Evolution, animals the main proof of, ii_How to Use the Popular Science Library; History of Science; General Index

Buffon on, xvi, 139-40;

climatic, iii, 174;

Darwinian theory, x, 135, 136, xvi, 149-52;

Greek theories, 78-9, 139;

human, xv, 26-31, xvi, 47;

laws of, xv, 15-25, 381-2;

laws and goal of, xiii, 325-36;

Le Conte on, iii, 164;

social, xv, 29-31, 382, 383-4;

universality of, ii, 366, xv, 29, xvi, 152;

Wolff's theory, xvi, 118

Exaggeration of Parts, iii, 277

Excavating, air pressures in, v, 120;

through quicksands, 115-18, 123;

under river-beds, 121-4;

with water jets, 88

Excavating Machinery, v, 252-9;

for swampy ground, 216

Excitement, blood changes in, ix, 293, xi, 137, 138;

insomnia from, ix, 219;

pain and, xi, 119;

recovery period, 21

Exclusive Inheritance, x, 230-1

Exercise, effects, needs and rules, x, 303-6;

effects on breathing, ix, 256, 258;

effects on heart rate, 168-9, 207, 208-9, 261-2, x, 334;

effect on lymphatics, ix, 223;

effects on sweat glands, 169, 315-16;

for constipation, 251, x, 317;

heat produced by,

270, 306;

obesity and, 273-4, 275;

oxygen consumption in, ix, 261;

psychological importance, xi, 339, 371-2;

pulse rate after, x, 334;

tuberculosis preventative, 292;

violent, albuminuria from, 345

Exfoliation, iii, 24, 378

Exhaust, of engines, v, 164-5

Exhaust Fans, vii, 86

Exhaustion, kinetic theory, xi, 59-60;

mental and physical, 135-6;

nervous system in, 274;

pain in, 119;

unlike sleep, 286

Exoskeleton, xii, 127

Expansion, by heat, iv, 134-5, 138, 140, 145, 151, v, 71, viii, 25, 107;

coefficient of, iv, 145;

cooling by, i, 30, 90, iv, 188, 191-2, vii, 323, viii, 68;

of fused quartz, vii, 311-12;

of water and other substances on solidifying, iv, 149-51, viii, 38

Experience, ability to profit by, ix, 139-40, 152-3;

accumulation and results, xi, 33;

contradictions of, 11;

learning and, viii, 269;

learning by, in man and animals, xv, 66;

psychology science of, xi, 10-11;

sensations as, 68;

subconscious storing of, 47;

Sylvius's test of truth, x, 69

Explanations, slower than events, xi, 210

Exploration Drilling, v, 262-5

Exploratory Laparotomy, x, 147

Explosions, boiler (see Boiler Explosions);

cause of detonations, vii, 211;

chemical and physical processes, viii, 61-3;

dust, i, 63;

gunpowder, viii, 62, 145;

hydrogen in air, 33, 36, 62;

speed of sound in, i, 187

Explosives, viii, 63, 260-2;

detonation, 262;

history of development, xvi, 163;

nitrogen compounds in, viii, 66, 71-2, 74, 75, 237, 253, xiv, 66;

nitrogen waste in, viii, 345-6;

sulphuric acid in, 80;

weather making by, i, 335-9

Exposure (outcrop), iii, 381

Extemporaneous Speeches, xi, 245

Extension, perception of, xi, 166, 171-2, 183-9

Extensor Muscles, ix, 76-7, xi, 54, 166

Exteroceptive Senses, xi, 63

Extrusive Rocks, xiv, 105

Eye-and-ear Method (astronomy), xi, 155

Eyeglasses, benefits of, iv, 51

(see also Glasses)

Eye-mindedness, xi, 222

Eye of the Storm, i, 136, 372

Eyes, vi, 270-3, ix, 109-11, xi, 83-97;

abuse of, mental effects, 373-4;

color, inheritance of, ix, 335-6;

color in different races, xv, 37, xvi, 48, 49, 50;

color perception by, ix, 116-17;

color perception limits, iv, 360-1;

comparable with camera, ix, 108;

connection with brain, 124, 142;

controlling nerves, xi, 30;

depth perception by, ix, 120;

diseases and defects, 112-14;

distance of distinct vision, iv, 342, 343;

distance perception by, ix, 118-19;

double images, xi, 175-81;

fatigue from, 279;

fear effects, 132;

fixation, how learned, 39-40;

inflammation due to lack of vitamines, x, 260;

in infants, ix, 350, 351, xi, 39, xv, 61;

in sleep, xi, 282, 283, 286;

muscles around, ix, 77;

of various animal forms, xii, 67, 101-2, 138-9, 205-6, 209;

origin, xi, 109;

persistence of vision, iv, 346-7;

position in attention, xi, 232;

pupil size, iv, 343;

receptor organs, xi, 30, 62;

regulation to light, x, 254;

sensibility to light waves, iv, 360;

smooth muscles of, ix, 161-2;

soul in, savage idea of, xv, 330-1;

space perception by, xi, 169-70, 171-2, 173, 174-83, 186-90;

winking and watering of, 19, 23, 63

(see also Sight, Vision)

Eye Sockets, ix, 62

Eyestrain, ix, 113, 114, 239;

Behan on, xi, 374

Eyra, xii, 364

Fabre, J. H., xvi, 143-4

Fabrics, making of, v, 268-88;

manufacturing processes, viii, 256;

Philippine fiber, xiii, 236, 239;

warmth of different, ix, 311-12, x, 309

Fabry, Wilhelm, x, 78-9

Face, anthropological measurements, xv, 43-5;

brain case and, 43, 62;

in infants, ix, 345;

pallor and flushing of, 161, 165, 166;

brain power expressed in, xv, 39, 63-4;

color in different lights, iv, 364-5;

painting of, xv, 256

Facial Angle, xv, 44-5

Facial Expressions, xv, 63-4;

dejection and, xi, 337, 339;

man's trained control, 82, 350-1;

smell and, 82;

smiling, 357;

taste and, 74, 75, 76;

tone of voice and, xv, 144

Factor Differences, xiii, 330, 331-2

Factories, fatigue reduction, xi, 277;

importance of conditions, 361-2;

instruction of beginners, 363-5;

lighting importance, 361;

rest periods, 363;

warm floors, importance of, ix, 320

(see also Industrial Plants, Industrial Psychology)

Factory System, beginning of, x, 244;

occupational diseases in, 245

Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, iv, 135-6

Fahrenheit Thermometer, i, 73, viii, 27;

compared with other scales, iv, 137, 141, viii, 27, 384;

invention, i, 69;

scale, how prepared, iv, 135-6, 137

Fainting, cause and relief, ix, 217;

due to weakness, x, 89;

low blood pressure in, 336

Fairmont, W. Va., deep well at, iii, 120, v, 265

Faith Healing, Barton on, x, 76;

effectiveness, xi, 374

Falcons, xii, 260, 261;

hunting with, xv, 223

Falkland Islands, groundsel of, xiii, 345

Falling Bodies, Galileo's studies of, iv, 19, 28, 97;

laws of, 96-7, xvi, 31-3;

velocity of, ii, 64, iv, 65;

velocity on sun and earth, ii, 168

Falling Stars (see Meteors, Meteorites)

Fall Line, xiv, 28, 214

Fallopius, x, 51, 53

Fallowing, viii, 341-2

Fall Winds, i, 132-3, 372

False Cirrus, i, 102, 104, 372

False Coral, xii, 47

Family, origin and evolution of the, xv, 273, 278-85, 360-1, 362

Fancy, pictures of, xi, 202

Fanning, benefits of, ix, 316-17

Farad, electric capacity unit, iv, 284, vii, 368

Faraday, chemical work, xvi, 160, 162, 163;

discovery of anesthetics, 185;

dynamo invention, 189;

electrical work, vi, 16, 21, 22-3, 50;

farad named after, iv, 284;

metallurgical work, xvi, 174;

on lines of force, iv, 252;

on philosophers, x, 376;

suggestion of fourth state of matter, xvi, 193

Faradic Currents, vii, 243, 248-9

Fargo, N. D., region, iii, 34

Farmers, ancient and recent methods, v, 239-40;

motor machines, 214;

past injustice and hardships, vii, 220-1;

small, and machinery, v, 249-50

Farms, cost of horse work, vii, 224-6;

electricity on, iv, 10, vii, 220-34;

migration of boys from, 221;

motor machines on, v, 214, 215-18

Far-sightedness, ix, 112-13, xi, 85

Fata Morgana, i, 172, 372

Fatigue, xi, 268-80;

adrenalin effects, 137;

cure for, x, 247-8;

disorders and diseases due to, 246-9;

from muscles, xi, 124;

from posture, ix, 83, 84;

habit and, xi, 253;

insomnia from, 289;

mental and physical, relations, x, 247, xi, 135-6;

mental effects, 13;

mental effects illustrated, xvi, 18;

muscular, cause and effects, ix, 80-1;

nervous, 137-8;

no sense organs of, 91;

physical effects of, x, 246-7;

rest periods and, xi, 363;

retardation of impulses in, 20;

sleep in relation to, ix, 219;

smooth muscles free from, 84-5;

stimulation to change, xi, 338-9;

suggestibility in, 307

Fatness, (obesity), x, 272-5;

adipose tissues in, ix, 298;

reduction of, 301-2

Fats, amount in daily diets, viii, 366-7, ix, 300-1;

animal, viii, 246, 348, 349, 350, x, 260;

animal, vitamines in, ix, 33;

calories in, viii, 361, x, 269;

composition, viii, 221, 245, 247, 335-6, 376;

digestion and utilization, 356, 357, 359, ix, 242-3, 244-5, 289-90,

294, 298-9, x, 326, 330;

extraction of, viii, 246;

food value and requirements, 335, 336, 362, 363, ix, 33, 300-1, x,

256, 260-2, 268, 269, 271;

identification of, viii, 310;

indigestibleness of, ix, 286;

in human body, viii, 348, 349;

lipins, 350-1;

liquid and solid, 232, 244, 247

(see also Oils);

metabolism of, x, 270;

molecular structure, viii, 217-18;

not antigens, x, 205;

preserving of, viii, 371;

skin excretions, x, 310;

soap effects on, viii, 141-2;

soap made of, 141, 221, 246;

tastelessness, 366;

uses, 246-7;

vegetable, 246, 335-6, 349, 350;

vegetable, lack of vitamines in, x, 259, 260-1, 262

Fatty Acids viii, 220;

butter percentage, 245, 364;

candles made from, 247;

in fats and oils, 221, 244, 245;

soap made from, 221, 246

Faults, Faulting, iii, 86-92, 378, xiv, 37-8, 114-28;

coasts formed by, 264;

earthquakes and, iii, 87, 90, 93, 94-6, 97, 98, xiv, 39, 115, 128,

334-5, 339-41;

greatest displacement, 39;

hot springs in relation to, 143;

lakes formed by, iii, 151, 152, 153;

mountains formed by, 138-9, xiv, 226, 229, 230

Fault Scarps, iii, 378, xiv, 38;

denudation of, 115-16;

persistency of, 122, 123, 124

Fault Valleys, xiv, 127-8

Fear, cause and accompaniments of, ix, 153, 166, xi, 131-3, 136, 138;

dominant human impulse, xv, 185;

dreams from, xi, 293, 294, 299-300, 301-2;

expression of, in animals, xv, 64;

in various sentiments, xi, 146, 147, 148;

pain deadened by, 120;

subconscious processes and, 212-13, 214

Feathers, of birds, xii, 243-7

Feeble-mindedness, inheritance of, x, 234, 235-6;

reflex action in, xi, 36

Feelings, brain processes in, ix, 154;

classes of, 153-4;

essentials of, xi, 25;

expression of, xv, 143;

motor response and, xi, 43 (see Consciousness, Emotions, Sensations)

Feet, bones of, ix, 68-9, 70 (fig.);

care of, x, 312;

Chinese women's, xv, 260, 261 (fig.);

cold or warmth felt in, ix, 320, 322;

custom of covering, xv, 254;

equal size of, ix, 170;

mental impairment by troubles with, xi, 373;

of ape and men, compared, iii, 301 (fig.), xv, 57, 60-1;

of infants, 61;

of Tertiary mammals, iii, 298, 299-300;

proper shoeing, ix, 69-70, x, 306;

relative lengths, xv, 57;

soles of, nerve connections, ix, 132, 135;

uses of, by men and monkeys, xv, 60-1;

wetting of, and colds, x, 239, 306, 341

Feldspar, iii, 308, 328-9;

chemical composition, viii, 90, 193;

clay from, iii, 25, 27, 28, 373;

disintegration, viii, 194;

potash in, 201

Felt, making of, v, 289

Fer-de-lance, xii, 234

Ferdinand II of Tuscany, i, 69, 213

Fergusson, William, x, 130

Fermat, Pierre de, xvi, 105, 114, 119

Fermentation, alcoholic, viii, 248-9;

of sewage, 328;

of sugars, 225, 227;

on what dependent, xiii, 66, 71;

Pasteur's studies in, x, 137, 138-9, 141, 143 (see Alcoholic

Fermentation)

Ferments, viii, 357, 376;

as catalyzers, 103

Ferns, xiii, 63-6;

classification, iii, 251;

cycad-like, xiii, 309;

evolution, iii, 252, 254, 256, xiii, 303, 317;

fossils, iii, 272 (Pl. 15), xiii, 324;

in tropical forests, xiv, 368;

mosses and, xiii, 69;

number of species, 323;

power of roots, 19;

reproductive processes, 155-60

Ferrel's Law, i, 124-5

Ferrets, xii, 349

Ferric Compounds, viii, 161

Ferrite, viii, 160, 273

Ferrous Compounds, viii, 161;

action of oxygen on, 194

Fertilization of Plants, xiii, 118-65;

devices to insure, 48-53;

of yucca plant, xvi, 152-3

(see also Cross Fertilization)

Fertilizers, viii, 278-80, 342-6;

ammonium, 147;

garbage, 330, 343;

natural, 327, 342-4;

natural, in southern China, xiv, 73;

nitrogen, i, 34, viii, 72, 74, 75, 137, 280, 345-6, xiv, 66;

phosphate, viii, 89, 153, 279-80, 344-5, xiv, 67, 68;

potassium, viii, 134, 146, 278-9, 344;

potash, xiv, 67-8;

primitive knowledge of, xv, 202

Festoon Clouds, i, 104, 372

Fetal Anlage, x, 120

Fetishes, xv, 348-9

Fevers, cause, temperature, and treatment, ix, 317-19;

cooling of skin in, iv, 174;

explanation of phenomena, x, 214;

heart rate in, 334;

improvement of treatment, xvi, 184-5;

inanition in, x, 276;

racial immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51;

Sydenham's treatment of, x, 73;

use of antipyretics in, 381

Fibers, cellulose, viii, 254-6;

sources, uses, and kinds, xiii, 235-45

Fibrin, ix, 180

Fields, electrostatic and magnetic, vii, 368 (see Electrostatic Fields,

Magnetic Fields)

Field Strength or Intensity, vii, 368, 370

Figs, for constipation, ix, 251;

origin, xiii, 225

Fig Trees, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;

of Bahamas, 18;

of Brazil, 365;

of India (illus.), 16;

of West Indies, 21

Filled Space, xi, 187

Filled Time, xi, 194

Filterable Viruses, x, 200

Final Common Path, xi, 22-3;

in acquired tastes, 73;

in association of ideas, 199;

in attention, 230;

preoccupation of, 119, 120, 121

Finches, coloring of, xii, 245-6

Fingal's Cave, jointed rocks in, xiv, 129

Fingers, bones of, ix, 67, 68, (fig.);

curling of, in infants, ix, 349;

flexed position, xi, 42-3;

muscles for operating, ix, 76;

of men and apes, xv, 60

Finland, coast of, xiv, 247, 259;

lakes of, 200

Finland, Gulf of, salinity, xiv, 296

Fiords, (see Fjords)

Fire, Civilization in relation to, ix, 308, 309, xv, 229;

discovery of, v, 349;

possibility of life in, ii, 251;

production and sources, viii, 89, xv, 229-32;

production by air compression, v, 128;

production of, by friction, iv, 48-9;

religious associations of, xv, 234

"Fire Animal," xii, 20

Firearms, v, 361-8, 379;

ignition systems, viii, 145

Fire Balloons, v, 223

Fire Damp, iii, 354

Fire Engine, Ericsson's steam, v, 378;

Hero's, xvi, 92-3

Fire Extinguishers, carbon tetrachloride in, v, 212;

chemical and electric, vi, 101, 102

Fireflies, xii, 124;

as ignis fatuus, i, 346;

light of, vi, 268

Fire Hazard, electricity and, vii, 51-2, 223, 224;

in rural districts, 231;

reduced by lightning rods, i, 156

Fire Proof Type of Construction, vii, 55

Fire Pumps, v, 114

Fire Underwriters, Board of, vii, 53-4

Fires, caused by overloaded circuits, vii, 34;

cause of "spalling" in, iii, 24;

crowd psychology at, xi, 327-8;

dust from, i, 56-7;

extinguishing of, viii, 56-7;

prairie, xiii, 374, 375;

rain control by, i, 345;

records in tree rings, xiii, 25

Fire-Weather Warnings, i, 240

Fireweed, seed dispersal, xiii, 343-4

Fir Trees, dominance in north, xiii, 350;

forests of U. S., 367-8;

in landscaping, 270-1

(see also Conifers)

