Catalyzers, viii, 102-3, 375;

discovery, xvi, 165;

effect on speed of reactions, viii, 310, 311;

enzymes as, 103, 357;

various applications, i, 36-7, viii, 81, 82, 86, 174, xvi, 165

Cataphoretic Medication, vii, 247-8

Cataract, of eyes, ix, 112, 116, x, 41;

ancient operations for, 27

Catarrh, germ of, x, 221

Catastrophism, xvi, 149

Cat Briers, xiii, 188

Caterpillars, xii, 115-16, 117 (fig.), 118, 119;

"rains" of, i, 356-7

Caterpillar Tractors, v, 216-18, 383

Catapults, xv, 219

Cat Family, xii, 354-65

Catfishes, xii, 161-2

Cathode, defined, iv, 317, 382, vii, 251, 363

Cathode Rays, iv, 317-18, x, 184;

discovery and nature, xvi, 193;

fluorescence from, iv, 380

Cathode Stream, vii, 252

Cation, defined, iv, 382

Catkin-bearing Trees, fertilization of, xiii, 148

Catkins, xiii, 190, 192, 193-4

Catnip, flowers of, xiii, 205

Cats, xii, 354-56;

body heat, conservation of, ix, 307;

embryological resemblance to dog, xv, 54;

hair erection in, ix, 161, 164;

instincts of, xi, 48

Catskill Aqueduct, v, 262, 263-5

Catskill Formation, iii, 195

Catskill Mountains, formation, iii, 139, xiv, 179, 225;

New York water supply from, xiv, 140;

section of, iii, 138 (fig.);

stream piracy in, xiv, 179-80

Cat-tails, xiii, 59, 181, 187

Cattle, domestic, origin of, xii, 330;

elastic cord in neck, ix, 59;

hornless, breeding of, 327;

salt consumed by, viii, 140;

surra disease of, x, 168;

tetanus germ in, 298-9;

tick diseases of, xii, 98;

ungulates, 300;

young of, ix, 346

Cattle Family, xii, 324-31

Cattle-raising, on grasslands, xiv, 383-4

Cattle-Raising Stage, xv, 187, 196-9

Caucasus Mountains, iii, 236;

Ice Age in, 240;

recent formations, xiv, 235

Cauliflower, a modified bud, xiii, 41;

in mustard family, 197;

origin, 222;

sport plant, 333-4

Caustics, x, 255

Caustic Soda, viii, 278

Cauterization, batteries used, vii, 242;

former use of, x, 38, 55, 56

Cavalieri, Bonaventura, xvi, 104, 119

Cave Bear, xiv, 149;

cave pictures of, xv, 110 (fig.);

relics of, 79, 82, 100 (fig.)

Cave Fishes, eyes of, xii, 138

Cave Lions, xii, 359

Cave Men, xv, 76-84, 88-102;

art of, 148-9, xv, 110-20, 298, 299, 300;

clothing of, 257;

life of, 188-91;

tools and weapons, 102-10

Cavendish, Henry, chemical work, xvi, 120, 121, 177;

electrical work, vi, 16, 17, xvi, 121;

experiment to prove gravitation, iv, 98;

hydrogen discovery, results, x, 89

Cavendish Experiment, ii, 68

Caves, Caverns, formation in limestone, iii, 127, viii, 151, xiv, 147-8;

importance in history of man, 148-9, xv, 266;

primitive life in, 80-1, 82-3;

wind-eroded, iii, 73

Caviar, acquired taste for, xi, 72;

sources of, xii, 151, 152

Cavies, xii, 289

Cavitation, v, 235-6

Cayuga, Lake, xiv, 203

Cazorla, Spain, hailstorm, i, 119

Ceiling, of aeroplanes, i, 303

Celebes, xiv, 274;

animals of, xii, 310, 330, 379

Celery, blanching of, xiii, 76;

calories in, ix, 299;

family, xiii, 200-1;

origin and antiquity, 222

Celestial Equator, ii, 70

Cell Metabolism, ix, 37-40;

oxygen requirements, 182, 199, 253, 254, 260;

part of cell engaged in, 42-3;

sugar and fat supplies, 289;

supply system, 49-52

(see also Metabolism, Basic Metabolism, Functional Metabolism)

Cells (electric) see Electric Cells

Cells (organic), basis of life, ix, 12, x, 119, xii, 10, 14, 25, xiii,

74, xv, 16, xvi, 142;

dynamics of, xvi, 144-5;

growth by division of, ix, 43-8, xiii, 166-7;

living and nonliving, ix, 12-17;

maintenance and growth, 34-6;

metabolism of (see Cell Metabolism);

motions of, ix, 73-4;

of plants, viii, 337, 338, 352, ix, 26;

reproduction from, 43, 324-5, 332-3, x, 228, 232, xiii, 166-7, xv, 54,

xvi, 155-6, 157-8;

size of, ix, 49;

substance of, (protoplasm), 13

(see also Body Cell)

Celluloid, composition of, viii, 255

Cellulose, viii, 223, 227-8, 229, 254-6, ix, 30;

as food, 30;

industrial uses, viii, 229, 241, 254-6, 261;

in plants, iii, 344, viii, 49, 223, 335, 348, 349, ix, 30;

in wood composition, iii, 345, viii, 44, xiv, 65

Celsius, thermometer of, iv, 136

Celsus, A. Cornelius, x, 27, 43;

on sleeping sickness in Rome, 301;

rediscovery of "De Re Medicina," 44

Celtic Languages, xv, 162

Celts, of Ireland, xvi, 49

Cement, chemistry of, viii, 280;

manufacture, iii, 373-4

Cement Floors, in factories, xi, 361-2

Cement Gun, v, 136

Cementite, viii, 160, 273

Cement Plants, potash from dust, viii, 279;

smoke precipitation, vii, 347-8

Cenozoic Era, iii, 20, 377;

animals of, 284, 293, 295, 298-301;

birds developed in, 297;

divisions and surviving species, xv, 71;

in North America, iii, 221-48;

plants in, 256, 257-8

Centaurus, "coal sack," ii, 352;

star cluster, 336-7

Center of Gravity, iv, 99-101;

tendency of wheels to turn on, v, 150

Centers of Action, i, 218, 241-2, 368;

Iceland area, 361

Centigrade Thermometer, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, viii, 27;

comparison with other scales, iv, 137, 141, viii, 27, 384

Centimeter-gram-second System, iv, 46 (see Metric System)

Centipedes, xii, 87-8

Central America, animals of, xii, 198, 208, 276, 289, 349;

coasts, coral reefs on, 40;

rainfall and rivers, xiv, 135, 195;

volcanoes of, 315, 316, 325-6, 338

Central Asia, antelopes of, xii, 327;

climatic changes, results of, iii, 75, xiv, 361, 362;

cradle of human race, xvi, 46;

desert basins, xiv, 215, 217, 355;

flowers of, xiii, 202;

horses of, xii, 306-7;

manual of, 356;

marriage custom of, xv, 282;

migrations from, xiv, 362;

oases of, 150-1;

plains of, 215;

rock weathering in deserts, 79;

rodents of, xii, 294;

salt lakes of, xiv, 199

Central Nervous System, ix, 129-32;

at birth, 348-9;

connections with glands and smooth muscles, 159-60, 162-3;

in the chordata, xii, 128;

preferred pathways of, ix, 134

Central Park Obelisk, iii, 23, xiv, 78-9

Central Sun Hypothesis, ii, 305

Centrifugal Force, iv, 71-5;

of earth's rotation, ii, 69, iv, 74-5, 101

Centrifugal Pumps, vi, 363

Centrifugal Railroads, iv, 74

Centripetal Force, iv, 72-3

Century Plants, single flowering, xiii, 43, 53;

sisal from, 240-1;

water-storage by, 41

Cephalopods, iii, 20, 260, 273-6, xii, 58, 74-80

Ceraunographs, i, 163, 368

Cereal Dusts, i, 63

Cereals, best grown in grasslands, xiii, 373;

evolution, iii, 257;

food value, viii, 364;

fruits for seed dispersal, xiii, 56, 182;

phosphate requirements, xiv, 67;

vitamines in, x, 260, 262

Cerebellum, ix, 144 (fig.), 145, 146 (fig.), xi, 28, 31;

locomotion control through, ix, 156, 158, 167

Cerebrospinal Fluid, xi, 29

Cerebrospinal Meningitis, antiserum treatment, x, 218;

germ of, 216

Cerebrum, ix, 144, 145-7, xi, 28, 29, 31-2;

at birth, ix, 351;

auditory area, xi, 108;

locomotion action of, ix, 157, 158;

seat of thought processes, 167;

visual area, xi, 86

Ceres (planet), discovery, ii, 255

Cerium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Ceylon, animals of, xii, 201, 302, 328;

chocolate production, xiii, 234;

cinnamon production, 263, 264;

coco palm of, xv, 125;

leeches of, xii, 56;

pearl fisheries of, 62;

polyandry in, xv, 286;

quinine production, xiii, 251;

tea cultivation, 228, 224 (illus.)

Chagres River, xiv, 195

Chahas, xii, 256-7

Chain Pump, iv, 26

Chain Reflex, xi, 39;

in habit formation, 250-1

Chain Structure, viii, 233, 375

Chalcedony, iii, 337

Chalcocite, iii, 326, 360, 361

Chalcopyrite, iii, 326, 360, 361

Chaldean Eclipse Cycle (see Saros)

Chaldeans, astronomy of, ii, 9, xvi, 57, 58

Chalk, iii, 377;

deposits of, 216-18, 266

"Challenger," voyages of, xiv, 283, xvi, 142

Chambered Nautilus, iii, 273-5, xii, 76, 77 (fig.)

Chamberlens, obstetricians, x, 79-80

Chameleons, xii, 204, 207-8, 208-10

Chamois, xii, 325

Champlain, Lake, formation, iii, 155

Champlain Sea, iii, 150, 151

Change, Albanian story of, v, 251;

attention attracted by, xi, 229, 344;

Cardinal Newman on, xiii, 325-6;

Heraclitus on, xvi, 79;

in earth's features, xiv, 28-30;

need of outside influence, viii, 113;

physical and chemical, 14-15

Channels, aerial mapping, i, 47;

dredging of, v, 257-8

Chaparral, xiv, 379

Characters, Characteristics, inheritance laws, ix, 333-8, x, 230-2,

233-4, xiii, 332, xvi, 154, 156, 157-8;

inherited and environmental, x, 228-9;

racial, xv, 36-52

(see also Acquired Characters, Heredity)

Charades, xv, 169

Charcoal, viii, 44;

combustion of, 12-13;

glow of burning, 57;

heat from, 186;

heat resistance, vii, 308;

in gas masks, viii, 47-8, 263, 264;

in gunpowder, 145

Charcot, Jean Martin, x, 360, xvi, 184

Charges, Charged Bodies (Electricity), iv, 256-67, vi, 284-302,

vii, 363;

chemical production of, iv, 271-2;

discharge of, 262, 264-5, 267, 269, vii, 209, 366;

discovery of laws, xvi, 121;

electrical condition, i, 142;

electricity on surface, iv, 282;

induced, 260, vii, 370;

leakage, 371;

measurements and units, iv, 260-1

(see also Electrification, Ionization)

Charlemagne, clock of, v, 62;

Vikings and, xiv, 261

Charles II, founder of Greenwich Observatory, ii, 83, xvi, 124

Charles's Law, iv, 140, viii, 107-8

Charleston (S. C.) Earthquake, iii, 95, 97-8

Charleston (W. Va.) region, iii, 34

Charts, marine, i, 271-6;

meteorological, 206-8;

phenological, 254;

synchronous and synoptic, 214-15

Chautauqua, Lake, origin, iii, 145-6

Chaucer, "Doctor" of, x, 41;

language of, xv, 156

Chauliac, Guy de, x, 39, 40-1

Checkered Adder, xii, 222

Cheese, calories in, ix, 299;

composition and value, viii, 363;

manufacture of, xiii, 71

Cheeta, xii, 365

Chellean Implements, xv, 105, 106-7

Chemical Affinity, viii, 12;

electrical nature, xvi, 122;

electromotive series, viii, 127-9;

intensity measured by heat, 308, 360;

of metals for nonmetals, 20;

source of energy, 267, 268

Chemical Changes, nature of, viii, 9-15, 188;

signs of, 100-1

Chemical Compounds (see Compounds)

Chemical Elements (see Elements)

Chemical Energy, viii, 12, 186-7, 267, 268;

electricity from, 167-8

Chemical Equations, viii, 13, 94-6, 376

Chemical Industries, viii, 241-84

Chemical Reactions, viii, 99-105;

defined, 381;

equations of, 94-6;

equilibrium, 103-5, 190-1;

heat of, 308;

reversibility, 21, 101;

of solutions, 36, 37, 119-25, 311;

speed of, 310-11;

types, 20-1

Chemical Warfare, viii, 262-4, x, 186-8

Chemical Warfare Service, x, 187-8;

device, viii, 233

CHEMISTRY, Volume viii

Chemistry, beginnings of modern, viii, 34;

concrete science, xvi, 42;

daily interest of, 13-15;

defined, viii, 11, xvi, 36;

difficulties of study, viii, 10-11;

exact, positive science, x, 368;

former realm, xvi, 14;

historical development, 54, 59, 73-4, 109, 110, 112, 115, 119-21,

133-4, 159-65;

medicine and, x, 81, 369;

nomenclature, viii, 97-8;

subjects dealt with in, iv, 12;

ultimate identity of organic and inorganic, x, 69

Chemosynthetic Organisms, xii, 15

Chemotaxis, xi, 50-1, 59, 61

Chemotherapy, x, 381

Cherbourg, breakwater at, xiv, 301;

wave power at, 300

Cherrapunji, Assam, rainfall at, i, 111-12

Cherries, drupes, xiii, 54;

origin and remarks, 224-5

Cherry Trees, xiii, 271-2;

lenticels on, 26

Chert, formation of, iii, 13

Chesapeake Bay, aerial fish patrol, i, 48;

drowned valley formation, xiv, 40, 255-6;

ducks of, xii, 257;

oysters of, 61;

ria coast, xiv, 257;

wave erosion in, iii, 56

Cheselden, William, x, 92, 123

Chest, diseases, studies of, x, 110, 112;

examination methods, 98-9, 108-9, 371, 373;

fixation of, 304-5

Chestnut Trees, family of, xiii, 193;

in American forests, xiv, 373

Chevrotains, xii, 313

Chewing, act of, ix, 82;

importance of, 227-8, 229, 230

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration, x, 340

Chiasmodus, xii, 24

Chicago, growth due to railways, xiv, 219;

level changes at, iii, 82;

sewage of, viii, 326;

terminals, electrification, vi, 162;

underground trolleys, vii, 12;

ventilation standards, viii, 332

Chicago Fire, dust from, i, 56

Chicago, Lake, iii, 148, 149

Chickadees, xii, 268

Chicken Cholera, inoculation for, x, 141-2, 208

Chicken Pox, immunity to, x, 207

Childbirth, among savages, xv, 278

Child Labor, factory system and, x, 244;

laws, remarks on, vii, 33

Children, adenoids in, ix, 224, x, 341-2;

artistic impulse in, xv, 296;

basal metabolism in, x, 271;

bones of, ix, 56, 57;

care in development of, 352;

care of, by state, xv, 290-1;

choice importance to, xi, 266-7;

clothes for, x, 308;

cold baths for young, 312;

convulsions in, ix, 133-4;

cretinism in, x, 349-50;

darkness effects on, 253;

dreams of, xi, 293;

ear troubles in, ix, 104;

education and environment importance, 344, 352;

exhaustion in, xi, 273;

foods for, ix, 33-4, 242, 295, x, 314-15;

grasping reflex, importance, xi, 43;

growth period, ix, 47-8;

habit acquisition, xi, 247, 249;

habit of evacuation in, ix, 252;

heart rate in, x, 334;

house-breaking, xi, 251-2;

imitation in, xv, 66-7;

language of, 142-3, 153;

malnutrition causes, ix, 228;

objection to sour tastes, 95;

relationships under polyandry, xv, 286, 294;

resemblance to parents (see Heredity);

savage attitude towards, 135, 195, 198;

skull growth in, 40;

soaps desirable for, x, 311;

suggestibility, xi, 307;

teeth, care of, ix, 228, x, 312-16;

transmission of nonhereditary characters to, ix, 343-4;

walking of, on what dependent, 351

Chile, Bolivia and, xiv, 306;

climate of, 358, 371;

coasts, 258, 265;

deserts of northern, xiii, 377;

nitrate fields, i, 34, 35, viii, 64, 72, 197, 280, xiv, 66;

temperate forests, xiii, 372

Chilled Iron, v, 241

Chilling, of body, x, 252-3, 306, 311;

effects, ix, 323

Chimborazo, Mount, formation, xiv, 225;

observatory site, ii, 149-50

Chimpanzees, xii, 383-4;

brain of, xv, 62 (fig.), 96;

expression of passion by, 65;

hand and foot in, 58-60;

mandible of, 94;

reasoning power in, 67-8;

skeleton compared to man's, 59

China, agriculture in north and south, xiv, 72-3;

ancient civilization, x, 13, xv, 123, 127;

beriberi in, ix, 35;

bubonic plague in, x, 165;

Cambrian deposits, iii, 184;

coal, in, 345;

coasts, xiv, 248, 251, 257;

corn growing, xiii, 212;

