, 35-6;

spectroscopic investigation, 120-1;

theory of relativity and, 80-1;

tidal friction theory, 376-7

Planetary Nebulæ, ii, 360;

distribution and motion, 364;

star streaming by, 347;

stars and, 308-9

Planetary Orbits, ii, 162-3;

deviations, 66, 67, 79;

elliptical form, 39, 50-1, xvi, 102;

first thought to be circular, ii, 34, 49;

variations in elements, 74-5

Planetesimal Hypothesis, ii, 372-4, iii, 160-3;

not sustained by Mt. Wilson studies, ii, 157;

origin of moon by, 376;

rings of Saturn by, 266

Planetesimals, ii, 374, iii, 161, 162

Planets, atmospheres of, i, 10, ii, 231-2, 245;

conjunction recorded by Hindus, 21;

days and seasons in, 228;

distances and periods, 51-2;

erratic amplitudes, 25;

farthest, 267-9;

hypotheses of origin, ii, 369-74, 379, iii, 160, 162;

inner, ii, 189-92;

law of sun's attraction, 65;

life on, 245-50;

lucid, 264;

minor, 16, 254-9 (see Asteroids);

motions (see Planetary Motions);

orbits (see Planetary Orbits);

photography in study, 130-4;

sizes and motions, 162-3;

of stars, 252-3;

trans-Neptunian, 270-2;

weighing of, 75-7

Plankton, Sea, xii, 17-21, xvi, 147-8;

copepods in, xii, 84;

one-celled animals of, 25

Planning, of work, xi, 377-8

Planosphere, xvi, 91

Plantain Eaters, xii, 265

Plantains, xiii, 217, 226

Plant Breeding, ix, 327, 337

Plant Classification, xiii, 168-81;

by cotyledons, 60-1;

by factor expressions, 330;

by morphological characters, xvi, 165-6;

by reproductive processes, 166-7;

former method, xiii, 175;

Linnæan System, x, 84;

outline, iii, 251

Plant Distribution, xiii, 337-84;

determined by climate, xiv, 364-79, 380-1;

facilitated by land arrangement, xiv, 21;

Ice Age and, xiii, 321, xiv, 375-7;

importance of study of, xiii, 12;

land changes and, xiii, 320

Plant Ecology, xiii, 354-7

Plant Families, xiii, 179-207;

restricted areas of some, 320

Plant Formations, xiv, 371-2, (see Plant Societies)

Plante, ball lightning studies, vii, 215

Planting, index plants, i, 255-6;

rules and tables, xiii, 267-97

Planting Machines, v, 244

Plant Kingdom, distinguished from animal, xii, 14-15, xiii, 13-14;

history of, xiii, 298-336

Plant Names, xiii, 168-71

Plants, active principle, xiii, 250;

adaptations in (see Adaptation to Environment);

aerial, xiii, 21;

ancient study, 249;

animals and, interdependence, viii, 334-5, 347, 349, 350, xiii, 82;

autophytic, 96-7;

behavior, 76-115;

blended characters in, ix, 337;

borrowing and robbing, xiii, 97-101;

breathing of, 109;

Brownian movements, xvi, 166;

carbon dioxide used by, i, 13-14, viii, 49;

cell constituents of, ix, 26;

cellulose of, 30;

chemical composition and processes, iii, 344, viii, 335-8, 341, 348,

349, 354-5, xiv, 64-5;

chlorophyll (see Chlorophyll);

chromosomes in different species, ix, 46;

classification (see Plant Classification);

climate and, xiv, 363;

colorless, xii, 14-15;

cultivated (see Cultivated P.);

defined, xiii, 13-14;

distribution (see Plant Distribution);

distinguished, xii, from animals, vii, 14-15;

evolution, iii, 249-58;

flowering and flowerless (see Flowering, Flowerless Plants);

fog drip, i, 351;

food and feeding, viii, 339-46, 347, 349, 350, xiii, 13-14, 17-18, 19,

23, 24, 25-6, 39-41, 42, 90-101, xiv, 64-8;

food of green and other, xiii, 70;

food-making and storage by, viii, 334, ix, 25-30, xiii, 77-84, 95, 96;

food varieties for man and animals, ix, 24-5, 30;

frost protection, i, 259;

frost susceptibilities, 258;

galls on, xii, 125;

garden (see Garden Plants);

geotropism, xiii, 85;

growth electrically stimulated, vii, 351-3;

growth, upward and downward, xiii, 84-5;

guttation, i, 350-1;

highly cultivated, xiii, 51;

hybrid, 147;

immobility, 14, 109-10;

index, i, 255;

inheritance laws, x, 231, 232;

injured, hasty flowering of, xiii, 167;

insect-capturing, 39-41;

instinct in, xi, 49;

land (see Land Plants);

light effects on, x, 253;

marine, xii, 16-17;

microscopic (see Bacteria);

modern, origin and development, xiii, 316-25;

movements, 109-15;

motion pictures of growth, iv, 348;

mutation (see Mutants);

new species, how developed, xiii, 325-36;

nitrogen needs, i, 34, viii, 280, 345-6, xiv, 66;

nitrogen supply in soil, x, 193-4;

northward movement, xiii, 321;

number of species, 323;

of oceanic islands, xiv, 277, 278;

oils of, ix, 28;

parasitic, xiii, 100 (see Parasitic Plants);

parts of, 15;

petrified, iii, 15-16;

phenology, i, 254, 256, 379;

protective methods (see Protective Methods);

proteins of, ix, 278-9, 280, 287;

protoplasm of, xiii, 74;

rate of increase in, xv, 19, 21;

reasoning in, xiii, 3, 97;

reproduction, 116-67 (see Reproduction of Plants);

restless and irritable, 109-15;

rock disintegration by, viii, 194, 338;

rootless, xiii, 15, 21;

salt and fresh water, ix, 174, 175;

saprophytic, xiii, 99-101;

seat of life in, ix, 17;

seed-dispersed (see Seed);

struggle for dominance (see Struggle for Dominance, Struggle for

Existence);

sunlight and, ix, 27, xi, 52, xiii, 76-7, 84-90, 361-3, xiv, 365-6,

367;

unicellular and multicellular, xiii, 166;

uses to man, 9-12, 208-66;

variation in, xv, 22-3 (see Variation);

vascular and nonvascular, xiii, 65-6;

water sources and uses, 90-6, 101-9;

water storage, 28, 41-2, 106-7, 378, 379, 380

(see also Vegetation)

Plant Societies, xiii, 356-83, xiv, 371-2

Plaskett, reflector of, ii, 106-7

Plaster of Paris, iii, 332, viii, 153;

made from gypsum, xiv, 209;

manufacture of, iii, 376

Plastic Surgery, x, 57, 189, 384

Plateaus, xiv, 220-4;

dissection and destruction, 224;

distinguished from plains and mountains, 27-8, 213;

formed by warping, 38;

mountains from dissected, iii, 139-40, xiv, 225, 226;

oceanic, 286;

re-elevated, 96-8;

topography developed from stratified, 80-1

Plate Condensers, vi, 293-4

Platelets, of blood, ix, 188-9;

held by capillary walls, 194

Plates, photographic, viii, 172-3

Platiarius, Joannes, x, 37

Plating of Metals (see Electroplating)

Platinum, iii, 335, viii, 126-7, 173-4;

affinity intensity, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

catalyzer, 82, 103;

coefficient of expansion, vi, 265;

density of, iv, 113;

electrical conductivity, 283;

extraction from ores, viii, 131;

melting point, iv, 162, viii, 384;

occurrence, 131, 198;

positiveness of, vi, 59;

specific gravity, viii, 384

Platinum Metals, viii, 173

Plato, classifying fault of, x, 83;

greatness of, 20;

on forms and knowledge, xvi, 87, 88;

on passions, xi, 130

Platte River, overloading results, xiv, 161;

sediment deposited, iii, 32-3

Platyhelminthes, xii, 44

Plauen Laces, v, 288

Play, of animals and men, ix, 21, xvi, 143

Playfair, xvi, 170

Pleasure, artistic forms of, xv, 296-325;

emotions of, ix, 153, 165;

significance of, xi, 121-2;

stimulation requisite, 195

Pleiades, star cluster, ii, 122, 336;

in moving cluster, 343;

nebulosity, 110, 359-60

Pleistocene Animals, xii, 279, 306, 313, 327

Plesiosaurs, iii, 288, xii, 182, 202

Pleurisy, friction sounds in, x, 109

Pliny, harvesting machines mentioned by, v, 240;

natural history of, xvi, 98;

on Roman physicians, x, 25

Pliocene Epoch, species surviving from, xv, 71

Plovers, xii, 262

Plowing, deep, xiv, 69;

modern, v, 218, 243

Plows, evolution and kinds, v, 239-40, 241-3, xv, 235-6

Plucker, experiments of, xvi, 193

Plucking of Rock, iii, 29, 64, 65

Plumbago, viii, 43

Plumbing, of houses, how worked, v, 84-6

Plumb Lines, iv, 99

Plumed Seed and Fruits, xiii, 343-4, 345

(see also Winged Seed)