Fish, as food, ix, 24;

calories in, 299;

food value, viii, 362-3;

vitamines in, x, 262

Fishes, Age of, iii, 20, 21, 283, xv, 71;

anatomy and physiology of, xii, 132-6;

bony, 151-3;

breeding habits, 140-1;

carelessness of offspring, xv, 275;

cartilage skeletons of lowest, ix, 58;

catching of, by savages, xv, 227-8;

catching of, with cormorants, 223-4;

classification, iii, 260, xii, 142;

deep sea (see Deep Sea);

eggs, 140-1, 155, xv, 21, xvi, 116;

evolution, iii, 282-5;

food of, ix, 24;

intelligence in, xii, 139-40;

leeches and, 56;

migrations in relation to plankton, xvi, 147-8;

modern, xii, 154-66;

number of species, xvi, 146-7;

of oceanic islands, xiv, 278;

oxygen supply of, viii, 35, ix, 182;

rate of increase in, xv, 20;

regeneration in, xii, 170;

reproduction in, 140-1;

sense organs, 137-9;

"showers," of, i, 355;

temperature variations, 317;

temperature variations, effects, ix, 78

Fish-eye Views, iv, 374

Fishhawks, xii, 260

Fish Patrol, Aerial, i, 48

Fission, xii, 26

Fissures, defined, iii, 378;

ore deposits in, viii, 199

Fissure Springs, xiv, 138, 152

Fitch, John, steamboat, v, 189

FitzRoy, Admiral Robert, i, 224-5, 282, 363

Fiume, importance to Jugoslavs, xiv, 268, 306

Fixation (sight), how we learn, xi, 39-40

Fixed Stars, ancient idea of, ii, 350;

motions of, 46, 86-7, 121-2, 304-5 (see Stars)

Fjords, Fjord Coasts, xiv, 258-62;

Norwegian, formation of, iii, 79;

Norwegian, frost smoke, i, 95

Flagellate Cells, xii, 30-1

Flame, viii, 57-61;

colors as metal tests, 133, 134, 144, 289, 301;

heat production by, iv, 138, 144

Flamingos, xii, 256

Flammarion, books on Mars, ii, 238;

on curious showers, i, 355;

on lightning pranks, 153-4

Flamsteed, astronomer, xvi, 124;

star numbering, ii, 302-3

Flannel, heat conductivity, iv, 179

Flannelette, x, 308

Flashboards, vii, 40

Flash Boiler, v, 213

Flashes, electric, vi, 91;

extinguished by electromagnets, 102

Flashing Arcs, i, 194, 372

Flatfish, eyes of, xii, 138

Flatulence, sleeplessness from, ix, 219

Flatworms, xii, 18, 44-5

Flavors, ix, 95, 97;

chemistry of, viii, 251-2;

food value, 366, ix, 98, 240, 242;

in plants, viii, 349;

perception of, ix, 97-8

Flax, retting of, xiii, 243;

spinning of, in ancient Egypt, xv, 243, 244 (fig.)

Flax Plant, products and origin, xiii, 235, 244, xiv, 382

Flesh-eating Animals, as food, ix, 24;

bile color in, 275;

intestine length in, 246;

protein surplus in, 284-5

Flexner, medical work of, x, 200, 218, 302

Flexor Muscles, ix, 76-7;

strength, xi, 41, 43;

withdrawing reactions by, 54

Flies, xii, 120;

appearance in Jurassic, 104;

buzzing of, 103;

claws of, 102-3;

evolution and varieties, 104-6;

plant fertilizers, xiii, 131-3;

typhoid fever spread by, x, 287, 288;

wings of, xii, 103

Flight, bodily preparations for, ix, 166;

instinct of, xi, 55, 132, 136

Flint, iii, 13, 337;

fire production by, iv, 48;

flaking of, xv, 103, 104, 107 (fig.), 109

Flint and Steel, xv, 232

Flint Implements, ancient, xv, 79, 81, 82, 87, 104, 105, 109

Flintlock, viii, 145, xv, 217, 218 (fig.)

Floating Bodies, v, 95, 195-6;

laws of, iv, 103-4, 107

Flood Lighting, vi, 283

Flood Plains, iii, 379, xiv, 53;

alluvial soils of, 70, 71;

embankments and slopes, 161-2;

illustration, iii, 80, (Pl. 4);

in old and new areas, 33, 34;

plant societies of, xiv, 372

Floods, power of, iii, 31;

rainfall and, i, 110-11

Flood Warnings, i, 240

Floors, warm, importance of, ix, 320

Flora, defined, xiv, 363

Florida, alligators of, xii, 197;

coal forming conditions, iii, 199;

coasts of, xiv, 251;

co-, xii, 40, 42;

crocodiles of, 198;

frosts in, xiv, 370;

serpula quina rock, viii, 152;

coral reefs, tubes, xii, 55;

shad fishing in, 155;

snakes of, 226, 236;

tarpon of, 154;

wolves of, 341;

youthful topography and drainage system, xiv, 157-8, 199-200, 201

Florissant, Colorado, insect remains at, iii, 279-80

Flour, calories in, ix, 299;

Graham, ix, 35;

vitamines in various kinds of, x, 262, 267

Flourens, Dr., x, 126, xvi, 185

Flowering Plants, beginnings and development, iii, 20, 252, 255, 256-7,

xiii, 318-19;

classification, 60-1, 173-81;

classification place, iii, 251;

culmination of plant life, xiii, 73-4;

description of parts, 15-62;

families and relationships, 168-207;

in relation to animal life, iii, 257;

none in earliest ages, xiii, 303;

number of species, 168, 319, 323;

origin of present, 323-5;

reproductive methods, 117-54, 167

Flowerless Plants, iii, 251, xiii, 13, 14, 43;

evolution, iii, 252, 253;

ferns, xiii, 63-6;

nonvascular, 66-73;

numbers, 168;

reproduction, 62-4, 154-65

(see also Cryptogams)

Flowers, annuals and perennials, (tables), xiii, 289-97;

coloring and fragrance, 124-5;

colors in various shrubs, (table), 274-88;

family groups determined by, 184;

fertilization devices, 48-51, 117, 123-48;

fertilization the climax of life, 152;

highly cultivated, 51;

largest, 363-4;

love in, 115;

matings of, remarks, 116-17;

male and female, 46-7;

motion pictures of growth of, iv, 348;

of monocotyledons and dicotyledons, xiii, 176, 178, 189-90;

parts of, 43-6;

purpose, 46, 52-3, 61;

various forms and colors, 47-53, 181-207

Flu, (influenza), x, 294-5

Fluctuating Variations, xiii, 328

Flue Gases, electric clearing, vii, 216, 343

Fluids, distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;

elasticity of, 158;

osmosis, xiii, 90-1 (see Osmosis);

pressure of, iv, 116-19;

pressure on moving inclined planes, i, 287-8;

principles applicable to, iv, 126 (see Gases, Liquids)

Flukes, sea, xii, 44

Fluorescence, iv, 379-80;

produced by X-rays, 318, 320

Fluorescent Screen, iv, 320, vii, 254-5, viii, 184

Fluorine, a halogen, viii, 18, 84, 85, 87;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

in apatite, 193;

in tissues, 354

Fluorite, iii, 329-30

Fluoroscope, iv, 320

Flushing, of skin, ix, 161, 162, 163, 215

Flute, development of, xv, 316, 317 (fig.);

Egyptian, 314 (fig.)

Fluxing, of ores, viii, 270

Fly-Catcher (plant), xiii, 40-1

Flying Dragons, xii, 206

Flying Fish, order of, xii, 163;

wings of, 134

Flying Mice, xii, 278

Flying Reptiles, iii, 293-4, 320 (Pl. 18), xii, 202, 203 (fig.)

Foci of Infection, x, 198-9, 218-26

Focus, defined, iv, 335;

of cameras, ix, 108-9;

of eye, 110-11;

of lenses, iv, 338;

real and virtual, 335

Foehn Sickness, i, 328

Foehn Wall, i, 105, 372

Foehn Winds, i, 133, 372

Fog, i, 93-7, 372;

aviation effects, 300-2;

costs and dispersion, 94, 302;

dust nuclei, x, 62, viii, 304;

dry (see Dry Fog);

light diffraction by, i, 183, 185;

rime formed from, 121-2;

sound transmission by, 190

Fog Bows, i, 176, 372

Fog Drip, i, 351, 353, 372

Fog Hiccups, i, 195

Fog Signals, audibility, i, 189-91;

sirens, iv, 205

Folded Mountains, iii, 131-8, 190-1, xiv, 36-7, 226-34;

ridges in, 93-4, 95-6

Folding of Rocks, iii, 84-6, 349 (fig.), 379, xiv, 36;

theories of process, 231-2;

topography made by, 38, 93-9

Food, Foods, adulteration of, viii, 370-1;

amount consumed, 366-7;

artificially prepared, x, 257, 267-8;

benzenes and paraffins as, viii, 234;

calories in various, 361, ix, 299, x, 269;

calories, valuation in, iv, 48;

chemistry of, viii, 348-72;

children's, x, 314-15;

cold storage of, iv, 187, 8;

constituents all in air and water, i, 25;

cooking of, viii, 367-9, x, 263, 266 (see Cooking);

deficiency of, diseases from, x, 255-69, 276;

digestion and utilization, viii, 356-9, ix, 226-52, 277-304, x,

268-71, 319-20;

fat-producing, x, 273;

infants', ix, 346-7;

kinds needed during exertion, xi, 278;

methods of obtaining, importance of, xv, 186-7;

nitrogen importance, viii, 66, 229;

of animals and plants, 349, 350, xii, 15;

procuring of, by animals, ix, 18-20

(see also Chemotaxis);

requirements, viii, 362-7, 369-70, x, 255-68, 278-9;

selection of, viii, 369, ix, 300-1;

sources of, 24-30;

storing of, by animals, xii, 292-3;

taste and smell of, ix, 94-5, 97-8, 240, 241-2;

use of, for energy development, 15-16, 24, 36-40, 289-301;

use of, for growth, 31-4, 38-9, 286-9;

use of, for tissue repair, 34-6, 278-84

(see also Diet, Nutrition)

Food-poisoning, indigestion from, ix, 239

Food Plants, xiii, 209-27

Food Preserving, viii, 371-2;

chilling and refrigeration, v, 346, 353;

X-ray sterilizing, vii, 257

Food Supply, its making by plants, xiii, 77-84, 95, 96;

of tropics, 359

"Fool's Gold," iii, 335

Foot Candle, iv, 352, vii, 368

Foot-pound, iv, 79, vi, 82;

erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382;

equivalent in watt-hours, iv, 312;

heat equivalent, v, 350-1

Foot-pound-second System, iv, 46 (see British System)

Foot-poundal, unit of work, iv, 79

Foraminifers, iii, 54, 259, 261, 266;

in pelagic plankton, xii, 17-18

Force (mechanics), iv, 33-4, 41;

centrifugal and centripetal, 71-5;

defined, v, 182-3;

law of, in machines, iv, 90, 92;

Leibnitz's theory, xvi, 117;

magnetic, vii, 369;

measurement and units of, iv, 46, 58, 63-5, 69-70;

momentum and, 66-7;

motion and, 56-69, 71-2, 78;

Newton's and Huygens' studies of, 11;

primary forms of, 25;

static and kinetic measures of, 33;

work in relation to, 37-8, 78-9

Force Pump, v, 113-14

Forces, composition and resolution of, iv, 75-7;

parallel, 99;

parallelogram of, v, 184-6

Forecasts, i, 224 (see Weather Forecasts, Crop Forecasts)

Foreign Languages, advantages of learning, xv, 146;

jabbering sound, xi, 103;

difficulty of learning, 201

Foreign Plants, importation forbidden, xiii, 272, 289;

introduction aided by phenology, i, 254

Foreign Trade, meteorology in, i, 268-9

Forest Fires, aeroplane lookouts, i, 48-9;

dust from, 56-7;

losses by, xiii, 371-2;

number and losses, i, 48-9;

rain and, 333-4;

records in tree rings, xiii, 25

Forests, ancient, iii, 252, 253-4, xiii, 10, 307-10, 312, 313;

branching of trees in, 86;

burial by sand dunes, iii, 74;

climate affected by, xiv, 379;

climax, xiii, 370;

conservation of, xiv, 238-9, 382-3

(see also Conservation);

earthquakes in, 333;

European, 238-9;

grasslands and, xiii, 348-9, 368 (illus), 374-5, xiv, 380-1;

importance to industry, vi, 366;

leaving of trees in, xiii, 86-7;

migration of, xiv, 375-6;

mountain, 239-9;

northern limit, 375;

park, 374;

products, 382-3;

rainfall and, xiii, 372, xiv, 377-8;

soil protection by, 42, 379;

squirrel planting of, xiii, 340;

temperate, 366-73, 272 (illus), xiv, 370-1;

trees in American and European, 363, 375-6;

tropical, xiii, 358-66, xiv, 366-70;

types of, xiii, 357-8;

United States, xiv, 239, 372-4;

United States national, xiii, 371-2;

water supply and, 371-2, 9, xiv, 239

Forgetting, process of, xi, 209;

rate of, 216

Forked Lightning, vii, 205, 206-11;

sinuous character, i, 146

Form, athletic, ix, 159

Formaldehyde, viii, 219, 333, 335, 372

Formic Acid, viii, 220

Formosa, rice paper tree of, xiii, 214;

continental island, xiv, 274

Form-wound Coils, vi, 202, 223, 245

Fortin's Barometer, iv, 119-20

Fossane, xii, 353

Fossil Botany, xvi, 167

Fossil Record, extent, iii, 13-14;

imperfectness, xiii, 302-3, 306-7, 323-4, 325;

of various geological strata, iii, 165, 174, 179, 180, 263-5, 268

Fossils, defined, iii, 13, 379;

formation, 15-17;

formation of plant, xiii, 301-2;

former views of, iii, 14-15;

geological strata determined by, 15, 18-19, xvi, 126, 169;

of earliest animals, iii, 261-2, 263, 265-6;

of earliest birds, xii, 239-43;

of herbs and woody plants, xiii, 319, 324;

of sharks' teeth, xii, 142;

of water plants, xiii, 303;

of worms, iii, 270;

oldest known, 250;

some remarkable, 286-8, 291, 292, 295, xiii, 306, 347

Four-Cycle Engines, v, 159, vii, 123-4

Fourdrinier Paper Machine, v, 291, 295-8, 377

Four o'Clock (flower), colors in crosses, ix, 334, 336

Foussa, xii, 353, 354

Fowls, white meat of, xii, 247

Foxes, xii, 342-4;

excavators, xv, 206;

storing of food by, xii, 292

Fox Fire, i, 346

Fractional Distillation, i, 32, iv, 168

Fracto-Cumulus, i, 102

Fracto-Nimbus Clouds, i, 101

Fracto-Stratus Clouds, i, 102

Fractures, Pott's, x, 92;

X-ray locating of, vii, 254, 255, x, 185

France, aluminum production, iii, 369;

ancient fossils found in, 252, 263, xiii, 319;

botanical education, xvi, 22;

chalk deposits, iii, 266;

coasts, xiv, 46, 47, 257;

Cro-Magnons in, xv, 102;

early civilization of, xiv, 359;

first balloons, v, 219-21;

forestry in, xiv, 239, 382;

hail devices, i, 341, 342-3, 343-4;

harbors of north coast, xiv, 270-1;

invasions of, course taken, 92;

mistral winds, i, 133;

Northmen in, xiv, 261;

oyster culture in, xii, 62;

Paleolithic remains in, iii, 304-5;

rainfall of northern, i, 338;

river changes in, xiv, 184;

standard gun-manufacturing, v, 49;

tidal power plants, 176-7;

surgery made a profession, x, 104-5;

topography in World War, xiv, 86 (map), 88-93;

tuberculosis campaign in, x, 175-6

Franco, Peter, x, 57, xvi, 108

Franklin, Benjamin, cold season theory, i, 58-9;

climatic changes paper, 200-1;

electrical work, vi, 10-11, 13-16, xvi, 121, 188-9;

lightning experiments, i, 141, iv, 269-70, vi, 11, 14-16, vii, 204-5,

xvi, 121;

lightning rods, vii, 218-19;

medical work of, x, 104;

meteorological work, xvi, 177;

on "magnetic sleep," 185;

single-fluid theory, vi, 11, 288

Franklinic Currents, vii, 245

Fraunhofer Lines, ii, 112, iv, 362, viii, 302

Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 334

Frederick Barbarossa, medical interest of, x, 38

Freeze, defined, i, 372

Freezing, expansion of water on, iv, 149-51;

heat production by, 161

Freezing Mixtures, iv, 175;

known to ancients, v, 349

Freezing Point, in various thermometers, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, 141, viii,

27;

of solutions, 299-301;

of various substances, iv, 173;

pressure effects on, 163-6

Freiberg, School of Mines, xvi, 126, 127

Freight Engines, modern, v, 210

French, in Alpine group, xvi, 49;

in America, xiv, 31, 191-2, 242, 310, 311

French Language, descent from Latin, xv, 160, 162

French Revolution, causes and results, xvi, 128;

crowds of, xi, 326;

metric measures adopted in, iv, 136;

results on cultural advance, x, 107

Frende, Gabriel, i, 244

Fresnel, light studies, xvi, 137

Freud, Sigmund, on dreams, x, 364;

on hysteria, 361;

psychoanalysis of, 363

Freudian School, work of, xi, 142

Friction, iv, 92-4, v, 203-7;

fire obtained by, viii, 89;

heat production by, iv, 48, 138;

in tubes, ix, 215

Frictional Electricity, iv, 257-8, 260, vi, 11, 12, 13, 286-7;

discovery, xvi, 122;

electron theory, vi, 122-3;

identical with other kinds, 23;

single fluid theory, 288

Frictional Machines, iv, 265, vii, 236, 245

Friction Matches, iv, 49, 138, viii, 88

Fried Foods, ix, 286

Frigate bird, xii, 253-4

Fright, physiological effects of, ix, 161, 165, 221, 240-1

Fringed Gentian, a biennial, xiii, 16;

corolla of, 44 (fig.)