David's deer, xii, 316;

dust whirls, i, 60;

famines, xiv, 73;

fault-blocks of north, 125;

fishing with cormorants, xv, 223-4;

ginkgo tree, xiii, 315;

goral of, xii, 325;

gunpowder invention, v, 361;

hookworm in, x, 174;

influence on West, xiv, 357;

Jesuit survey, xvi, 123;

loess formations, i, 53-4, iii, 74, xiv, 63, 72-5;

medical education and Rockefeller Fund, x, 172;

medicine of ancient, 13;

meteorological service, i, 223;

mountain valley conditions, xv, 131;

opium and, xiii, 253;

plains and mountains, xiv, 217;

population distribution, 219;

rice-growing, xiii, 213, 214;

rivers of, xiv, 196;

shark's fins as food in, xii, 147;

smallpox inoculation in, x, 100, 207;

storm signals, i, 283;

sugar in, xiii, 215;

tea in, 227, 228;

temple orientation, ii, 26;

trees of, xiv, 377;

wheat in, xiii, 210

(see also Chinese)

China (pottery), viii, 283

China Clay, iii, 333

Chinch Bug, xii, 114

Chinchillas, xii, 289

Chinese, ancestor worship of, xv, 341;

ancient agriculture, xiii, 210;

ancient civilization, x, 13, xvi, 53, 54, 62;

ancient knowledge of cloves, xiii, 262;

ancient knowledge of lodestone, iv, 52, vi, 28;

calculating machines, xv, 183, xvi, 61;

finger nails of, xv, 260;

ideas of future life, 336;

ideas of eclipses, ii, 209;

in tropics, xiv, 356;

opium use, xiii, 253;

paper invention, v, 290;

prepotency in crosses, x, 230;

printing invention, v, 300-1, xv, 179;

use of feet by, 61;

veneration for writing among, 164;

well-water boiling, xiv, 140;

women, feet of, xv, 254-5, 260, 261 (fig.);

women, hairdressing of, 261

Chinese Astronomy, ii, 21-2, 331, xvi, 56-7

Chinese Language, xv, 170-1

Chinese Writing, xv, 169-72

Chinooks, i, 133, 369

Chipmunks, xii, 293-4

Chitin, xii, 39, 69

Chitons, xii, 58, 67

Chloramin, x, 181, 183

Chloramine T., x, 382

Chloride of Lime, viii, 333

Chlorides, halogen derivatives, viii, 210;

metal occurrence in, 130, 198

Chlorine, viii, 18, 22, 84-5, 181, 297-8;

as antiseptic, 333;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

bleaching by, vii, 354, viii, 86, 146, 256, 274;

gold reaction with, 174;

in body tissues, 354;

in silicates, viii, 193;

manufacture and uses, 274, 284;

molecular speed, 24;

obtained from salt, 138, 140, 275;

plant uses, 337, 341;

solubility, in water, 111;

tests, for, 286, 287, 290;

use in chemical warfare, 262-3, x, 186;

water disinfection by, viii, 86, 274, 319, 321

Chlorine Derivatives, viii, 210, 211-12, 231

Chlorite, iii, 326-7

Chloroform, viii, 52, 212;

as anesthetic, x, 125

Chlorophyll, ix, 26, 27, xii, 11-12, 14, xiii, 79-80, 81, 84;

absent in saprophytes, 99, 100;

action in plants, viii, 335

Chocolate, calories in, ix, 299;

history and production, xiii, 233-5

Choice, power and importance, xi, 260-3, 265-7;

power of, in muscular responses, ix, 95, 121, 140

Choke Coils, vii, 17, 50

Cholera, discovery of germ of, x, 149, xvi, 184;

former ideas of, x, 286;

from water pollution, viii, 318;

germ of, x, 195;

immunity to, 207;

inoculation against, 208;

racial susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Choleric Temperament, xi, 153

Cholesterin, ix, 275

Chordates, xii, 127-9;

coelom in, 27

Chords, major and minor, xi, 106-8

Chorea, epidemic of, in Europe, x, 60;

rheumatism and, 224;

Sydenham on, 74

Christianity, Locke's "rational," xvi, 115;

Roman and medieval development, 99-100

Christian Science, attitude toward pain, xi, 116;

source of power, 306

Christmas Trees, electric lighting, vii, 342

Chromatic Aberration, ii, 99-100

Chromatin, ix, 41, 42, 44-7, 328

Chrome Yellow, viii, 162

Chromium, viii, 154;

affinity strength, 128;

alloys of, 273;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

extraction from ores, 271;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 288-9;

use and occurrence, xiv, 238

Chromophor Group, viii, 258, 259

Chromosomes, ix, 46;

arrangement in pairs, 329, 330;

heredity controlled by, 328-41, x, 232-3;

human varieties, 233;

likeness in all cells, ix, 329;

number of, 46, 329, 339;

origin of energies, xvi, 145;

sex, ix, 339, x, 234, xvi, 156;

splitting of, in cell division, ix, 45 (fig.), 46-7, 332, 333

Chronic Diseases, wasting process of, x, 214

Chronometers, v, 65-7;

regulation to temperature changes, iv, 148

Chrysolite, iii, 334

Church, Prof. J. E., i, 118

Chyme, x, 325, 326

Cicadas, xii, 112

Cider, making of, viii, 249;

turning to vinegar, 218

Cigarette-smoking, dust particles from, i, 62

Cilia, of bronchial tubes, x, 202;

of simple animals, ix, 73-4

Cinchona, use of, in medicine, x, 154-5, xvi, 109

Cinchona Plantations, xiii, 251-2

Cincinnati, early growth, xiv, 219;

water supplies, viii, 318, 322

Cinder Cone, eruption, iii, 226

Cinder Cones, xiv, 100, 102

Cinematograph, in astronomy, i, 162, ii, 212

Cinnabar, iii, 327, 370

Cinnamon, xiii. 263-5

Circles, appearance of circumscribed, xi, 186;

divisions invented by Ptolemy, xvi, 94;

regarded as perfect curves, ii, 34, 49

Circuit Breakers, vi, 101-3, vii, 36, 37-48

Circuits, Electrical, kinds defined, vii, 364;

overloading of, vi, 9, 72;

primary and secondary, 9, 308;

proportioning of partial, iv, 300-1;

protection against overloaded, vii, 34-50

Circular Mils, iv, 282-3, 382

Circular Reflex, xi, 42;

in habit formation, 252-3

Circulation of Blood, ix, 195-200, 51 (diagram), x, 331, 337;

discovery, ix, 192, x, 61, 63-6, 69, xvi, 106-7;

discovery prepared by Vesalius, x, 51, 52;

efficiency, climatic effects on, x, 238-9;

former ideas of, 62-3, 65-6

Circumcision, among early Jews, x, 15;

untransmitted, 230

Circumzenithal Arc, i, 178, 180, 181, 369

Circues, iii, 66, xiv, 58

Cirro-Cumulus Clouds, i, 100, 103, 298

Cirro-Stratus Clouds, i, 99-100, 103, 179

Cirrus Clouds, i, 97, 99, 103, 179;

false, 102, 104, 372

Cirrus Haze, i, 100

Cities, aeroplanes to relieve congestion, i, 41-2;

climate, 333;

dependence on farms, vii, 221;

importance of lighting, vi, 279-80;

sewage disposal, viii, 324-9;

sites, favorable to, xiv, 219;

snow removal, i, 117, xiv, 140-1;

transportation facilities, vii, 198;

water supplies and purification, viii, 317-24;

white ways of, vii, 339-41

Citric Acid, viii, 222, 223;

formed by plants, 336;

solubility, 112

Citrus fruits, acids of, viii, 223

Civet (oil), xii, 353

Civets, xii, 351, 352-3, 354

Civilization, American, xv, 12, 131-2, 203;

arts and sciences in, iv, 9, 10;

climate and, xiv, 344, 357-62, xv, 31, 123-7, 383, xvi, 141;

clothing, shelter, and fire in, ix, 308-9, xv, 229;

conditions necessary to, 127-32;

development of, 3-4, 13-14, 28-31, 187-204;

dominant human impulses in, 185, 383;

earliest seats, xvi, 47;

evolution in, xv, 382, 383-4;

foresight and, 383;

geographic factors, xiv, 10, 31, xv, 122-3, 128-39;

government and,

380;

historic and prehistoric periods, xv, 167, 322;

influence of environment on, 122-39;

labor and, 125-6;

measured by timepieces, v, 57;

medicine and, x, 31;

moral laws and, xvi, 45, 47-8;

natural laws and, xv, 47-8, 382-3;

specialization in, 131-2, 203;

stages of, 187-204;

struggle to establish high associations, xi, 204;

transportation and, v, 18;

various machines and, 300

(see also Progress)

Civilized Races, facial angle in, xv, 45;

feet of, 60-1;

jaws in, 43;

monogamy of, 289, 290, 295;

natural selection in, 47-8

Civil War, Appalachian mountaineers in, xiv, 243;

captive balloons in, v, 225;

improvement of weapons in, 362, 380;

medical service in, x, 180;

scurvy in, 265;

Selfridge's periscope, v, 200;

Virginia weather, i, 308, 338;

western rivers in, xiv, 194

Clams, xii, 58-60, 66-7;

shells of, iii, 272

Clam Shell Cove, Staffa, xiv, 130

Clans, formation of, xv, 362-3

Clarinet, iv, 234

Clark, Alvan, telescopes, ii, 106, 109, 143

Clarksburg, W. Va., deep well at, iii, 120

Clausius, xvi, 135

Clavichord, xv, 318

Claw Hammers, v, 25

Clay, composition and properties, viii, 90, 282;

composition, origin and uses, iii, 25, 372-3;

elasticity of, iv, 36;

imperviousness to water, xiv, 137;

in soils, iii, 27-8;

red, on sea bottom, 54;

residue of primary rock, viii, 195;

rock formed from, iii, 13 (see Shale)

Clay Worm, xii, 54

Cleanliness, bathing for, ix, 313;

health and, x, 311;

in war against tuberculosis, 290;

ventilation factor, ix, 270

Cleansing, action of soap in, viii, 141-2;

chemicals used in, 135, 141, 146, 147, 208-9

Cleavage, of crystals, iii, 318, viii, 202;

of various minerals, iii, 321-41

Cleistogamous Flowers, xiii, 120

Clematis, as index plant, i, 255;

family of, xiii, 196

"Clermont," steamboat, v, 192, 377

Cleveland, Ohio, water supply system, v, 260-1;

water supplies and typhoid rate, viii, 322

Cliffs, formed by faulting, iii, 87-8, xiv, 38;

in inclined strata, xiv, 84-5, 88;

loess, iii, 74;

of jointed rocks, xiv, 133;

sea, 251;

undercut by wind, iii, 73

Climate, Climates, i, 197-211;

altitude effects, xiv, 220, 223;

carbon dioxide effects, viii, 49;

changes of, i, 199-202, xiv, 29-30, 360-2, xv, 72, 73, 74;

changes affecting drainage systems, xiv, 188;

changes, artificial, i, 345;

changes, extinction of races by, xv, 99;

changes in relation to plant distribution, xiii, 320, 321;

civilization, and, xiv, 344, 357-62, xv, 123-7, 383;

classification, i, 208;

data and statistics, 202-8, 214;

definitions, 199;

determining elements of, xiv, 344-56;

earth's internal heat and, 13;

effects, historical and biological, xvi, 141-2;

forest and prairie types, xiii, 348-9;

forest effects on, xiv, 379;

Gulf Stream effects, viii, 37;

hot, unhealthfulness of, x, 251;

human effects of, i, 316, 323-4, 327, 331;

human efficiency and, xiv, 357;

of past ages, iii, 172-4, 178, 184-5, 202, 203, 204, 220, 241, 246-8,

xiii, 307-8, xv, 72, 73, 74, 76;

of plateaus, xiv, 222-4;

plant societies determined by, xiii, 381-2;

rugged, effects on circulation, x, 238-9;

therapeutic value of, 383;

topographical effects of, xiv, 41-2, 51-2, 124;

vegetation determined by, 363-79, 380-1;

zones of, (see Zones)

Climatic Charts, i, 206-8, 212-13

Climatography, i, 208, 369

Climatology, in therapeutics, x, 383;

present state, i, 211, 369

Climbing Plants, xiii, 27, 65;

in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Climographs, i, 324, 369

Clinton Iron Deposits, iii, 358

Clione, xii, 19

Clippers, old Atlantic, v, 188

Clocks, balance wheels of, v, 68;

Chaldean, xvi, 58;

electric regulation, v, 74;

first conceived in cathedral, 109;

historical development, 58-65;

Jerome's standardized, 50-1;

pendulum escapement, 73-4

Closed Circuits, defined, vii, 364

Cloth, making of, v, 268-83

(see also Weaving)

Clothes, Clothing, body heat regulation by, v, 348, ix, 308-9, 311-12;

civilization in relation to, ix, 308-9;

colds in relation to, x, 240, 253;

"habit" in, xi, 247;

hygiene of, x, 306-10;

infants, ix, 351-2;

origin and purposes of, x, 306, xv, 252-5;

primitive, v, 14, xv, 256-7;

touch sensations of, ix, 92;

warmth dependent on air insulation, iv, 178;

working, xi, 279, 362

Clothes-driers, centrifugal, iv, 73

Clotting of Blood, ix, 180, 189

Cloud Banners, i, 104-5, 369

Cloudberry, spread, xiii, 342

Cloudbursts, i, 109, 110, 111, 369, vii, 218;

destruction effected by, xiv, 41

Cloud Caps, i, 104-5, 369

Cloudiness, measurement, i, 85

Clouds, i, 90-105;

aviation in, 300-2;

Brocken specters in, 185;

earth heat retention by, iv, 183, 184;

electrical discharges, vii, 18, 207-10, 213;

electrification, i, 150, 151, vii, 206, 207, 217;

electrification of earth by, iv, 269, 270;

formation and kinds, i, 90-105;

formation, cause of rapid, viii, 304;

formed by forest fires, i, 333;

heights, 17-18, 103-4;

light diffraction by, 183, 185;

noctilucent, 17-18, 58, 377;

none in stratosphere, 20;

observation at weather stations, 85-6;

paintings of, 105;

pictures, where obtainable, 103;

self-luminous, 149;

snow and rain without, 119;

thunderstorm, vii, 217

Clouet, steel experiment, xvi, 174

Cloven-footed Animals, xii, 310

Clover, fertilization, xiii, 138;

nitrogen fixation, by, viii, 74, xiv, 66;

sleeping of leaves, xiii, 113

Clover Seed, method of gathering, v, 240

Cloves, Clove Trees, xiii, 262-3

Club Mosses, fixity and variation, xiii, 326, 327;

history, 305-6, 307, 314, 317, 323;

number of species, 323;

present and former species, iii, 254, xiii, 306, 308

Clutches, automobile, vii, 143;

electromagnetic, vi, 104

Cnidus, School, of, x, 22-3

Coagulation, by cooking, viii, 368;

of colloids, 315;

of proteins, 352

Coal, "Blue," v, 174;

carbon dioxide from, amount, i, 13;

conversion to electric power, vi, 216;

deposits in mountains, xiv, 237;

deposits in U. S., iii, 345-8;

excavating by machine, v, 262;

formation, iii, 198-201, 253-4, 343-5, viii, 44-5, xiii, 10, 68,

311-13;

handling in power plants, v, 353-4, 357;

heat measurement, viii, 360-1;

heat value, iv, 193;

importance, iii, 343, 345-8;

kinds, 344;

not a mineral, 307;

Permian deposits, 204;

specific gravity of, iv, 112;

supply, use, and waste, iii, 346, v, 171-2, vi, 352, viii, 283;

water power and, xiv, 191;

"white," v, 76;

work value, how estimated, iv, 189-90, 193-4

Coal Age, iii, 202;

insects of 279;

landscape of, 272 (Pl. 15);

length and antiquity, xiii, 314;

plants, iii, 253-4, xiii, 307-11, 315-16

(see also Pennsylvanian Period)

Coal Dust, as engine fuel, v, 156, 212;

explosions, i, 63

Coal Gas, in balloons, v, 223;

liquefaction of, iv, 171

Coal Gas Engines, v, 155

Coal Mines, compressed air uses, i, 26

(see also Mines)

Coal Series, iii, 344-5;

carbonization in, viii, 44

Coal Tar, production and products, viii, 252-4;

saving of, 47

Coal Tar Hydrocarbons, as motor fuels, viii, 209

Coastal Plains, xiv, 213-14, 215

Coast Range Mountains, geology of, iii, 89, 94-6, 130, 224, xiv, 127-8,

229

Coast Range Revolution, iii, 224

Coasts, xiv, 246-71;

Atlantic and Pacific types, 247-50;

compound, 254, 264;

cycles of development, 254-5;

economic importance, 264-5;

emerged, iii, 56-7, xiv, 253, 262-3;

hanging valleys on, 57-8;

historical effects of, 249-50;

neutral, 248, 254, 263-4;

photographic mapping, i, 47-8;

regular and irregular, iii, 56-7, xiv, 250-3, 255;

submerged, iii, 57, xiv, 253, 255-62;

wave destruction of, iii, 55-8, xiv, 44-7, 216, 301-3

Coatzacoalcos, harbor of, xiv, 266

Cobalt, viii, 154;

affinity strength, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

classification place, 178, 183;

magnetic susceptibility, iv, 251;

ores, viii, 198, 270;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Coblenz, Roman name, xiv, 89

Cobras, xii, 226-9;

mongooses and, 352

Cocaine, an alkaloid, viii, 240;

history and uses, xiii, 254-5;

taste sensations reduced by, xi, 72

Cocci, (bacteria), x, 195

Cochineal, source, xii, 112

Cockatoos, xii, 266;

Arara, v, 9-10

Cocklebur, xiii, 57 (fig.), 343

Cockroaches, xii, 107;

ancient, iii, 279, xii, 104

Cocoa, xiii, 235;

American origin, xiv, 382;

source, 383;

polyuria induced by, x, 344

Cocoa Butter, viii, 246

Coco de Mer, xiii, 60, 154

Coconino Forest, xiv, 373-4, 378

Coconut Oil, ix, 28, xv, 125

Coconut Palm, xiii, 219-20, 244, xv, 125;

chatties, intoxication from, xii, 371;

on coral islands, 42;

fossil found in France, xiii, 319;

seed dispersal by, 59, 346

Coconuts, character, uses, and production, xiii, 219-20;

double, of Seychelles Islands, 60;

gathering of, by monkeys, xii, 378;

source and uses, xv, 125;

unaffected by sea water, xii, 42

Cocoons, xii, 118

Coction, x, 21, 40

Cod (fish), xii, 163-4;

eggs of, 141

Cod Liver Oil, vitamines in, x, 261

Coefficient of Expansion, iv, 145, vi, 265

Coelenterates, iii, 259, 266-7, xii, 26, 33-43

Coelom, xii, 27, 48

Coeur d'Alene Mining District, iii, 362-3, 368

Coffee, history and production, xiii, 231-3;

insomnia from drinking of, ix, 219;

polyuria induced by, 274-5, x, 344

Cog Wheels, v, 29;

screw and, iv, 92, 93 (fig.)