Plum Trees, xiii, 197, 271-2

Plums, drupes, xiii, 54;

origin, 226;

splitting, 94

Plutarch, on rain and battles, i, 336;

on sun, ii, 165, 220-1

Plutarch's Lives, Copernicus' study, xvi, 102

Plutonic Rocks, defined, iii, 381, xiv, 105;

exposure by denudation, 100, 105;

forms, iii, 102 (fig.), 110-12, 170, xiv, 105-11;

topography due to, iv, 105-13;

weathering of, 105-6, 107, 110, 112-13

Pneuma, x, 27, 29, 63, 85

Pneumatic Breakwaters, v, 125

Pneumatic Caissons, v, 116-21 (see Caissons)

Pneumatic Cars, v, 133

Pneumatic Cement Gun, v, 136

Pneumatic Cushions, v, 133-5

Pneumatic Dispatch, i, 29

Pneumatic Drills, i, 27, iv, 129, v, 129, 261-2, 263, 380, 381

Pneumatic Engineering origin, v, 109

Pneumatic Hammer, i, 28, v, 129

Pneumatic Motors, v, 129-30

Pneumatic Musical Toys, of Hero, xvi, 92

Pneumatic Power Transmission, i, 26, 27-8

Pneumatic Riveters, v, 129

Pneumatic School, of medicine, x, 26-7, 29

Pneumatic Shovels, v, 262

Pneumatic Tampers, v, 135

Pneumatic Tires, v, 133-4, 206, 382;

bursting by heat, iv, 151

Pneumatic Tools, i, 27-8, iv, 129

Pneumatic Trough, viii, 32 (fig.)

Pneumatic Tubes, i, 28-9, iv, 130, v, 137-8;

obstructions in, how located, iv, 200

Pneumatic Tunnel Shield, v, 122-4, 260

Pneumogastric Nerve, xi, 30

Pneumonia, x, 288-9;

discovery of cocci, xvi, 185;

germ of, x, 194, 196, 216, 221, 289;

immunity to, 207;

inoculation against, 208;

negro susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51;

toxin of, x, 196

Po (River), levees of, xiv, 53;

longitudinal character, 154

Pockels, F., i, 152-3

Pocky Clouds, i, 104, 379

Pocono Plateau, xiv, 221

Podalic Version, x, 56

Podalirius, x, 16

Pods, seed-shooting, xiii, 339

Poetry, development of, xv, 319-22, 325;

historic value of, 322, 323-4

Poggendorff's Illusion, xi, 187

Pogonip, ice fog, i, 95-6, 379

Poincaré, astronomical work, ii, 356, 377;

on relativity, xvi, 197

Pointed Objects, electric discharges from, i, 157, iv, 265, 269, vi,

295-7

Poiseuille, Jean Leonard Marie, x, 126

Poison Ivy, xiii, 252;

aerial roots, 20;

family, 200

Poisonous Amphibians, xii, 169-70

Poisonous Gases, in World War, i, 308-9, 313-14, x, 186-7;

scars of, 189

Poisonous Snakes, xii, 224-38

Poisonous Spiders, xii, 93, 95

Poisons, arsenic, 169;

carbon monoxide, viii, 50-1;

diseases from, x, 255;

effect on mind, xi, 13;

in air, ix, 270;

in plants, 30, xiii, 250, 252;

mercuric, viii, 170;

vegetable acids, 222;

wood alcohol, 214;

use of, by savages and others, xv, 227-9

Poisson, Simeon Denis, xvi, 122

Pola, harbor of, xiv, 253

Poland and Danzig, xiv, 306

Polar Bands, i, 99

Polar Bears, xii, 336-7;

Eskimo method of catching, xv, 224-5

Polar Coordinates, iv, 16

Polarimeter, viii, 226

Polaris (Pole Star), ii, 232;

a binary, 123;

color, 297;

magnitude, 295;

standard of magnitude, 297

Polariscope, viii, 309-10, x, 137

Polarity, magnetic, vii, 374

Polarization, meaning, iv, 354, 383

Polarization, in electric cells, iv, 296, 298, 383, vi, 136-7

Polarization of Light, iii, 319, iv, 353-6, 383;

discovery, xvi, 119;

Pasteur & Le Bel's studies, 163-4;

sugar testing by, iv, 354-6, viii, 226

Polar Regions, aurora in, i, 159;

clouds and fogs, 93, 95;

frozen soil, xiv, 75;

halos, i, 179;

land areas uncertain, xiv, 11, 20;

living conditions in, 344;

mirages, i, 172, 173;

plant conditions of, xiv, 365;

rain and snow in, i, 109, 119, xiv, 42;

rime in, i, 121;

sky shadows in, 170;

tundra vegetation, xiii, 381;

winds, i, 127, 128, 129

Polar Relays (telegraphy) vii, 114-18

Polecats, xii, 349

Pole Lathes, v, 42-3

Pole-line Transmission System, vii, 14-24

Poles of Earth, altitude of stratosphere at, i, 20;

aurora in relation to, 159;

compass in relation to, iv, 246;

flattening at, ii, 69;

weight of bodies at, 69, iv, 101

(see also Polar Regions)

Pole Strength, unit of, iv, 249, 250

Policeman's Whistle, iv, 220

Pollen, xiii, 118, 119;

attraction to insects, 124, 125, 134, 143;

found in ancient remains, 310;

hay fever from, x, 212;

in air, i, 61;

in aquatic plants, xiii, 149-52;

mixtures of, 146-8;

protection, 126;

"showers," i, 359;

wind-blown, xiii, 123, 148-9, 144 (illus.)

Pollution Gauge, i, 65, 379

Pollux, angular diameter, ii, 151

Polonium, discovery, xvi, 193

Polyandry, xv, 285, 286-7, 294-5

Polycotyledons, xiii, 60

Polycythemia, x, 152

Polygamy, xv, 285, 287-9

Polymerization, viii, 219, 232, 335

Polynesia, xiv, 277;

ease of life in, xv, 124;

overpopulation of, xiv, 282

Polynesians, clothes of, xv, 256-7;

fire generation by, 231;

hair of, 37;

in brown race, 37;

seamanship of, xiv, 282, 305-6;

susceptibility to tuberculosis, xv, 51;

tattooing among, 258;

wind gods of, 342

Polypeptides, viii, 353

Polypetalae, xiii, 47, 190, 195-201

Polyps, xii, 33-43

Polysaccharides, viii, 224, 227-9

Polyuria, x, 343-4

Polyzoa, xii, 46-7

Pomegranates, origin, xiii, 226

Pompeii, burying of, iii, 100;

earthquake at, xiv, 326;

volcanic material over, 326

Pomes, xiii, 54

Pondering, delays in brain, xi, 21

Ponds, depth appearances of, iv, 327;

dew, i, 352-3

Pond Snails, xii, 69

Pond-weed, xiii, 340

Pons, comet discoveries, ii, 275, 289

Pontchartrain, Lake, xiv, 203

Pontias, i, 131-2, 379

Poor Whites, of southern mountains, xv, 130-1

Popcorn, eating of, ix, 251;

known to Indians, xiii, 212

Poplar Trees, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

earliest appearance, 318;

family, 191;

fluttering of leaves, 113;

in landscaping, 271-2;

seed dispersal, 343

Popliteal Aneurism, x, 121

Popoff, wireless system, xvi, 191

Poppy, cultivation and uses, xiii, 253-4;

seed in confections, 250, 254

Population, artificial selection, xvi, 154-5;

civilization in relation to, xv, 128-9;

distribution of, 12;

increase of, 26-7;

mostly on plains, xiv, 218;

of mountains, 245

Porbeagles, xii, 145

Porcelain, viii, 283;

Egyptian, xvi, 74

Porcupines, xii, 288-9;

absence of fear in, xi, 136

Porifera, xii, 30

Pork, calories in, ix, 299;

proteins in, 279;

trichina caused by, xv, 49;

vitamines in, x, 262

Porous Rock, water in, iii, 113-15

Porpoises, xii, 297

Portals of Entry (infections), x, 198, 201-2

Portal Vein, ix, 198, 245

Port Hudson, capture of, xiv, 194

Port Jackson Shark, xii, 143

Portland Cement, iii, 373, 374, viii, 280

Porto Bello, heavy rain, i, 110

Porto Rico, hookworm in, x, 174;

ocean depths near, iii, 51;

overpopulation of, xiv, 282;

zoölogy of, 274

Porto Rico Trench, xiv, 289

Portugal, aphysia dyes of, xii, 68

Portuguese Empire, xiv, 310

Portuguese Language, xv, 162

Portuguese Man-of-War, xii, 18, 37

Portuguese Navigators, xiv, 196, 309

Port Valais, xiv, 53

Position, perception of, xi, 162-3, 164, 165, 167-71

Positive, electrical meaning, vi, 57, 124

Positive Electricity, iv, 258, 265, vi, 287, 288

Positive Ions, i, 142, 143, viii, 121-2

Post, C. W., rain experiments, i, 339

Post, Wright, x, 121

Postage Stamps, dextrin gumming, viii, 228;

printing of, vii, 314

Postal Telegraph Company, vii, 108, 112

Post-Mortem Findings, x, 98

Postures, importance to health, x, 241-2;