Fringing Reefs, xii, 41, xiv, 263

Frisian Islands, coast destruction in, xiv, 46

Frogs, iii, 285, xii, 169, 174-6, 177-81;

evolution of, 167;

heart of, ix, 84;

regeneration in, xii, 170;

sense organs in, 169, 174;

"showers" of, i, 355;

temperature effects on, ix, 78-9, 306

Frostbite, x, 252

Frosts, i, 257-60, 373;

insurance, 270;

rock weathering by, iii, 24, xiv, 62, 75-7, 233

Frost Smoke, i, 95, 373

Fructose, viii, 226

Fruit, defined, xiii, 53-4;

development, 54-5;

dry and fleshy, 54-5;

family groups determined by, 184;

flavors due to esters, 221;

food value, 365, ix, 34, 300, x, 262, 266, 268, 273, 317;

in grasses and sedges, xiii, 179, 182;

purposes of, 61;

seed dispersal, 55-9

(see also Seed Dispersal);

sugar storage in, ix, 27-8

Fruit Trees, as index plants, i, 255-6;

frost danger points, 258

Fuels, future motor, viii, 209;

heat

measurement, 360-1;

our waste of, v, 172;

power from oxidation of, ix, 15-16, 24

Fuel Value, viii, 360-1

Fuji-san, Japan, xiv, 100, 320

Fujiyama, Japan, as observatory site, ii, 145, 149;

shadow in sky, i, 170

Fulgurites, i, 153, 373

Fuller Cells, vi, 137, 142-3

Fully, Lake, water drop, v, 81

Fulminating Mercury, viii, 262

Fulton, Robert, steamboat, v, 192, 377;

steam war vessel, 378;

submarine, 197-8

Functional Metabolism, ix, 39;

control of, 39-40, 77-8, 170;

daily amount in calories, 297;

food requirements dependent on, 295;

heat production by, 307;

no tissue wastage by, 282-3;

of glands, 159;

of muscle cells, 74, 77-9;

of nerve cells, 122-3;

of posture, 84;

of vital processes, 295-6

Fundamental Tones, iv, 213;

of bells, 222;

of organ pipes, 228-30;

of vibrating strings and rods, 223-4

Fundy, Bay of, tides, v, 175, xiv, 293

Fungi, xiii, 70-1;

in coal formation, 312;

luminous, i, 346;

reproductive processes, xiii, 164;

in rotten plants, 99;

species, 323;

spores in atmosphere, i, 61

Fungicides, viii, 77, 333

Funk, Casimer, x, 259

Furs, source of costly, xii, 346-51;

warmth of, iv, 178, ix, 311, x, 309

Furrows, of continental shelves, xiv, 287

Fusel Oil, viii, 214

Fuses, purpose and construction, vii, 34-7, 369;

inverse time features, 37, 39

Fusibility, of minerals, viii, 202, 384

Fusion, latent heat of, iv, 152, 160, 161;

table, 162

Fusions, of odors, xi, 81;

of tastes, 73;

of tones, 106;

of touch, 111

Future, a habit of thought, xi, 192;

predictions of, xv, 354, 355

Future Life, primitive conceptions of, xv, 332-6, 339, 340, 345, 358

Gadflies, xii, 120

Gadolinium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Gailey, James A., v, 383

Galactose, viii, 226

Galagos, xii, 375

Galapagos Islands, xiv, 276;

turtles of, xii, 187, 192

Galaxy, ii, 350-6;

as basis of star distribution, 350, 353, 354, 364-5;

globular clusters and the, 339, 343;

nebulæ and the, 363, 364-5;

solar system and, 353-4;

spectra of stars, 116;

star streams and, 346;

studies at Mt. Wilson, 158-9, 160;

type of stars, 122;

variable stars and, 327, 328, 330, 332

Galen, x, 28-31;

anatomical ideas disputed by Vesalius, 51, 52, 53;

arterial bleeding unknown to, 39;

authority in Middle Ages, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 51, 52;

classification of minds, xi, 152-3, 155;

classifying tendency of, x, 83;

Locke, on, 75;

medical works, xvi, 98;

on circulation of blood, x, 22, 62-3, 65-6;

on convulsions, fainting, etc., 89;

on occupational diseases, 244;

Paracelsus on, 47, 48;

revival of writings, 44, 45

Galena, iii, 330, 362, 363, 368

Galilee, Sea of, formation, iii, 156;

level, xiv, 121

Galileo, astronomical work, ii, 14, 53-6, iv, 27-8;

astronomical and other work, xvi, 103;

discoveries, ii, 83, 94, 96, 262;

falling bodies demonstration at Pisa, iv, 28, 97, 101;

medical advances due to, x, 67;

motion studies of, iv, 19, 28, 35, 61;

on Galaxy, ii, 351;

on Gilbert, xvi, 109;

on laws of motion, ii, 63;

on Mars, 227;

pendulum discovery, v, 63-5;

pendulum clocks suggested, 65;

studies of nebulæ, ii, 357;

telescopes, 12, 94, 95;

thermometer invention, i, 68, 69, x, 71;

Torricelli pupil of, iv, 114

Gall Bladder, inflammations of, x, 220, 224

Galley Worms, xii, 88-9

Gallium, discovery of, viii, 180;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Gallon, cubic inches in, iv, 46

Galls, on plants, xii, 125;

on roots, xiii, 98

Gall Stones, ix, 276

Galton, Sir Francis, eugenic work, xvi, 157;

on ancestral heredity, x, 231;

on fatigue, xi, 275;

on sun's corona, ii, 222;

statistical methods, xvi, 153

Galvani, electrical work, vi, 16-17;

electrical work, xvi, 122, 189

Galvanic Batteries, vii, 369

Galvanic Cells, vii, 236, 241-2

Galvanic Currents, vii, 242, 244, 248

Galvanism, discovery, xvi, 122

Galvanized Iron, vii, 318-19, viii, 155-6, 273

Galvanometers, iv, 279, vii, 179, 369;

invention, vi, 23, 24

Galveston, harbor of, xiv, 269;

hurricanes, i, 136;

hurricane of 1900 and rebuilding, xiv, 302-3

Game Birds, xii, 261-3

Games, athletic, advantages from, x, 304

Gamma Rays, i, 143, viii, 185

Gamopetalae, xiii, 47, 190, 201-5

Ganges River, crocodiles of, xii, 201;

delta, iii, 32, xiv, 53;

erosion by, iii, 31;

furrow of, xiv, 287

Ganglia, of nerves, xi, 26

Gangue Minerals, viii, 199;

handling of, 269, 270

Gannets, xii, 253

Ganoids, iii, 283 (fig.), 284, xii, 152-3

Ganoid Scales, xii, 134

Garbage, as fertilizer, xv, 280, 343, 344;

disposal of, 330, 346

Garda, Lake, formation, iii, 146;

in rift valley, xiv, 123

Garden Plants, xiii, 267-97;

origin of, xiv, 382

Garfield, James A., speech of, xi, 323

Garnet Group, iii, 330

Gar Pikes, xii, 134, 152, 153

Garua, Peruvian fog, i, 95, 373

Gas Carbon, electrical conductivity, iv, 283

Gas Constant, iv, 142

Gas Engines, v, 155-6, 381;

efficiency, on what dependent, iv, 192;

ignition, vii, 369;

in submarines, vi, 239;

operation in automobile, vii, 123-33;

starting of, vi, 235

Gases, adiabatic change in, iv, 158-9;

atmospheric, i, 9-16;

Boyle's Law, iv, 125-6, 133, 143;

Boyle's and Mariotte's researches, xvi, 110;

buoyant effect, iv, 30;

Charles's Law, 140;

chemical properties, viii, 297-8;

combinations, Gay-Lussac's studies, xvi, 133;

compressibility variations, iv, 143;

condition at absolute zero, 142-3;

conversion of liquids into, 152-3, 173-4;

cooling by expansion, i, 30, 90;

critical temperature, 29, iv, 171-3;

diffusibility of, iv, 23, 131, viii, 22-3, 23, 108;

distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;

elasticity of, 158-9, 198;

electric discharges through, 54-5, vii, 216, 301-2;

electrolytic separation, 321-4;

electrical conductivity of, iv, 259;

expansion by heat, 135, 151;

expansion coefficient, 145;

flame due to burning, viii, 57;

gram-molecular volume, viii, 109;

heat absorption, 309;

heat convection in, iv, 178;

heat effects on, 139-40;

heat from compression, i, 90, v, 351;

heat non-conductivity, iv, 177, 178;

ignition, viii, 54;

interchanges of molecular energies, xvi, 134;

ionization of molecules, i, 142, 143;

isothermal changes in, iv, 156;

latent heat of, 153, 173-4, v, 353, 354 (see Latent Heat);

laws not inflexible, iv, 142-3;

liquefaction of, 143, 153, 191-2 (see Liquefaction);

Mariotte's law, 141;

mechanical energy of, 142;

molecular velocity in, 133;

molecules in, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131, 132-3, 152-3, viii, 23, 24, 106,

305-6;

molecules, number in, iv, 133, viii, 108-9, xvi, 133;

monatomic, viii, 309;

pressure of, v, 223, viii, 24-5, 109-10;

pressure, to what due, iv, 30, 132-3;

pressure, volume, and temperature laws, iv, 125-6, 139-43, v, 347,

viii, 106-8;

Regnault's constant, iv, 142;

solidifying of, i, 32, iv, 153, 192;

solubility in water, viii, 40, 111, 112;

sound velocity in, iv, 155-6, 198, 199;

specific heat ratio, 155-6, 159;

spectra of, ii, 112-13, iv, 361-3;

suspended change of state, viii, 113, 304, 305;

vibration of, iv, 215;

volume taken at atmospheric pressure, v, 223

Gas Lighting, vi, 195, 264;

fire hazards, vii, 51

(see also Illuminating Gas)

Gas Mantles, viii, 60, 252

Gasoline, combustion of, viii, 13, 52;

explosiveness, vii, 124, viii, 23, 54, 62;

production and uses, 208, 209, 235

Gasoline Engines, v, 156-61;

in aeroplanes, 231;

efficiency, 155;

compared with motors, vii, 223;

operation, 123-33

Gas Plant, xiii, 136-7

Gas Shells, i, 308, 314, viii, 263

Gastric Digestion, ix, 234-6, x, 319-25

Gastric Glands, control of, ix, 162, 240-2

Gastric Juice, viii, 358, ix, 234-8, x, 319-20;

control of secretion of, ix, 240-2;

conveyance of, 189-90;

disorders of, x, 321-3;

historical studies of, ix, 239-40;

indigestion from failure of, 239-41

Gas Warfare, viii, 262-4, x, 186-8

Gatling Guns, v, 362-3, 364, 380

Gatun Lake, Panama, xiv, 195

Gaurs, xii, 330

Gay-Lussac, balloon ascensions, i, 18;

chemical work, xvi, 133, 160, 162

Gazelles, xii, 327

Gearing, in turbine-driven ships, v, 105, 153-4, vii, 329

Gears, v, 25-31;

hydraulic, 104-6;

spiral, 38-9;

toothed, disadvantages, 104;

worm, 37 (fig.), 38

Geckos, xii, 205-6

Geese, xii, 257, 258

Gelatine, colloidal state, viii, 314, 315, 356;

food value, ix, 288

General Electric Company, autotransformers, vi, 337;

bulletin on motor costs, vii, 224-6;

machinery for Niagara Plant, vi, 374, 375, 376, 377;

Mazda lamps, 267;

radio engineering work, vii, 274;

small power sets, 232

Generators, vi, 49-56, vii, 369;

alternating current, vi, 158-9, 196-216

(see also Alternators);

armature reaction, vii, 145-6;

direct current, vii, 175-94

(see also Direct Current Generators);

efficiency, vi, 192-4, 214-15, 357, 379;

electrostatic, 298-301;

induction motors as, 249-50;

neutral points, vii, 373;

operation in power plants, vi, 357-8, 362;

of Niagara Plant, 374-5;

principal parts, 176;

purpose and parts, vii, 367;

radio, 274-8, 282-3, 290-1;

ratings, vi, 192-4, 214-15;

regulation of output, vii, 144-50;

short-circuit protection, 49;

size of units, vi, 378-9;

slow and high speed, 182;

turbine-driven, v, 151, 154;

use in therapeutics, vii, 236-7, 241-5

(see also Dynamos)

Genetics, xvi, 157-8

Geneva Lake, filling of, by Rhone River, xiv, 53;

former connections, 185;

slow movement of water, 210

Genital Organs, foci of infection in, x, 220, 221

Genius, Bessel on, ii, 93;

obstacles and, xvi, 30;

reflex action of, xi, 36;

Titchener on, 225-6

Genoa, growth of, xiv, 308;

sea captains of, 310

Gentians, xiii, 190, 205

Genus, Genera, defined, xii, 28, xiii, 170, 171

Geocentric Theory, ii, 9-10, 34-5 (see Ptolemaic System)

Geo-Chemistry, viii, 190-203

Geocoronium, i, 192, 373

Geographical Change, agents of, xiv, 31-2, 33-79

Geographical Cycles, xiv, 29, 34-5, 48 (see Cycles of Erosion)

Geographical Distribution, science of, xvi, 140

Geography, changes since prehistoric times, xiv, 29-30;

civilization and, xv, 122-3, 128-39;

defined, iii, 9-10, 379, xvi, 36;

development of science of, 94, 98, 114, 123-4;

genetic conception of, xiv, 3-4;

history and, 10, 30-1, 191-7, 239-45, 249-50, 261-2, 279-82, 305-11

Geological Ages, iii, 19-21, xv, 71;

determined by fossils, iii, 15, 18-19;

estimate of lengths, xiii, 314, 322;

length seen in coal formations, iii, 201;

length seen in chalk deposits, 218;

length shown by mosses, xiii, 306

GEOLOGY, Volume iii

Geology, daily interest, xvi, 22-5;

definition and scope, iii, 3, 9, 11, 12, 378, xvi, 37;

history of development, 126, 168-73;

mineralogy and, iii, 309

Geometry, of Greeks and Hindus, xi, 239-40;

history of, xvi, 54, 68, 81, 89, 90

George, Lake, iii, 145;

stream changes around, 243

Georgia, aluminum production, iii, 369;

cotton of, xiii, 237;

glacial period in, xiv, 376;

soil of, 218

Georgian Planet, ii, 267

Geotropism, xiii, 85

Geranium Family, xiii, 200

Geraniums, fertilization, xiii, 136;

killed by hot water, 299;

multiples of five in, 176;

turning to light, 85;

petal arrangement, 190

Germanium, discovery, viii, 180;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Germans, in Alpine group, xvi, 49;

grouped as Huns, xi, 22

German Silver, copper alloy, viii, 164;

resistance, vi, 76, 77

Germany, aeronautical weather service, i, 304;

barley growing in, xiv, 365;

beet sugar production, xiii, 216;

coal deposits, iii, 345;

coasts of, xiv, 247;

early surgery, xvi, 181;

earthquakes of, xiv, 128;

forest policy, xiii, 372, xiv, 238-9, 382;

geological works, xvi, 170;

hail insurance, i, 344;

in World War (see World War);

loess deposits, xiv, 72;

medicine of, Muller's influence, x, 118;

meteorological establishments, i, 222-3;

meteorology in World War, 309, 310;

military aviation development, 40;

mining products, iii, 362, 364;

moor fires in old, i, 56;

mountains of, xiv, 96, 235;

nitrogen fixation in, i, 36-7, xiv, 66;

plains of, 217;

potash deposits, viii, 130, 143, 144, 344, xiv, 67-8, 209;

salt beds of north, iii, 204, xiv, 141;

"sheep-cold", i, 363;

topography of western, xiv, 87 (map), 90;

unke toad of, xii, 176

Germ Cells, ix, 324-5, 327, 332, 339, x, 232, xvi, 156, 157-8;

in reproduction, x, 233;

source of, xii, 27

(see also Germinal Tissue, Germ Plasm)

Germinal Tissue, ix, 324-5;

chromosomes of, 328, 329, 339;

development of germ cells in, 332, 339;

heredity dependent on, 325-8;

independence of, 325

(see also Germ Plasm)

Germination of Seed, after low temperatures, i, 32;

acacia plant

of Natal, xiii, 375;

ancient wheat grains, 211, ix, 16-17;

bird-carried seed, xiii, 340, 341;

seed in sea water, 346, 348

Germ Plasm, x, 228, 229;

immortality theory, 230;

origin of energies, xvi, 145;

theory of inheritance, x, 233-4, 235, xvi, 156

(see also Germinal Tissue)

Germs, disease-producing, (see Disease Germs);

in body, ix, 177;

universal presence of, x, 193-4

Gestures, language of, xv, 146-52, 167-8

Geyserite, iii, 335

Geysers, iii, 128-9, xiii, 299;

artificial, in Michigan, v, 92

Gharials, xii, 199, 201

Ghizeh, Pyramid of, xiv, 78, xv, 270;

temples of, ii, 26

Ghor, of Syria, xiv, 120-1

Ghosts, as visual hallucinations, xi, 91

Giant and Dwarf Stars, ii, 153, 294, 309, 310, 382-4

Giant's Causeway, Ireland, xiv, 104;

columnar structure, iii, 111, xiv, 129

Gibbons, xii, 381-2;

reasoning power in, xv, 67;

skeleton compared with man, 59

Gibbs, James E. A., v, 285

Gibbs, J. W., xvi, 136, xvi, 169

Gibraltar, apes of, xii, 378

Gibraltar, Strait of, depth, xiv, 299

Giddiness, sensation of, xi, 126

Giffard, Henri, v, 227

Giffard Injector, v, 140-2, 380

Gila Monster, xii, 204, 207

Gilbert, Dr. William, electrical work, vi, 11-12, xvi, 109, 111, 188

Gilbertus Anglicus, x, 41

Gills, of fishes, xii, 128, 135;

functions and structure of, ix, 253, 254

Gills (plant), of mushrooms, xiii, 163

Ginkgo Tree, xiii, 315-16, 326

Ginseng, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

distribution, 351;

origin, 255

Giraffes, xii, 320-1;

trapping of, xv, 224 (fig.)