Coils, electromagnetic, vi, 92, 93, 98-9;

form-wound, 202, 223;

induction, vii, 364;

primary and secondary, iv, 304, 383, vi, 308, vii, 364;

resistance, 364

Coins, chemical analysis of, viii, 286, 291;

copper alloys in, 164, 171;

gold and silver, making of, iv, 150

Coke, discovery, v, 315-16;

manufacture and use, viii, 46-7, 252

Col (meteorology), i, 238, 369

Cold, body regulation to, x, 250;

clothing as protection against, 306;

comparative degree of, v, 345;

physiological effects of, ix, 37, 78-9, 319-20, x, 239, 252-3, 271;

"production" of, v, 345-7;

sensation of, ix, 93-4, 319-21, xi, 109, 112-13, 114;

skin defense against, 113

Cold Air Machines, v, 352-3

Cold Baths, ix, 313, 321-2, x, 240, 253, 312, 383

Cold-Blooded Animals, ix, 305;

diseases of, x, 206;

heart of, ix, 84;

temperature changes and, 78-9, 306-7, x, 250

Colds, air during epidemics of, viii, 332;

catching of, ix, 322-3, x, 239, 252-3, 306;

diseases from, 253;

ears affected by, ix, 103;

from uncleanliness, x, 311;

head, 341;

infectiousness, i, 326;

susceptibility of men and women to, x, 240;

taste sensations in, xi, 73

Cold Storage, iv, 187-8, viii, 371;

effect on vitamines, x, 263;

electrical, vii, 229-30

(see also Refrigeration)

Cold Sweat, xi, 131, 132

Cold Waves, i, 370;

prediction of, 239

Coleus, xiii, 42, 79, 205

Collectors, electrical, i, 144, 370

Collection Stage, xv, 187, 188-91

College Students, study habits, xi, 212, 289

Collodion, making of, viii, 255

Colloids, viii, 314-16, 375;

origin of life from, xii, 11-12;

relation of water to, viii, 355-6

Colonnaded Spectrum, ii, 115

Color--Colors, chemistry of, viii, 85-6, 258, 259, 312;

complementary, iv, 366-7, xi, 91-4;

contrast, ix, 95;

determined by vibration rate, 114, 115;

distance effects, xi, 182;

flame, viii, 301;

heat absorption by, x, 309;

hue, tint, and saturation, xi, 90;

illusions of, in different lights, iv, 323, 324, 370, 379-80;

induction of, xi, 94-5;

in interior decoration, vi, 273, 274-5;

memory, xi, 220-1;

mineral identification by, viii, 201-2;

mixtures, iv, 369, xi, 92-3;

neutralization, 91-3;

of glass, viii, 282;

of objects, iv, 364, xvi, 119;

of pigments, iv, 369-70;

perception and sensation of, 360-1, 364-5, 366, vi, 282, ix, 114-17,

xi, 89-90, 91-2, 95-6;

physical effects, 63, 96;

primary, iv, 366, xi, 90;

psychological effects, vi, 273, 274-5;

racial classification by, xv, 32-34, 36-7;

rainbow, i, 175, ix, 115;

spectrum, iv, 357-9;

sunrise and sunset, i, 166, 167-8;

temperatures for different, iv, 361;

wave lengths of, 359, 360, 365, xi, 90;

white light, (see White Light)

Colorado, arid topography of, xiv, 42;

glaciers of, 54;

Jurassic strata of, xii, 165;

mining products, iii, 362, 363, 364, 366

Colorado Plateau, iii, 140, 229-30

Colorado River, navigability, xiv, 195;

Salton Sink and, iii, 156-7, xiv, 205;

superimposed character, 173;

water supply of, 182

(see also Grand Canyon of the Colorado)

Color Blindness, ix, 116, xi, 93;

inheritance of, ix, 340-1, x, 234;

in men and women, ix, 340-1

Colored Hearing, xi, 222

Color-Index of Stars, ii, 297-8

Color Photography, iv, 368-9

Color Printing, iv, 370-1;

in newspapers, v, 304

Color Vision, iv, 364-5;

inheritance of, ix, 340;

limits of, iv, 360-1;

theory of, x, 96

(see also Colors)

Colt Gun, v, 363-4

Columbia Plateau, iii, 105, 181, 227-8, xiv, 104, 164, 170, 172, 188

Columbia River, xiv, 174-5;

canyon of, iii, 39, 226, 228, xiv, 165-6;

navigability, 195;

salmon of, xii, 157

Columbine, fertilization, xiii, 126-8;

flowers, 196

Columbium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Columbus, compass troubles of, iv, 52-3, vi, 27;

debt to early scientists, ii, 12, 13, 40;

discovery of America, xiv, 309;

Genoese birth, 310;

in Sargasso Sea, xiii, 73;

on rubber balls in Haiti, 245;

potatoes found by, 218, 219;

syphilis introduced by sailors of, x, 60;

tobacco-using seen by, xiii, 256;

trade winds on voyage, i, 128-9

Columnar Structure, iii, 111, 212

Combustion, iv, 138;

chemistry of, viii, 11-13, 53-63, 100;

heat of, 308;

oxygen and, i, 10;

oxygen and, viii, 35-6, 61;

power developed by, ix, 15-16

Comets, ii, 273-82;

asteroids and, 258;

dangers to earth, 279-80;

disintegration, 286-7, 288;

families related to planets, 270-1;

first scientific studies, 40, 41, 57;

former ideas, 83-4, 85;

habitability, ii, 250-1;

in relation to solar system, 164;

Newton's views, 85;

orbits discovered, 85;

orbits and meteor streams, 287;

photographic study, 134;

Seneca on, 85;

solar corona and, 224;

various particular, 280-1, 286

(see also Halley's Comet)

Commensalism, xii, 32

Commerce, ocean, development of, xiv, 305-11

Commercial Meteorology, i, 261-70

Common Salt, composition and properties, iii, 332, vi, 109-10, 111,

viii, 84;

deposits, iii, 332, 374-5, viii, 139-40, 196, xiv, 141;

deposits from atmosphere, i, 59-60;

in body fluids, ix, 174, 175;

in diet, x, 256;

in ground water, xiv, 142;

in protoplasm, ix, 32;

in sea and inland waters, iii, 51-2, 152-3, 154-5, 332, 374, viii,

138-9, 195-6, xiv, 206, 295-7;

mixture with ice, temperature resulting, iv, 175;

physical and chemical divisions, 21;

plants and, xiv, 364;

production, iii, 374, 375, viii, 140, 275;

refining of, for table, xiv, 296;

size of molecules, vi, 112;

taste of, xi, 70, 71, 72;

uses, iii, 332, viii, 138, 140, 276-7

(see also Sodium Chloride)

Commutators, electrical, iv, 308, vi, 159, 177-9, 344-5;

use and construction, vii, 364-5

Como, Lake, iii, 146

Comparisons, measuring by, vii, 341

(see also Contrasts)

Compass, (Gyroscopic), iv, 254-5, v, 201, 340, 384

Compass (Magnetic), vii, 365;

compensation on iron ships, iv, 254, v, 340, vi, 42;

development, xvi, 102;

deviation, defined, iv, 247, vi, 42;

disturbances accompanying aurora, i, 161;

electric current effects, vi, 20, 88;

invention, 29;

magnet effects, 27, 32, 42-3;

modern improvements, 41-2;

needle, pointing and declination of, iv, 246-7,

(see also Magnetic Needle);

sun disturbances, vi, 40;

variation, defined, iv, 247;

variations on voyage of Columbus, 52-3, vi, 27

(see also Mariner's Compass)

Compensators, electrical, vi, 253-5

"Complete Recall," xi, 378

Complexes, mental, x, 355-6;

in hysteria, 361, 362

Composing Machines (see Linotype, Monotype)

Composition of Forces, iv, 75-7

Compostella, Spain, shrine at, xii, 65

Compounds, Chemical, viii, 16, 100, 375;

analysis of, 285-95;

colors of, 312;

combustion of, 61;

constancy, 110, xvi, 160;

contrasted with mixtures, viii, 15;

decomposition, 101-2;

electrical balance, 121;

formation types, 20, 100;

formulæ, 91;

metallic, 130, 146;

molecular weights, 92;

multiple proportions law, 110;

nomenclature, 97-8;

organic (see Organic Compounds);

substitution in, 102;

unstable, 66;

with water, 20, 38-9

Compound-Wound Dynamos, vi, 187, 188-9, 191-2

Compound-Wound Motors, vi, 233-5

Comprehensive Terms, xi, 191

Compressed Air, applications and uses, i, 25-6, 27-9, iv, 30-2, 106,

129-31, v, 111-38;

discovery, 109-11;

expansion effects, cooling by, iv, 191, v, 128-9, 351-3, xiv, 14;

heat of, v, 126-8, 161, 351;

methods of compression, 89-93, 126-7, 174;

physiological effects, i, 329, iv, 31-2, v, 119-21;

pressures used, i, 27

Compressed Air Locomotives, i, 26, 27, iv, 129, v, 133

Compression, heat of, i, 90, v, 126-8, 161, 351

Compressors, Air, v, 89-93, 127, 351

Compte, on sciences, x, 368

Comstock Mines, Nevada, iii, 366, 368;

temperature in, 121

Concentration, chemical, viii, 310-11;

mental, xi, 235-6, 378-9

Conchs, xii, 72-3, 73-4

Concordant Coasts, xiv, 248, 249

Concrete Buildings, value in earthquakes, xiv, 343

Concrete Dams, expansion joints, v, 71

Concrete Sciences, xvi, 42

Concrete Ships, v, 194-5

Concubinage, xv, 289, 290

Condensed Milk, scurvy from, x, 266

Condensers, electrical, iv, 265-7, vi, 170-4, 301-5, vii, 365;

applications, vi, 285-6;

capacity of, iv, 267-8;

dielectric, vii, 366 (see Dielectric);

discharge methods, iv, 267, vii, 366;

in automobiles, vii, 138-9;

oscillating currents, 373-4;

plate, vi, 170, 293-4, 295;

purpose, vii, 363;

synchronous, vi, 262;

use in wireless communication, iv, 314, vii, 263, 264, 266, 267

Condensers, Steam, v, 145, vi, 354-6

Condiments, as foods, viii, 362, 366;

effects on stomach, ix, 243-4;

sources, xiii, 265

Conditioned Reflex, xi, 198-201, 204;

in advertising, 348;

in habit formation, 251-2;

in hypnotism, 321-2

Condors, xii, 260

Conduct, rules of, how enforced, xv, 374-5

Conduction, of heat, iv, 138, 177, 178-9

Conductors (electrical), iv, 259, vi, 77, 294;

acids and bases as, viii, 122, 123;

air, i, 144-5;

copper, viii, 164;

discovery, vi, 13;

for radio currents, vii, 296;

resistance of, iv, 281-2 (see Resistance);

tabular information, vii, 377-84;

temperature effects on, iv, 301;

various materials as, 283

Conductors, (heat), iv, 176, 177, 179

Conduit Wiring Systems, vii, 55-60, 365

Condyle, xii, 239

Confectionery, poppy seed used in, xiii, 250, 254;

pure food law on, viii, 370-1

Confidence, psychological effects, xi, 212-13

Conglomerate, iii, 13, 377;

sedimentary rock, xiv, 18

Congo River, connections with Nile sources, xiv, 186-7;

furrow of, 287;

ocean slope at mouth of, 24;

varied course, 155

Congo River Basin, hippopotamus of, xii, 310;

okapi of, 321

Congo Tribes, habits of, xv, 225, 370

Conies, xii, 288, 304

Conifers, xiii, 174, 178;

American forests of, xiv, 371, 372, 374;

ancestors of modern, xiii, 310;

first appearance, iii, 256;

number of species, xiii, 323;

transitional form, 318

(see also Gymnosperms)

Conjugated Proteins, viii, 352

Connecticut, drainage studies, xiv, 131;

oyster industry, xii, 61

Connecticut River, course, iii, 234;

preglacial valley, xiv, 60

Connecticut Valley, down warping of, iii, 210;

igneous rock formations, xiv, 107, 111;

lava deposits, iii, 212;

origin, 232;

rocks under, 213 (fig.);

tracks of extinct animals in, 16, 291;

volcanic action in, xiv, 318

Connecting Nerve Cells, ix, 127, 128 (fig.), 129, 130;

of brain, 148-9, 150-1

(see also Connector Neurones)

Connective Tissue, ix, 13, 58-9;

growth of, 287;

in muscles, 75, 79;

ligaments formed of, 71;

making of, 54;

scars formed by, 48, 287

Connective Tissue Skeleton, ix, 71-2

Connector Neurones, xi, 21;

in brain, 31-2, 200;

in spinal cord, 26;

development in embryo, 35

(see also Connecting Nerve Cells)

Conscious Life, parts concerned in, ix, 21-2

Consciousness, in mental life, xi, 47;

habit and, 253-5;

motor response and, 27-8, 123-4, 202;

psychology as science of, 10-11;

"stream" of, 193

Consequent Streams, xiv, 157, 174

Conservation, technical meaning, iv, 382

Conservation of Energy, iv, 40-1, vi, 128;

establishment of doctrine, xvi, 131;

remarks on doctrine, iv, 9

Conservation of Resources, coal, v, 172, viii, 283;

forest, vi, 366, xiii, 9, 371-2, xiv, 382;

petroleum supply, vii, 309;

soil, xiv, 64

Constantinesco, George, v, 107-8

Constantin Metal, vi, 77

Constipation, causes and treatment, ix, 250-2;

chronic, x, 316-17, 328-9;

hyperacidity caused by, 322

Contact Catalysis, viii, 82-3, 103, 316

Contact Senses, ix, 86, 91-5;

connections with brain, 142

Contempt, sentiment of, xi, 148

Continental Climates, i, 208, 370, xiv, 346, 347

Continental Islands, xiv, 271-6, 278-81

Continental Platforms, major relief features, xiv, 9, 27;

margins and slopes, 25, 287-8

Continental Rivers, xiv, 153

Continental Shelves, iii, 52, xiv, 287;

area covered by, iii, 52, xiv, 26;

breadth of, 25, 285;

cutting of, by waves, iii, 55-6, xiv, 46-7;

deposits on, iii, 53, xiv, 284-5

Continental Slope, xiv, 287-8;

deposits on, iii, 53

Continents, average elevation of, xiv, 26-7;

climate on opposite sides, 346;

distinction from islands, 23;

drainage systems,

190;

former connections, xiii, 320, xiv, 290;

former submergence, iii, 216, xiv, 19-20;

present, never covered by deep sea, iii, 55;

rate of wearing away, xiv, 41;

tides modified by, 292

Continuity, of action, xi, 264-5;

of training, 257

Contrast, association by, xi, 197;

attention aroused by, 344;

effect on tastes, 72;

illusions of, 189

Convection, iv, 139, 178-9, 185

Converters, electrical, vi, 162, 332-48, vii, 365;

speed-limiting devices, 48;

in traction systems, 199, 365

Convolutions of Brain, xv, 62, 63, xi, 29

Convulsions, production of, ix, 133-4

Cook, Capt. James, xvi, 123;

story of Polynesian, xv, 124

Cooke, Dr. R. P., x, 161

Cooking, chemistry of, viii, 367-9;

development of art of, xv, 13, 195, 232-3;

effect on vitamines, ix, 36, x, 263, 266;

frying habit, ix, 286;

good, advantages to digestion, 241-2;

"pressure cookers," iv, 171;

use and advantages, xv, 229

Cooking (electric), vii, 89;

special rates for, 174;

in U. S. Navy, 332-3

Cooking Utensils, aluminum, viii, 155;

copper, 164

Coolidge Tube, x, 185

Cooling, contraction by, iv, 134-5, viii, 107-8;

dynamic, i, 90

(see also Expansion, cooling by);

use of water in, viii, 37;

water changes in, iv, 149, 150-1, viii, 38

(see also Refrigeration)