importance of, to right growth, ix, 57;

mental effects, xi, 294, 301, 337, 338-40, 371, 372;

muscular activity in, ix, 83-4;

standing and walking, x, 305

Potash, available supplies and uses, viii, 275, 278-9, 344, xiv, 67-8,

69, 209;

from smoke precipitation, vii, 347, 348;

in body fluids, ix, 174;

in ground water, xiv, 142;

locked-up forms, viii, 200-1;

salts of, in protoplasm, ix, 82

Potash Lakes, xiv, 206, 212

Potassium, viii, 143-5;

affinity strength, 127, 128;

alkali metal, 132-4;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

fusibility, 384;

in body tissues, 354;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 148, 192, 195, 279;

light metal, 17, 127;

metallic character, 181;

plant needs and sources, 337, 341, 342, 343, 344;

specific gravity, 384;

spectrum, 301-2;

test for, 287, 289

Potassium Compounds, viii, 144;

chlorate uses, 34, 35, 87, 88, 89, 146;

chloride, 188;

cyanide, in gold extraction, 174;

feldspar, 90;

flame color, 301;

hydroxide, in soap making, viii, 142;

nitrate, 72, 138, 144-5, 146, 372;

occurrence in nature, 130, 138, 143-4, 195, 196, 279, 344;

permanganate, 294, 333;

uses, 130, 144, 146

Potatoes, calories in, ix, 299;

eyes of, xiii, 22;

food value, ix, 34, viii, 365, x, 261, 265, 266, 268;

history and kinds, xiii, 218-19;

keeping of, viii, 371;

origin, xiii, 221, 223, xiv, 382;

starch from, viii, 248, xiii, 83;

starch storage in, ix, 27-8;

stems, xiii, 22, 23;

tubers, 24 (fig.), 83

Potential, Electrical, iv, 262-3, 383, vi, 49, vii, 374;

maintenance of constant, vi, 329;

positive and negative, iv, 265;

spark table, vii, 383

Potential Differences, iv, 263, 383, vi, 50, 51, 57, 72, vii, 366;

between earth and clouds, i, 144, iv, 269;

electric energy from, 263, 264-5, 294-5;

in thunderstorms, i, 149-50, 151-2, vii, 206-7;

measured by voltmeters, 154;

production of, iv, 271-3;

unit of, 280

Potential Energy, iv, 79, vii, 368;

conversion to kinetic, iv, 81, 82, 87-8;

forms of, 82

Potential Gradient, i, 144, 145

Potential Transformers, vii, 44, 45

Potholes, iii, 39-40

Potomac River, course of, xiv, 154, 168-9;

gap, 51, 52, 167;

rapids, 159;

shad season in, xii, 155

Pott, Percival, x, 92

Pott's Disease, x, 92

Pott's Fracture, x, 92

Potter's Wheel, xv, 249-50, 251 (fig.)

Pottery, viii, 282-3;

ancient making of, viii, 280-1, xv, 248-51, xvi, 74;

decorations of, xv, 250-1, 252, 253, 297-8

Pouched Gophers, xii, 290

Pouched Mice, xii, 278

Poulsen Arc Generators, vii, 274, 275-6, 291

Poultry, originals of, xii, 261

Poultry Products, drain on farm, viii, 342-3

Pound, unit of force and mass, iv, 58, 64-5, 69-70;

value in grams, 70, viii, 28

Poundal, unit of force, iv, 64, 69;

value in grams and dynes, 70

"Poverty Year," i, 359

Powder (see Gunpowder, Smokeless Powder)

Power, defined, iv, 80, vi, 83, 84;

electric (see Electric Power);

from fuels, ix, 15-16;

gain in elementary machines, v, 22-3, 31-5, 38;

relation to velocity in machines, iv, 92;

sources of, ix, 25-6;

unit of, iv, 80, vi, 83, 84, vii, 369

(see also Energy, Force)

Power Boats, cylinders, v, 159

Power Factor, in alternating currents, vi, 169, 172;

in induction motors, 255-6;

regulation by, synchronous motors, 255, 260-2;

in rotary converters, 348

Power Plants, vi, 349-84;

distribution of power, vii, 25-31

(see also Power Transmission);

extra charges for peak hours, vii, 177-8;

for farms, 231-4;

high and low head, v, 79-83;

interest of machinery, vi, 175-6;

number and capacity in U. S., vii, 74-5;

remote control in, vi, 100-1, 102;

Shuman's sun-using, v, 177-8;

tidal, 174-7;

turbine use, advantages, 151, 153;

use of alternators, vi, 215;

using volcanic heat, v, 179-80

(see also Hydroelectric Plants)

Power Transmission (electrical), vii, 9-31;

alternating currents in, vi, 159-61, 169, 195-6;

direct currents in, 160, 195;

Niagara Plant system, 375-8;

overhead and underground (see Overhead, Underground Transmission);

present distances attained, 365;

problem, 367-8;

prominent names in history, 26;

synchronous condensers in, 262;

traction methods, vii, 186-93, 197-200;

voltages and currents used, vi, 159, 160-1, 163, 169, 331-2, vii,

10-11

(see also Long Distance Transmission)

Power Transmission (Hydraulic), v, 104-8

Power Transmission (pneumatic), i, 26, 27-9

Practice, effects of, xi, 253

Praepositus, Nicolaus, x, 37

Præsepe, star cluster, ii, 336

Pragmatic Philosophy, xvi, 196

Prairie Dogs, xii, 294

Prairie Fires, smoke from, i, 56

Prairies, dominance of grasses on, xiii, 350;

plant societies of, 373-6;

soils of, xiv, 383;

United States, 374, xiv, 373;

windbreaks, i, 333

Prase, iii, 337

Praseodymium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Prayer, primitive conceptions of, xv, 344-7

Pre-Babylonian Science, xvi, 56-63

Precession, of gyroscopes, v, 336, 337-9, 340, 341, 342

Precession of Equinoxes, ii, 70-1;

Arab work on, 38;

discovery, xvi, 90;

Hipparchus on, ii, 31, 300

Precipitate, defined, viii, 380

Precipitation (atmospheric), annual amount, xiv, 135;

climate determined by, 351-2, 355-6;

measurement, i, 79-82;

mountain effects, xiv, 354-5;

source of terrestrial waters, 134, 151;

various kinds, i, 106-22, 379

Precipitation (electrical), vi, 164, vii, 216, 346-51

Precipitation Treaters, vii, 348-51

Prehistoric Man (see Primitive Man)

Prehistoric Times, before writing, xv, 167, 322-3;

geographical and climate changes since, xiv, 29-30

Prejudice (see Bias)

Preoccupation, of mind, xi, 154-5

Prepotent Inheritance, x, 230

Preservatives, action of, viii, 333;

chemical, 372

Preserving of Foods, viii, 371;

effect on vitamines, x, 263, 266

Pressure, boiling point and, iv, 167-8, 169-70;

critical, 171-3;

melting point and, 153, 162, 163-6;

sense of, xi, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114

(see also Atmospheric Pressure, Gases, Liquids)

Pressure Areas, ordinary movement, i, 237;

physiological effects of alternations, 329-30;

wind and weather attendants, 125, 134-5, 218, 237-8, xiv, 349-50 (see

also Highs, Lows)

Pressure Belts, i, 127-9

Pressure Cookers, iv, 171

Pressure Gradients, i, 126, 373;

reversal, 130, 131

Pressure Waves, in alternating currents, vi, 198

Prevailing Westerlies, i, 128, 379, xiv, 345-6, 349

Preventive Medicine, x, 282-317;

history of development of, 15, 99, 133-4, 171-6, 217-18

Prickly Fruits, xiii, 58, 343

Priestley, chemical work, xvi, 120, 177;

oxygen discovery, viii, 34, x, 89, xiv, 65

Priests, of savages, xv, 349-53, 354, 359

Primary Cells, iv, 299, 383, vi, 130, 131-44, vii, 363;

chemical action of, viii, 167

Primary Coils, iv, 383, importance of knowledge of, 9

Primary Colors, iv, 366

Primary Concepts, iv, 14-16

Primary Rocks, viii, 191;

disintegration, 194-5

Primates, iii, 301, 302, xii, 373-4, 375, xvi, 126

Prime Movers, ix, 15, vii, 373;

of future, v, 171-81;

various kinds, vi, 181-2, 351-2

Primitive Man, æsthetic arts of, xv, 296-325;

conditions of life, x, 10, xv, 188-92;

dogs of, xii, 345-6;

language of, xv, 140;

love of decoration in, 252-3;

mind and beliefs, xvi, 42, 43-5, 51, 56;

religion of, xv, 327-59;

sex relations of, 277-8;

tools and weapons of, v, 11, 12-15, xv, 102-10;

types of, 77-102

(see also Cave Men, Savages)

Primrose, leaves, xiii, 88;

petals, 190

Primrose Family, xiii, 203-4

Prince Rupert Drops, viii, 281

Princeton College, founding, xvi, 127

Prince's Island, groundsel in, xiii, 345

Principle of Archimedes, iv, 30, 102-5;

applicable to gases, 107, 126

Pringle, John, x, 104, 155

Print, machines to read, v, 332-5, 384

Printing, v, 300-13;

color, iv, 370-1;

electrotyping, vii, 313-14;

invention of, xv, 179;

invention, results on science, ii, 13, 40, 42, x, 44;

photographic, viii, 173

Printing Presses, development, v, 300-5, 378, 379, 381

Prisms, effect on light, i, 165, ii, 99, 111, 112, iv, 357-9, 365, viii,

301

Prisoners, habit in, xi, 255;

labor of, 275

Privet, leaf arrangement, xiii, 38

Proboscis, of insects, xiii, 126

Proctor, astronomer, ii, 249, 343

Procyon, ii, 297, 319

Prodigality of Nature, in ferns, xiii, 155, 156;

to insure reproduction, 117, 118, 124, 152

Produce Exchanges, weather reports at, i, 252

Professional Men, food requirements, ix, 297

Proficiency, unconsciousness of, xi, 254

Profiteers, and farmers, vii, 220, 221

Prognathic Angle, xv, 44 (fig.)