Giralda Observatory, xvi, 100, ii, 38

Girls, education of, xi, 266-7

Givler, Prof. R. C., author "PSYCHOLOGY," Vol. xi

Glacial Bowlders, iii, 70, 237, 352 (Pl. 20), xiv, 69, 70

Glacial Deposits, iii, 66-70, xiv, 59, 60;

in U. S. and Canada, 170-1;

lakes formed by, iii, 144-6, xiv, 200-2

Glacial Epoch, iii, 236-48;

distribution of plants and animals, xiv, 375-7;

drainage changes, 30, 52, 164, 170-1;

fjords due to 259-61;

lakes formed by, iii, 143-51, xiv, 200-2;

topographical changes, 3, 30, 59-62, 158, 170

(see also Ice Age)

Glacial Periods, theories of, i, 58, iii, 247-8

Glacial Plants (see Arctic Plants)

Glacial Soil, xiv, 63, 69-70

Glacial Valleys, xiv, 56-8

Glacier National Park, cliff glaciers in, iii, 60;

Swift Current Valley, Plate 5, p. 96;

thrust faulting in, 90

Glaciers, iii, 59-62, xiv, 54-5;

"autographs of," 56;

cirques of, 58;

cracks and fissures in, iii, 63;

defined, 379;

deposits of, 66-70, xiv, 59-60;

erosion by, iii, 63-70, xiv, 55, 56, 57-8, 60-2, 233;

falls formed by, iii, 48;

flow, 62-3, 68, 240-1, iv, 165-6;

lakes formed by, iii, 142-51;

occurrence, xv, 72-3;

topography produced by, xiv, 42-3, 44, 55-62;

valleys cut by, iii, 64, 65, 66

(see also Plates 4, 5, and 6);

valleys "overdeepened by," xiv, 259-60

Gland Cells, functions, ix, 39, 43, 59;

number unchanging, 48

Glanders, germ of, x, 195;

immunity to, 207

Glands, activity and blood supply, ix, 220-1;

adrenalin effects on, 171;

control of, 159-69, x, 346-7;

ductless, x, 346-53;

energy release by, xi, 24;

fatigue effects, xi, 272;

nerve connections, ix, 159-60;

reflex responses by, xi, 23;

with ducts, x, 347

Glare, direct and reflected, vi, 277-8

Glasgow, soot-fall, i, 65

Glass, antiquity of, viii, 269, 280-1, xvi, 73-4;

coloring of, viii, 282;

colors in X-rays, iv, 378;

composition and properties, viii, 281, 304-5;

effects on light and heat waves, iv, 183;

electrification of, 257, 258, 259;

ground by sand blast, 130;

heat conductivity, 179;

light decomposition by, ii, 100-1;

light deviations in strained, iv, 330;

light refraction by, 327;

sodium compounds in, viii, 137, 146

Glasses (lenses), for various eye defects, ix, 111, 112, 113, 114

Glazed Frost, i, 108, 121, 373

Glidden, Carlos, v, 312

Glisson, Francis, x, 86, xvi, 178

Globefishes, xii, 164

Globigerina Ooze, xii, 18

Globular Clusters (Stars), ii, 336-40;

Hyades as, 342;

studies of, at Mt. Wilson, 159-60

Globular Lightning, i, 149, vii, 205-6, 213-15

Glory (meteorology), i, 184-5, 373

Glowworms, i, 346;

Fabre's studies, xvi, 144

Glucinum, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 180, 383;

in calcium group, 148

Glucose, viii, 225-6, 377, ix, 230;

converted from cellulose, viii, 255;

fermentation of, 225, 248;

formula, 219, 225, 229;

in human body, 359;

manufacture and uses, 228, 243-4;

production by plants, 335;

use of, by body, ix, 230, 243, 244, 245

Glutton (weasel), xii, 348, 349

Glycerine, viii, 215, 247-8;

base of fats, 221, 245;

boiling point, 299;

melting requirements, iv, 162;

production in wine-making, x, 138

Glycogen, xi, 136-7, 138;

chemistry of, viii, 228-9, 350;

production and storage in liver, 359, ix, 291, 292, 297, 298, x, 329;

reconversion into sugar, ix, 293

Glyptodon, xii, 283-4

Gnawers, xii, 285-96

Gneiss, iii, 379;

formation, 169, xiv, 19;

jointing of, 133

Gnomons, ii, 24, 25, 300

Gnus, xii, 327

Goats, xii, 325-6;

horns of, 328;

usefulness, 324

Gobar, of Nile region, i, 96

God, conceptions of, xv, 344;

ideas of, in Old Testament, 374

Goddard Rocket, i, 22-3

Godman, John, x, 116, xvi, 185

Gods, evolution of belief in, xv, 341-4, 347-8, 357

Goethe, evolution known to, x, 136;

on cloud forms, i, 98

Goethals, Panama Canal Zone work, x, 162

Goitre, ix, 303;

exophthalmic, x, 272, 276-7, 351-2;

removal of thyroid gland in, 349

Gold, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

California mines, iii, 226, 365;

chemical inactivity, viii, 127-8, 163, 174;

contraction on solidifying, iv, 150;

density of, 113;

electrolytic refinement, vii, 301, 320;

extraction methods, viii, 131, 141, 170, 174, 269, 270;

fusibility, 384;

in sea water, 197, xiv, 295;

melting point, iv, 162;

metallurgy, development of, xvi, 176;

occurrence, iii, 330-1, 365-7, viii, 131, 198;

"parting" of silver from, 272;

positiveness, vi, 59;

production, iii, 365;

profitable ores, viii, 197;

properties, 126-7, 174, iii, 330-1;

recovered in copper refining, vii, 319, 320;

specific gravity, viii, 384

Golden Age, x, 18, 20;

of Greek science, xvi, 86-96

Golden Gate, formation, xiv, 258;

furrow of, 287

Goldenrod, bracts, xiii, 43;

stems, 23;

in the pampas, 376

Golden Showers, i, 61

Goldfish, family of, xii, 161;

in liquid air, i, 32

Gold Leaf, color between glasses, iv, 324

Gold Mining, dredges in, v, 256-7;

water jets in, 88

Gold-Plating, of aluminum, vii, 319

Goldschmidt Generators, vii, 274

Goldschmidt Method, of welding, viii, 155

Golf, as exercise, x, 317;

report of match, xi, 161

Goodwin, Rev. Hannibal, v, 330

Goodyear, Charles, xiii, 245

Goose Barnacle, xii, 84-5

Gooseberry, origin, xiii, 225

Goose-Flesh, ix, 161, xi, 112-13, 123

Gophers, xii, 290, 294;

badgers and, 348

Gopher Snake, xii, 219

Gopher Turtle, xii, 191

Gorals, xii, 325

Gordius (hairworm), xii, 45

Gorgas, William C., yellow fever work, x, 162, 172

Gorges, formation of, xiv, 50-1, 51-2;

in old and new areas, iii, 33, 34;

of New York and New England, 44, 242-3

Gorham, Marquis L., v, 248, 381

Gorillas, xii, 382 (fig.), 383-4;

brain weight of, xv, 62;

physical comparison with man, 57-8;

family groups among, 276, 360-1;

use of stones and clubs, v, 9

Gorner Grat, boiling temperature at, iv, 170

Gouffre, i, 196, 373

Gourd Seed, growth of, x, 229

Gout, uric acid and, x, 343

Government, beginnings of, xv, 360-74, 379-80;

cultivation and, 380

Grackle, coloring of, xii, 245

Gradients, meteorological, i, 373 (see Barometric, Potential Gradients)

Graduated Flask, viii, 294, 295

Graham Flour, ix, 34

Graham's Law, viii, 108-9

Grain Cradles, v, 240-1

"Grain of the country", xiv, 99;

in river classification, 153

Grains, fruit of grasses, xiii, 56, 182;

milling of, xv, 237-9;

proteins in, ix, 34;

"showers", i, 357;

storing of, viii, 371

Gram, unit of force, iv, 70;

unit of mass, iv, 46, 69, viii, 28;

value in pounds and poundals, iv, 70

Gram-Molecular Volume, viii, 109

Gramophone, v, 328-9, 382

Grampuses, xii, 297

Grand Banks, dogfish of, xii, 146;

petrels of, 252;

scallop fisheries of, 65

Grand Canyon of the Colorado, iii, 40-3, 140, 230, xiv, 83;

conical fragments in, 81;

outer and inner gorges, 173;

plateau of, 124, 159, 220;

Proterozoic strata in, iii, 177;

rock pyramids in, xiv, 224-5

Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, iii, 44, and Pl. 2, p. 48;

color of rocks in, 26;

youthful valley type, 33;

relief model of, xiv, 10

Grand Point Tobacco, xiii, 258

Granite, composition, iii, 308, 326, viii, 192-3;

disintegration of, 194;

igneous nature, iii, 112;

jointing of, xiv, 133;

mountain cores of, 110-11;

occurrence and production, iii, 371;

plutonic rock, 13, xiv, 18;

weathering of, iii, 22, 27-8, 32 (Pl. 1), xiv, 78-9;

wells in, 137

Grapes, acids of, viii, 223;

origin and antiquity, xiii, 225, 324-5;

true berries, 54;

water content, viii, 365

Grape Sugar, viii, 224-5;

polarization of light by, iv, 356

Grapevines, xiii, 27, 28

Graphite, iii, 331, viii, 43;

in Archeozoic rocks, iii, 173, 249-50;

Rhode Island beds, 345;

use and production, vii, 308-9, xvi, 190

Graptolites, iii, 259, 266 (fig.), 267

Grasp, in infants, ix, 349, xv, 61;

of man, ix, 67-8;

grasping importance and organs of, 82;

reflex processes in, 157, 349

Grasping Reflex, xi, 40-5, 59

Grass, blue-eyed, xiii, 189;

leaves of, 176;

monocotyledon, 178;

veins, 32

(see also Grass Family)

Grasses, dominant on prairies, xiii, 350, 374;

evolution, iii, 251, 257;

fertilization, xiii, 148;

first appearance, 319;

true and incorrect, 179, 180;

water requirements, xiv, 381

Grass Family, xiii, 179, 181-3

Grasshoppers, xii, 108-10;

jaws of, 100

Grasslands, xiii, 373-7;

contests with forests, 348-9, 368 (illus.), 374-5, xiv, 380-1;

distribution of, 380, 381;

economic importance, 383-4;

vegetation of, 380, 381

Gratitude, sentiment of, xi, 147

Graupel, i, 107, 373

Gravel, rocks formed from, iii, 13, 53 (see Conglomerate);

sedimentary rock, xiv, 18

Grave Sacrifice, custom of, xv, 336

Graves, Robert, x, 112

Graves Disease, x, 351-2

Gravitation, universal, discovery and laws, ii, 63-72, iv, 20, 95-8,

xvi, 115-16;

Einstein theory, ii, 79-82;

magnetic force compared with, iv, 249-50;

nature of, ii, 78;

things unexplained by Newton's laws, 73-4, 78-82;

various applications of Newton's laws, 77, 78, 375, 380

(see also

Gravity)

Gravitation Units, iv, 64, 70

Gravity, ii, 63-4, 69, iv, 65, 109;

acceleration of, 65;

center of, 99-101;

direction of earth's, 98-9;

force in falling bodies, 42, 65, xvi, 32;

gyroscope and, v, 335, 336, 337-9;

Huygens's studies, ii, 58;

on asteroids, 257;

on moon, 199, 204;

on sun, 168;

Richer's observations, 59;

water-power due to, v, 76-7, 139;

weight due to, iv, 58, 74, 109

Gravity Battery, iv, 297, vi, 137, 140-1

Gravity Faults, xiv, 115

Grayfish, i, 224

Graylings (fish), xii, 159

Gray Matter, ix, 124;

of brain, xv, 63

Great Auk, xii, 265

Great Basin, block mountains in, iii, 138-9;

drainage changes in, xiv, 188;

faulting in, iii, 89, 229, xiv, 117, 127;

formerly submerged, iii, 181;

not being worn down, 32;

saline lakes of, xiv, 206;

streams, base level of, 164;

wind-eroded materials of, iii, 73

Great Britain, aerial travel statistics, i, 50;

aeronautical research, 51;

animals of, xiv, 272-3;

coal supply, iii, 345;

coast destruction, xiv, 46;

empire of, 279;

geology related to continent, 271-2;

manufacturers, American System in, v, 50;

manufacturing future, 173;

rainfall of, xiv, 41;

recent separation from continent, 30, 271-3;

serpents of, xii, 218;

soot studies, i, 65;

standard units in, iv, 45-6;

storm signals, i, 282;

thermometer scale in, iv, 136;

tides of, xiv, 293-4

"Great Eastern," steamship, v, 193

Greater Antilles, geological history of, xiv, 274-5

Great Indian Earthquake, xiv, 333, 334, 335, 336 (fig.);

cause, 340

Great Lakes, commerce on, xiv, 62, 212;

fish of, xii, 156, 159;

former drainage farther north, iii, 46;

level changes in region, 82;

origin and history, 146-51, xiv, 61, 62, 201-2, 203;

recentness of formation, iii, 12;

recessional moraines near, 67;

sewage disposal in, viii, 325;

sizes and depths, xiv, 204;

water supply of Lake cities, 140

Great Plains, elevation of, xiv, 27, 213;

evaporation in, 135;

geology of, 215;

grasses of, xiii, 181, 374, xiv, 380, 381;

horses of, xii, 306, 307;

pronghorns on, 322-3;

red beds, iii, 208;

rejuvenation, 230;

rodents of, xii, 294;

stock-raising on, xiv, 383-4;

trees in, xiii, 372-3, 374, xiv, 372;

volcanic action in, 318;

wind-fertilization of plants, xiii, 149

Great Rift Valley, xiv, 117-21;

lakes in, 203;

volcanoes of, 317

Great Salt Lake, crustal warping at, iii, 82;

history and formation, 152-3, xiv, 207-8;

mirages, i, 172;

plain of, xiv, 215-16;

salt in, iii, 374, viii, 139, 140, 275

Great Sea Waves, xiv, 337-343

Grebes, xii, 250-1

Greece, earthquakes of, xiv, 332, 333-4;

geographical changes in, 33;

rainfall of, 358;

rift valleys in, 123

Greece (ancient), astrology in, ii, 21;

Babylonian influences, xvi, 63;

civilization conditions, xv, 123;

civilization pictured in Odyssey, 324;

copyists of, 178-9;

foreigners called barbarians, xi, 22;

Golden Age, x, 20, xvi, 86-96;

musical instruments, xv, 316, 317 (fig.);

northern invasion, xiv, 281;

religion and science associated, xvi, 44;

slavery in, xv, 378-9;

timing of orators, v, 62;

weather records, i, 67-8

Greek Astronomy, ii, 10-11, 27-36, xvi, 81-2, 90-1

Greek Language, xv, 162

Greek Medicine, x, 16-25, xvi, 95-6;

preservation and revival of, x, 31, 36, 43-4, 45

Greek Philosophers, remarks on, ii, 27, 30;

on origin of earth, 366-7

Greeks (Ancient), boiling of foods unknown to, xv, 233;

degeneration of stock, xvi, 96;

gods of, xv, 343, 352;

idea of insanity, x, 356, 357;

idea of soul, xv, 330;

in Mediterranean group, xvi, 49;

intellectual height, 50;

knowledge of loadstone, vi, 28, 29;

monsoons used in navigation, i, 130;

oar-propelled ships, xiv, 265;

plants known to, xiii, 215, 216, 253;

sacrifices of, xv, 347-8;

scientific bent, xvi, 54;

superstitions of, xv, 355;

surveying inventions, xvi, 68-9;

trade and colonies of, xiv, 307

Greeks (modern), in Alpine group, xvi, 49

Greek Science, xvi, 75, 76-96;

debt to Egypt, 75;

influence on Copernicus, 102;

Roman development of, 99;

spread and continuation of, x, 23, 25

Greek Sculpture, xv, 302

Greek Vases, xv, 251, 253 (fig.)