Coon Bear, xii, 338

Cooper, Astley, x, 129-30

Coordinates, iv, 16

Copal, in varnishes, viii, 265

Copepods, xii, 18, 84

Copernican Theory, ii, 43-4;

aided by Pythagorean teachings, xvi, 82;

establishment of, iv, 95;

Galileo and, ii, 54, 56;

Kepler, and, 49;

not accepted at once, 45, 46, 60, 311

Copernicus, ii, 42-4, iv, 19, xvi, 102;

as astrologer, ii, 21;

"De Revolutionibus," 12, 43;

ideas of motion, 63;

on speed and orbits of planets, 49;

studies in Italy, 12

Copper, affinity intensity, viii, 128, 164;

alloys, 164, 171, 273;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

density of, iv, 113;

electrical conductivity, iv, 283, vi, 77, 79, 80, viii, 164;

electrical positiveness, vi, 59;

electric welding of, iv, 312;

electrochemical analysis, viii, 295;

extraction methods, 270-1;

fungicide uses, 170;

formerly mined in New Jersey, xiv, 112;

heat conductivity, iv, 176, 179;

melting point and requirements, 162, viii, 384;

name, origin of, xv, 157;

native, iii, 327;

occurrence and production, 360-2, viii, 129, 130-1, 163, 198, xiv,

237, 288;

refining of, vii, 319-20, viii, 166-7, 272;

specific heat of, iv, 155;

specific gravity, viii, 384;

tests for, 286, 287, 288;

uses, iii, 359-60, viii, 126-7, 163-4, 167;

valences of, 94, 189

Copper Bromide, color, viii, 123

Copper Chloride, color, viii, 123;

electrolysis of, 124

Copperhead Snakes, xii, 233

Copper-Plating, vii, 314-15, 317-18, viii, 165-6

Copper Pyrites, iii, 326

Copper Smelting, smoke precipitation, vii, 347

Copper Sulphate, color, viii, 123;

electrolysis of, 125;

uses, 146, 332;

used in Egyptian medicine, x, 12;

water and, mixture of, iv, 131

Copper Wire, for electrical transmission, vi, 77, 79, 80, vii, 20, 22-3,

104;

standard tables, 378-80;

table of carrying capacities, 381

Copra, xiii, 220, xv, 125

Coquina Rock, viii, 152

Coral Reefs, xii, 40-2, xiv, 263-4;

formed in shallow water, iii, 53, xiv, 276;

oceanic islands built of, 276, 277;

temperature limitations, 263-4, 305, xii, 40

Corals, iii, 259, 266, 267-8, xii, 38-43;

calcium carbonate in, viii, 151;

false, xii, 47

Coral Snakes, xii, 213, 225-6

Corbeil, Gilles de, x, 37

Corcovado Peak, xiv, 112

Cordage, sources, xiii, 238-41

Cordaitales, xiii, 310, 317

Cordaites, iii, 255, 256

Cordova, university of, xvi, 100

Cores, in electric machines, vii, 365

Cork, specific gravity of, iv, 109, 112

Cormorants, xii, 253;

fish-catching with, xv, 223-4

Corn, American origin, xiii, 182, 211, 212, 221, 222;

economic importance, 208;

food value, viii, 364, 365, x, 262, 278, 279;

grains of, fruits, xiii, 56;

in grass family, 179;

leaves of, 32, 176;

monocotyledon, 178;

stalks, glucose from, ix, 230;

stalk structure, xiii, 26;

starch manufacture from, viii, 243;

time to plant, i, 255;

tryptophane in, viii, 351;

weather best for, i, 245-8

(see also Indian Corn)

Corn Crakes, xii, 262

Cornea, of eye, ix, 109, 110 (fig.), xi, 84, 85;

astigmatism of, ix, 113-14;

no warm spots in, xi, 112

Cornets, iv, 231

Corn Flour, vitamines in, x, 267

Corn-Harvesting Machines, v, 249

Corn Syrup, as food, ix, 292;

vitamines in, x, 262

Corolla, xiii, 45;

absent in some plants, 46, 182;

evolution of, 201

Corona Discharge (electricity), vii, 10-11, 23

Corona of Sun, ii, 219-26, 184;

appearance in eclipses, 213-14;

comets and, 281;

photographic studies, 128, 129;

rotation, 121;

study of, proposed method, 225-6;

study in various eclipses, 211-12, 214, 218

Coronas, atmospheric, i, 183-4, 370

Coronium, discovery, ii, 211, 223

Corposants, i, 157-8

Corrasion, defined, iii, 29;

by ice, 63-4;

by sand, 72;

in Grand Canyon, 40;

potholes formed by, 39-40

Correlation, mathematical, i, 253

Correlation of Energy, iv, 40

Corries, of Scotland, xiv, 58

Corrigan, John, x, 112

Corrosion, chemical, viii, 10, 13, 100;

Electrolytic (see Electrolytic Corrosion)

Corrosive Sublimate, viii, 170

Cort, Henry, v, 316

Corti, Organ of, xi, 102

Corundum, iii, 327-8

Corvisart, x, 110

Corymb, flower-form, xiii, 50

Coryza, x, 295, 341

Cos, School of, x, 21-2;

influence in middle ages, 37

Cosmogony, defined, ii, 362;

theories, ancient and modern, 366-84, xvi, 58, 76-9, 80, 81-2, 84

Cossacks, bows and arrows of, xv, 214

Cotopaxi, Mount, xiv, 225

Cotton, as clothing material, ix, 311, x, 307, 308, 309;

cultivation, xiii, 238;

dyes for, viii, 259;

fiber, 229, 254, ix, 30, xiii, 237;

fiber to fabric, v, 269-83;

humidity effects, i, 78;

importance, xiii, 208, 235, 236;

kinds, v, 269, xiii, 236;

Mediterranean origin, xxiv, 382;

mercerized, viii, 255;

preparation for manufacture, xiii, 237-8;

removal of, from wool, viii, 255;

vegetable silk from, 255-6

Cotton Cloth, making of, v, 269-83

Cotton Crop, forecasts, i, 251

Cotton Gin, Macarthy's, xiii, 238;

Whitney's v, 269-71, 376

Cotton Plant, xiii, 236-7

Cotton Seed, uses, xiii, 238

Cottonseed Oil, viii, 246;

solidified, 232, 247

Cottrell, Dr., vii, 216

Cotyledons, xiii, 60;

classification by, 176

Cougars, xii, 363

Coughing, reflex action, ix, 135, 258, xi, 20

Coulomb, electric quantity unit, iv, 280, 284, vi, 17, 69, 82, vii, 365,

374

Coulomb, C. A., electrical work, vi, 17-18, xvi, 122;

quantity unit named for, iv, 280

Countertrade Winds, i, 130, 366

Counter Voltage, vii, 365;

in motors, vi, 226-8, 232, 233, 236

Counting (see Numbers)

Country Rock, definition and character, xiv, 105

Courage, motor origin, xi, 61

Courtship, among animals and birds, xv, 274-5

Cows, domesticating qualities, xv, 197;

fat production by, ix, 298;

milking by electricity, vii, 222, 226-7

Cow's Milk, for infants, ix, 33-4, 346

Cowries, xii, 73

Coyote, xii, 340

Crabs, iii, 260, 276, 279, xii, 85-7;

deep sea, 23;

hard and soft-shelled, 83;

"no-body," 89;

sponges and, 32

Cramps, from cold baths, ix, 313;

significance, xi, 120

Cranberry, bogs, xiii, 382;

origin, 225;

ovary, 202

Cranes, (birds), xii, 262

Cranes, hydraulic, v, 101-2, 106

Cranial Nerves, ix, 131, 132, 142, xi, 29-31, 76;

doggerel verse on, 214

Crater Lakes, iii, 155, xiv, 101, 203

Craters, formation of, xiv, 101-2;

of Hawaiian volcanoes, iii, 104, 105, xiv, 322;

of Mount Katmai, iii, 101, (fig.)

Crawfish, xii, 87

Creation, ancient conceptions, ii, 366, xvi, 77

Creative Imagination, xi, 225-7

Creepers (birds), xii, 268

Creeping Speedwell, xiii, 28

Creodonts, xii, 332, 339, 366, 375

Creosote, constituents, viii, 333;

source, xiii, 255

Crepuscular Rays, i, 169, 370

Cress, xiii, 197, 222

Cresylic Acid, viii, 238, 253, 333

Cretaceous Peneplain, iii, 232

Cretaceous Period, iii, 214-20;

animals and plants of, 20, 256-7, 266, 295-6, 292, 297, xii, 154, 202,

210, 242-3, 275;

first mammals in, xv, 71

Crete, ancient meteor in, ii, 284;

early civilization of, xiv, 281;

elevation changes, 33;

Phaestos disk, xv, 176 (fig.)

Cretinism, x, 350

Crevasses, formation, iii, 63;

cirques from, 66

Crex Rugs, xiii, 188, 236

Cribo, (snake), xii, 219

Crickets, xii, 110

Crile, Dr. George W., on emotion effects, xi, 135-6;

on fear in animals, 136;

on kinetic system, 57-60;

on laughter, 355, 356;

on pain, 119, 120;

on suppressed desires, 141-2

Crime, hypnosis and, xi, 320;

of crowds, 329-31;

punishment of, among primitive peoples, xv, 369-75, 379-80;

street lighting and, vi, 279

Crinoids, xii, 23, 49

Cripple Creek Gold District, iii, 367

Crisis, in diseases, Hippocratic doctrine, x, 21

Critical Period, of crops, i, 248-50, 370

Critical Pressure, iv, 171-3

Critical Temperatures, i, 29, iv, 171-2, viii, 303-4;

of various substances, iv, 173

Crocker Land, i, 173

Crocodiles, xii, 182, 196, 198-202;

resemblance to tuatera, 184;

sleeping sickness due to, x, 169;

ziczacs and, xii, 263

Cro-Magnons, xv, 99-102, xvi, 50;

art of, xv, 110-21;

implements of, 109

Crompton, mule-spinner of, v, 274, 376

Cromwell, sea captain, v, 305

Crookes, Sir William, cathode ray studies, x, 184, xvi, 165, 193;

on nitrogen needs, i, 34;

theory of fourth state of matter, iv, 54-5, xvi, 193;

vacuum tubes named for, iv, 317

Crookes Tube, iv, 317, vi, 114, vii, 251;

electron study in, xvi, 193;

fluorescence in, iv, 380;

phenomena of, 50;

X-ray discovery and uses, x, 184, 185

Crop Forecasts, i, 250-2

Crops, critical period, i, 248-50, 370;

rotation of, viii, 342-6;

sun spots and, ii, 186;

weather and, i, 245-50, 252-3

Crossbows, xv, 215

Crosses, inheritance of characters in, ix, 333-7, x, 231-2, xiii, 332

Crossfell, helm and bar of, i, 105, 374

Cross Fertilization (plants), methods to insure, xiii, 120-54;

variations due to, 331-3

Croton Bugs, xii, 107

Croton Dam, iv, 119, 120 (fig.)

Croup, antitoxin in, x, 298

Crowberry, spread of, xiii, 342

Crow Blackbird, coloring of, xii, 245

Crowd-poisoning, i, 321

Crowds, psychology of, xi, 323-33;

leaders of, 332-3;

legal responsibility, 329-31

Crucibles, graphite, viii, 43;

platinum, 173

Crucible Steel Process, vii, 312

Cruickshank, William, electrical work, xvi, 122

Cruickshank, Wm. Cumberland, medical work, xvi, 179

Crusaders, coffee not known to, xiii, 232;

heroic crowds, xi, 326;

paper introduced by, v, 290

Crusades, effect on medicine, x, 37;

horse improvement by, xii, 307

Crust of Earth, xiv, 16;

chemical constituents, iii, 308, viii, 19, 90, 118, 129, 138-9, 148,

190-1, 192;

chemistry of, 190-203;

layers in, 191-2;

movements, iii, 76-98, xiv, 31-2, 33-9, 341

(see also Earth Movements);

rocks in iii, 12-14, 110-12, xiv, 17-19;

settling, cause of brontides, 196;

specific gravity, xiv, 11;

theory of formation, iii, 160;

thickness, 17, viii, 191-2;

waters in, iii, 113-29

Cryptograms, xiii, 63;

cycads and, 309;

earliest plants, 303;

forests of, of Silurian, xv, 71;

in coal age, xiii, 310;

numbers, 168;

reproductive process, 154-65;

spore-dispersal by wind, 344;

water necessary to fertilization, 300 (see Flowerless Plants)

Crystalline Form, iii, 309-11, viii, 203, 312-13;

solidification in relation to, iv, 163

Crystalline Rocks, iii, 378;

of oldest eras, 169, 170-1, 189

Crystals, Crystallization, iii, 309-20, 377-8;

cleavage, 310, 318, viii, 202;

electrification by cleavage of, iv, 260;

growth, iii, 311, 316;

growth of alum, viii, 313;

light polarization by, iii, 319-20, iv, 354;

Mitscherlich's studies, xvi, 161;

Pasteur's studies, 163-4;

snow and ice, i, 115-16;

water of, viii, 38;

X-ray studies, iii, 311, viii, 313

Ctesibius, discovery of compressed air, v, 109-11;

ignorant of atmospheric pressure, 112;

inventions and theories, xvi, 91-2;

water clocks, v, 59-62

Cuba, almiquis of, xii, 367;

American occupation, x, 160;

earthquakes in, xiv, 331;

jute production, xiii, 241;

sugar production, 215;

tobacco production, 258;

yellow fever eradication, x, 160-2, xiv, 356;

zoölogy of, 274-5

Cuckoos, xii, 255-6

Cucumbers, as food, viii, 365;

origin, xiii, 223

Cud Animals, xii, 311-12

Cugnot, Joseph, v, 207

Culinary Paradox, iv, 168-9

Cullen, Dr., refrigerating machine, v, 350, 354-6

Cullen, William, x, 88

Cultivated Plants, birthrate in, xiii, 51;

original sources, 221-7, xiv, 381-2

(see also Garden Plants)

Cultivation (soil), reason for, xiii, 92

Cultural Advance, requisites of, x, 107

Cumberland Plateau, xiv, 221;

height, 27

Cumberland Valley, xiv, 167

Cumene, viii, 235, 253

Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds, i, 102, 103-4

Cumulus Clouds, 1, 98, 101-2, 103-4;

air currents and, 293;

formation of, 93

Cuneiform Writing, xv, 174, 175 (figs.), xvi, 60

Curassows, xii, 261

Curie, Madame, radium discovery, xvi, 193

Curiosity, instinct of, xi, 55;

of crowds, 328

Curlews, xii, 262

Currents (water) power of, iii, 30-1, xiv, 39, 52-3

Current Transformers, vii, 44

Current Wheels, v, 76

Curtis, on spiral nebulæ, ii, 362

Curtis Turbines, v, 151, 152, 382

Curved Motion, forces producing, iv, 72-3

Curves, pitching of, iv, 67-9

Cusa, Nicolas de, xvi, 102

Custom, Cicero on, x, 135;

modesty and, xv, 254-5;

morality and, 286;

obedience to, how enforced, 374-5;

crowd psychology in, xi, 333

Customs Examinations, by X-rays, vii, 256-7

Cut-off, of steam engine, v, 146-7, 208

Cutting of Metals, v, 46-7, 54-5, 383;

by oxygen jet, i, 33

Cuttings, (plants) propagation by, ix, 337, xiii, 166, 167

Cutting Tools, of ancient Egypt, xvi, 66-7

Cuttlebone, xii, 79

Cuttlefish, iii, 260, 275-6, xii, 58, 78-9

Cuvier, biological works, xvi, 139, 148;

work on paleontology, 168

Cyanamide Process, i, 36, viii, 74, 153

Cyanide Solution, vii, 317

Cyanogen, xvi, 160

Cycads, iii, 251, 255, xiii, 309, 316, 317

Cycles, chemical, viii, 334-5, 349-50

(see also Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen Cycles)

Cycles, geographical and geological, xiv, 29

(see also Cycles of Erosion)

Cycles, of alternating currents, vi, 153, 154-5;

degrees of, 204

Cycles of Erosion, in land surfaces, iii, 33-6, xiv, 30, 34-5, 47-9,

155-64;

in mountains, iii, 135-6;

in shore lines, 56-7, xiv, 254-5

Cyclones, i, 135-8, 370, xiv, 349-50;

electrification by, vii, 212-13;

handling of ships in, i, 277-8

Cyclonic Thunderstorms, i, 138, 151

Cyclonopathy, i, 330, 370

Cyclonoscopes, i, 279, 370

Cyclops, (crustacean), xii, 84

Cygni, 61, measurement of distance, ii, 16, 315;

parallax, 311-12

Cygnus, nebulæ in, ii, 360;

new star in, 332

Cylinders, boring of, v, 44-5;

cooling, 159-61, 166-7;

in internal combustion engines, 157-61, 166-7;

of steam engine, 147;

pressure in, iv, 119

Cyme, flower form, xiii, 50

Cynodictis, xii, 346-7

Cypress Trees, in landscaping, xiii, 270;

in southern forest, xiv, 372

Czecho-Slovakia, public health fellowships, x, 172;

stone age remains in, 108 (fig.)