Prognosis, Hippocrates on, x, 78

Progress, cumulativeness of, xvi, 41;

due to experience of past, ix, 153, xv, 30-1;

due to individuals, xi, 333;

in organic life, xvi, 152;

language and, xv, 68, 145-6;

rhythm in, xvi, 46, 116;

scientific (see Science, progress);

summary of mechanical, v, 376-84;

transportation and, 18

Projectiles, atmospheric resistance, v, 369;

explosives for throwing, viii, 260-1;

flight, i, 312-13;

from aeroplanes, v, 372-3;

handling on battleships, vii, 334;

meteorological corrections, i, 312-13;

sound, i, 193-4;

World War, v, 372

Prometheus, story of, viii, 89

Promontories, formation of, xiv, 256

Pronghorns, xii, 322-3

Proof by Induction, xi, 242

Propane, viii, 210

Propellers, iv, 34;

electric drives, v, 105-6, 153-4;

mechanical and electric drives, vii, 329-30;

most efficient speed, 329;

of early steamboats, v, 189-90;

suction applications of, iv, 127

Proper Motion of Stars, ii, 121-2, 304-5;

determined by spectrum analysis, 119-20;

Eddington on, 344;

Halley's discovery of, 84, 86-7;

in relation to spectral type, 307-9;

origin, 308

Property, inheritance systems, xv, 289-90, 294

Prophylaxis, x, 213, 318 (see Immunity)

Propionic Acid, viii, 220

Proportional, defined, iv, 63

Proprioceptive Senses, xi, 63

Propyl Alcohol, boiling point, viii, 212, 299

Propylene Glycol, boiling point, viii, 299

Prosauria, xii, 182, 183, 203

Prosepny, geological work, xvi, 172-3

Protagoras, on relativity, xvi, 85, 87;

theory of knowledge, 87

Proteases, viii, 357

Protective Coloration, xv, 17-18;

in amphibians, xii, 170;

in birds, 245-6;

in lizards, 204;

in lions and tigers, 359-60;

in rabbits, 287

Protective Devices (electrical), vii, 32-50

Protective Methods in Plants, flower buds, xiii, 45;

leaf-buds, 34;

leaves, against sunlight, 89;

leaves, hairy covering, 104-5;

nettles against animals, 42

Protective Motions, of animals, ix, 21

Proteins, viii, 380;

amount in daily diet, 366-7, ix, 300-1;

amount needed in foods, ix, 281-4, x, 255-6, 278-9;

anaphylaxis from injection of, x, 213, 214, 223;

animal and plant, ix, 278-9, 280, 287;

animal and plant percentages, viii, 348, 349, 351;

antigenic properties of, x, 205;

body heat production by, ix, 309;

body needs of, ix, 33, 34-5, 278, 287-8, x, 255-6, 277-8, xi, 279;

body percentage, viii, 348;

calories in, 361, x, 269;

chemical composition and properties, viii, 351-2, 357, ix, 29, 279,

287;

classification, viii, 352-3;

different kinds, ix, 278-9;

digestion and utilization of, 235, 242, 243, 244, 245, 279-84, x, 204,

270, 277-80, 319, 326, 329, 330, 342;

energy value, ix, 300;

excess of, in food, 283-6;

human, 279, 280, 287;

in blood, 176-7, 181, 183, 184, 194-5;

injections of, effects, x, 204, 213, 214, 223;

injections of, in therapy, 226;

in plants, iii, 344, viii, 348, 349, 350, 351, ix, 278, 280, 287;

in protoplasm, 32-3, 34, 278;

in various foods, viii, 362, 363, 364, 366, ix, 300, xiii, 213;

likeness and differences, ix, 278-9;

making of, by plants, viii, 336, 349, 350, ix, 29, 278, xiii, 95;

metabolism effects, ix, 301-2;

molecular structure, viii, 217-18;

need of, in diet, x, 255-6, 268, 278-9;

nitrogen in, viii, 64-5, 73, 340, x, 270, 277, 342;

plant, ix, 278-9, 280, 287;

plant percentages, viii, 348, 349, 351;

storage of, by body, x, 272;

wool and silk as, viii, 256

Proterozoic Era, iii, 20, 174-8;

plants and animals, 251, 261-2, 262-3, 264-5, 270, 271, 276

Proterozoic Rocks, iii, 174-8

Prothallus, xiii, 157, 158, 160, 162

Protonema, xiii, 156, 162, 163

Protoplasm, x, 228;

basis of life, ix, 13, 17, x, 228, xiii, 74;

body percentage of, ix, 31;

chemical composition and processes, viii, 356, ix, 32-3, 34, xvi, 155;

chlorophyll and, xii, 14;

color in nerve cells, ix, 124;

conditions necessary to, ii, 243;

constitution and functions, ix, 41-3;

control of activities of, 39-40;

differences of, in plants and animals, 278-9;

inactivity when cooled, 306-7;

maintenance and growth, 34-6, 278-84;

making of new, 32, 33, 38-9, 287-8;

motion by, 73;

occurrence and nature, xii, 13;

origin of, xiii, 300;

salts in relation to, ix, 32, 174;

signs of life, 13-17;

studies of, xvi, 166;

wastage of, in body, ix, 34, 282-3;

water in, effects on metabolism, 37-8

Protopterus (fish), xii, 166

Prototheria, xii, 271, 272-4

Protozoa, iii, 259, 263, 265-6, xii, 25, 26;

disease-producing, x, 199, 200, 204;

in plankton, xvi, 147;

origin of, xii, 12;

reproduction in, 26

Prout's Hypothesis, viii, 177, 187

Prunes, as antiscorbutic, x, 266;

eating of, ix, 251

Prussia, vaccination in, x, 103

Pruth River, xiv, 185

Psuchrainometer, i, 319, 379

Psyche, xvi, 17

Psychiatry, x, 356, 357

Psychic States, motor character, xi, 58-9, 61

Psychor Analysis, x, 243, 363-5

PSYCHOLOGY, Volume xi

Psychology, complexity of science of, x, 368;

concrete science, xvi, 42;

daily applications, 17-19;

defined, 37, xi, 10-14;

field of applied, 9-10, 367;

medicine and, x, 369;

origin of name, xvi, 17

Psycho-neuroses, x, 359-60

Psychoses, of adolescence, x, 236-7

Psychrometers, i, 78-9, 379

Pteranodons, iii, 294

Pteridophytes, iii, 251, 252, 253, 256

Pteridosperms, iii, 251, 252, 254-5

Pterodactyls, xii, 202, 203 (fig.)

Pteropoda, xii, 18, 19

Pterosauria, xii, 182, 202

Ptolemaic System, ii, 10, 34-6, xvi, 93;

Bacon's criticisms, 101;

Copernicus and, ii, 49;

dissatisfaction with, 40, 42;

Galileo and, 54;

Regiomontanus and, 40;

persistence, 45

Ptolemy, ii, 32;

Almagest, 10, 33-6;

Aristotle and, 42;

conception of moving bodies, 63;

debt to earlier astronomers, 29;

ideas of cosmos, 367;

remarks on geography of, xiv, 3;

works of, xvi, 93-4

Ptomaines, viii, 215

Ptyalin, ix, 230, 235-6

Puberty, mental diseases following, x, 236-7;

need of health instruction at, 283

Public Halls, ventilation methods, ix, 269

Public Health, campaign for, x, 171, 172;

science of, viii, 317-33

Public Health Service, U. S., x, 190-1

Public Lands, (U. S.), xiv, 384

Public Opinion, power of, xv, 374-5, 380

Public Speakers, and audiences, xi, 216;

pitch of voice in, iv, 232

Puccini, reference to, xv, 297

Pudding-stone, sedimentary rock, xiv, 18

Puddled Clay, xiv, 137

Puddling Process, invention, v, 316-17

Pueblo Pottery, xv, 249 (fig.)