Green, complementary color of, iv, 367;

effect on blood pressure, xi, 63;

in interior decoration, vi, 274;

primary color, iv, 366;

seeing of, in color-blindness, ix, 116

Green Flash, i, 170-1, 373

Greenhouses, effects of glass on heat, i, 59, iv, 183;

electric lighting, xiii, 76

Greenland, climate, xiv, 345;

discovery, 261;

fjord coasts, 258, 259;

foxes of, xii, 344;

glaciers of, xiv, 55;

ice sheets, iii, 61-2, 237;

marriage customs in, xv, 282-3;

mirages, i, 173;

ocean colors near, xvi, 147;

rainlessness, i, 109;

winds, 128, 129

Greenland Ranch, Cal., i, 209

Green Mountains, iii, 188

Green River, Uinta Mts., xiv, 166, 168, 175

Greenwich Observatory, founding of, ii, 83, xvi, 124;

publications, 125

Grenville Strata, iii, 165-8

Grew, biologist, xvi, 112, 116, 126

Greylock, Mount, iii, 232

Grief, exhaustion from, xi, 135-6;

expression of, by monkeys, xv, 65

Ground Sharks, xii, 143

Grinders, invention, v, 48, 381

Grip, disease, x, 294-5

Grison, xii, 349

Ground Moraines, iii, 67

Ground Pines, iii, 254

Groundsel, seed disposal, xiii, 345

Ground Water, iii, 113-29, xiv, 135-52;

how plants absorb, xiii, 91-3;

landslips facilitated by, xiv, 233;

mineral concentration by, iii, 126, xvi, 173;

petrifaction by, iii, 15, 126-7;

rivers and, xiv, 157

(see also Soil Water)

Ground Wires and Plates, vii, 369

Groups, Chemical, viii, 93, 377;

interchange principle, 211;

ionization, 121-2;

nomenclature, 97;

valences of, 94

(see also Radicals)

Groups (human), formation of, x, 9, xv, 361-3

Grouse, xii, 261

Growing Season, i, 373

Growth, age in relation to, ix, 47-8, 288-9;

by cell division, 43-8;

chemical regulation of, 169-70;

food requirements for, 31-4, 286-8, 295;

life and, xii, 13;

metabolism of, ix, 38-9, 295;

of bones, 56, 58;

of skin, 312;

of various tissues, 47-8, 286-7;

of skull, xv, 40;

rate of, in man, ix, 32 (diagram);

vitamines necessary to, x, 261, 262

Gruener, Prof. H., author CHEMISTRY, Vol. viii

Guam, ocean depths near, iii, 51

Guango Tree, i, 350

Guatemala, Santa Maria eruption, xiv, 328-9

Guava, xiii, 196, 225

Guayaquil, sanitary measures, i, 327;

yellow fever campaign, x, 173

Guericke, Otto von, iv, 29, 116, xvi, 110

Guillemots, xii, 264-5

Guinea Pigs, xii, 289;

anaphylaxis in, x, 213

Gulf Coastal Plain, xiv, 214;

chalk deposits, iii, 266;

Cretaceous deposits, 216;

geological history, 222, 231

Gulf Stream, climatic influences of, viii, 37, xiv, 304;

meeting with Labrador current, 305;

origin and course, 304;

"paper sailors" of, xii, 78;

plan for protecting, i, 345;

Portuguese man-of-war in, xii, 37;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 346

Gull, Sir William, xvi, 180, 184

Gulls, xii, 264

Gum Arabic, source, xiii, 226

Gumboils, ix, 56, 187

Gums, composition of, viii, 223, 229;

electrical conductivity, iv, 259

Gums (mouth), chilling of, by ether, iv, 174;

germ infection through, x, 202, 219, 222

Guncotton, composition and action, viii, 63, 255, 261;

discovery, xvi, 163

Gunite, v, 136

Gunnison River, Colorado, xiv, 172-3, 175

Gunny Sacks, xiii, 241

Gunpowder, viii, 144-5;

explosion, v, 156-7, viii, 62, 145;

introduction, v, 361, 368, xvi, 101

Guns (big), v, 368-71;

locating of, by sound velocity, i, 313, iv, 201-2;

making of, v, 323-5;

operation on battleships, v, 104, vii, 333-4;

phenomena in World War, i, 193-4

(see also Artillery, Projectiles)

Guns (small), development of, v, 361-2, xv, 213, 216-19;

kick, v, 143;

kick utilized in Maxim gun, 363;

machine, 362-8;

percussion lock invention, 377;

standardization in manufacture, 49-50

Gunshot Remedies, vii, 241, x, 76

Gunter, Edmund, xvi, 104

Gushers, oil, iii, 353-4

Gusts, i, 295, 373

Gutenberg, Johann, v, 300;

printing invention, xv, 179

Guttation, of plants, i, 350-1

Guyon, Felix, xvi, 184

Gymnarchus Fish, xii, 154

Gymnastic Exercises, x, 304-5

Gymnosperms, xiii, 174, 175, 178;

alteration of generations, xvi, 166;

first appearance, iii, 252, 255

(see also Conifers)

Gynecology, development of, x, 80-1, 122, xvi, 180

Gypsum, iii, 331-2, 375-6;

composition, viii, 153;

deposits and use, xiv, 209;

in sea water, 295

Gyro-compass, iv, 254-5, v, 201, 340, 384

Gyroscope, iv, 254-5, v, 335-44, 384;

in torpedoes, 373

Gyroscopic Action, of bullets and shells, v, 362

Haber Process, i, 36-7, viii, 74, 105, xvi, 165

Habit, xi, 247-58;

autosuggestion and, 306;

in physical functions, ix, 81, 88, 251;

slaves of, xi, 263;

will and, 261

Habits of Thought, xi, 198, 203-4, 247

Habitual Images, xi, 222

Hackberry Tree, xiii, 194

Haeckel, Ernst, biological work, x, 136, xvi, 182;

on phosphorescence of sea, xii, 18-19

Hail, i, 106-8, 373-4;

formation, 120;

storms and stones, 119-20

Hail clouds, i, 102

Hail Insurance, i, 269, 344

Hail Rods, i, 341, 342-3, 374

Hail Shooting, i, 341-2, 374

Hailstorms, devices to avert, i, 340-4

Hair, cells of, ix, 13;

color and form in different races, xv, 37-8, xvi, 48, 49, 50;

cutting of by electricity, iv, 10;

dyeing of, x, 58;

emotion effects on, xi, 142;

erection of, ix, 161, 162, 166, xi, 113;

of mammals, xii, 270-1;

on face and body, xv, 38

Hairdressing, among savages and Chinese, xv, 260-1;

ancient Egyptian, 255 (fig.)

Hairsprings, v, 70, 71-2

Hairworms, xii, 45

Hags (fish), xii, 130, 131

Haiti, gouffre of, i, 196;

rubber growing, xiii, 245;

words derived from, xv, 161;

yellow fever of, x, 160;

zoölogy of, xiv, 274

Hakemite Tables, ii, 38, 39

Hale, Prof. George E., ii, 147, 148, 177, 178, 225, 241;

spectroheliograph of, 129, 183

Hales, Stephen, x, 88, xvi, 112

Halite, iii, 332

Haller, Albrecht von, x, 77, 87-8, 97, 98;

medical works, xvi, 178

Halley, Edmund, comet and other discoveries, ii, 83-9;

discovery of moon's deviations, 73;

discovery of star motions, 304;

on Eta Argus, 324

Halley's Comet, ii, 84, 85-6, 273-4, 275, 281;

tail of, 134

Hallucinations, definition and kinds, x, 358;

of crowds, xi, 328-9;

visual, 91

Hallucinatory Images, xi, 221

Halogenation, viii, 266, 377

Halogen Derivatives, viii, 210, 211-12, 236

Halogens, viii, 18, 84-7, 377;

similarity of, 176

Halos, i, 177-183, 374;

circumscribed, 181, 369;

tangent arc, 383

Haly, "Royal Canon," of, x, 32, 37

Hamadryad, xii, 228-9

Hamburg, Deutsche Seewarte, i, 223, 276;

harbor of, xiv, 270

Hamilton Mill, vi, 296, vii, 209

Hamilton, Mount, ii, 142

Hammers, measurement of blows of, iv, 67;

pneumatic, i, 28

Hammurabic Code, xvi, 63;

on medical practices, x, 15

Hands, ape's and human compared, xv, 57, 58-60;

bones of, ix, 67-8;

cold or warmth felt in, 320;

color in different lights, iv, 364-5;

deftness of human, v, 248;

evolution of, xii, 167-8;

grasping reflex of, ix, 349, xi, 40-5;

importance in child's education, 43;

origin of flexed position, 42-3;

reciprocal innervation, 86;

tools resembling, 44-5;

temperature of, ix, 93;

X-ray pictures of, iv, 55

Hangars, i, 43

Hanging Glaciers, iii, 60-1

Hanging Valleys, iii, 65, xiv, 57

Hanks, of yarn, v, 272

Hanseatic League, xiv, 28, 308

Harbors, xiv, 266-71;

necessity of, to modern ships, 265;

photographic mapping of, i, 47-8

Hard Coal, combustion process, viii, 45;

flames from, 57;

origin, xiii, 10 (see Anthracite Coal)

Hardening of Arteries, x, 334-6, 340

Hardening Processes, (health), x, 240

Hardness, defined, viii, 377;

scale of, iii, 320, viii, 202;

sensation of, xi, 128

"Hard Shell," xii, 83

Hard Water, cause, iii, 126, viii, 151, 322-3, 377;

effects of, 143, 151-2, 323;

effects, xiv, 147;

occurrence in nature, ii, 147;

softening of, viii, 323-4;

taste of, 40

Hares, xii, 286-8

Hargreaves, spinning jenny, v, 273, 376, xv, 246

Harmattan, i, 134, 374

Harmonica, iv, 235

Harmonics, iv, 213

Harmony, due to tonal fusion, xi, 106

Harney's Peak, xiv, 227

Harpoons, xv, 209 (fig.), 210-12

Harps, development of, xv, 318

Harpsichord, xv, 318

Harrisburg, Pa., topography near, iii, 36

Harrison, John and William, v, 66-7

Hartness, telescope of, ii, 101

Harun-al-Raschid, astronomy under, ii, 37

Harvard Classification of Stars, ii, 116-18, 146, 310

Harvard College, first eclipse expedition by, ii, 211

Harvard Football Team (1913), excitement effects, xi, 138

Harvard Observatory, Arequipa station, ii, 145-6, 148;

photographic work, 116, 118, 127, 130, 136, 137, 301-2;

star spectra studies, 307

Harvard Photometry, ii, 297

Harvesting Machines, ancient, v, 240;

modern, 244-9

Harvestmen (scorpions), xii, 90

Harvest Moon, ii, 196

Harvey, William, x, 61-2, 66-7, 97;

discovery of circulation of blood, ix, 192, x, 22, 61, 63-6, 69, 81,

xvi, 106-7, 142;

other work, 107, 111

Hashish, xiii, 239

Hate, emotion of, xi, 139;

motor character, 58;

sentiment of, 148-9

Hats, hygiene of, x, 240, 309;

renovation by electricity, iv, 10

Havana, harbor of, xiv, 268;

sanitary measures, i, 327, x, 162;

water supply, xiv, 140

Havemeyer, Dr. L., author ANTHROPOLOGY, Vol. xv

Havre, port of, xiv, 271

Hawaii, geological formation, xiv, 101;

paper in sugar-growing, v, 291;

radio station, vii, 281;

screw pine of, xiii, 354

Hawaiian Islands, lava formations, iii, 28, 103;

oceanic character, xiv, 276;

rainfall on Mt. Waialeale, i, 112;

trade wind effects, xiv, 356;

volcanic soils, 329;

volcanoes, iii, 103-5, xiv, 322-3

Hawaiian Music, xv, 315

Hawk Moths, xii, 119-20;

facets of, 102

Hawks, xii, 260, 261;

man's lesson from, xv, 206

Hawksbee, Francis, xvi, 122-3

Hay Fever, cause of, x, 212, xiii, 118

Haze, atmospheric, i, 374;

dry fog, 96;

dust (African coast), 55;

from smoke, 56, 57;

in distance perception, xi, 182

Hazel Copses, xiii, 370

Hazelnut Tree, xiii, 193

Head, binding of, among savages, xv, 260;

blood supply of, ix, 197;

bones of, 61-3;

motions and position, how sensed, 90;

saving heels by, xi, 376-7;

shape in race classification, xv, 42-3;

washing of, x, 312;

word, various uses of, xv, 158-9

Headaches, electrical treatment, vi, 285, vii, 238-9;

eyestrain and, ix, 113;

hypnosis and, xi, 315;

significance of, 120-1

Head of Water, v, 94;

high and low, 79-81

Health, care of, instruction in, x, 282-5

(see also Personal Hygiene);

dependent on kinetic system, xi, 61;

emotions and, 129;

mental efficiency and, 369;

regulation to environment, x, 249-50;

resistance to disease strengthened by, ix, 185-6;

Science of, vol. x;

worry and, ix, 167

Health Resorts, i, 331

Hearing, iv, 203-4, 211-12, ix, 98-103, xi, 98-108;

"arrival platform" for, ix, 146;

colored, xi, 222;

direction perception by, ix, 117, 120;

distance perception by, 121;

ear movements and, 82;

in fishes, xii, 137-8;

in insects, 101;

limits (vibration rates) of, iv, 204, ix, 99, 100;

nerve of, 30;

organ of, position, ix, 61;

sense of, in infants, 351;

space perception by, xi, 163, 167-9

Heart, anatomy and operation of, ix, 200-12;

of, x, 332, 333-4;

as seat of affections, ix, 200;

emotion effects on, ix, 200, xi, 135, 136-7;

emotions attributed to, 130-1;

examination methods, ix, 205;

exercise effects, 261-2, x, 303, 304-5;

fatigue effects, xi, 272;

fear and terror effects, 131, 132;

high temperature effects, x, 251;

hypertrophy of, 331-2;

motions, Harvey on, 64-6;

nerve centers and control, ix, 168;

part in maintenance of life, 21-3;

passage of blood through former ideas, x, 52, 62, 65-6;

removed from body, beating of, ix, 84;

rest and sleep needs (eight-hour day), 209-10;

septum of, x, 66, 113;

sleep effects, xi, 283;

sounds, how listened to, ix, 205-6, x, 108-9;

supposed "pores" of Galen, 52, 62, 65-6;

systole and diastole, 64-5, 109;

valves of, ix, 202, 204, 206-7, x, 332;

work of, how measured, ix, 213-14

Heart Beat, ix, 202-3;

adrenalin effects, 171, 172, 209;

chemical theories of, x, 84;

control through nerve centers, ix, 168;

disturbances of, x, 333;

emotion effects, ix, 166, 209;

exercise effects, 168-9, 207, 208-9, 261-2;

rate of, 203, 204-5, x, 334;

rate increased by heat, 251;

rate in infants, ix, 347;

sounds of, 205-6;

variations in rate and vigor, 207-10

Heartburn, ix, 232

Heart Disease, atmospheric conditions best for, x, 241;

digitalis in, 333, 383;

early ignorance, xvi, 180-1;

modern therapy of, x, 382-3;

rheumatism and, 224;

valvular, 332

Heart Failure, x, 333;

symptoms accompanying, 340-1, 344

Heart Muscle, ix, 74-5, 84, x, 333-4;

"eight-hour day" of, ix, 210;

hypertrophy of, x, 331-2, 335;

nervous control of, ix, 207-335;

nervous control of, ix, 207-9

Heartwood, xiii, 24, 25, 26, 177 (fig.)