Daboia, xii, 231

Daddy Longlegs, xii, 90

Da Gama, Vasco, xiv, 309, 351

Daggers, development of, xv, 212

Daguerre, ii, 125

Daimler, Gottlieb, v, 213, 382

Dairies, electricity in, vii, 226-7

Dairy Products, drain on farm of, viii, 342-3

Daisies, flowers of, xiii, 49-50;

introduction to America, 353-4;

seed dispersal, 58-9;

stems, 23

Daisy Family, xiii, 206;

fertilization in, 144;

flower forms, 44 (fig.);

fossil species, 324;

in New Zealand, 380;

in pampas, 376;

original home and spread, 350, 353;

petal arrangement, 190;

seed dispersal, 344, 345

Dakin, antiseptic solutions of, x, 181-3, 382

Dakota Sandstone Formation, iii, 114, 115 (fig.)

Dalmatia, coast of, xiv, 252, 257;

harbors of, 268

Dalton, John, xi, 93, xvi, 133, 160, 162

Daltonism, inheritance of, ix, 340

Damaraland, desert plant of, xiii, 380

Damascus, swords of, v, 315

Damped Waves, vii, 264, 273, 286-8, 290

Dampier, William, i, 130, xvi, 114

Damping, in meters, vii, 159

Dams, beaver, xii, 295-6;

use of, v, 76, vi, 361, 364

Damsel Flies, xii, 105

Dances, Indian, xv, 305-6;

primitive, 310-12, 313, 316

Dandelion, family of, xiii, 206;

flower of, 49;

origin, 223, 353-4;

roots, 16;

seed dispersal, 58-9, 344

Daniell Cell, viii, 167

Dante, skull capacity, xv, 40

Danube River, delta of, xiv, 185;

historical importance, xv, 138-9;

longitudinal character, xiv, 154;

varied course, 155

Danzig, Poland and, xiv, 306

Darby, Abraham, v, 316

Dardanelles, important to Russia, xiv, 267

Dardanelles Expedition, i, 308

Dark Days, i, 56-7, ii, 211

Darkness, distinguishing of, by primitive animals, ix, 105;

effect on plants, xiii, 72, 76, 77, 84-90;

effects on plants, animals, and man, x, 253;

from interferences of light, iv, 377-8;

horrors of world of, 51;

periodic seeking of, xi, 52-3;

sleep and, 282, 288;

tuberculosis germ and, x, 290, 291

Dark Segments, i, 167, 371

Darning Needles (flies), xii, 105

Darwin, Charles Robert, x, 134-6, xv, 15;

book on fertilization of orchids, xiii, 145;

book on restless plants, 110;

epigenesis theory, xvi, 118;

experiment on destruction of seedlings, xv, 21;

experiment with tendrils, xiii, 112;

naturalist on "Beagle," 224, x, 134-5, xvi, 142;

on descent of man, xv, 56;

on emotions, xi, 131-3;

on expression of emotions by animals, xv, 64-5;

on fossil record, xiii, 302;

on Madagascar orchid, 48;

on self-fertilization, 135;

on sexual selection, xv, 274;

on variations, 334;

"Origin of Species," x, 135, xiii, 334, xvi, 148, 167, 181-2;

skull capacity, xv, 40

(see also Darwinian Theory)

Darwin, Erasmus, x, 134, xvi, 148

Darwin, George H., tidal friction theory, ii, 375-6, 377, 156-7

Darwinian Theory, x, 135, 136, xv, 15, 24-5, 56, xvi, 149-51, 152;

Bagehot on changes wrought by, xvi, 198;

Greek anticipation of, 79;

horror first caused by, xv, 53;

naturalism and, xvi, 111;

philosophical effects of, 195

Dassies, South African, xii, 304

Dasyures, xii, 278

Date Palm Tree, xv, 125

David's Deer, xii, 316

Davos, health resort, i, 210, 325

Davy, Edmund, xvi, 190

Davy, Sir Humphry, electrical work, vi, 16, 19, xvi, 122, 189;

heat studies, iv, 43, xvi, 131;

laughing gas discovery, x, 123-4, 125

Day, divisions of, v, 57, xvi, 57;

mean solar, iv, 15-16;

periods of high and low temperatures, i, 76, xiv, 347-8;

periods of highest energy, xi, 277

Day and Night Breezes, i, 131

Dayflies, xii, 104

Dead Reckoning, v, 65-6

Dead Sea, formation of basin, iii, 151, xiv, 118, 120-1;

level and level changes, iii, 151-2, xiv, 121, 205, 362;

salinity, iii, 152, viii, 139, xiv, 207

Deaf and Dumb, sign language of, xv, 148, 150

Deafness, ix, 103-4;

from brain disease, 146

Death, correlative of life, xii, 13;

"irritability" theory of, x, 86, 87;

James on phenomena of approaching, 242;

physiological meaning, ix, 17;

primitive conceptions of, xv, 327-9, 331-8;

vital knot in relation to, ix, 257

Death Adders, xii, 229

Debtors, treatment of, in African tribes, xv, 370

De Candolle, plant classification, xvi, 165-6;

vegetable table, xiii, 221

Decay, air and, xiii, 312-18;

carbon dioxide from, viii, 49, 61;

humus produced by, 340;

nitrogen from, 73, 346;

phosphorescence from, i, 346, 349, xii, 20

Deccan of India, lava fields, iii, 105, 228, xiv, 103

Deciduous Trees, xiii, 175, 269, 271-2;

of temperate forests, xiv, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374

Decimal System, xv, 181

Declination, of compass needle, iv, 247

Declination of Stars, ii, 299

Decomposition, (chemical), viii, 12, 101;

contrasted with dissociation, 121;

double, 104-5;

of salts, 117

Decrement, of oscillating currents, vii, 286, 287-8

Deeps, ocean, iii, 52, xiv, 9, 23, 286;

volcanoes and, 316

Deep Sea, animal life in, xii, 21-4;

animals, luminosity of, 139;

conditions of life in, 21-2;

darkness of, 22, xiv, 298;

density of, xii, 21;

deposits, iii, 54-5, xiv, 285, 286;

fish of, xi, 53, xii, 20, 23-4, 136, 138-9, 163, xvi, 146;

ground sharks of, xii, 143, 147;

movement of water in, xiv, 284, 298-9;

never over present continents, iii, 55;

ooze, xii, 18, 19;

plants of, 16-17;

seaweeds not found in, xiii, 72;

soundings of, xiv, 284;

temperature, 297, 298, 299;

topographical features, 284, 286-7, 288-90;

unknown to us, v, 202

Deer, xii, 317-20;

evolution of hoofs, iii, 300;

fear in, xi, 136;

heart in, x, 332

Deer Family, xii, 315-20

Deer-hunting, in India, xv, 223

Defectives, human, increase in, xv, 27

De Forest, audion detector, xvi, 191

Degrees, electrical, vi, 204

De Haen, x, 77

Dejection, emotion of, xi, 146;

posture and, 337, 338-40

(see also Despondency)

DeLaval Steam Turbine, v, 148-50, 382

Delaware Indians, prayer song of, xv, 346-7

Delaware River, estuary of, xiv, 40;

geological history, 40, 60, 168-9, 171;

heterogeneous course, 155;

rapids of, 159;

shad season in, xii, 155;

superimposed stream, iii, 233;

transverse characters, xiv, 99, 154, 167;

valley and gap, 50-1, 52, 169

Delaware Water Gap, iii, 233, xiv, 50-1, 167, 169;

rock weathering at, 76

Delco Automobile System, vii, 137

Delco Power Sets, vii, 232

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, Saharan proposal, xiv, 205

Deliberation, after contact and distance sensations, ix, 95, 121, 140;

nervous delays in, 140, 141, xi, 20, 21;

value of, 139

Delirium, Brown on, x, 89;

hot baths in, 311

Delta Connections (electric), vi, 210-11, 318, 325

Delphi, Oracle of, xv, 351-2

Deltas, iii, 32, xiv, 53;

alluvial soil of, 70;

coasts formed by, 53, 263;

in lakes, 202, 210-11;

lakes formed by, 203;

rivers joined by, 185

Delusions, x, 358-9

Demagnetization, vi, 37-8, 117, vii, 366;

by heat, iv, 253;

test, vi, 43

Dementia Precox, x, 237

Democritus, on knowledge, xvi, 87;

on matter, 83;

on origin of earth, ii, 366-7

Demosthenes, timed speeches, v, 62

Denatured Alcohol, viii, 250

Dendrites, xi, 18, 19;

receptors for pain, 117

Denmark, antiquity of man in, xv, 86-7;

föhrden of, xiv, 259;

forests and peat bogs, xv, 86-7

Density, absolute, iv, 110-11;

methods of determining, 111-12;

of liquids, how measured, 113, vi, 147;

of various substances, iv, 113;

specific, 111;

standard of, 149

Densmore, James, v, 312

Dental Arches, xv, 98 (fig.)

Dentistry, hypnosis in, xi, 316;

protection against pain, 121

Denudation (see Erosion)

Denver, boiling temperature in, iv, 170

Deodorants, inhibition in, xi, 81

Department Stores, Christmas lighting, vii, 342;

pneumatic tubes in, iv, 130;

rain and business, i, 265

Deperditometer, i, 319, 371

Depolarization, of electric cells, vi, 137, 139, vii, 366

Depression, of land and sea areas, (see Subsidence)

Depressions, (geological) in land, xiv, 204-5;

in ocean floor, 286

Depressions (meteorological), i, 135, 371 (see Lows)

Depth, perception of, ix, 119-20, xi, 173-85

Derborence, lakes of, xiv, 202

Derived Proteins, viii, 352-3

Derived Units, iv, 46, xvi, 131

Dermographism, xi, 317

Dermoid Cysts, x, 120

Desault, Pierre, x, 91-2

Descartes, influence of, x, 67;

mathematical and scientific work, ii, 15, xvi, 113-14, 118-19;

theory of vortices, ii, 60

Descriptive Astronomy, development of, ii, 15-16, 113-14, 119, 139

Deserts, density of air over, i, 171;

dust whirls, 60;

evaporation in, 323;

in trade wind belts, xiv, 355-6, 380;

irrigation by sun-power, v, 178;

lizards of, xii, 206;

mirages, i, 172-3, 174, iv, 328-9;

rainfall, i, 112;

rainfall and plants, xiii, 377-81;

rock weathering in, iii, 23, 71-3, xiv, 42, 77, 79;

salt deposits, viii, 197;

"stretching" of, xi, 173;

water-storing plants, xiii, 28, 30, 41-2, 104, 106-7, 336 (illus.);

wind action in, iii, 71-5

(see also Arid Regions)

Desert Sounds, i, 196, 371

Desert Topography, xiv, 41-2

Design, elements of (prehistoric), xv, 299

Designs, enlargement of by lanterns, iv, 342

Desires, suppression of, xi, 140-2

(see also Suppressions)

Despondency, indigestion and, xi, 370

(see also Dejection)

Detectors, wireless, iv, 315-16, vii, 261, 268-70, 278-80;

to guide ships, 284-5

Determiners, inheritance, ix, 329-42, x, 233-4, xiii, 330, xvi, 156

Detonation, of explosives, viii, 262

Detroit, steamers passing, xiv, 212

Devilfish, xii, 78, 148-50

Devil's Tower, Wyoming, iii, 111, 176 (Pl. 10), xiv, 129-30

Devil Whirlwinds, i, 60, 371

Devonian Period, iii, 20, 194-6, 378;

"Age of Fishes," 283, xv, 71;

animals and plants in, iii, 252, 271, 277, 278, 282-4, 285;

extension of sea in, 192 (fig. 37)

De Vries, variation studies, xvi, 153

Dew, i, 120-1, 371, xiii, 108;

former belief about, i, 119;

not formed on cloudy nights, iv, 183

Dewar, liquid air inventions, i, 31, vii, 323

Dewar Flask, viii, 68

Dew Bow, i, 177

Dew Point, i, 78, 79, 371

Dew Ponds, i, 352-3, 371

Dextrin, viii, 227-8;

in bread crust, 368;

molecules of, 356;

production and uses, 241, 243, 244

Dholes, xii, 345

Diabetes, ix, 290, 293-4, x, 276, 330

Diablerets, peaks of, xiv, 202

Diagnosis, art and science of, x, 366-79;

Brown's system, 89;

chest, 99, 371;

Egyptian study of, xvi, 70;

of infectious diseases (serum method), x, 215-17;

X-rays in, vii, 251, 254, 255, 256, x, 185-6, 372-4

Diamond Drills, v, 263, 264, 380;

in ancient Egypt, xvi, 67

Diamonds, iii, 328, viii, 42-3;

artificial, vii, 301, 311, xvi, 190;

cathode ray effects, 193;

cutting of, vii, 300, 309;

electrification, vi, 12;

in meteorites, ii, 292;

X-ray tests, vii, 257

Diana of the Ephesians, ii, 284

Diarrhea, ix, 249, x, 253, 307, 328

Diastole, arterial, x, 62, 63-4, 65;

of heart, 65

Diathermanous Bodies, iv, 182

Diatoms, deposits of, iii, 257-8, xiii, 67-8;

in tripolite, iii, 335;

in sea, xii, 17;

oil from, iii, 349;

oil storage by, ix, 28

Diatonic Scale, iv, 207

Dichloramin-T., x, 183, 382

Dicotyledons, xiii, 60;

antiquity, 207;

leaves and flowers, 176, 178;

leaves and stems, 177 (fig.);

subdivisions, 180, 189-90;

various families, 189-205

Dictation, memory after-images in, xi, 220

Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich, x, 130

Dielectric, of condensers, iv, 264, vi, 302, 305, vii, 366;

in lightning, 206;

losses due to imperfect, 297-8;

strain, 366

Diesel Engines, v, 161-2, 382;

efficiency, 164;

fuel, 156;

in submarines, 199

Diet, bile in relation to, ix, 275;

deficiency of, diseases from, x, 255-68, 276;

fads of, ix, 285-6;

fats and proteins in, 300-1;

for reducing weight, 301-2;

mixed, man adapted to, 246, 285-6;

natural regulation of, 301, x, 255, 257;

need of amino acids in, 278;

nutrients in daily, viii, 366-7;

starch foods in ordinary, ix, 290, 300

(see also Foods, Nutrition)

Difform Motion, ii, 80

Diffraction of light, iv, 326, 378;

optical phenomena, i, 183-5

Diffraction of sound, iv, 52, 236-7

Digestion, ix, 226-46, x, 319-30, 353;

benefited by savory food, ix, 98, 241-2;

chemistry of, viii, 356-8;

color effects, xi, 96;

emotion effects on, ix, 165, 241;

enzymes in, viii, 103, 357 (see Enzymes);

excitement effects, xi, 374-5;

exercise and, 339;

fried foods and, ix, 286;

fruit stimulation of, viii, 365;

glucose in, 225-6;

historical studies of, ix, 239-40, x, 121, 128;

hot baths and, ix, 313;

in men and plants, xiii, 109;

of proteins, x, 204;

sleep in relation to, ix, 219, xi, 285;

soups as aid to, ix, 241, x, 320

(see also Indigestion)

Digging with water jets, v, 88

Digitalis, source, xiii, 256;

use of, in heart diseases, x, 333, 383

Dikes (geological), iii, 13, 110-11, 378, xiv, 106-8;

columns in, 130;

illustrations, iii, 102, 160 (Pl. 9);

veins and, 383-4

Dilated Stomach, ix, 85

Dimension, illusions of, xi, 186, 188, 189;

perception of, 162, 165, 171-2, 172-83

Dining rooms, lighting, vi, 275-6, vii, 69-70

Dinosaurs, iii, 288-93, 304 (Pl. 17), xii, 182, 194-5

Diœcious Plants, xiii, 47

Dionysus, worship of, xv, 352

Diophantus, xvi, 95

Dioptra, of Ctesibius, xvi, 91

Diphenyl, viii, 240

Dipper (constellation), moving clusters in, ii, 343

Diphtheria, x, 296-8;

antitoxin of, 197, 212, 213-14, 218, 296-8;

immunity to, 207, 298;

named by Bretonneau, 110;

toxin of, 196, 197

Direct Current Generators, iv, 307-8, vi, 159, 175-94, 344;

commutators on, vii, 364-5;

employment, vi, 215;

voltages, 159

Direct Current Motors, vi, 217-39;

in traction, vii, 182-3, 198-200;

on farms, 224;

speed flexibility, vi, 224-6, 229, 230, 232, 240-1

Direct Currents, vi, 152, 153-4, vii, 365;

ammeters for, vii, 166-72;

circuit-breakers for, 37, 39, 40;

conversion from alternating, vi, 330-48;

generation (See Direct Current Generators);

inductance in, 166;

lighting and magnetic effects, 155, 156-7;

open-circuited by condensers, 170, 304;

power consumed by, 165;

transformers unusable, 309;

transmission by, 160, 161, 195, 332;

uses, 152, 332;

used in electric furnaces, vii, 305-6;

used in electrochemistry, vi, 163;

used in electrotherapy, vii, 244;

used in smoke precipitation, vi, 164;

used in traction, 161-2, vii, 182, 186, 195;

value of current flow, vi, 164-5 (see Ohm's Law);

voltages, vii, 164;

voltages, production of high, 349-50;

voltmeters for, 154-65;

wattmeters for, 172, 173, 175

Direct Lighting, xi, 277, 373

Direction, perception of, ix, 117-18, 120, xi, 165, 167-71

Directional Wireless, i, 291, 302

Dirigible Balloons, iv, 107-8, v, 226-30, 382;

in forest service, i, 49

Disaccharides, viii, 224, 226-7, 375;

enzyme of, 357

Discomfort, atmospheric, i, 318, 320, 322;

senses of, in infants, ix, 351

Discordant Coasts, xiv, 249

Discouragement, conquering of, xi, 337-40

(see also Dejection, Despondency)