Puerperal Fever, x, 114-15

Puff Adder, xii, 231-2

Puffballs, fungous, xiii, 71

Puffins, xii, 264-5

Puget Sound, harbors of, xiv, 268;

salmon in, xii, 157

Pugnacity, derivation of word, xi, 43-4;

instinct of, 56

Pulleys, v, 33-5;

action of, like levers, iv, 89;

friction in, 93

Pull-out Loads, of motors, vi, 260

Pulmonary Artery, ix, 199, 201 (fig.);

capillaries of, 254;

elasticity of, 210

Pulmonary Vein, ix, 199, 201 (fig.);

blood in, 260

Pulmonates, xii, 68-71

Pulp, in paper-making, v, 291-5

Pulse, ix, 211;

former ideas of, x, 62, 63;

Galileo's measurement, v, 64-5;

rate of, x, 334

Pulsilogia, Galileo's, v, 65

Pumas, xii, 363-4

Pumice, from Krakatoa eruption, iii, 101, xiv, 325;

in ocean, iii, 55, xiv, 285-6

Pumpelly, climate studies, xiv, 29, 361;

on loess accumulations, 73-5

Pumpkin, xiii, 54-5, 223

Pumps, centrifugal, vi, 363;

chain, iv, 26;

electric and automatic, vi, 99-100, vii, 86-7;

for deep wells, v, 114-15;

force, 113-14;

suction, 112-13;

reciprocating, motors used, vi, 234;

suction, iv, 26-7, 126

Punching Machines, chisel form, v, 46;

motors used, vi, 235

Pupil, of eye, ix, 109, 110 (fig.);

dilation of, in fear, 166;

size changed by smooth muscle, 162

Purbach of Vienna, ii, 40

Purchase, marriage by, xv, 283-5

Pure Breeds, in animal breeding, ix, 337;

from crosses, 335, 336

Pure Food Law, viii, 370

Puritanism, suppression of emotions, xi, 140

Purmann, Matthaeus, x, 78

Purple Dyes, sources of, xii, 68, 72

Purple Light, of sunsets, i, 167, 379-80

Purple Loosestrife, xiii, 140-1

Purpose, motor character, xi, 61 (see Will)

Purslane, xiii, 15

Pus, formation of, ix, 186-7;

former conception of, x, 39-40, 41, 43;

modern attitude towards, 145, 147

Pus Pockets, ix, 187, 188

Pus-producing Germs, ix, 186-8, x, 195, xiii, 71;

infections by, x, 198, 207, 221;

vaccination against, 218

Putrefaction, cause, xvi, 143;

intestinal, ix, 249-50

Pycraft, Prof., on chameleons, xii, 209-10

Pyemia, x, 198

Pygmies of Africa, xv, 38-9

Pyorrhea, of gums, x, 202, 219, 222

Pyramids of Egypt, ii, 24, xv, 269-71;

civilization exhibited, xvi, 66-7, 71;

orientation, ii, 26;

rocks used in, iii, 235;

weathering of, xiv, 78

Pyrene Extinguisher, vi, 101

Pyrenees Mts., as barrier between Spain and France, xiv, 239-40;

geranium of, xiii, 136;

geological history, iii, 235, 236, 240;

recent formation, xiv, 235

Pyrheliometer, i, 88, 380

Pyridine, viii, 240, 253

Pyrite, iii, 335-6;

gold in, 366

(see also Iron Pyrites)

Pyrogallol, viii, 288

Pyrosoma, xii, 19-20

Pyroxene, composition of, viii, 193

Pyroxene Group, iii, 336

Psycho-Analysis, x, 243, 363-5

Pythagoras, conception of universe, ii, 10, 42-3, xvi, 80, 81-2;

mathematics of, 79-81;

medical work of, x, 17-18

Pythagorean Theory, xvi, 81-2

Pythonomorpha, xii, 182, 202-3

Pythons, xii, 213-15

Qobar, i, 380

Quacks, Barton on, x, 76, 367, 374-5;

cures of, vii, 240-1

Quadruplex Telegraphy, vii, 112, 117

Quagga, xii, 308

Quahogs, xii, 66-7

Quails, xii, 261

Qualitative Analysis, viii, 285-91

Quantitative Analysis, viii, 285, 291-5

Quantum Dynamic Theory, xvi, 134-5

Quarrying, in ancient Egypt, xvi, 67-8;

joints in, xiv, 128-9

Quart, compared with liter, viii, 28

Quartz, iii, 336-8;

fused, manufacture and uses, vii, 311-12;

gangue mineral, viii, 199;

gold found with, iii, 366, 367;

in granite, 27, 308;

in iron ore, 356;

in soils, 27, 28;

insolubility, viii, 112

Quartzite, iii, 381;

origin, 169, 189

Quaternary Period, iii, 20, 236-48;

appearance of man, 302, 303, xv, 72;

differentiation of races in, 95;

divisions of, 71;

Ice Age (see Ice Age)

Quaternion Analysis, invention, ii, 72

Quatrefages, morphology studies, xvi, 140-1

Quebec, harbor of, xiv, 270;

plateau of, 221, 236

Quebec Bridge, construction, v, 100-1

Queen Anne's Lace Plant, xiii, 201

Queensland, barramunda of, xii, 165

Queensland Hemp, xiii, 244

Questions, suggestion by form of, xi, 308-10

Quetelet, xvi, 153

Quicklime, iii, 373, viii, 149-50

Quickness, in different types of men, xi, 156-9

Quicksand, excavating through, v, 115-18, 123

Quicksilver (see Mercury)

Quinces, origin, xiii, 226

Quinine, an alkaloid, viii, 240;

from tropical forests, xiv, 383;

history and production, xiii, 250-2;

importance of discovery, 9;

sulphate of, iv, 356, 379;

use in malaria, x, 154-5, 158, 381

Quipus, xv, 165 (fig.), 166

Ra, Egyptian sun-god, ii, 24;

horns of, xii, 326

Rabbits, xii, 286-8;

direction perception by, ix, 117;

embryological development, xv, 55;

fear in, xi, 136;

heart of, x, 332;

nest-making by, xi, 56;

protective coloration in, xv, 17, 18;

rate of increase and destructiveness, 20

Rabelais, François, x, 45

Rabies, germ of, x, 200;

Pasteur's cure of, 141, 142-3

Raccoon Creek, Ohio, xiv, 185

Raceme, flower form, xiii, 50

Racemic Acid, Pasteur's studies of, x, 137

Racers (snakes), xii, 218, 219, 220

Races of Mankind, xv, 32-4;

brain and skull, differences, 41-3, 62;

contact of inferior, xvi, 50;

characteristic diseases, xv, 47-52;

differences in, due to proteins, ix, 279;

European, xvi, 48-50;

extinction of, xv, 98-9;

intermixture of, 32, 35-6;

language and, 159;

mental characteristics, 36;

physical characteristics, 36-47;

separate origin theory, 69-70;

subdivisions of, xiii, 173;

type characters, 34-6;

vanished and weak, xvi, 64

Races, Tidal, xiv, 294

Race Type, xv, 34-5

Racing Cars, speed, v, 214

Radial Velocities of Stars, ii, 120, 122;

of nearest stars, 319;

of star clusters, 337, 339;

photographic study, 137, 158-9

Radiant Energy, iv, 322, 366, ix, 114-15;

of sun and stars, ii, 170, 383-4, iv, 181-2, 194

(see also Radiation)

Radiant Matter, iv, 54-5

Radiation, heat, iv, 180-4, 366;

light production by various kinds, of, 378-80;

penetrating, i, 143-4, 146, 379;

terrestrial, volcanic dust effects, 59;

therapeutical uses of, x, 383

Radiation Emanation, vi, 269-70

Radiative Equilibrium of sun and stars, ii, 382, 383-4

Radiators, heat of, iv, 186, 187

Radicals, Chemical, viii, 93, 380;

method of expressing, xvi, 160-1;

valences of, viii, 94

(see also Groups)

Radioactive Substances, viii, 184-9;

emanations of, i, 143, 330;

fluorescence produced by, iv, 380;

helium produced by, xvi, 194;

in nature, i, 143, xvi, 193;

ionization by, i, 143-4

Radioactivity, viii, 184-9, 307;

climatic effects, i, 211;

discovery of, iv, 55, xvi, 165, 193;

explained by electron theory, iv, 23;

of meteorites, ii, 292;

light theory, iv, 50;

physical phenomena of, viii, 307

Radio Communication, vii, 258-98

(see also Wireless)