Heat, absorbers of, iv, 182;

absorption by colors, x, 309;

absorption by gases, viii, 309;

absorption by mixtures, iv, 175;

artificial, man's dependence on, ix, 308;

available supply in universe, iv, 193;

bacteria destroyed by, viii, 332;

"caloric" or "imponderable" theory, iv, 47, xvi, 125;

capacity, iv, 154-5;

change of state by, 151-3, 192-3;

chemical reactions and, viii, 12, 15, 53, 62, 95-6, 100, 308, 360;

chemical reactions hurried by, 310;

"closeness" due to, ix, 268-9, 270;

compression and, i, 26-7, 90, v, 126-8, 161, 351;

conduction and conductors of, iv, 138, 176-7, 178-9, x, 307, 308, 309;

convection of, iv, 139, 177-8;

demagnetization by, 253, vi, 34-5, 38, 117;

direction of flow of, iv, 190, v, 351, xvi, 135;

effects of, on bodies, iv, 144-59;

electrical production of, iv, 310-12, vii, 89, 337-8, 303-5, viii,

283-4;

electricity generated by, vi, 340

(see also Thermal Couples);

electromagnetic theory, vii, 371;

energy form, iv, 138, 140, 189;

"engineer" of physics, 50;

entropy, iv, 193;

expansion by, i, 27, iv, 134-5, 138, 140, 145, 151, viii, 25, 107;

forms, ii, 383;

from charcoal, viii, 186-7;

from foods, 361, 367, x, 269, 271;

from infrared waves, iv, 366;

from moon, ii, 200;

from radium, viii, 186-7;

from sun, ii, 169-71, iv, 181-2, 183, 194, ix, 25-6;

insulators, iv, 178, 184-5, vii, 307-8;

kindling temperature, viii, 53-4;

latent (see Latent Heat);

measurement for fuels and foods, viii, 360-1;

measurements, physico-chemical, 307-8;

measurement of quantity of, iv, 154;

mechanical equivalent of, (see Mechanical Equivalent);

mechanical (dynamical) theory of, iv, 48-9, 140;

molecular activity and, iv, 138-9, 140, viii, 25, 37-8;

motive power,

xvi, 135;

of earth's interior, iii, 108, 120-1, 160, 162, v, 178-81, xiv, 11-16,

31-2, 312;

of electric arc, iv, 311, vi, 280;

of electric lamp, vi, 268;

of volcanoes, iii, 106;

power from, v, 139-54, 351;

pressure of gases increased by, iv, 140;

production, electrical, 310-12;

production of, by friction, iv, 48-9;

production by mixtures, 174-5;

production by solidification, 160, 161;

radiant energy, vibration rate, ix, 114, 115;

radiation of, iv, 180-4;

reflectors of, 182-3;

resistance of charcoal, vii, 306;

rolling friction and, v, 204;

scientific meaning of, iv, 139-40;

sensation of, ix, 93, xi, 109, 113-14;

shrinkage in relation to, ii, 170 (see Lane's Law);

solvent action and, viii, 112;

specific, iv, 155-6, viii, 308-9;

"stuffiness due to", i, 321, x, 237-8;

temperature and, iv, 14-45;

thermodynamic laws, 189-90;

transmission through bodies, 176-9;

transmission through space, 180-4;

units, iv, 154, 189-90, vii, 369, viii, 374, x, 269;

universal presence, v, 345;

vacuums, v, 345-58;

wastage in engines, v, 155, 161, 165-6, 351

(see also Heat Waves, Temperature)

Heat Engines, iv, 192, 193-4, xvi, 135

Heat Equator, xiv, 347

Heating, dynamic, i, 90

Heating Systems, iv, 185-7;

dryness from, xiv, 353;

water advantages in, iv, 162

Heat Lightning, i, 148, vii, 205, 213

Heat Prostrations, ix, 316

Heat Regulators, vii, 87-8

Heat Stroke, x, 251-2, 274

Heat Thunderstorms, i, 138, 151, vii, 217

Heat Waves, vi, 119, 269, 270, vii, 371;

length and frequency, 260;

transmission of, iv, 180-4;

volcanic dust effects, i, 59

Heath Family, xiii, 202;

shrubs of, 274

Heavier-than-air Machines, v, 230-8;

principles, i, 286-9;

remarks on, vii, 76

Heberden, William, x, 104

Hebrew Language, xv, 162;

religious words from, 161

Hebrews, hemp fiber unknown to, xiii, 239;

ideas of insanity, x, 356;

unclean animals of, xii, 311

Hedgehogs, xii, 366, 367

Heidelberg Man, xv, 92, 93-5;

period of, 102

Heidelberg Race, xv, 96-7

Height, human, at morning and night, ix, 65;

rate of growth, 32;

of various races, xv, 38-9

Heights, oceanic, xiv, 286

Helicopter, i, 42

Heligoland, coast destruction, iii, 56

Heliocentric System, ii, 43-4;

known in Egypt, xvi, 69;

taught by Aristarchus, ii, 28

(see also Copernican System)

Heliometer, ii, 311

Helioscope, ii, 172-3

Heliotaxis, xi, 52-3, 61

Heliotropism, in hydroids, xii, 34

Helium, atmospheric, i, 11, 12, ii, 232;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

critical temperature, 173;

density of, 113;

discovery, i, 12, viii, 302, xvi, 194;

frozen, v, 345;

liquefaction, i, 32, xvi, 194;

liquefaction temperature, v, 348;

molecular velocity in, iv, 133, viii, 185, 186;

monatomic, viii, 309;

production by disintegration, i, 12;

specific heat ratio for, iv, 156;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383;

use of, in balloons, iv, 108

Hellbenders, xii, 171-2

Hell Gate, tidal race of, xiv, 294

Hellgrammite, xii, 106

Helmets, modern, xv, 221

Helmholtz, chemical work, xvi, 142;

"Conservation of Energy," 181-2;

contraction theory, ii, 380;

medical work of, x, 131;

on Young, 97;

pupil of Muller, 118, 128;

sound studies, iv, 52, 233;

theory of life, xii, 9;

thermodynamic studies, xvi, 136;

theory of color vision, x, 96

Heloderma, xii, 207

Hematite, iii, 332, 356, 358, viii, 47, 156

Hemlocks, in class of conifers, xiii, 174;

foliage, 270-1;

planting conditions, 270;

poison, 250;

roots, 17;

in northern forests, xiv, 372

Hemoglobin, ix, 181-3, 184, 258-9, 275, x, 337;

deficiency in anemia, 337

Hemorrhages, blood transfusion in, x, 338;

low blood pressure in, 336;

prevention of, in surgery, 14, 148;

stopping of, ix, 179-81

Hemostat, x, 148

Hemp cellulose composition, viii, 254;

sources, xiii, 238

Hemp Plant, xiii, 238-9

Henna Dye, of Amatus, x, 58

Henry, induction unit, iv, 285

Henry, Prof. Joseph, i, 189, vi, 24, xvi, 191;

induction unit named for, iv, 285

Henry I, (England), arm's length of, iv, 45

Henry the Navigator, xiv, 309

Henry Mountains, iii, 139, xiv, 109, 227

Hens, language methods of, xv, 141

Heraclitus, on change, xvi, 79

Herbivora, xii, 300-31;

intestine length in, ix, 246

Herbs, antiquity, xiii, 319, 310;

in American summer forests, 368, 369;

as class of plants, 175;

fossil and existing species, 324;

garden, 289;

hairy covering, 104-5;

none among gymnosperms, 175;

planting table of annuals and perennials, 290-7;

stems, 23;

in temperate forests, 366

Hercules (constellation), star clusters in, ii, 336, 340;

stars moving from, 305

Herd-Instinct, x, 9

Hereafter, primitive conceptions of, xv, 332-6, 339, 340, 345

Heredity, x, 227-8;

diseases and, ix, 103, 181, 304, x, 234-5, 292, 303;

importance in human evolution, xvi, 47;

importance of knowledge of, x, 236;

laws and facts of, ix, 325-44, x, 228-34, xiii, 326-7, 331-4, xv,

22-3, 24, 27, xvi, 153-8;

social, xv, 30-1

Hering, Prof. D. W., author PHYSICS, Vol. iv

Hering's Illusion, xi, 189

Hermit Crab, xii, 85

Hernia, operations for, x, 14, 41, 57

Hero, Greek scientist, inventions, xvi, 91, 92, 93;

mathematical work, 95;

steam turbine, v, 142-4, 148, xvi, 92, 93

Herodotus, Barton on, x, 20;

on fossil shells, iii, 14;

on Egyptian geometry, xvi, 68;

on Nile River, xiv, 71

Heroism, in crowds, xi, 326-7, 330

Herons, xii, 254-5

Herophilus, x, 23-4

Herring, xii, 154, 156;

limacina and, 19

Herschel, Caroline, ii, 104

Herschel, Sir William, astronomical work, ii, 15-16, xvi, 124-5;

discovery of Uranus, ii, 267;

father of descriptive astronomy, 139;

ideas of nebulæ, 368-9, 380;

knighting of, 254;

on habitability of sun, 252;

on proper motion of stars, 305;

picture of solar system, 162-3;

reflectors of, 103, 104;

studies of Galaxy, 352;

studies of Mars, 227;

studies of nebulæ, 358

Herschel, Sir John, dismantling of telescope by, ii, 104;

on spectrum lines, 112;

on Galaxy, 352;

studies of nebulæ, 358-9;

studies of star clusters, 336-7

Hertz, Heinrich, vi, 25, vii, 258, xvi, 191

Hesperornis, xii, 242

Hesperus, ancient name of Venus, ii, 191

Hessian Fly, i, 256

Hetchy-Hetchy Canyon, iii, 225

Heterodyne Receivers, vii, 278-9

Heterogeneous Rivers, xiv, 154-5

Heteromecic Numbers, xvi, 80

Hevelius, astronomer, ii, 57, 85;

telescopes of, 48, 99;

halo of, i, 374

Hewson, William, x, 88, xvi, 179

Hexane, viii, 206, 224

Heyl, Henry, v, 330

Hi and Ho, Chinese astronomers, xvi, 56-7, ii, 22

Hicetas, Greek astronomer, xvi, 81, 102

Hickory Trees, in American forests, xiv, 373;

in apetalae group, xiii, 190;

family, 191;

fertilization, 148;

leaves, 36-7;

leaf-bud protection, 34;

roots, 17;

sexes in, 46, 191

Hides, drying and tanning of, viii, 257

Hieroglyphics, Egyptian, xv, 172-4

High Blood Pressure, ix, 214, x, 334-6, 340

Highbrow, xv, 43

High Cost of Living, results in disease, x, 268

High Frequency Circuits, vii, 263

High Frequency Generators, vii, 290-1

Highlands, and lowlands, xiv, 213

Highlands-of-the-Hudson, iii, 188, 189

Highs, High Pressure Areas, i, 135-6, 137, 374;

movements, 134-5, 237;

weather significance, 236, 237;

winds in relation to, 125

(see also Pressure Areas)

Hill, James J., quoted, xi, 377

Hill, Prof. Leonard, i, 319, 320, 321, 322

Himalayas, animals of, xii, 288, 322, 325, 330, 337, 357;

forming of, iii, 236, xiii, 319;

glacial erosion in, xiv, 233;

height and importance, xv, 137;

impressiveness of, xiv, 9;

rainfall, i, 111;

rainfall on opposite sides, xiv, 355;

rhododendrons and azaleas in, xiii, 202;

rivers of, xiv, 167;

site formerly submerged, iii, 235;

sky line from Tibet, xiv, 234;

snow pinnacles, i, 117;

youthfulness, xiv, 96, 235

Hinds, xii, 317

Hindu Language, words from, xv, 161

Hindus, animal worship of, xv, 334;

astronomy, ii, 21, 26;

belief concerning trances, ix, 11, 17, 266-7;

cloud classifying by ancient, i, 97;

conception of earth, ii, 36;

crocodile veneration by, xii, 201;

geometry of, xi, 239;

in brown race, xv, 37;

marriage ceremonies of, 292, 293;

medicine and surgery of, x, 13-14, 57, 100, 123;

monkeys revered by, xii, 379

Hip Joint, dislocation of, ix, 67, 71

Hipparchus, ii, 10, 30-2, xvi, 90-1;

data gathered by, 94;

discoverer of precession, ii, 70;

novae observed by, 331;

star catalogue of, 300

Hippocrates, x, 18-22, 97, xvi, 95-6, 106;

aphorism of, x, 192, 379;

description of diseases by, 17;

humoral doctrine, 21, 98;

influence in Middle Ages, 31-2, 34, 36, 37;

"Oath" of, 18-19;

references to teachings, 55, 78, 154, 244, 289;

revival of teachings of, 44, 47, 48, 72, 73, 74

Hippopotamus, xii, 310;

trapping of, xv, 225

Hiqua, xii, 74

His, Wilhelm, x, 131

Histology, defined, xiii, 75

History, beginnings of, xv, 322, xvi, 51;

climatic influences, xiv, 29, 357-9, 361-2, xv, 123;

crowds and individuals in, xi, 333;

emotions in, 130;

geographical influences, xiv, 10, 30-1, 191-7, 239-45, 249-50, 279-82,

305-11, xv, 122-3, 136-9;

poetry and, 323-4;

sentiments the moving force, xi, 150;

suggestibility and records, 310;

warriors and artisans in, v, 15

Hoang-ho, shifting of courses, xiv, 184

Hoarfrost, i, 121, 258, 374

Hoatzin, xii, 241

"Hobble-Skirt" Cars, vii, 184

Hoe Printing Press, v, 301, 379, 381

Hoffmann, Friedrich, x, 85-6

Hogs, descent of, xii, 310;

embryological development, xv, 54, 55;

feeding garbage to, viii, 330

Hohenbergia, leaves, xiii, 106

Hohenheim, Aureolus von (see Paracelsus)

Hoists, in power plants, vi, 353

Holland, commercial history, xiv, 262, 280-1, 310;

low elevation of, 247;

rain-deposited salt, i, 60;

vaccination in, x, 103;

windmills, i, 37;

Zuider Zee of, xiv, 45-6

Holland Submarine, v, 382

Holly, American, xiii, 367

Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, x, 114;

anesthetics named by, 125;

"goodly company" of, 134;

puerperal fever studies, 114-15, 122;

quoted, on therapeusis, 75

Holmium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Holothurians, xii, 23

Holyoke, Mount, xiv, 111

Home, electrical appliances in, iv, 10, vii, 73-90;

electric wiring, 67-8;

lighting and lighting systems, vi, 274-8, vii, 68-72, 75

Homer, historic value of poems, xv, 323-4;

medical references in, x, 16-17;

on blood showers, i, 55;

on the loadstone, vi, 29

Hominy Block, xv, 238-9

Homogeneous Rivers, xiv, 154

Honey, as food, ix, 292;

purpose in flowers, xiii, 124, 126, 142-3, 184;

"showers" of, i, 357

Honeydew, on plants, i, 351-2, 357

Honeysuckle, Italian, fertilization, xiii, 142-3;

leaf arrangement, 38;

tendril movement, 111

Hood, Mount, beauty of, xiv, 315;

cone of, iii, 226, xiv, 100-1, 225

"Hoodoo Country," xiv, 105

Hoofed Animals, xii, 300-31;

evolution, iii, 299, 300

Hooke, balance spring invention, v, 65;

geological work, xvi, 126;

light theory, 137;

microscope invention, x, 67;

microscopic work, xvi, 112;

on protoplasm, 166

Hooker Telescope, ii, 148, 156, 157-8, 159-60

Hookworm, campaign against, x, 171, 174-5;

parasite of, 199, 201;

in tropics, xiv, 357

Hookworm Anemia, x, 337

Hoosac Tunnel, drills in building, i, 27

Hope, physical effects, xi, 339

Hopkins, Dr. A. D., i, 255, 256, 367

Hop-vines, xiii, 27, 111

Horizontal Rainbows, i, 177

Hormones, ix, 170, 171, 189, 303, x, 320, 331, 347;

disease poisons as, ix, 178

Hornbeam, family, xiii, 193;

European, 271-2

Horneblende, iii, 321;

chemistry of, viii, 193

Horned Screamers, xii, 256-7

Horned Toad, xii, 204, 206

Horner, William, x, 116

Horn Gaps, vii, 17-18

Horns, in cattle family, xii, 324-5, 328;

of deer, 316

Horns (musical), from shells, xii, 74;

origin of, xv, 317;

sound production by, iv, 239-41

Horrocks, Jeremiah, ii, 58

Horseback Riding, as exercise, x, 304, 317

Horsechestnut Tree, dense shade, xiii, 86;

in landscaping, 271-2;

leaf-bud protection, 34;

stipules absent, 34

Horse Latitudes, i, 129, 374, xiv, 349

Horsepower, defined, iv, 80, vi, 83, 84, vii, 369;

electrical equivalent, vi, 84-5;

erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382;

men's labor in, iv, 311;

thermal equivalents, v, 350-1

Horsepower-hours, iv, 80

Horseradish, aconite and, xiii, 252;

in mustard family, 197;

origin, 223

Horses, xii, 306-7;

automobiles and, v, 215;

class of, xii, 300;

cost of work, vii, 224-6;

diphtheria antitoxin from, x, 297;

domestication of, xv, 197;

ear movements, of, ix, 82, 117;

fear in, xi, 136;

geological history, iii, 299-300;

pictured in ancient art, xv, 112, 114, 116;

surra disease of, x, 168;

young of, ix, 346

Horseshoe Magnets, iv, 250, vi, 34, 45, 333

Horsetail Plants, iii, 251, 254, 256, xiii, 308-9, 314, 317, 323

Hoses, force, vi, 47-9;

rate of flow, 70-1

Hospitals, disease germs of, i, 325-6;

rise of modern, xvi, 184;

"Sunday temperatures" in, xi, 140

Hospital Tanks, v, 120

Hot Air Heating System, iv, 185

Hot Baths, ix, 322, x, 311-12, 383;

after eating, ix, 313;

cold sensation on entering, 93;

therapeutic uses of, x, 311, 383

Hot Climates, clothing for, x, 307, 308;

oiling of skin in, 311

Hot Springs, occurrence and explanation, iii, 128, xiv, 143-5;

plant life in, xiii, 299;

proof of earth's internal heat, xiv, 12;

travertine deposits, 146

Hottentots, hair of, xv, 38;

marriage by purchase among, 284

Hot-water Bottle, iv, 162-3

Hot Water Heating System, iv, 185-6, 187

Hot Water Plants, xiii, 299, 300, 301

Hot Waves, i, 374

Hot Winds, i, 134, 374

Hotchkiss Machine Gun, v, 365

Hotels, color lighting, vi, 274-5

House-breaking, of children, xi, 251-2

House Meters, vii, 174-7

Houses, dry air of, xiv, 353;

electric wiring, vii, 65-8;

evolution of, xv, 266-8

Howard, Luke, i, 97-8

Howe, Elias, sewing machine, v, 284, 379

Howitzers, v, 368-9

Huanacos, xii, 313

Huckleberry, growth of, x, 229

Hudson River, course, iii, 234, 245;

estuary of, xiv, 40;

locating rock under, v, 263-4;

mouth, xiv, 25, 270;

Palisades (see Palisades of Hudson);

sediment in channel, 268;

submerged channel, iii, 37 (fig.), 78, 234, xiv, 25, 287;

superimposed stream, iii, 233

Hudson River Valley, drowned character, iii, 38, 77-8, xiv, 25, 40, 255;

origin, iii, 232;

section of, 138 (fig.)