Discoveries, accidental, xv, 212-13, 232, 241-2;

great, usual way of, x, 40;

priority in scientific, 122

Disease Germs, x, 193-226, xiii, 71;

body resistance to, ix, 177-9, 185-7, x, 197-8, 203-12, xi, 34;

campaign against, x, 285-315;

discovery of, x, 194, 381, xvi, 143;

identification of, x, 150, 215-17;

in air, danger from, i, 325-6;

in sewage, viii, 326, 328;

in water supplies, 41, 318, 319;

man's struggle with, xv, 25-6;

"portals of entry," x, 198, 201-2. (See also Infectious Diseases)

Diseases, anciently ascribed to spirits, x, 12;

atmospheric electricity and, i, 330;

"atom" theory of, x, 26;

Brunonian theory of, 89;

causes and factors other than infection, 227-81, 283;

causes of infectious, 193-226;

causes of, historical conceptions, 380;

climatic treatment, i, 331, x, 383;

diagnosis, (see Diagnosis);

electric treatment (see Electro-therapeutics);

habit in, xi, 248;

Hoffmann's nervous fluid theory, x, 85-6;

Humoral Doctrine of, 21;

hypnotic treatment, xi, 319;

infectious (see Infectious Diseases);

James on, x, 244;

lesion differentiated from, 98;

living causes, 193-226;

Locke on curing of, 75;

manifestations of, in organs, 318-65;

mechanical theory of, 23, 70, 71;

mental, 354-65;

mental factors in, 242-4;

metabolism, effects of, ix, 179, 302-4;

nature in cure of, x, 21, 73, 75-6, 84-5, 367;

occupational, 244-6;

Paracelsus on causes of, 48-9;

pneumatic theory, 26-7, 29;

prevention of, 282-317, xv, 49;

Pythagorean theory of, x, 18;

racial susceptibility to, xv, 47-52;

recognition of, x, 366-76;

savage conceptions and treatment, xv, 352-3, 359;

solidistic theory, x, 25-6;

specific, 196;

sthenic and asthenic, 89;

spread by tainted water, xiv, 140;

suppressed emotions and, xi, 140, 141;

Sydenham on meaning of, x, 73;

Sylvius's chemical theory of, 69;

thirst unimpaired in, ix, 89;

treatment of, x, 379-84

(see also Therapy);

tropical, xiv, 356-7, xv, 49-50;

Van Helmont's conception of, x, 68;

(see also Disease Germs)

Disgust, in various sentiments, xi, 146, 148

Disinfectants, viii, 332-3;

chlorine, 86, 274, 333;

formaldehyde, 219, 333;

hydrogen peroxide, viii, 41;

mercuric, 170, 333;

ozone, vii, 354;

sulphur dioxide, viii, 78, 333

Dismal Swamp, coal-forming conditions in, iii, 199

Displacement Currents, vi, 302, 305

Display Lighting, vi, 280, vii, 339-43;

colors in, iv, 51;

psychology of, xi, 344, 345, 346

Dispositions, sour and sunny, xi, 55

Dissection of human bodies, x, 30, 41-2, 45, 81

Dissociation, chemical, viii, 120, 121, 122, 375

Dissociation of Ideas, xi, 206, 209;

in mental troubles, x, 355, 360-1, 365

Distance, method of measuring, ii, 197-8;

perception of, ix, 118-19, 120, xi, 165-9, 173-89;

units of, iv, 283

Distance Senses, ix, 86, 96-121;

choice in relation to, 121, 140;

connections with brain, 142

Distillation, alcoholic, viii, 249-50;

apparatus, 213 (fig.);

fractional, i, 32, iv, 168

Distillation of coal, vii, 252-3

Distractions, fatigue from, xi, 277

Distress Signals, vii, 284

Ditch Grass, fertilization, xiii, 151-2

Ditching Machines, v, 216, 253, 254-5

Divers, compression and decompression, v, 120-1;

pressure on, i, 329

Diversion, need of, in brain work, ix, 138

Diving Bells, v, 115-16, 121

Divining Rods, iii, 123-4

Division of Labor, first form of, xv, 279;

in plants, xiii, 61-2

Divorce, xv, 290-1

Dizziness, from over-ventilation of lungs, ix, 266-7;

sensation of, xi, 64

"Doctor" Winds, i, 131, 371

Dodder, plant, xiii, 100, 101 (fig.)

Dodo, xii, 265

Dog Family, xii, 338-46

Dogfish, xii, 143, 146;

eggs of, 140;

name changed, i, 224

Dogs, xii, 344-6;

baboons and, 380;

canine teeth of, 333;

cat's hatred for, origin of, 355;

domestication of, xii, 345-6, xv, 197, 198;

embryological resemblances, 54;

employment in hunting, 223;

expression of emotions by, 64;

heat-loss regulation by, ix, 307-8;

hyenas and, xii, 351;

imitation in, xv, 66;

language methods of, 141;

mode of attack, xii, 354;

reasoning power in, xv, 68;

sense of smell in, ix, 97, 117;

wild, xii, 344-5;

zoölogical interest, xvi, 16

Dogwood, xiii, 271;

flowering, 45;

index plant, i, 255

Doldrums, i, 127, 129, 136, 371, xiv, 348, 349

Dollond, telescopes, ii, 100, 103, xvi, 125

Dolomite, viii, 149;

in refractories, vii, 307

Dolphins, xii, 297

Domestic Animals, development of, xii, 345-6, xv, 197-8

Dominants, in crosses, ix, 334, 335, x, 231, 233

Donati's Comet, ii, 275, 277, 280-1

Donkeys, xii, 308

Door-checks, pneumatic, v, 134

Doppler's Principle, ii, 119, iv, 209-10;

astronomical applications, ii, 123, 129, 133, 363

Dormice, xii, 291

Double Decomposition, viii, 104-5, 375

Double Images, xi, 175-81

Double Stars, ii, 122-4, 334-5;

colors, 296;

connections, 340;

proportion of, 320;

telescopes required for, 97-8;

theory of origin, 377

(see also Binary Stars)

Doubt, reasoning and, xi, 239-40;

retardization of impulses in, 20

Douglas Fir, forests, xiii, 340, xiv, 374

Dover, England, breakwater, xiv, 301

Doves, mating of, xv, 276;

plumage of neck, xii, 245

(see also pigeons)

Down, character of, xii, 244;

warmth of, x, 309

Downs of England, dew ponds, i, 352-3

Dowry System, xv, 285

Dragon Flies, xii, 105-6;

ancient, iii, 279, xiii, 308;

eyes of, xii, 102

Dragon Tree, xiii, 183-4

Drainage Systems, continental, xiv, 189-90;

development stages, iii, 33-4, xiv, 48, 49, 155;

earthquake effects, 335;

Ice Age changes, iii, 243-5, xiv, 60-1, 170-1;

joints and, 131

Drake, Daniel, x, 116

Drama, origin and development of, xv, 303-10, 322, 325;

sentiment in, xi, 151

Draper, Dr. Henry, astronomical work, ii, 17, 114, 116, 126, 130, 134,

135, 307, 358;

reflectors of, 103, 106

Draper Catalogue of Star Spectra, ii, 116-18, 146, 307, 309, 310

Dravidians, of India, xvi, 53

Drawing, development of art of, xv, 296, 298-9

Drawing Rolls, Arkwright's, v, 273-4, 376

Dreams, xi, 292-302;

images of, 221;

primitive conception of, xv, 328-9, 358;

psychoanalysis of, x, 364-5

Dredges, modern, v, 255-9, 381;

walking-machine, 216

Dried Foods, viii, 371;

antiscurvy vitamines in, x, 262, 266

Drift, Glacial, iii, 378 (see Glacial Debris)

Drills, ancient Egyptian, xvi, 67;

core, v, 263;

diamond, 263, 264, 380;

metal-cutting by, 47;

multiple, 53 (see Multiple Drills);

oil, v, 265-7;

pneumatic, i, 27, iv, 129, v, 129-30, 261-2, 263, 380, 381;

rock, 129, 261-2;

sonic-wave, 108;

spiral chisels, 46

Dropsy, polyuria in disappearance of, x, 344;

Van Helmont's idea of, 68

Droughts, i, 79, 371;

financial panics and, 263;

records of, in tree rings, xiii, 25;

springs and wells in, xiv, 136, 138

Drowned Valleys, iii, 37, 378, xiv, 40, 164, 255-6;

as harbors, 268

Drugs, blood riddance of, ix, 274;

coal tar, viii, 253;

in mother's blood, effects, ix, 343-4;

plant sources, xiii, 249-55;

pure food law on, viii, 370;

taste deadening by, xi, 72;

use of, in medicine, x, 21-2, 22-3, 30, 44, 45, 75-6, 77-8, 380-1,

xvi, 109, 186-7

Drumlins, iii, 69, xiv, 60

Drums, xv, 316;

African, 313 (fig.)

Drupes, xiii, 54, 194

Dry Cells, iv, 297-8, vi, 59, 126, 127, 138, 143-4

Dry Docks, floating of ships in, v, 95

Dry Fogs, i, 96, 371;

of 1783, 57, 58-9

Dry Fruits, xiii, 54, 55-6, 57

Drying Machines, iv, 73

Dry Steam, v, 140

Duckbills, xii 272, 273

Ducks, xii, 257-8;

darkness effects on, x, 253;

primitive methods of hunting, xv, 222

Duckweed, xiii, 31

Ductless Glands, x, 346-53;

secretions used in therapy, 382

Dufrausne, x, 181

Duluth, Lake, iii, 149

Dunes, i, 53, iii, 71, 74

Duplex Telegraphy, vii, 112, 114-17, 376

Dupuytren, Guillaume, x, 130

Duralumin, v, 228

Duryea, Charles E., v, 213

Dust, atmospheric, i, 52-65;

atmospheric, elimination methods, ix, 269;

body handling of, 223-4;

deep sea deposits, iii, 54-5;

effects on light, i, 165, 183;

electric precipitation, vii, 216, 301-2, 347;

in cloud formation, i, 91;

in fog formation, viii, 304;

in stratosphere, i, 20, 144;

meteoric (see Meteoric Dust);

methods of measuring, i, 61-3;

physiological effects, i, 325;

volcanic (see Volcanic Dust);

wind-carrying of, i, 52-5, iii, 71, 73, 75, xiii, 344

Dust Count, Chicago standard, viii, 332

Dust-counter, i, 62, 371

Dust Whirlwinds, i, 60

Dusty Trades, i, 325

Dutch Language, relations of, xv, 160, 162

Dutchman's-pipe Vine, xiii, 131-3

Dyes, Dyeing, ancient Egyptian, xvi, 72-3, 74;

antiquity of use, xiii, 210;

chemistry of, viii, 258-60, xvi, 163;

coal tar, viii, 253-4;

importance of industry, 253-4;

purple, sources of, xii, 68, 72

Dynamic Electricity, vii, 367

Dynamic Heating and Cooling, i, 90

Dynamic Meteorology, i, 123, 371

Dynamite, viii, 261;

blasting with, v, 100;

invention, 380

Dynamo-Electric Machines, defined, vii, 367

Dynamometer, iv, 102, vii, 367

Dynamos, iv, 306-8, vi, 49-56;

discovery of principle, 22, 50;

function, 72;

Gramme's, 26;

interchangeability with motors, discovery of, iv, 54;

invention and development, xvi, 189;

parts, vii, 367;

pole pieces, 374;

separate and self-excited, vi, 186-7;

source of energy, 129;

submarine, double uses, v, 199;

voltage, on what dependent, vi, 131

(see also Generators)

Dynamotors, vii, 136-7

Dyne, unit of force, iv, 69-70

Dyrenforth, Gen. Robert, i, 338

Dysentery, amoebic, x, 195, 199;

from water pollution, viii, 318;

in tropics, x, 251, xv, 50;

overheating and, x, 307

Dyspepsia, from tight lacing, x, 309;

mental effects, xi, 369-70

Dysprosium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Eads, Captain, Mississippi River jetties, xiv, 270

Eagles, xii, 260, 261;

bald-headed, unions among, xv, 277

Earache, in children, ix, 104

Ear-mindedness, xi, 222

Ears, ix, 100-3, xi, 98-102;

basilar membrane of, iv, 203;

cartilage in, ix, 57;

direction perception by, 117, xi, 167-9;

disorders and care of, ix, 103-4;

equal size of, 169-70;

equilibrium organs in, 89-90;

hearing by, iv, 203-4 (see Hearing);

infections of, ix, 61-2, x, 219;

limits of hearing power, iv, 204, ix, 99, 100;

liquids of inner, iv, 203;

movements of, in animals, ix, 82, 117;

mutilations of, by savages, xv, 259;

nerve connections, ix, 124, 142, 143 (fig.);

origin, xi, 109;

outer, in hearing, ix, 117;

reddening of, in cold, 311;

receptor organs, attunement, xi, 62;

ringing in, iv, 203;

sensitiveness of, 204, 211-12, 360;

static sense organs in, xi, 126;

temperature of, ix, 93

Ear Trumpet, iv, 239

Earth, agonic lines of, iv, 246;

ancient ideas, xvi, 58;

antiquity, iii, 21, 43, 201, 218, xiii, 306, 314, 322, xiv, 29, (see

also Geological Ages);

axis mutation, discovery, xvi, 124;

center of universe, ii, 9 (see Geocentric Theory);

centrifugal force of, iv, 75;

changeableness of features, iii, 9-12, xiv, 3-4, 15-16, 28-30;

changes in historic times, xv, 72;

chemistry of, viii, 190-203;

climate in past ages (see Climate);

comets in relation to, ii, 279-80;

crust (see Crust of Earth);

density and specific gravity, iv, 98, 164, xiv, 11;

diameter, ii, 64, 192, iii, 51;

diameters, equatorial and polar, iv, 101, xiv, 9;

electrification, i, 144, 145-6, iv, 269, 270, vii, 207, 209-10, 212-13;

energy sources and losses, ix, 25-6;

geological history, iii, 164-248, xv, 70-1, 72-6;

gravity of, iv, 98-9, 101;

heat from sun, amount of, 194;

heat radiation and protection, 183-4;

Hindu conception, ii, 36;

interior, heat and condition, iii, 107-8, 120-1, 160, 162, iv, 164,

xiv, 11-17, 312;

internal heat utilized, v, 178-81, ix, 25, xiv, 15;

internal waters, 151;

land and water distribution, 20-7;

life on, antiquity of, xv, 71;

life on, beginnings, xiii, 298-304;

life on, conditions necessary, ii, 242-5;

life on, origin of, xii, 9-13;

magnetic axis, iv, 250;

magnetic field and lines of, 252-253;

magnetic poles, 246, vi, 29-30;

magnetism, ii, 178, 186, iv, 248-50, vi, 12, 29, 39-40;

magnetism and internal iron, xiv, 11;

magnetism in relation to aurora, i, 159-61;

man's machining of, v, 251-67;

mass of, iv, 98;

motions (see Revolution, Rotation);

origin, ancient ideas, ii, 366-7, xvi, 77, 78;

origin, modern theories, ii, 373, iii, 158-63;

rigidity, 107-8, xiv, 17;

sciences of, xvi, 36;

shadow in space, ii, 206;

shape, 59, 69, 71, iv, 101, xiv, 9;

shape, ancient ideas, ii, 10, 28, 30, 34-5;

shrinking of, iii, 83-4, 108, 160, 162;

size, ii, 162, 163;

surface features, xiv, 9-11;

temperature layers, 13-15;

temperature ranges and control, ii, 243-4;

temperature regulation by atmosphere, iv, 183-4;

water circulation and supply, xiv, 134-5, 151;

waters, past and future, ii, 244;

waters within, iii, 109-10, 113-29;

weight, ii, 68-9, 76, iv, 98, 164;

wind and pressure belts, i, 128-9

Earth-Air-currents, i, 145, 371

Earth Movements, xiv, 32, 33-9;

importance to human life, 341

Earthquakes, iii, 92-8, xiv, 330-43;

faulting in, 39, 115, 128;

lakes formed by, 203;

submarine effects, 284;

water table affected by, 136

Earthquake Waves, transmission of, xiv, 17, 332-3

Earthworms, xii, 51-3;

power of distinguishing light, ix, 105

Earwigs, xii, 107

East Africa, ancient dinosaurs of, xii, 195;

clan ceremonies in, xv, 363;

development of, 136;

glaciers in, xiv, 54;

Great Rift Valley, 118-20, 121;

lava fields and volcanoes, 103, 317

East Indies, animals of, xii, 145, 288, 352, 353, 359, 362, 370;

beriberi in, x, 257;

chocolate growing, xiii, 234;

land and sea breezes, i, 131;

nautilus of, xii, 75;

nutmeg production, xiii, 261-2;

Portuguese and Dutch in, xiv, 310;

rattan palm of, 368;

smallpox inoculation in, x, 207;

spices from, xiii, 259;

wild arum of, 153

East River, pipe-thawing under, vii, 338-9

Eastport, Maine, tide at, xiv, 293

Eating, effect of excitement during, xi, 374-5;

kinaesthetic sensations in, 127;

metabolism increased by, x, 271;

obesity and, 273

Eccentric, of steam engine, v, 40-1

Echidnas, xii, 272-3

Echinoderms, iii, 259, 268-70, xii, 48-50

Echoes, iv, 237-9;

aerial, i, 190, 193

Eclipses, ancient studies of, ii, 9, 32, 37;

annular or ring, 214;

elements of, 216;

of Jupiter's moons, 263;

of moon, 206-8;

of sun, 209-18

(see also Solar Eclipses)