Radio Compass, i, 191

Radio Control, of aeroplanes and ships, vii, 283-4

Radio Corporation of America, vii, 274-5

Radio Generators, vii, 273-8;

in aeroplanes, 282-3

Radiographs, X-ray, vii, 253-4, x, 185-6

Radiolarians, xii, 17-18;

in plankton, xvi, 147

Radio Stations, aeronautical services, i, 292;

distress signal system, vii, 284;

intercommunication, 261;

remote control from, 283-4;

weather reporting, i, 281, 282

Radio Theory, vii, 285-98

Radiotherapy, x, 383-4

Radio Waves, conversion by vacuum tubes, vi, 339-41;

damped and undamped, vii, 273-4, 289-90;

generation and detection, iv, 314-15, vi, 163, 215, vii, 273-8,

286-91, 293-8;

generation in aeroplanes, 282-3;

length, iv, 315, vi, 269, vii, 260;

length, by what determined, 266;

lengths used, 272, 274, 275;

measurement of length and frequency, 291-5;

measured in meters, 272;

remote control by, 283-4;

transmission, 261, 263-73, 278-80

(see also Radio Communication);

vibrations in æther, vi, 119, 163, vii, 250

Radish, xiii, 197, 223

Radium, viii, 184-5, 186;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

discovery and occurrence, xvi, 193;

disintegration into niton, viii, 185;

emanation (see Niton);

energy from disintegration, viii, 186-7;

fluorescence and luminosity from, iv, 380;

increase, xvi, 194;

in soil, i, 143;

therapeutic uses of, x, 383-4

Radium Compounds, viii, 184

Radium Watch Dials, iv, 380

Radius Vector, ii, 51

Raffia, origin and product, xiii, 244

Raffles, Sir Stanford, xiii, 363

Rafflesia Arnoldii, xiii, 364;

illustration, 352

Rafts, xv, 264-5

Rage, emotion of, xi, 138, 139

Rags, paper from, v, 290-1, 292

Ragweed, pollen of, xiii, 118

Rahbeg, Arabia, charting of harbor, i, 47

Rahu, Chinese dragon, ii, 209

Railroads, air brakes on, iv, 129, v, 130-2;

block signal systems, vii, 355-9;

coal using, v, 172;

early, 207, 208, 377, 378-9;

effects on rivers and water power, xiv, 31, 191;

electrification (see Electrification of Railroad);

in tropical regions, xiii, 359;

present inadequacy, vii, 194-5;

snow removal, i, 117;

weather and climate problems, 267-8

Railroad Terminals, electrification, vi, 162, vii, 181-2, 193, 197-8

Railroad Ties, walking on, ix, 89

Railroad Tracks, expansion by heat, iv, 134;

outer rail on curves, 73;

pneumatic tamping, v, 135;

reduction of friction, 206;

sound transmission by, iv, 199;

traction of, v, 207

Rails (birds), xii, 261-2

Rails (Railroad), manufacture of, v, 322-3

Rain, i, 108-9;

artificial production, 332, 333-4, 336-40, 345;

"blood showers," 55;

business effects, 264, 265;

dust depositing by, 55;

explanation, 93;

formation of drops, 112-13;

formation in hot afternoon storms, vii, 217;

from cloudless, sky, 119;

gray suit sets and, 166;

large drops in thunderstorms, vii, 215-17;

low pressure areas and, i, 237;

no region without, 210;

rainbow predictions, 177;

red, 358;

rock-weathering by, xiv, 39, 41-2, 49, 62, 63, 77, 105-6;

salt deposited, by, i, 59-60;

sounds as prognostics of, 187;

yellow, 61

(see also Raindrops, Rainfall)

Rain Balls, i, 104, 380

Rainbow, i, 175-7, 380, iv, 374-6;

colors of, ix, 115;

Keats on, i, 346

Rain Clouds (see Nimbus, Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds)

Raindrops, formation, i, 112-13;

rainbows due to, 175, 176;

size, 113-14;

speed of fall, 113, 114

Rainey, George, xvi, 145

Rainfall, i, 380;

ascending air currents and, xiv, 354-6;

changes in historic period, 362;

climate determined by, 351-2, 355-6;

corn-crops and, i, 247, 248;

distribution and intensity, 109-12, 208;

economic importance, 263;

examples of excessive, 109-11, 111-12;

forests dependent on, xiii, 367, 372, 373-4, 376, xiv, 377-8, 379;

in desert regions, xiii, 377, 380;

in tropical forests, 358, 360;

measurement, i, 79-82;

measurements, ancient, i, 68;

mountains and, 111, xiv, 354-6;

plant types determined by, xiii, 357-8, xiv, 369;

soil elements affected by, 68-9;

solar radiation and, ii, 187-8;

sun-spots and, 186;

statistics, importance of, i, 110-11;

water in inch of, 109;

water table dependent on, xiv, 136

(see also Precipitation)

Rainfall Charts, i, 206

Rain Forests, xiii, 358-66, 372, xiv, 368-9

Rain Gauges, i, 68-9;

kinds and uses, 80-2, 380;

on Mt. Waialeale, 112

Rain Gods, Australian, xv, 195

Rainier, Mount, xiv, 225;

beauty of, 100-1, 315;

glaciers of, iii, 60-1;

snow honeycombs, i, 117;

vapors of, xiv, 313, 314;

volcanic origin, iii, 106, 226

Rain Insurance, i, 270

Rain-making (see Rain, artificial production)

Rains, curious, i, 355-9;

of toads, xii, 177

Rainstorms, gathering of, viii, 304;

water in, 109-10

Rain Tree, i, 349-52, 380

Rain Water, nitrogen compounds in, i, 13

Rainy Regions, factors determining, i, 111

Rainy Weather, splitting of tomatoes in, xiii, 94

Raisins, eating of, ix, 251

Rakers, automatic, v, 246, 247, 379

Raleigh, Sir Walter, introduction of potato by, xiii, 218

Rameses, monument, xvi, 67;

sacrifice made by, xv, 347

Ramie, cellulose composition, viii, 254;

origin and product, xiii, 244

Rams, horns of, xii, 325-6

Ramsay, Sir William, discovery of elements, i, 12;

discovery of argon, viii, 67;

helium discovery, xvi, 194

Ranches, cattle, xiv, 383-4

Range Finders, principle, xi, 179-80

Ranges, electric, vii, 88-9

Rankin, Angus, quoted, i, 158

Raoulia Cushions, xiii, 379-80

Raphael, anatomy advanced by, x, 51-2

Rapids, in new and old regions, xiv, 48, 49

Rapid Sand Filters, viii, 320

Rare Earths, viii, 182

Raspberries, origin, xiii, 226

Rate, technically defined, iv, 383

Ratings, of electrical machines, vi, 192-4, 212, 317

Rationalizations, xi, 244-5

Ratite Birds, xii, 243, 249

Rats, xii, 289-91;

bubonic plague and, x, 163, 165-7;

cannibalism of, ix, 280-1;

dangerousness of, 12, 285-6;

sleeping sickness organism in, x, 168;

snakes and, xii, 219, 220, 222;

war against, x, 171

Rattan Cane, xiii, 244

Rattan Palm, xiii, 27, 361, xiv, 368

Rattlesnakes, xii, 234-8;

prairie dogs and, 227;

tongue of, 212

Ravenna, formerly on coast, xiv, 53

Raw materials of Plant Life, xiii, 79;

Sources of, 80, 81

Ray, natural history work, xvi, 116, 126

Ray Flowers, xiii, 206

Rayleigh, Lord, discovery of argon, i, 12, viii, 67;

light theory, xvi, 137-8;

on ultra-violet light, i, 16;

sound studies of, iv, 52

Rays (fish), xii, 148-50;

eyes of, 138

Rays, of flowers, xiii, 44, (fig.), 49;

of light and electricity, iv, 383

Razor Fish, xii, 59

Reactance, condenser, vi, 171;

current-limiting, vii, 49;

inductive, vi, 170;

in alternating currents, 170, 172;

in induction motors, 248;

in oscillating circuits, vii, 289

Reaction, principle of equal, v, 143-4 (see Action and Reaction)

Reactions (physical) outgoing and withdrawing, xi, 54-6

(see also Motor Responses)

Reaction Types and Times, xi, 152-9

Reactors, current-limiting, vii, 49

Read, Commander, on aeroplane safety, i, 50

Reading Glasses, ix, 111

Reading Machines, v, 332-5

Reagent, defined, viii, 381

Reality, Aristotle on, xvi, 88;

in pragmatic philosophy, 196

Reaping Machines, v, 240, 244-9, 379

Reason, Reasoning, xi, 237-46;

in man and animals, xv, 65-6, 67-8;

in sleep, xi, 286, 287;

instinctive, 46, 47;

meanings of, 233-4, 237-9

Rèaumur, René, A. F. de, x, 88, xvi, 174;

thermometer, scale of, iv, 136, 137

Rebus, game of, xv, 168-9

Receivers, telephone, vii, 94, 96-7

Recency, in associations, xi, 204-5

Receptacle (botanical), xiii, 153

Reception Halls, lighting, vii, 70-1

Receptor Neurones, xi, 21, 22, 26, 27, 30;

in embryo, 34, 35

Receptor Organs, of various senses, xi, 63, 116-17

Recessional Moraines, iii, 67

Recession of Spring Heads, xiv, 176

Recessives, in crosses, x, 231

Reciprocal Accumulation, vi, 298

Reciprocal Innervation, xi, 86

Reciprocating Engines, compared with turbines, v, 152-3;

control, 153;

disadvantages, 148;

waste of heat energy, 155

Recoloration (see Afterglow)