Hue, of colors, xi, 90

Hughes, D. E., vi, 26;

coherer of, xvi, 191

Human Energy, consumption in life processes and work, viii, 367;

daily expenditure in calories, ix, 297;

efficiency in use of, 296, 306;

food sources and requirements, viii, 334, 349, 350, 359, 361, ix,

289-301;

from foods, calculation of, x, 269-70;

per cent used, xi, 264;

Ostwald's imperative, 257;

production in kinetic system, 60-1

Humanists, "medical," x, 45

Human Life, temperate zones most favorable, xi, 51;

temperature limits, v, 348, ii, 243

(see also Life)

Human Race, cradle of, xvi, 46-7;

grouping tendency of, x, 9;

improvement by selection, xvi, 157

Humanistic Period, xvi, 86

Human Voice, range of, ix, 99 (see Voice)

Humboldt, Alexander von, discovery of orchid insect, xiii, 48;

geological work, xvi, 170, 171;

on the Ghor of Syria, xiv, 121;

on thunder at sea, i, 193;

studies of electric eel, vi, 16

Humboldt Current, xiv, 305

Humboldt Range, iii, 214

Humidifying Systems, i, 78

Humidity, i, 76, xiv, 353-4;

absolute and relative, i, 76-7, 375, xiv, 352-3, 354;

atmospheric, viii, 67;

body heat and, i, 317, v, 348-9, ix, 316, 317, x, 237, 251, xiv, 354;

danger in thunderstorms, i, 156;

heat prostration from, ix, 316;

measurement of, i, 78-9;

practical importance, 77-8;

ventilation and, 321, viii, 331, 332, ix, 268-9, 270, x, 237

Hummingbirds, xii, 269;

colors of, 245;

family of, 267;

plant fertilization by, xiii, 144

Humor, psychology of, xi, 350-7

Humoral Doctrine, x, 21, 28-9, 69, 98, 380

Humped Cattle, xii, 330

Humphreys, Dr. W. J., i, 58, 59, 113, 152, 153, 155, 172

Humus, formation of, viii, 340, 341, 346-7

Hungary, loess deposits, xiv, 72;

plains of, xiii, 373, xiv, 217;

stone implements of ancient, xv, 109

Hunger, "best sauce," ix, 242;

food regulation by, 299;

impulse of, in civilization, xv, 185-204, 273;

sensation of, ix, 87-8, 231, xi, 65-6, 67, xv, 65;

sense of, in infants, ix, 349-50;

sleep and, xi, 290

Hunger Strikes, water in, x, 275

Hunt, T. Sterry, xvi, 190

Hunter, John, x, 93-6, 97;

electric eel studies, vi, 16;

Jenner pupil of, x, 94, 99;

Virchow compared to, 129

Hunter, William, x, 92-3, 94

Hunter's Moon, ii, 196

Hunting, primitive methods and devices, xv, 222-8

Hunting Dog, African, xii, 345

Hunting Dogs, heart in, x, 332

Hunting Stage, xv, 187, 192-6;

equality of members in, 376;

leaders in, 366;

polygamy in, 287

Hurdy-Gurdy Wheel, v, 77

Huron, Lake, size, xiv, 204

Hurricane Cliffs, xiv, 124

Hurricane Grass, xiii, 344

Hurricanes, i, 136, 375;

electrification by, vii, 212-13;

handling of ships in, i, 277-8;

warnings in Caribbean Sea, 282, 309

Hurry, modern spirit of, xv, 12

Hussey, Obed, v, 244-5, 246, 247, 249, 379

Hutton, Dr. James, geologist, xvi, 126, 169-70

Huxley, gorilla studies of, xv, 57;

on herring, xii, 156;

work of, x, 136, xvi, 140-1, 142, 182

Huygens, as astrologer, ii, 21;

Kepler's Laws and, 61;

light theory, xvi, 119;

mechanical method of, iv, 11;

micrometer invention, ii, 58;

on planetary pull, 63;

on rings of Saturn, 54, 57;

pendulum clock invention, v, 65;

studies of Mars, ii, 227, 228;

studies of nebulæ, 357;

telescopes, 13, 57, 99

Hyacinth, xiii, 120, 184

Hyacinth Stone, iii, 341

Hyades, ii, 341-3

Hyalite, iii, 335

Hybrids, defined, ix, 334, xiii, 147;

transmission of characters, ix, 334-7, x, 231-2, 233, xiii, 332, 333

Hydra, fresh water, xii, 33-4

Hydraulic Jets, v, 88 (see Water Jets)

Hydraulic Machinery, v, 97-108

(see also special heads, as Cranes, Elevators, etc.)

Hydraulic Press, v, 97-100, 376;

mechanical gain in, iv, 41

Hydraulic Ram, v, 84-6

Hydriodic Acid, formation of, viii, 95-6

Hydro-acids, viii, 98, 114, 377

Hydrocarbons, and derivatives, viii, 51-2, 205-40;

molecular complexity and physical state, 298;

oxygen affinity for, 36;

substitution phenomena, xvi, 162

Hydrochloric Acid, viii, 86-7, 115;

action on cellulose, 255;

in gastric juice, x, 320, 325, ix, 234-5, 236, 237-8;

metal tests by, viii, 288;

production, 87, 105, 275, 277;

solubility in water, 111;

test for, 285

Hydroelectric Plants, v, 79, 83, vi, 351-2, 361-78;

on farms, vii, 233-4;

use of alternators, vi, 215;

(see also Power Plants)

Hydroelectric Power, called "white coal," v, 76;

in Switzerland, xiv, 242

Hydrogen, viii, 18, 29-33;

affinity strength, 128;

affinity for halogens, 85, 86;

atmospheric, i, 11, 192, ii, 232;

atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

atomic weights based on, 33, 92;

basic element, Prout's hypothesis, 177;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

compressibility and volume, 143;

critical temperature and pressure, 173;

density of, 110, 113;

diffusibility of, viii, 108;

discovery, xvi, 120;

elimination from body, viii, 353;

explosions of, 33, 62;

flame of, 57, 58, 59-60;

increasing demand for, vii, 321;

in acids, viii, 114;

in organic compounds, 64, 204;

in plants, 336-7, 340-1;

in proteins, 351;

in water, weight and volume, 39-40;

liquefaction of, iv, 171, 191;

melting point, 162;

molecular speed, viii, 24, iv, 133;

percentage in coal series, iii, 345;

plant uses and sources, xiv, 64-5;

positive ionization, viii, 122;

preparation, 30-3, 102;

sound speed in, i, 192;

uniqueness of, viii, 182-3;

use of, in balloons, iv, 108;

valence basis, viii, 93;

valences to, 178, 179-80;

weight, iv, 110

Hydrogen Compounds, viii, 29, 36, 41, 51-2, 68-70, 205-40

Hydrogen Cycle, viii, 334, 350

Hydrogen Peroxide, viii, 41, 97;

bleaching by, 86, 256

Hydrogen Sulphide, viii, 77-8;

in metal tests, 288;

solubility in water, 111

Hydrogenation, viii, 232, 247, 377

Hydroids, xii, 18, 23, 33-7;

regeneration in, 170

Hydrology, problems, vi, 365-7

Hydrolysis, viii, 39, 217-18, 377;

by enzymes, 357, 358;

in cement setting, 280;

ionization and, 120

Hydrometers, iv, 113, vi, 147

Hydrophobia, Pasteur's work on, x, 142-3;

reduction of mortality in, 217

Hydroplanes, v, 192;

of submarines, 197-8

Hydrostatic Pressure, v, 95-6

Hydrotherapy, x, 383

Hydroxides, viii, 93, 377;

bases as, 115;

commercial preparation, of, 276;

metals found as, 130, 131, 198

Hydroxyl Derivatives, viii, 210, 212-14, 215, 218

Hydroxyl Group, viii, 377;

in bases, 115;

boiling point raised by, 299;

negative ionization, 122;

solubility, 112

Hyenas, xii, 351-2

Hygiene, among early Jews, x, 15;

daily applications, xvi, 15;

instruction in, remarks on, x, 282-5;

mental, xi, 368-82;

personal, disease prevention through, x, 302-17

Hygrometers, i, 78-9, 375;

invention, 68-9

Hygroscope, i, 375

Hymenoptera, xii, 124-6

Hyperfunction, defined, x, 348

Hyperopia, ix, 113

Hypersensibility, x, 212-15

Hypnotism, xi, 311-22;

use in medicine, xvi, 185-6

Hypo, of photography, viii, 140, 172

Hypofunction, meaning, x, 348

Hypophysis, (gland), x, 347, 352

Hysteresis, vi, 192, 213-14;

in motors, 225;

in transformers, 316

Hysteria, x, 360-3

Ianthena, xii, 19

Iatrochemical School, x, 69-70

Iatrophysical School, x, 69, 70-2

Iberian Racial Group, xvi, 49

Ibervillea, xiii, 106-7

Ibexes, xii, 325-6

Ibises, xii, 254, 255-6

Ibn-Yunos (Jounis), ii, 38, 210

Ice, ancient use in refrigeration, v, 349;

artificial, iv, 188, v, 349-50, 354-8, viii, 69-70;

color of, 40;

comparative heat, v, 345;

cooling by, iv, 178, v, 346;

density of, iv, 149;

disadvantages in refrigeration, vii, 230;

erosion by, (see Glaciers);

expansion of water in, viii, 38;

heat conductivity, iv, 179;

keeping of, v, 346, 349;

melting point and requirements, iv, 152, 161, 162;

melting point, pressure effects on, 163, 164, 164-6;

mixture with salt, temperature resulting, 175;

mixture with water, temperatures obtained, 160-1, v, 353-4;

regelation of, iv, 164-6;

specific gravity, iii, 321;

specific heat of, iv, 155;

temperatures at different pressures, v, 345;

transformation of snow into, iii, 59-60;

warming of, iv, 151-2

Ice Age, Great Quaternary, iii, 236-48, xv, 72-6;

antiquity of, xiii, 209, 322;

lakes formed, iii, 143-51;

man during, 302, 303, xv, 102;

Mississippi Valley remains, iii, 35;

moraines left by, 67-8;

sea level in, 83;

subsidence of land in, 80;

Yosemite Valley formed in, 48, 64

(see also Glacial Epoch)

Ice Age, Permian, iii, 203-4

Ice Ages, theories of, iii, 247-8;

volcanic dust theory, i, 58

Icebergs, submergence of, iv, 149

Ice Breakers, gyroscopes on, v, 342

Ice Caps, iii, 60, 61;

of Greenland and Antarctica, xiv, 55

Ice Clouds, i, 92-3, 103;

halos produced by, 177

Ice Dam Lakes, iii, 143-4, xiv, 201

Ice Crystals, i, 115-16;

halos from, 177, 178, 182-3

Ice Fogs, i, 95-6

Ice Houses, insulation method in, iv, 178

Iceland, discovery and settlement, xiv, 261;

fault displacement in, 39;

foxes of, xii, 344;

future manufacturing center, v, 173;

ice caps, iii, 61;

low pressure area, i, 361;

volcanic eruptions, 57, 59;

volcanic formation, xiv, 277, 289, 316

Icelandic Language, xv, 162

Iceland Spar, iii, 325;

effect on light, 319, iv, 354

Ice Needles, i, 92-3, 96

"Ice Pavement," xiv, 56

Ice Rain, i, 107, 375

Ice Saints, i, 363, 375

Ice Sheets, iii, 60, 61-2;

of Great Ice Age, 237-42, xv, 74-6

Ice Storms, i, 108

Ice Water, drinking of, ix, 229;

temperature of, viii, 38

Ichneumon Flies, xii, 125

Ichneumons, xii, 352

Ichthyornis, xii, 243

Ichthyosaurs, iii, 286-8, xii, 182, 202

Idaho, lava formations, xiv, 102, 103, 318;

mining products, iii, 362-3, 368

Idaho Fire (1910), i, 57

Ideal Metal, resistance, vi, 77

Ideas, psychological meaning, xi, 201-2

(see also Association of Ideas, Dissociation, Repression)

I-em-hetep, x, 11

Igneous Rocks, iii, 13, 379, xiv, 17-18;

common modes of occurrence, iii, 102 (fig.);

illustrations (Pl. 8, 9, 10);

intrusive and extrusive, xiv, 105;

intrusions in mountain ranges, 228, 230, 232-3, 234;

jointing in, 129-30;

land forms in, 44, 99-113;

oldest by nebular theory, iii, 160;

soils from, 28;

volcanic and plutonic, 106, 110, xiv, 99-100

Ignis Fatuus, i, 346-9, 375

Ignition, electric, vii, 369;

in automobiles, 130-41, 369;

in firearms, viii, 145;

temperatures of, 53-4

Iguanas, xii, 207;

boas and, 216;

color of, 204;

spiny crest of, 204

Ilkhanic Tables, ii, 39

Illinois, coal beds, iii, 199;

prairies of, xiv, 373, 383

Illinois River, sewage effects, viii, 326

Illuminating Gas, acetylene, viii, 60, 231;

burning of air in, 55, 56;

flame of, 57-9;

production, 46, 47, 252;

requisites, 60;

transfusion of blood in, poisoning from, x, 338

(see also Gas Lighting)

Illumination, art of, vi, 273;

measurement of, iv, 350-2;

unit of intensity, vii, 368

(see also Lighting, Lighting Systems)

Illusions, x, 358

(see also Hallucinations)

Illusions, Optical (see Optical Illusions)

Ilopango, Lake, draining of, xiv, 198

Images, formed by reflection, iv, 335-7;

formed by refraction, 337-9;

formation of, ix, 106-9;

real and virtual, iv, 335, 338, 339

Images (psychology), xi, 218-22

(see also After-Images)

Imagination, xi, 218-27;

due to conditioned reflexes, 202-3;

in science, xvi, 58-9

Imbeciles, reflex action in, xi, 36

Imhoff Tanks, viii, 328

Imitation, education by, xv, 66-7;

in language, 153-4;

instinct of, xi, 56;

suggestion and, 304

Immunity, against disease, ix, 179, x, 204-12;

racial, xv, 48-52

Impedance, in alternating currents, vi, 170, 171;

in oscillating circuits, vii, 289

"Imponderables," iv, 47

Impressions, first, xi, 211-12

Impulsiveness, of motor type men, xi, 157, 158-9;

will and, 264

Inanition, x, 275-7, 279

Inattention, xi, 25, 236

Inbreeding, in plants, xiii, 119-20

Incandescent Bodies, spectra of, ii, 112-13, iv, 360-3

Incandescent Lights, iv, 311

Incas of Peru, civilization in temperate climate, xv, 123;

corn in tombs, xiii, 212;

hunts of, xv, 222;

quipus of, 165, 166, (fig.)