Ecliptic, ii, 162, 350;

plane of, 70, 163;

poles of, 92;

trepidation of, 38

Ecology, xiii, 354-7

Economic Botany, xiii, 208-66

Economic Geology, iii, 342-76, xvi, 172-4

Ectoderm, xii, 26

Ecuador, glaciers in, xiv, 54;

yellow fever in, x, 160, 172-3

Eddies, wind, i, 292, 294, 371

Eddington, astronomer, ii, 17, 330, 341, 342, 347, 348-9, 354, 356, 382;

quoted, 151, 320, 344, 384;

"Stellar Movements," 319

Eddy Currents, vi, 192, vii, 365-6;

in various machines, vi, 213, 225, 316

Edinburgh University, medical school, xvi, 179

Edison, carbon lamp, v, 381;

carbon lamp filaments, xvi, 189;

carbon microphone, v, 381;

early dynamos, xvi, 188;

electrical work, vi, 26;

father of electric lighting, vi, 265;

first incandescent lamp, xvi, 188;

kinetoscope, v, 330;

phonograph, 328, 381;

quadruplex telegraph system, vii, 112;

storage battery, vi, 149-51;

vacuum tube discovery, vii, 276;

Edison Closed Circuit Cell, vi, 137

Edison Electric Company, load factors, vi, 381-2;

storage battery reserves, 382-3;

tied with Interborough System (N. Y.), 384

Edison-Lelande Cell, vi, 139-40

Edison Storage Battery, vi, 130, 149-51

Education, association principle in, xi, 200-1, 203, 204;

botanical, xvi, 22;

environment in, xi, 249;

grasping reflex, importance, 43;

hygienic, x, 282-5;

imitation in, xv, 66-7;

importance of choices in, xi, 266-7;

language and, xv, 145-6;

modern, a summary of past, 145-6, 164;

modern, beginnings, xvi, 111;

necessity of, ix, 344, 352;

progress in relation to, xv, 30-1, xvi, 47;

reaction speeds, xi, 158, 159;

sensation as, 68;

Spencer on, x, 282, 284;

waste of time in spelling, xv, 177;

(see also Learning Processes)

Eelgrass, fertilization, xiii, 150-1

Eels, xii, 162-3;

vinegar and paste, 45

Effector Neurones, xi, 21, 22, 26;

in embryo, 34

Efficiency, human, viii, 367, ix, 296, 306;

climatic effects, x, 238-9, xiv, 357, xi, 369-82;

temperature effects, i, 323-4

Efficiency, industrial, xi, 360, 362, 363

Efficiency of Machines, iv, 192, vi, 214, vii, 367;

electric lamps, vi, 268;

generators, 357, 379;

heat engines, highest attainable, iv, 192;

motors, vi, 228;

power plants, 380-3;

transformers, 317-18;

various kinds of engines, v, 155, 161, 164, 170, 172

Egg Cells, production and development of, ix, 332-3, 335, 339, 343-4

Eggs, albuminuria from eating of, x, 345;

amino acids in, 278;

boiling of, viii, 368;

boiling of, on mountains, iv, 170;

calories in, ix, 299;

composition and use, viii, 364;

poisoning from, x, 212;

vitamines in, viii, 369, ix, 33, x, 260, 261;

white of, composition, ix, 176;

white of, digestion of, 233

Egrets, xii, 244, 255

Egypt, antiquity of civilization in, xiv, 196, xv, 84;

bats of, xii, 371;

buffaloes in, 329;

cats of, 355;

geographical changes in, xiv, 33;

lions of, xii, 359;

locust plagues, 109;

Nile inundation, xiv, 70-1;

Nile valley fertility, 53, 71, 219;

Pyramids (see Pyramids);

rock weathering in, xiii, 23, xiv, 78-9;

snowfall in Lower, i, 210;

storks of, xii, 255;

ziczac of, 263

Egypt (Ancient), agriculture, xiii, 210;

astrology and astronomy, ii, 21, 23-6, xv, 269-70, xvi, 69, 70, 71;

baboons in, xii, 380-1;

brick-making in, xv, 267 (fig.);

calendar, xvi, 70;

civilization conditions, xv, 123, 127;

crocodile in, xii, 199;

dogs of, 346;

donkeys in, 308;

duck-hunting in, xv, 222;

hairdressing in, 255 (fig.);

history and civilization, xvi, 53, 65-75;

humped cattle of, xii, 330;

hunting dog of, 345;

irrigation methods, iv, 27 (fig.), v, 18-19, 178, xv, 240;

machines, v, 42;

medical science, x, 11, 12, 31, xvi, 82;

monuments and temples, ii, 24-6, 165;

musical instruments, xv, 314, 317, 318, 319;

papyrus, v, 289-90;

peoples, xvi, 64-5;

plague of blood, i, 358;

poppy cultivation, xiii, 253;

pottery-making in, xv, 249-50, 251 (fig.);

sacred ibis of, xii, 255-6;

sacred ichneumons of, 352;

sailing vessels, v, 182;

sciences, xvi, 54-75, 77, 96;

scribes of, xv, 177 (fig.);

slavery in, 378-9;

spinning and weaving in, 243, 244, 245, 246 (figs.);

stone-cutting in, 271 (fig.);

stone-moving in, 270-1;

sun-worship, ii, 20, 23, 24, 25-6;

tops, v, 339;

water clocks, 58-62;

weapons of, xv, 211 (fig.);

wheat in, xiii, 210;

wheel in, v, 18-19

Egyptian Art, xv, 300-2;

no perspective in, xi, 181

Egyptian Comet, ii, 134

Egyptians, ancient and modern, xvi, 65;

ideas of cosmos, 77;

ideas of insanity, x, 356;

in Mediterranean group, xvi, 49;

not seamen, xiv, 265, 306-7;

scarabs of, xii, 123

Ehrlich, Paul, "atoxyl" of, x, 169;

chemotherapy founded by, 381;

immunity theory, 209, 211-12

Eiffel Tower, hail rods, i, 342, 344;

horizontal rainbows seen from, 177

Einstein Theory, ii, 79-82, xvi, 196-8;

æther constitution and, vii, 368;

anticipations of, xvi, 85;

Newtonian system and, iv, 18

Elands, xii, 327

Elasmosaurus, xii, 202

Elastic Cords, vibrations, iv, 216

Elasticity, iv, 35-6, 156-9;

molecular, perfect, viii, 24;

temperature effects on, iv, 198;

vibration dependent on, 198, 213, 215, ix, 98, 100-1

Elation, in various sentiments, xi, 140, 150

Electrical Capacity, iv, 267-8

Electrical Conductors (see Conductors)

Electrical Machinery, remote and automatic control, vi, 99-101;

ratings, 192-4, 212, 317

Electrical Protective Devices, vii, 32-50

Electrical Terms, vii, 361-76

Electrical Units, iv, 284-5

Electric Arcs, direct currents best, vi, 332;

extinguishing of, 102;

Faraday's experiments, xvi, 189;

heat of, iv, 312, vi, 348;

heat and light, 280;

on alternating circuits, vii, 208-9;

used in nitrogen production, 323-4 (see Arc Process)

Electric Batteries (cells), iv, 271-3, 295-300, vi, 58-62, 126-51, vii,

363;

chemical action, viii, 167-9;

defined, iv, 381, 382;

depolarization, vii, 366;

direct currents, vi, 154;

direction of currents, 59;

function, 72;

invented by Volta, 18-19;

local action, vii, 361;

polarization of, iv, 296, 298, 383;

primary and secondary defined, iv, 383;

used in electrotherapy, vii, 241-4

(see also various kinds of batteries and cells)

Electric Bell, iv, 290-2, vi, 99, 127, 138, 144, 306

Electric Breeze, vii, 238-9

Electric Cars, circuit-breakers in, vi, 101-2;

construction, types, and operation, vii, 182-6;

former and present feeling about, 75-6;

growth and improvement, 180;

movement on hills, vi, 232-3 (see Electric Traction)

Electric Clocks, v, 74

Electric Currents, vi, 67-85;

alternating and direct, 152-3 (see Alternating, Direct Currents);

attracting and repulsion of, 20-1;

cause of, iv, 265, 271, 273, vi, 46, 72;

detection, 91;

direction, 54-7, 59, 124;

distribution (see Power Transmission);

effects on human body, vii, 246-9;

electron theory, vi, 123, 152, vii, 366;

flow, vi, 46, 47, 67-9;

follow least resistance, 96;

Galvanic Faradic, and Franklinic, vii, 242, 243, 245;

heat and light production by, iv, 310-12, vii, 337-8;

induced, iv, 303-8, vi, 22 (see Induced Voltages);

intensity, vii, 370;

leakage, 371;

magnetic effects of, iv, 273-9, 286-7, vi, 20-1, 88-91;

measured by ammeters (see Ammeters);

overloading lines, vi, 9, 72;

production, 46, 72

(see also Dynamos, Electric Batteries, Thermal Couples);

protection against overloading, vii, 34-50;

selenium control valve, v, 332;

surges, vii, 16-18;

units and measurements, iv, 277-85, vi, 69-76, 82, 84-5;

values, effective and maximum, 346-7;

value in oscillating circuits, vii, 289-90;

velocity, Watson's study, xvi, 123;

wire capacity table, vii, 58

Electric Discharges, iv, 264-5, 267, 269, vii, 366;

atmospheric, i, 157, 158-62;

fog dispersal by, 94;

in vacuums, iv, 317-18;

nitrogen fixation by, viii, 73, 74, 346;

rain-making by, i, 340;

through gases, vii, 216, 301-2

Electric Eel, vi, 16, 64, xii, 160-1

Electric Energy, vii, 368;

conversion into heat, 89, 303-5;

due to difference of potential, iv, 263, 264, 265;

equivalents, vii, 382;

transmission (see Power Transmission);

unit of, vi, 82;

unit (joule), iv, 284, 294, 310, 312, vii, 370

Electric Fans, vii, 76-7, ix, 317

Electric Fishes, catfishes, xii, 161;

electric eel, 160-1;

torpedo fish, 149-50

Electric Furnace, iv, 312, vii, 302-12;

history and uses, xvi, 189-91;

invented by Acheson, vii, 301;

operation and products, viii, 283-4

Electric Hammer, vi, 94

Electricity, iv, 256-321 vols. vi, vii;

advantages in home and industry, vii, 51-2;

animal (see Animal Electricity);

atmospheric, i, 141-63, vii, 201-19, 362;

attraction and repulsion law, iv, 256-8, 261, vi, 18, 122;

basis of matter, iv, 23, vi, 107-8, 113, 118 (see Electron Theory);

battleship applications, vii, 325-35;

chemistry and, viii, 164 (see Electrochemistry);

commercial units, iv, 312;

conductors and nonconductors, 258-9, vi, 294-5 (see Conductors,

Nonconductors);

daily applications, xvi, 19, 20, 26-7, 30;

defined, vii, 367;

disadvantages in mines, v, 129;

farm uses, vii, 220-34;

flow, vi, 46, 67, 292-3;

flow, direction of, iv, 265, vi, 56-7;

frictional (see Frictional Electricity);

history of development, iv, 52-5, vi, 9-26, xvi, 121-3, 188-92;

home applications, vii, 73-90;

identity of kinds, vi, 23;

importance of understanding,

9-10, 64-6;

late discovery and use, vii, 235;

lightning and, vi, 10-11, 13-16;

magnetism and, iv, 257, 276, vi, 12, 19-20, 21, 27-8, 86;

"messenger" of physics, iv, 50;

miscellaneous applications, vii, 336-59;

name, origin of, iv, 256, vi, 12;

not made, but moved, 46, 49, 72, 128;

origin, latest views of, 105-25;

physical effects of, x, 250, 254, xi, 117;

popular applications of, iv, 10;

positive and negative, i, 141, 142, iv, 258, 265, vi, 287;

precise measurements, vii, 152;

production of (see Electric Batteries, Generators, Power Plants);

production by wind power, i, 38, v, 173;

quantity unit, iv, 261, 277, 280, vii, 365, 374;

science of power, xvi, 36-7;

single-fluid theory, vi, 11, 288-93;

static (see Static E.);

transmission (see Power Transmission);

uses and power, vi, 10;

use in medicine (see Electro-therapeutics);

wave lengths and frequency, vii, 260;

wide familiarity with, 152-3;

widespread interest in, vi, 330-1 (see further Electric Currents,

Electric Power, Electromotive Force, etc)

Electric Lamps, iv, 310, vi, 265-8;

candlepower of, iv, 352, xvi, 189;

detonation on breaking, vii, 211;

Edison's inventions, xvi, 188, 189;

energy requirements, iv, 311;

light and heat, vi, 268;

neon and argon fillers, i, 33;

number used, vii, 51;

short-circuiting by burning out, 35

Electric Lighting, vi, 264-83;

advances in applications of, iv, 50-1, vi;

direct and alternating current effects, 155-6;

due to glowing of a solid, viii, 60;

farm uses, vii, 231, 232, 233;

fire hazard reduced by, vii, 51;

history, xvi, 122-3, 188, 189;

homes and interiors, vi, 275-8, vii, 68-72, 75;

leading inventors, vi, 26, 265;

meter units, iv, 312;

outdoor, vi, 278-80, 283, vii, 339-4;

small fraction of power used in, vi, 381;

wide use and advantages, vii, 51, 52

Electric Locomotives, v, 212, vi, 161, 162, vii, 182;

induction motors in, vi, 249;

motors and currents, vii, 195-6, 200;

power and efficiency, 193-4;

regenerative brakes, 200

Electric Meters, vii, 151-79;

for alternating currents, vi, 346-7;

screening of, 32;

units used in, iv, 312, vi, 82-3

Electric Power, costs, on what dependent, vi, 380-2;

costs for farm work, vii, 224-6;

extra charges for peak hours, vi, 301, vii, 177-8;

measured in watts, iv, 310, 312, vi, 84-5;

transmission (see Power Transmission);

water power and, viii, 283

Electric Pumps, vii, 86-7;

remote control, vi, 99-100

Electric Ranges, vii, 88-9;

special rates for, 174

Electric Traction, vii, 180-200;

block signals, 355;

converters used, vi, 342;

current used, 161-3;

motors used, 231, 241

(see also Electrification of Railroads)

Electric Waves, discovery of, iv, 55, 313

(see also Electromagnetic Waves)

Electric Wiring (see Wires, Wiring)

Electrification, iv, 256-62, vi, 11, 12, 13, 286;

degree of, 17;

methods of, iv, 265-7;

of atmosphere, vii, 207, 212-13, 216-17;

of earth and air, i, 144-6, 150

(see also Charged Bodies)

Electrification of Railroads, v, 212, vi, 162, 249, vii, 181-2, 193-6;

block signal system, vii, 359;

brake system, 200;

smoke relief by, i, 64;

trolley and third rail systems, vii, 197-8

(see also Railroad Terminals)

Electrochemical Analysis, viii, 294-5

Electrochemistry, vii, 299-324, viii, 164-9, 283-4, 312;

organic, 266;

use of direct current in, vi, 163;

water power and, viii, 267

Electrodes, iv, 297, 317, 382, vi, 60, 129, 130-5, 367;

graphite, vii, 308, 309

Electrolysis defined, iv, 382, vii, 367, viii, 375;

industrial applications, vii, 312-24, viii, 164-7, 271, 272, 284;

ionic hypothesis of, viii, 123-5;

of organic compounds, 266;

of water, 30-1

Electrolytes, iv, 382, vi, 23, 58, viii, 376;

acids, bases, and salts called, 125;

action of currents in, vi, 131-5, vii, 247;

don'ts about, vi, 149;

double-fluid, 137;

in primary and secondary cells, 130

Electrolytic Cells, vii, 313, 367

Electrolytic Corrosion, vi, 65-6, vii, 189;

alternating currents and, 305

Electrolytic Dissociation, viii, 123-4, xvi, 164-5

Electromagnetic Units, iv, 278-82

Electromagnetic Waves, form and lengths, vii, 371;

length and frequency, 259, 260;

transmitted by æther, vi, 119, 269

(see also Radio Waves)

Electromagnetism, Electromagnets, iv, 286-94, vi, 30, 31, 86-104, vii,

367, 372;

Einstein theory and, ii, 80-1

Electromotive Force, defined, iv, 271, 294, 382, vi, 46-9;

dangers of uncontrolled, 64-5;

generation, 49-66 (see Electric Batteries, Generators, Thermal

Couples);

induced and generated, vii, 370;

measured in volts, iv, 280-1, 284, vi, 53-4, 57;

phase relations, 167-9, 171-4, 242;

self-induction, vii, 375;

uses, vi, 56

(see also Voltage)

Electromotive Force Waves, vi, 198-200, 208

Electromotive Series, viii, 127-9, 376

Electrons, vi, 113-15, vii, 367;

beta rays, viii, 185, 186;

from sun in upper air, i, 144, 146;

in charged bodies, 142, 143;

in sun, ii, 177-8;

knowledge of, from radioactivity, viii, 307;

motions in light, heat and electricity, vii, 371;

nature, vi, 118, 120;

negative electricity, viii, 187-8;

original study, xvi, 193;

size and weight, i, 141-2, viii, 187;

speed in cathode rays, iv, 318

Electron Theory, iv, 321, vi, 26, 122-5, vii, 366, 367, 371, viii, 187-8;

compared with Franklin's theory, vi, 288, 292;

in various electrical actions, 133-4, 152, 153, 284, 288, 302, 338-9,

340;