Recording Meters, vii, 177-8

Recreation, psychology of, xi, 269-70

Rectifiers, mineral contact, vii, 268-9;

mercury arc, vi, 331, 333-9;

vacuum tube, 339-41

Rectilinear Coordinates, iv, 16

Recurrence, Weather, i, 362-3, 380

Recurrent Images, xi, 221

Red, complementary color of, iv, 367;

effects of blood pressure, xi, 63;

heat colors, iv, 361;

of sunset and rise, i, 166, 168;

penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;

primary color, iv, 366;

seeing of, in color-blindness, ix, 116;

stimulating effects, vi, 274;

vibration rate, ix, 115;

wave lengths, i, 165, iv, 360, 365

Red Beds, iii, 202, 204, 208

Red Cedar, spread, xiii, 340

Red Clay, on sea floor, iii, 54, xiv, 285, 286

Red Coral, xii, 43

Red Corpuscles, ix, 181-4, 275;

blood transfusion in relation to, x, 338;

carbon monoxide effects on, viii, 50-1;

held by capillary walls, ix, 194;

oxygen-carrying by, ix, 182-3, 258-9, x, 338-9;

reduced in anemia, 337

Red Cross, Pringle's idea, x, 104

Red Crust Polyzoans, xii, 47

Redfield, W. C., i, 215

Red Fire, viii, 301

Red Flash, of sun, i, 171

Red Hot, temperature of, iv, 361

Redi, Francesco, xvi, 114

Red Lead, viii, 162

Red Light, photographic uses, viii, 171

Red Marrow, ix, 183

Red Pepper, source, xiii, 221

Red Race, xv, 32, 37;

diseases of, 51;

separate origin theory, 70

Red Rain, i, 358

Red River of the North, xiv, 158, 201

Red Sea, in Great Rift Valley, xiv, 117-18;

origin of color, xvi, 147;

salt in, viii, 139, xiv, 296-7;

sharks of, xii, 145

Red Snow, i, 358

Red Test, of kidneys, x, 378

Red Thread (worm), xii, 54

Reduction (chemical), viii, 381

Redwood Forests, fog drip, i, 351

Redwoods, former distribution, xiii, 320;

of California, xiv, 374

Reed, Dr. Walter, x, 160, 162, 200

Reed Instruments, iv, 284-5

Reed Boat, xv, 264 (fig.)

Reefs, oceanic, defined, xiv, 286;

of seaweed deposits, iii, 250, 251

(see also Coral Reefs)

Refining of Metals, viii, 272

(see also Electro-Refining)

Reflection of Light, iv, 324-5, 330-1;

by mirrors, 335-7;

total, 373-4

Reflectors (heat), iv, 182

Reflex Actions, ix, 185-6, 258, xi, 20, 26-7, 62-3, xv, 65;

development in embryo, xi, 35-6;

grasping reflex, 40-3;

hypnotic suggestion of, 317;

in glands and smooth muscle, ix, 163;

in infants, 349;

in vasomotor system, 311;

in sleep, xi, 26-7, 286;

instincts as, 48;

law of final common path, 22;

mind as sum of, 23-5;

shivering, ix, 309-10;

some special, 155-9, 163, 168-72

(see also Chain Reflex, Circular Reflex, Conditioned Reflex)

Reflex Arc, x, 20-8;

time factors, 154

Refracting Telescopes, ii, 96-101, 103-4, 108, 202

Refraction of Light, iv, 325, 326-9, 330, 331, 373-4;

astronomical, i, 167, 380;

by lenses, iv, 337-9;

index of, in chemical analysis, viii, 310;

Newton and Huygens' studies, xvi, 119;

terrestrial, i, 171, 380

Refraction of Sound, iv, 286-7

Refractories, furnace, vii, 306-8

Refractory Phase, of nervous excitation, xi, 21

Refrigerating Machines, v, 346-7, 350, 351-8, 380, vii, 85-6, viii, 59

Refrigeration, ammonia system, iv, 187-8;

battleship system, 331-2;

domestic, 85, 86;

electric, 85, 229-30;

evaporation methods, iv, 174, 187;

expansion and brine methods, vii, 85-6, 328;

freezing mixtures and solutions, iv, 175; ice, iv, 178;

ice, objections to, vii, 230;

liquid air, i, 30, 31-2;

salt used in, viii, 140

(see also Refrigerating Machines)

Refrigerator Cars, v, 346-7

Regelation, iv, 165-6, 383

Regeneration, power of, xii, 170

Regenerative Brakes, vii, 200

Regiomontanus, ii, 13, 40-1

Regnault's Constant, iv, 142

Regular Coasts, xiv, 250-2, 256, 262;

unfavorable to commerce, 265

Regulators, Induction, vi, 328-9, 346

Regulus (star), ii, 295

Rehabilitation, of World War disabled, x, 189-91

Rehoboam, wives of, xv, 289

Reign of Algæ, xiii, 314, 323

Reincarnation, belief in, xv, 333, 334

Reindeer, xii, 319-20;

horns of, 316;

in glacial period, xiv, 376;

in Cro-Magnon art, xv, 114;

relics of, in Spain, 100 (fig.)

Reindeer Moss, xii, 320

Reinhold, astronomical tables, ii, 44

Reis, telephone of, vii, 92

Rejuvenation (geological), definition, iii, 36, 381;

examples, 219, 230, 231, 232-3;

of folded areas, xiv, 96-8

(see also Elevation)

Reka River, xiv, 150

Relapsing Fever, diagnosis of, x, 216

Relative Time, Newton on, iv, 15

Relative Wind, i, 289, 299, 380

Relativity, doctrine of, iv, 16-18;

Einstein theory, ii, 80-2, xvi, 196-8;

of knowledge and perception, 85, 87, 195-6;

of motion, 12, 85

Relaxation, xi, 339-40, 371-2;

after meals, 374-5

Relay Circuits, vii, 39-48

Relay Regulators, vii, 148-50

Relays, in telegraph lines, iv, 293-4, vii, 110, 374

Relief Features, making and leveling of, xiv, 80;

of new and old areas, iii, 33, 34, 34-5, xiv, 47-9;

of sea bottom, iii, 52, xiv, 286-7;

orders of magnitude, 27

Relief Models, vertical exaggeration of, xiv, 9-10

Religion, Religions, Babylonian and Assyrian influences, xvi, 51-2;

beginnings and development of, xv, 326-59, xvi, 44;

development of, at cattle-raising stage, xv, 199;

fear and, 185;

fire in, 234;

marriage and, 291, 292-3;

meanings of, 326;

medicine and, x, 12, 16, 34, 242-3;

morality and, xv, 355-7, xvi, 43-4, 45, 48;

psychological factors, xi, 130, 151, 204;

science and, iv, 27-8, xvi, 42, 44-5;

similarities in, 43;

universality of instinct, 43, 47

Religious Fanatics, exaltation of, xi, 120;

hysteria of, x, 360

Religious Words, from Hebrew, xv, 161

Remedies, quack, vii, 240-1, x, 76, 367;

specific, 49-50, 75

Remembering, process of, xi, 209 (see Memory)

Remington Typewriter, v, 313, 381

Remora, dorsal fin of, xii, 133;

used in catching turtles, 139-40

Remote Control, vi, 99-101;

by radio waves, vii, 283-4;

in power plants, vi, 360

Renaissance, medicine of, x, 43-60;

science in, iv, 28, ii, 11-12, 12-13, 42

Rennin, enzyme, ix, 235

Repetition, psychological effects, xi, 21-2;

in advertising, 348;

in learning, 214-15

Repletion, sensation of, ix, 91

Repression, of ideas, x, 355-6, 361, 364, 365

(see also Suppression)

Reproach, sentiment of, xi, 149

Reproduction (organic), x, 228;

cells in, ix, 43, 324-5, 332-3, xv, 54, xvi, 156, 157-8;

germ cells in, x, 232;

in primitive animals, xii, 26, 31, 34, 53-4, 60;

rapidity of, in plants and animals, xv, 19-21

Reproduction of Plants, xiii, 43-6, 48-53, 116-67;

transitional form, 309, 316;

without mating, 165-7, 182-3, 215, 217-18

Reproductive Instinct, xi, 56

Reproductive Tissues, cell development in, ix, 48, 287

Reptiles, xii, 182-238;

age of, iii, 20, 21, 286, 292-3, xv, 71;

birds and, iii, 295, 296, xii, 239;

classification place, iii, 260;

egg-laying of, xv, 275;

evolution of, iii, 283, 285-6;

first appearance, xv, 71;

mammals and, xii, 271;

Mesozoic, iii, 286-95, xii, 183, 188, 194-5, 202-3;

origin of, 168;

temperature variations, i, 317;

tracks preserved in rocks, iii, 16

Repugnance, emotional, xi, 275

Repulsion, instinct of, xi, 55

(see also Disgust)

Réseau, i, 221, 380

Réseau Mondial, i, 220, 380

Reservoirs, puddled-clay bottoms, xiv, 137

Residual Magnetism and Voltage, vi, 191, vii, 372

Residual Soils, iii, 26-8, xiv, 68, 145

Residue (chemical), viii, 381

Resignation, as intellectualized reproach, xi, 149

Resinous Electricity, iv, 258, vi, 12

Resins, electrical conductivity, iv, 259;

electrification of, 257

Resistance, electrical, iv, 281-3, vi, 74-9, vii, 374-5;

in dynamo armatures, vi, 185-6;

in electric cells, 135-7;

in electric wires, 79-80;

in magnetic circuit, 93-4;

in wireless circuits, vii, 286, 287, 290, 296, 297, 298;

of various wires, vi, 77, vii, 378-80, 384;