Inclined Plane, iv, 90, v, 35-41;

primitive use of, iv, 24

Index of Refraction, in chemical analysis, viii, 310

Index Plants, i, 255

India, aborigines in black race, xv, 37;

aconite used as poison, xiii, 252;

adjutant bird of, xii, 255;

aerial photographic service, i, 46;

ancient astronomy, ii, 25, 26, xvi, 57;

ancient meteorology, i, 68, 213;

ancient science, xvi, 54, 62;

ancient sun-worship, ii, 23-4;

animals (carnivora), xii, 337, 340, 344, 345, 359, 365;

animals (herbivoral), 302, 303, 305, 308, 320, 327, 328, 330;

artificial ice in ancient, v, 349;

banana plants, xiii, 216;

betel nut, 254;

brontides, i, 195;

bubonic plague in, x, 164, 165;

Catalan forges in, v, 315;

cinnamon growing, xiii, 264;

civilization and climate, xv, 123;

coco palm of, 125;

copra production, xiii, 220;

cotton production, 237, 238;

cradle of human race, xvi, 47;

crocodiles of, xii, 199, 201;

deer-hunting in, 365, xv, 223;

dust whirlwinds, i, 60;

earthquake of, xiv, 333 (see Great Indian Earthquake);

famines, xiii, 214;

forests, government-controlled, 372;

former trade routes, xiv, 307, 309;

glacial deposits, iii, 203;

hailstorms, i, 120;

Himalayas as protection to, xv, 137;

ideas of eclipses, ii, 209;

jungle fowls of, xii, 261;

jute production, xiii, 241, 243;

monkeys of, xii, 379;

monsoons, importance, i, 66-7, 131, 218, xiv, 350-1;

monuments and records, ii, 24;

music of, xv, 314

native marriage customs, 282;

peoples and civilization, xvi, 53-4;

pipal tree, xiii, 108;

plains of, xiv, 47, 217;

polyandry in, xv, 286;

poppy growing, xiii, 253;

quinine production, 251;

rainy seasons, xiv, 352;

rattan palm, xiii, 27, 361;

religious cults, ix, 266;

religious philosophy, xi, 116;

rice in, xiii, 213;

rivers of, xiv, 195-6;

rubber growing, xiii, 247, 248;

serpents of, xii, 214, 219, 228-9, 231;

smallpox inoculation in, x, 100;

sugar production, xiii, 215;

Suttee in, xv, 335;

tarpon of, xii, 154;

tea cultivation, xiii, 228;

telegraph plant, 114;

tobacco production, 258;

tortoises of, xii, 191;

weather conditions, distant causes, i, 241;

wine palm, xiii, 53

(see also Hindus)

Indiana, glacial drift in, xiv, 69, 170;

limestone quarries, iii, 371-2;

prairies of, xiv, 373

Indian Corn, American origin, xiv, 382;

history and uses, xiii, 211-13;

prop roots, 20 (fig.);

stem, 183

(see also Corn)

Indian Meteorological Dept., i, 241

Indian Ocean, extent of, xiv, 22;

monsoons of, 350-1;

salt in, viii, 139;

sharks of, xii, 146;

tortoises on islands of, 192

Indian Pipe Plant, xiii, 99, 202

Indians, American, acuteness of vision, vi, 272-3;

arrows of, xv, 196 (fig.);

basket-weaving of, 248;

bows of, 214 (fig.);

canoe-making, 262;

cattle-raising stage absent, 187, 199;

chiefs, 364;

color of, 37;

corn-growing, xiii, 211-12, 212-13, xv, 201 (fig.);

dogs used in hunting, 223;

domestic animals lacking to, 199;

dramatic ceremonies and plays of, 305-6, 306-7, 308;

fear of pogonip, i, 96;

fertilizing method of, xv, 202;

guardian spirits, 348-9;

hair of, 37;

Happy Hunting Grounds of, 333;

"hiqua" money of, xii, 74;

language deficiencies, xv, 144;

lodgepoles of, xiv, 374;

long houses of, xv, 267;

marriage practices, 283-4, 284;

measles and, 48;

mineral springs used by, xiv, 145;

note to Jenner, x, 103;

painting of faces by, xv, 256;

pottery of, 250 (fig.), 252 (fig.);

prairie firing, xiii, 374;

prayers of, xv, 346-7;

religious beliefs, xvi, 44;

signal fires, xv, 165-6;

sign language, 148-51;

sign writing, 172, 173 (fig.);

stone pestles of, 238 (fig.);

tents of, 266;

tomahawks of, 208;

tree-felling by, 262;

tribal morality of, 374;

tribes in mountains, 129-30;

unions among, 363;

weaving of, 247 (fig.), 301 (fig.)

(see also South American Indians)

Indian Summer, i, 361-2, 363, 375

India-rubber, elasticity of, iv, 36;

low temperature effects, i, 31

Indicators, chemical, viii, 114, 294, 378

Indigestion, causes and results, ix, 238-42;

from worry, 165, 167;

mental effects, xi, 369-70

Indigo (color), ix, 115;

changed to indigo white, viii, 259

Indirect Lighting, vi, 277, vii, 70

Indium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Individuals, differences in, ix, 327, xi, 152-9;

influence of, in history, 333;

inheritance of extreme characters, xvi, 154;

moral control, 48;

new species from variations of, xiii, 325, 328-9;

psychology in crowds, xi, 324, 325-30;

transmission of acquired characters, ix, 325-6

Indo-China, food plant source, xiii, 221;

python of, xii, 214

Indo-Chinese, in yellow race, xv, 37

Indo-European Languages, xv, 161, 162

Induced Currents, iv, 303-9

Induced Voltages, vii, 370

Inductance, defined, vi, 91, 166;

in direct and alternating currents, 166-7, 169;

flashes caused by, 102, 312;

in induction motors, 248;

in telephone lines, vii, 104;

in wireless communication, 264, 286-7, 289, 293-5, 296-7

Inductance Coils, vii, 105, 264, 266, 267

Induction, charging by, vi, 290-2, 297-301;

discovery, 22, 23;

electrification by, iv, 260;

electrodynamic and static, vii, 370;

law of, vi, 313;

Lenz's Law, vii, 371;

magnetization by, iv, 243;

self, vii, 375;

unit of, iv, 285

Induction, Proof by, xi, 242

Induction Coils, iv, 265, 303-5, vii, 364, 370;

in automobiles, 133-4;

in electrotherapy, 242-4, 245;

in wireless telegraphy, iv, 313, 314

Induction Machines, vi, 292, 298-301, vii, 245

Induction Motors, vi, 241, 242-56;

in motor-generator sets, 332, 342

Induction Regulators, vi, 328-9, 346

Inductivity, vi, 293-4

Industrial Plants, advantages of electricity, vii, 51-3;

lighting, 52;

wiring, 57

Industrial Psychology, xi, 358-67

Industry, electricity in, vi, 195-6, 381;

energy sources, viii, 267-8;

metals of, 154;

motors most used, vi, 241;

science in, xvi, 9-10;

water power and, vi, 352

Inertia, defined, vi, 90-1, vii, 370;

examples of, iv, 35, 62, 66, 67, v, 148, 234, 336-9;

in electrical currents (see Inductance);

in perception errors, xi, 184, 189;

law of, ii, 62, iv, 19-20, 61-2;

of æther, vi, 120;

of ear, xi, 105;

of sense organs, 71

Infancy, period of, x, 283, xvi, 79

Infantile Paralysis, germ of, x, 200, 202;

immunity to, 207

Infants, ape-like structures in, xv, 61;

bodily condition and care of, ix, 345-52;

clothing of, x, 309;

grasping reflex, xi, 40-3;

heart rate in, x, 334;

learning to breathe, xi, 36-7;

learning to fixate, 39-40;

learning to swallow, 38;

milk modifications, viii, 363;

nervous system in, ix, 344, 348-9;

new-born, free from germs, x, 201;

new-born, weight of, ix, 31;

periodic breathing in, x, 340;

skull capacity in, xv, 40;

space perceptions, xi, 162-3, 166

Infections, ix, 177-8, x, 193;

by germs, x, 193, 204;

body resistance to, 197-8, 203-12;

body resistance to, ix, 177-9, 185-6;

exhaustion from, ix, 59-60;

focal, x, 198-9, 218-26;

in surgery, prevention of, 14, 123, 145-7, 181-3;

local and general, 198;

"portals" of, 198, 201-2;

pus, ix, 186-8

Infectious Diseases, x, 193-226;

atmospheric electricity and, i, 330;

danger from, 326;

heredity and, x, 234-5;

immunity to, 204-12, ix, 179;

infants' susceptibility to, ix, 352;

pain in, 87;

Pasteur and Koch's work, xvi, 184;

prevention and treatment, x, 217-18, 285-302

(see also Antitoxins, Inoculation, Vaccination);

ticks as cause of, xii, 98;

transmission and history of various, x, 153-70

Infinity, meaning, xi, 191, 196

Inflammations, germ-produced, x, 195;

terms used to define, 30

Influence Machines, vi, 292, 298-301, vii, 372;

in therapeutics, 236

Influenza, x, 294-5;

from chilling, 306;

immunity to, 207;

present knowledge of, 153, xv, 48

Infra-red Rays, iv, 365, 366

Ingersoll, Dr. E., author Zoölogy, Vol. xii

Ingots, steel, v, 322;

"pipes" in, 323

Injections, subcutaneous, ix, 59

Injectors, of boilers, v, 140-2, 380

Ink, Acheson's, vii, 301

Innominate Bone, ix, 63 (fig.), 66-7

Inoculation, early practice of, x, 207;

for anthrax and rabies, 141-2;

for smallpox, 100-3

(see also Vaccination)

Inorganic, defined, viii, 378

Inorganic Chemical Industries, viii, 267-84

Inorganic Compounds, colors of, viii, 312;

solubility in water, 37, 111-12

Inorganic Matter, plant use of, viii, 339, 349, xiii, 14, 79, 81

Inorganic Nature, chemical inactivity, viii, 267

Insanity, definition and symptoms, x, 357-9;

former ideas and treatment, 11, 356-7;

increase of, xv, 27;

increase prevention, x, 235-6;

Pinel's treatment, 110-11;

primitive conceptions of, xv, 350, 353

Insecticides, arsenic, viii, 169

Insectivora, xii, 366-8;

lemurs and, 376

Insects, xii, 99-126;

capture of, by plants, xiii, 39-41;

classification, iii, 260, 276;

cold effects on, ix, 306;

evolution, iii, 20, 257, 279, xii, 104-7;

flower fertilization by, xiii, 48, 123-46, 318, xvi, 152-3;

fossil remains, iii, 16, 279-80;

hearing of sounds by, iv, 204;

jaws in, xii, 106;

larvæ affected by light, x, 253;

musical, xii, 109-10;

number of species, 99;

popular definition, 90;

primitive groups, 104-7;

protective coloration in, xv, 17-18;

reproduction in, xii, 104;

respiration in, 103;

structure of, 99-103;

studies of, xvi, 143-4;

tool-using by, v, 10-11

Inside Passage, xiv, 258-9

Insomnia, xi, 288-91;

caused by vasoconstrictor activity, ix, 218-19;

exhaustion from, xi, 59-60

Inspiration, as intuition, xi, 245;

Titchener on, 226

Instincts, defined, xi, 46-8;

fundamental, 49-56, xv, 185;

in man and animals, 65-6;

reflex nature, xi, 48-9;

self-preserving, x, 9-10, 282-3

Instrument-Shelter, i, 375

Instrument Transformers, vii, 44, 165

Insular Climate, xiv, 347

Insulation, importance, vi, 9-10;

in dynamos, 192, 211-12;

types of wire, vii, 58

Insulators, electrical, iv, 259, vi, 294-5, vii, 370;

pin and suspension types, 15-16

Insulators, heat, iv, 178, vii, 307-8

Insults, emotions from, xi, 150

Insurance, weather, i, 269-70, 344

Intake-Output Test, x, 379

Intellectual Processes, in brain, ix, 147-53, 154

Intelligence, artificial selection of, xvi, 154;

mental economy and, xi, 377;

instinct and, 46, 47, 50;

nervous organization and, 13

Intelligence Tests, xi, 359-60

Intemperance, arteries injured by, ix, 214

Intensity, electric, vii, 370

Intensity, of sounds, iv, 211

Interborough Rapid Transit Company, great alternators, vi, 216, 378-9;

synchronized plants, 384

Interchangeable System, v, 48-52, 53-4, 55-6

Interest, advertising value, xi, 345-6;

associations determined by, 203, 205-6;

attention and, 235-6;

fatigue and, 275;

in salesmanship, 341-2

Interference of Light, iv, 376-8

Interference of Sounds, iv, 218-22

Interferometer, ii, 151, 323

Interior Lighting Systems, vi, 275-8, vii, 68-72

Interior Wiring, vii, 51-72;

insulators in, 370

Interlaken, Switzerland, lakes at, xiv, 202

Internal Combustion Engines, v, 155-70;

in aeroplanes, 231;

in automobiles, 213;

in submarines, 199;

efficiency, securing of, xvi, 135;

Joule's equivalent and, 132-3

Internal Senses, ix, 86-91

Interoceptive Senses, xi, 63

Interpoles, of dynamos, vi, 190-1

Interurban Traction, vii, 181;

automatic substations, 192-3;

cars and motors, 186;

voltage drop, 189

Intestinal Stasis, x, 220

Intestines, ix, 233 (fig.);

development in black and white races, xv, 50;

emotion effects on, xi, 135, 137;

functions of, viii, 356-7, 358;

functions, operations, and disorders of, ix, 232-4, 236-8, 242-52, x,

325-9;

germs in, ix, 247-9, x, 193, 194, 201, 287-8;

infections through, x, 198, 220, 221;

in infants, ix, 346;

inflammation of, cause, x, 224;

length in animals and man, ix, 246;

mucous membrane, functions of, x, 347;

position in circulatory system, ix, 196 (fig.), 198;

smooth muscles in, 74, 160-1, 162

Intrenched Meanders, xiv, 165

Intrusive Rocks, xiv, 105

Intrusive Sheets (sills), xiv, 108

Intuition, xi, 245-6;

Bergson on, xvi, 196

Inventions, imagination in, xvi, 59;

inspiration and labor in, xi, 226;

method of great, xvi, 98;

misuse of ancient, v, 15-16, 111;

necessity and laziness in, 282;

production increased by, 17-18;

pure science preliminary to, iv, 44-5;

summary of mechanical, v, 376-84;

war as stimulus to, 12, 359-60, 375

Inverse Time Relays and Switches, vii, 37, 39-40, 41, 42

Invertases, viii, 357

Invertebrates, xii, 127;

age of, iii, 20;

largest, xii, 80

Invincible Armada, xiv, 280

Inyo Earthquake, iii, 225

Iodine, a halogen, viii, 18, 84-5, 86;

as antiseptic, 333;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

classification place, 182, 183;

indicator uses, 294;

in seaweed, 197;

manufacture of, 274;

physical state and, chemical properties, 22, 297-8;

test of, 290;

thyroid secretion of, x, 351

Iodoform, viii, 52, 212

Ion-Counters, i, 142-3, 375

Ionic Reactions, viii, 119-25

Ionization, vi, 133-5, vii, 247, 248, 370;

defined, viii, 378;

electron theory, 188;

in electric precipitation, vii, 348-9;

of atmosphere, i, 142-4, 146, 150;

of solutions, viii, 119-25, 300-1;

origin of theory, 296, 300-1

Ionogens, viii, 122, 125, 378

Ions, iv, 382, vii, 370, viii, 378;

in electric batteries, vi, 133, vii, 247;

number in air, i, 142-3;

of solutions, viii, 120-4, 286-90;

origin of name, 124;

positive and negative, i, 142, vii, 247, 370

Iowa, glacial deposits, iii, 241;

gypsum deposits, 376;

loess deposits, xiv, 72;

porous rocks beneath, iii, 114;

soil of, xiv, 383;

wells, iii, 118, 119, 125

Ireland, Alpine invasion, xvi, 49;

coast formations, xiv, 24, 47, 249, 251, 257;

continental island in character, 273;

"Emerald Isle," 352;

eskers and drumlins, 59, 60;

former volcanoes, 318;

Ice Age in, xv, 74;

lakes of, xiv, 200;

lava plateau of, 104;

potato in, xiii, 218;

rainfall in, xiv, 41, 352;

scurvy and potato crop, x, 266;

snakes in, xii, 217

Iridescence, cause of, xii, 245

Iridium, viii, 173, 383

Iridocytes, xii, 135

Iris, xiii, 22-3, 57 (fig.)

Iris Family, xiii, 189

Irish, pre-Nordic, xvi, 49

Irish Language, xv, 162

Irish Potato, xiii, 218, 219

Irish School, of Medicine, x, 112

Irish Wakes, xv, 336

How to Use the Popular Science Library; History of Science; General Index · 第 19 / 23 章

Evolution, animals the main proof of, iii, 259, 260;