Larmor's proposal, xvi, 193

Electroplating, vii, 314-19, 374, viii, 164-6, 284

Electro-Refining, vii, 319-21, viii, 166-7, 284

Electrostatic Fields, iv, 261-2, vii, 368;

intensity of, 370

Electrostatic Generators, vi, 298-301

Electrostatics, defined, iv, 259;

importance of, 271

(see also Charges, Charged Bodies)

Electro-Therapeutics, vii, 235-57, 368

Electrotyping, vii, 313-14

Elements, vi, 108-9, viii, 12, 16, 376, 383;

atomic numbers, 183, 309;

atomic weights (see Atomic Weights);

classification, metals and nonmetals, 17-19, 126, 175-7;

discoveries through Mendeléeff's tables, 180, 181, 182, xvi, 163;

Greek idea of primary, 81, 83;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 190-1, 192, 194;

in heavenly bodies, 302;

in meteorites, ii, 292;

in sea water, xiv, 295;

in stars, ii, 115-18;

in sun, 114, 128, 185, 211;

isotopic and isobaric, viii, 189;

made up of molecules, 26;

number, 16, 183, 309;

only things man cannot produce, vii, 310;

origin in silicates, viii, 193;

origin, remarks on, 84;

periodic classification, 177-83;

physical state and chemical properties, 297-8;

potentials against hydrogen, vii, 383;

properties dependent on atomic weights, xvi, 134;

Prout's hypothesis of hydrogen basis, viii, 177;

radicals or groups, 93;

radioactive, 184-9;

spectra of, ii, 113, viii, 302;

symbols, 91, 383;

tests of, 285-91;

transmutation of, 188-9, xvi, 14-15;

union types, viii, 20-1, 99-100;

valency, vii, 384, viii, 93, 122

Elephants, xii, 301-4;

breeding and domestication of, xv, 197;

breeding rate, 20;

evolution, iii, 300;

fearlessness, xi, 136;

formerly in Europe, xv, 76, 92;

strength of, 18;

trapping of, 225, 226 (fig.), 227;

trypanosome in, x, 168

Elevation (geological), denudation increased by, xiv, 39, 40;

effects on streams, 163, 164-70, 187-8;

instances of, 33-4;

of coasts, 253, 262;

of ocean floor, xiv, 286

(see also Level Changes, Rejuvenation)

Elevators, air cushioning, v, 134-5;

first passenger, 380;

hydraulic, 102-3;

motors used, vi, 231, 234;

power for fast and slow, 83, 85;

sense of giddiness in, xi, 126-7

Elk, xii, 317, 318

Elm Trees, xiii, 194, 271-2

Embroideries, machine-made, v, 285-7

Embryo, development in man and animals, xv, 54, 55;

development of human, ix, 343-4;

development of nervous system in, xi, 34-6;

flexed form of hand, 42-3;

gill slits and notochord in, xii, 128;

of mammals, 273;

of marsupials, 274;

past stages of race seen in, xv, 53-4;

semiaquatic conditions, xi, 36

Embryo, of plants, xiii, 60

Embryological Development, x, 228 (see Embryo)

Embryology, history, xvi, 107, 156

Emeralds, iii, 325;

oriental, 327

Emergencies, body responses in, ix, 166-7, 171-2, 209, 220, 221, 293

Emerson, metaphor of, i, 187;

on common mind, xi, 152;

on narrowness of men, 376

Emery, iii, 327-8

Emmet, Thomas, x, 122, xvi, 186

Emotional Glycosuria, xi, 138

Emotions, xi, 129-42;

associations

determined by, 205-6;

brain processes in, ix, 154;

classes of, 153-4;

combinations in sentiments, xi, 146-50;

expression of, in men and animals, xv, 63-5, 152;

fatigue and, xi, 274-6;

hypnotic suggestion of, 317-18;

in crowd psychology, 331-2;

not localized in body, 62;

pain and, 119, 120;

physiological effects of, ix, 163-7, 171-2, 200, 209, 240-1, 348, x,

339, 353;

primary varieties, xi, 55-6;

suppression of, 140-2

(see also Suppressions)

Empathy, xi, 172-3, 186;

in advertising, 346-7;

in salesmanship, 335

Empedocles, atomic theory, xvi, 87;

malaria prevention by, x, 154;

on matter, xvi, 83, 118

Empiric Doctrine (medicine), x, 24, 28

Emu, xii, 243, 249, xv, 194

Emulsions, colloidal state, viii, 314, 316, 356;

defined, ix, 289

Encke's Comet, ii, 280;

used to find Mercury's weight, 77

End Buds, of fishes, xii, 137

Endless Screw, v, 38, 37 (fig.)

Endocarditis, x, 195, 332

Endoderm, xii, 26

Endoskeleton, xii, 127

Endothelial Cells, x, 197, 210

Energy, conservation of, iv, 40-1 (see Conservation of Energy);

defined, 13-14, 37-9;

equation of, 78;

force contrasted with, 41;

forms and transformations, 81-8;

future sources of, v, 171-81;

heat equivalent (see Mechanical Equivalent of Heat);

kinetic and potential, iv, 79, 81-5, vii, 368;

matter and, iv, 13-14;

of plants and animals, viii, 334, 335, 336, 347, 349, 350

(see also

Human Energy);

physics as science of, iv, 12, 13-14, 50;

power differentiated from, 80;

radiant (see Radiant Energy);

sources in nature, viii, 267-8, ix, 25-6, xiv, 31-2;

sun as source of, v, 177, viii, 267, 334, 350, ix, 25-6, xiv, 32;

transference and transformation of, iv, 37-41, 81-88, vi, 128-9;

units of, iv, 79-80, ix, 295;

unit equivalents table, vii, 382;

universality of, iv, 13-14;

work and, 37-40, 78-88;

(see also Atomic E., Chemical E., Electrical E., Human E., Molecular

E., Power)

Engines, air and water cooled, v, 160-1;

Clausius's principle, xvi, 135;

heat, efficiency of, iv, 192;

reciprocating and rotary, v, 148;

two-cycle and four-cycle, 157-9;

(see also Gas Engines, Gasoline Engines, Internal Combustion Engines,

Steam Engines, etc.)

Engines of Destruction, v, 359-75

England, Alpine Invasion, xvi, 49;

beet cultivation in, xiii, 216;

"Blackthorn winter," i, 363;

chalk deposits, iii, 266;

climate of, xiv, 345;

coal supply, v, 172;

coast destruction, iii, 56, xiv, 47, 301;

coffee consumption, xiii, 232;

early criminal justice in, xv, 372;

first recorded eclipse, ii, 210;

former connections with Europe, xiv, 271-3, xv, 76;

grass snake of, xii, 217-18;

insular position and results, xiv, 279-81, xv, 137;

iron industry, v, 316;

jute manufacture, xii, 243;

lakes of, xiv, 200;

landscape gardening, xiii, 267, 268;

maritime supremacy, xiv, 262, 280-1, 307-8, 310;

oak-hazel copses, xiii, 369-70;

primitive inhabitants, xv, 83, 92-3;

rainfall and verdure, xiv, 352;

recent restrictions on power vehicles, v, 212-13;

smallpox inoculation in, x, 207;

sugar in, xiii, 215;

surgery made a profession, x, 105;

tea in, xiii, 228-9;

tobacco introduction, 256;

trees in, xiv, 375

English Alphabet, xv, 176

English Channel, first aeroplane flight, i, 43;

historical importance, xiv, 279-80, xv, 137;

impassable to quadrupeds, xiv, 273;

tidal power system, v, 175-6;

tides of, xiv, 294

English Language, changes in, xv, 156-7;

double meanings of words, 158-9;

foreign words in, 161;

imitative words in, 153-4;

origin of various words, 157, 161;

relationships, 160, 162;

spelling and pronunciation, 176-8

English People, characteristics, xiii, 172;

insularity of, xiv, 280

English Sparrow, increase in U. S., xv, 21

Entada Scandens, xiii, 347-8

Enterokinase, x, 326

Entropy, iv, 193, xvi, 135

Environment, adaptation to (see Adaptation to Environment);

change of, to relieve fatigue, x, 247;

changes of, new species from, xv, 24-5;

defined, x, 228;

geographical, influence on civilization, xiv, 30-1, xv, 31, 122-39;

habit and, xi, 249;

health and disease factor, x, 237-44, 249-55, 303;

heredity and, ix, 344, x, 228-30, xvi, 47;

instincts as response to, xi, 49-53;

man creature of, 57-8;

man's conquest of, xv, 25-6;

man's regulation to, x, 249-51;

man the product and molder, of, xi, 33;

mental effects of, x,

354;

mind as response to, xi, 12, 24, 58;

plant response to, xiii, 355-7;

selection of, xi, 257;

will and, 265

Envy, sentiment of, xi, 148

Enzymes, viii, 376, ix, 227, xiii, 83;

in digestive processes, viii, 103, 226, 228, 357, 358, ix, 227, 228,

229-30, 235, 242;

in infants, ix, 346;

in tea, xiii, 230;

in tobacco curing, 257

Eocene Period, animals of, xii, 306, 366;

birds of, xv, 71

Eolithic Period, xv, 103-5

Epic Poetry, development of, xv, 321

Epicurus, atom theory, x, 26

Epicycles, ii, 35-6

Epidemics, Sydenham on, x, 74;

tainted water and, xiv, 140

Epigenesis, xvi, 118

Epileptics, multiplication of, x, 235-6;

primitive ideas of, xv, 350, 353

Epiphytes, xiii, 185, 362-3, 366;

in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Epithelial Cells, x, 201, 202

Epsom Salts, viii, 149

Epyornis, eggs of, xii, 249

Equator, altitude of stratosphere at, i, 20;

bulging at, ii, 69, 71;

magnetic, xiv, 246;

of wind system, xiv, 347;

solar eclipses seen at, ii, 215;

upper air temperatures, i, 20;

weight of bodies at, ii, 69, iv, 75, 101;

winds at, i, 127, xiv, 351

Equatorial Belt, winds and weather of, xiv, 348, 349

Equilibrium of Chemical Reactions, viii, 103-5, 190-1

Equilibrium of Forces, v, 183-4;

science of, iv, 25

Equilibrium Sense, ix, 89-90, 156, x, 126, xi, 64, 126, 127;

in infants, ix, 350

Equinoxes, defined, ii, 70-1;

observed in Egypt, 25, 26, xv, 269-70;

precession of (see Precession of Equinoxes)

Eras, Geological, iii, 19-21, 378

Erasistratus, x, 23-4

Eratosthenes, ii, 10, 30

Erbium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Erg, energy unit, iv, 80;

table of equivalents, vii, 382

Ericsson, air engine, v, 380;

Monitor, 380;

solar engine, ii, 169;

steam fire engine, v, 378

Erie Canal, importance to New York, xiv, 267-8;

through Mohawk Valley, 194

Erie, Lake, salt in, viii, 139;

water constituents, 40;

water supplies from, v, 260-1

Ermines, xii, 349-50

Eros (asteroid), ii, 191;

distance, 132, 259

Erosion, iii, 28-9, 378;

agents and processes, xiv, 39-79

(see also Glaciers, Ocean Waves, Streams, Wind);

bad lands and canyons due to, iii, 139-40;

base level, 30, 377 (see Base Level);

by ground water, xiv, 141, xvi, 173;

cycles (see Cycles of Erosion);

earth movements and, xiv, 39, 40;

final effect of, 80;

illustration of recent, iii, 64 (Pl. 3);

in deserts, 72;

in Ice Age, 242;

of faulted areas, xiv, 127;

of folded areas, 94-6;

of mountains, iii, 135, 139, 140-1, 188, 190-1, xiv, 233-4;

present relief due to, iii, 32;

rate of, xiv, 41;

unequal operation of, 35

Erosion Surface (see Unconformity)

Errors, fatigue and, xi, 274;

of memory, 215-17;

in space perceptions, 183-90

(see also Mistakes)

Erysipelas, germ of, x, 195;

immunity to, 207;

puerperal fever and, 114

Eskers, iii, 70, 352 (Plate 20), xiv, 59-60

Eskimos, conditions of life, xv, 123-4;

customs concerning dead, 338;

ideas of future life, xv, 333, 335;

kayaks of, 264 (fig.);

language lacking in abstract words, 144;

leadership among, 363;

meat eating by, ix, 284, 309;

polar bear catching by, xv, 224-5;

reindeer uses, xii, 320;

weapons of, xv, 209 (fig.), 210-12

Esophagus, functions and connections, ix, 230, 231;

heartburn in, 232;

operations of, xi, 37-9

Esparto Grass, v, 292

Espy, James P., i, 215, 345

Essential Oils, viii, 251-2, 336, 349

Esters, viii, 221, 245, 248, 376

Estuaries, formation of, iii, 37, xiv, 255, 256

Eta Argus, ii, 324

Eternity, real meaning, xi, 196

Ethane, derivatives, viii, 210

Ether, composition and properties, viii, 216-18, 376;

density of, iv, 113;

explosibility, viii, 62;

refrigeration by, iv, 174;

use as anesthetic, discovery of, x, 123-5, xvi, 185

Ether of Space (see Æther)

Ether Structure, viii, 217, 224

Ethyl, defined, viii, 376;

derivatives, 210

Ethyl Acetate, viii, 221

Etna, Mount, xiv, 100, 225, 316-17;

flashing arcs, i, 194;

water from eruption, iii, 107

Etruscans, vase decorations of, xv, 251

Eucalyptus Tree, xiii, 358;

fertilization of, xii, 266-7;

used in draining swamps, xiv, 379

Euclid, ii, 29, xvi, 81, 89, 95

Eudoxus, ii, 31, 300

Eugenics, x, 235-6, xvi, 157, 158

Euler, scientific work of, ii, 15, xvi, 125

Euphrates River, union with Tigris, xiv, 185

Europe, aeroplane routes, i, 44-5;

after-summers, 362;

Alpine invasions, xvi, 49;

ancient animals, xii, 275, 310, 359;

animals (carnivora), 336, 340, 348, 349, 350, 355, 356;

animals, (herbivora), 307, 317, 318, 329, 330-1;

aristocracies of, xv, 377;

Asiatic invasions, xiv, 74-5, 362, xv, 138-9, xvi, 141;

beet sugar production, xiii, 216;

birds of, xii, 255, 261, 262, 263, 266, 268-9;

Black Death in, x, 163-4;

cave period in, xiv, 148-9;

civilization in northern, 359;

climate of, 346-7, 359;

coast, western, 249;

coffee introduction, xiii, 232;

continental slope, xiv, 287;

cretinism in, x, 350;

Cro-Magnons in, xv, 99, 102, xvi, 50;

dowry system in, xv, 285;

drainage systems, xiv, 190;

earthquake belt, 332;

forests, 375-6, 377-8, 380-1;

former connection with America, 290;

geological history, iii, 180, 198, 216, 235-6;

glacial topography, xiv, 3, 30, 43, 61-2, 200;

gunpowder introduction, xvi, 101;

hail prevention devices, i, 340-3;

Ice Age in, iii, 62, 236-7, 239, 240, xv, 74, 75, 76, 102;

languages of, 161, 162;

map discrepancies, xiv, 10;

mediæval astronomy in, ii, 39-41;

meteorological statistics, i, 203;

monkeys of, xii, 378;

moor fires, i, 56;

mussel-eating in, xii, 65;

Nordic invasion, xvi, 50;

nutmeg introduction, xiii, 261;

paper introduction, v, 290;

paper making, 292;

plains of, xiv, 217;

population increase, xv, 27;

potato in, xiii, 218;

primitive man types found in, xv, 88, 92-102;

rainfall distribution, xiv, 352;

rainfall stations, i, 79;

revival of learning (see Renaissance);

rice in, xiii, 214;

rodents of, xii, 287, 288;

snails of, 69, 70;

snakes of, 218, 220, 231;

snow removal in cities, i, 117;

sugar introduction, xiii, 215;

syphilis in, x, 60;

tea introduced, xiii, 228;

telegraph systems, vii, 108;

tobacco introduced, xiii, 256;

trees of, xiv, 363, 375-6;

vegetables and fruits originating in, xiii, 222-7;

volcanic belts, xiv, 316-17;

weather observations, i, 217-18;

windmills, 37

European Races, classification and history, xvi, 48-50

Europeans, comparative measurements of, xv, 57;

hair of, 38;

northern and southern, color of, 37

European Sleeping Sickness, x, 301-2

Europium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Eustachian Tube, ix, 101 (fig.), 102, xi, 101;

adenoid effects on, x, 341-2;

deafness from closing of, ix, 103-4;

discovery, xvi, 82

Eutheria, xii, 271, 273-4, 281

Evaporation, body heat regulation by, i, 317, 318, ix, 316, 317;

by trees, xiv, 377-8, 378-9, 379;

(see also Transpiration);

cooling by, iv, 174, viii, 69, ix, 316;

electricity, caused by, vii, 212;

ice made by, v, 349-50;

measurement of, i, 88-9;

of liquids, iv, 167;

of terrestrial waters, xiv, 135;

water table affected by, 136

Evaporimeter (see Aumometers)

Everglades, Florida, draining of, v, 255

Evergreen Trees, deciduous, xiv, 370, 371;

in landscape gardening, xiii, 269, 270, 271 (See also Conifers)

Evesham Experiments, vii, 352

Evil Spirits, savage belief in, xv, 234, 304-5, 336, 339-40, 348, 352