Ohmic, vii, 373;

reduced by liquid air, i, 32;

unit (see Ohms);

variations with temperature, iv, 301

Resistance, Heat, vii, 337

Resistance (mechanical), relation to force, iv, 11, 90, 92

Resistance Coils, vii, 364

Resistance Furnaces, vii, 303-4

Resolution, and will, xi, 259-60

Resolution of Forces, iv, 76-7

Resonance, iv, 225-6;

in sound, 226-32;

in wireless currents, vii, 267, 289-90

Resorcinol, viii, 238

Respiration, chemistry of, viii, 36, 49-50;

discovery of physiology of, x, 29, 88-9;

of fishes, xii, 135;

of insects, 103;

of chelonian reptiles, 187;

processes and disorders of, x, 338-42

(see also Breathing)

Respiration Calorimeter, viii, 361, 367

Respiratory Center, ix, 257;

control of, 264-5, 266

Respiratory Diseases, susceptibility to, xv, 51

Respiratory Quotient, x, 270

Respiratory System, laughter by, xi, 355, 356-7

Rest, as cure for fatigue, x, 247-8;

efficiency and, xi, 363;

necessity of, time used in, ix, 80;

need of, in all things, xi, 21;

nervous fatigue and, ix, 137-8

(see also Relaxation)

Resting Arrow Argument, xvi, 85

Resting Metabolism (see Basic Metabolism)

Resultant, of forces, iv, 76, 99

Retail Sales, and weather, i, 264

Retaliation, Law of, xv, 371

Retina, of eye, iv, 346-7, ix, 109, 110 (fig.), xi, 30, 62, 84, 89-97;

color perception by, ix, 116-17

Retrospect, time lengths in, xi, 194

Retting Process, xiii, 239, 241-2, 243

Revenge, sentiment of, xi, 150

Reverberatory Furnace, v, 316-17

Reverdin, thyroid studies, x, 349

Reverence, sentiment of, xi, 147-8

Reversed Faults, xiv, 114

Revival of Learning (see Renaissance)

Revolution of Earth, ii, 43;

known to Aristarchus, 28;

orbit, changes in eccentricity, 73, 74-5;

orbit, measurement, 121, 162, 263;

orbit, speed in, 91-2, 163;

proved by aberration orbits of stars, 92;

year measured by, iv, 15

Revolutionary War, Bushnell's submarine, v, 197;

muskets in, 361;

surgeons of, x, 104

Revolutions, geological, xiv, 29

Revolving Turret, patented by Timby, v, 380

Rex Begonia, reproduction, xiii, 165-6

Reymond, Emil du Bois, x, 126-7

Reynolds, Osborne, xvi, 132

Rhazes, Arab writer, x, 32

Rheas, xii, 243, 249

Rheostat, iv, 383, vii, 375;

invention, vi, 23

Rheticus, friend of Copernicus, ii, 43

Rheumatism, Rheumatic Fever, x, 223-4;

acute, ix, 187-8;

barometric effects, i, 329;

germ of, x, 195, 221, 223;

leaking heart valves from, ix, 207;

lightning cures, i, 153;

salicylates in, x, 381;

uric acid and, 343

Rhine River, changes in course and connections, xiv, 185-6;

channel of, 87 (map), 117, 167;

falls at Schaffhausen, 132-3;

varied course, 155

Rhine Valley, xiv, 87 (map), 90, 117, 185-6;

wine industries of, viii, 249

Rhinoceros, xii, 304-6;

ancient remains, iii, 16, 303;

formerly in Europe, xv, 76, 79, 92;

Merck's, 100 (fig.), xii, 305 (fig.), 306

Rhizoids, xiii, 156, 157, 158

Rhodes, ancient importance, xiv, 281-2

Rhodesia, climate of, xiv, 224

Rhodium, viii, 173;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Rhododendrons, difficulty of obtaining, xiii, 289;

in heath family, 202;

in southern forests, 367;

seed, 344

Rhodora, flower, xiii, 202

Rhubarb, origin, xiii, 223;

oxalic acid in, viii, 222

Rhynchocephalia, xii, 183

Rhythm, idea of, in man, xv, 251, 310;

In human organism, xi, 281;

in learning, 214;

in scientific progress, xvi, 46, 116

Ria Coasts, xiv, 257-8

Rib Cage, ix, 63, 65 (fig.)

Ribs, of body, ix, 63 (fig.), 65;

connections with breastbone, ix, 71

Rice, ancestral home, xiii, 182, 221;

calories in, ix, 299;

eating of, in relation to stature, xiii, 172;

food value, viii, 364;

fruit for seed dispersal, xiii, 54;

history and uses, xiii, 213-14;

importance, 10, 211;

in grass family, 179;

origin, xiv, 382;

starch from, viii, 243;

transplanting, in Java (illus.), xiii, 208;

vitamines, in hulls of, viii, 369, ix, 35-6, x, 258, 259, 260

Rice Paper, source, xiii, 214

Richer, astronomer, ii, 59, 69

Richet, anaphylaxis studies, x, 212-13

Richter, J. B., chemical work, xvi, 160

Rickets, x, 264-5, 314

Rifles, xv, 218-19;

improvements in, v, 362, 379;

machine gun types, 366-8;

standardization, 50

Rift Valleys, xiv, 117-21, 123

Rigg's Disease, x, 315-16

Right, original meaning, xi, 190

Right Ascension, ii, 299, 300, 305

Right-Hand Rule, vi, 55, 89-90

Rights, grasping instinct and, xi, 44

Rime, i, 108, 380;

formation, 121-2

Ringhals, xii, 227

Ring Hypothesis (see Nebular Hypothesis)

Ring Spinning Machine, v, 273, 276, 378

Ring Structure (molecules), viii, 233, 240, 381

Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado peak, xiv, 112;

harbor of, 268

Rio Negro, connections of, xiv, 187

Rises, ocean, xiv, 286, 288, 290

Ritchey, astronomer, ii, 107-8, 148, 333, 336

River Beds, tunneling through, v, 121-4

River Man, iii, 302

Rivers, alterations in courses (historical), xiv, 183-6;

ancient veneration of, v, 75;

annual discharge of, xiv, 135;

antecedent, 164-70;

base-level of, 40, 49;

"beheaded," 182;

channels, gorges, and valleys, iii, 40-4, xiv, 49-52, 167-8;

classification of, 153-5;

connection of systems, 186-7;

consequent, 157;

courses changed by earthquakes, xiv, 335;

courses determined by rock structure, 43-4, 131-2, 160, 175, 187-8;

deltas (see Deltas);

development of, 155-88;

erosive work of, iii, 30-44, xiv, 39-40, 49-54, 158-63, 198, 233;

forest regulation of, xiii, 372, xiv, 379;

harbors in mouths, 270-1;

headward extension, iii, 38-9, xiv, 175-6;

homogeneous and heterogeneous, 154-5;

importance, xv, 129;

importance, by what determined, xiv, 189;

importance, historical and industrial, 31, 190-7;

in clayey country, 137;

in new and old areas, iii, 33-4, xiv, 48, 49, 155-63;

in regions of subsidence, iii, 37, xiv, 40, 163-4;

in rejuvenated regions, iii, 36, 232-3, xiv, 40, 163, 164-70;

longitudinal and transverse, 153-4;

marine and continental, 153;

metaphorical names of parts, xv, 158;

mineral matter in, viii, 196, xiv, 206;

obsequent, 160;

"piracy," 177-83, iii, 38-9;

potholes in beds, 39-40;

power of currents, 30-1, xiv, 39-40, 198;

power utilization, 5, 75-93;

recession of spring heads, xiv, 176;

sedimentary deposits of, xv, 84;

sediment carried by, iii, 31-3, xiv, 52-3, 161;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 346;

sewage systems, viii, 325;

sources of water, xiv, 182-3;

subsequent, 159;

superimposed, iii, 39, 137, 233-4, xiv, 170-4;

topography produced by, 49-54;

trunk and branch, 153;

underground, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50;

use in industry, vi, 352, 353, 361, 366-7;

water supply from, xiv, 140, 141

(see also Drainage Systems)

River Terraces, formation of, xv, 84

River Traffic, past and future, xiv, 31, 190-1

River Valleys, civilization in relation to, xv, 122, 128, 129;

development, xiv, 49-52;

general character, 56-7;

in old and new regions, iii, 33-5, 36-7, xiv, 48, 49, 57;

in stratified rock, 80-1, 82-3;

soils of, 70, 71, 218;

tributaries, 57;

usually excavated by their streams, 123-4

Riveters, pneumatic, iv, 129, v, 129

Roads, good, and farmers, vii, 230-1;

motor traffic and, v, 214-15;

rough and smooth, in relation to traffic, 206-7

Roaring Forties, i, 128, 380

Robert, Nicholas Louis, v, 291, 377

Roberts, astronomer, ii, 135-6, 361

Roberval, xvi, 104, 114

Robins, westward spread of, xii, 53

Robinson Cup Anemometer, i, 83

Roche, astronomer, ii, 157, 380

Rochelle Salts, from baking powder, viii, 136

Rochester, N. Y., drumlins near, xiv, 60

Roches Moutonnées, xiv, 56