CHAPTER XVII

SCIENCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

It is obvious that we are now in a great period of transition.

Scientific discoveries came so quickly at the end of the last century

that a recasting and readjusting of scientific conceptions had to be

undertaken. This process was in progress when the World War began. The

world-wide disturbance led to temporary scientific infertility except

in such directions as served the purposes of war. But therein science

became allied more closely than ever before with certain branches of

industry, and the cooperation thus established has been recognized in

all civilized countries as of the utmost value to the future progress

of mankind.

The philosophic thought of each era generally develops in harmony

with social and intellectual conditions. The philosophical doctrines

of the leading writers may, therefore, be taken as representative

of the spirit of their age. When Darwin in the middle of the last

century published his doctrines of evolution, of the struggle for

existence and the influences of living conditions upon survival of

species, philosophy turned away from the utilitarianism and tolerance

of Hamilton, Hume, and Mill and the positivism of the French to

the synthetic evolutionism of Herbert Spencer. One of the basic

teachings of Spencer was the relativity of knowledge. The process of

thinking involves relation, difference, and likeness. This is merely

relationing. Therefore no thought can ever express more than relations.

The primary act of thought through which we discover likeness and

difference underlies all our knowledge.

A reaction against this new empiricism began in 1898, when William

James published his "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results."

This work popularized the philosophy of pragmatism which denies the

absoluteness or ultimateness of the traditional antithesis between

theory and practice and relies for its justification upon the fact

that everything which we think about, and do, must first be willed.

Reality consists in pure experience quite independent of thought.

Bergson developed this philosophy of practicalism further and taught

that knowledge of reality comes through intuition and that life is

merely intuitive knowledge. Intuition, is deeper than scientific reason

because it feels, and links us with, the eternal processes of nature.

Philosophic thought is now temporarily influenced by the revival of

an old principle known as the principle of relativity. The popular

name for this is the Einstein theory, because in 1905 Albert Einstein,

working on some theories developed by Lorentz and Fitzgerald, published

his first principle of relativity which suggested that the velocity of

light is constant, however the position of an observer may vary and

that space and time are variable. In 1917 Einstein enlarged this idea

in order to include all the laws of nature.

Space and time are treated as just mental concepts. They lack the

concreteness of matter, but they compose the framing of the universe

and give it form and continuity. Consequently we see so much of

them that we attribute reality to them. The theory of relativity

suggests that time is not continuous. There is no identity of instants

at different places. The present instant really does not extend

beyond this immediate point. At other points there are instants

older, younger, and contemporaneous with this instant. They are,

however, quite distinct from this one. In order for an instant to be

simultaneous it would be necessary that it should occur at the same

point.

An object or event gains its substance and form from activities of our

minds. Any meaning or significance that an object or event has is also

derived from our minds. The reality of the universe is an activity, or

series of activities, which are manifested in life and mind.

The relativity of space is illustrated by an example given by Professor

Henri Poincaré. Assume that I meet you in Wall Street, New York, and

say, "I will meet you here again at this time to-morrow." You promise

to do so. But you could not keep such a promise except with regard to

position on the surface of the earth, because between now and to-morrow

the earth will have moved over an enormous distance carrying Wall

Street and a great mass of other things with it. The sun also will have

moved away the stars, carrying the earth with it.

Another interesting mental picture is drawn by Professor Herbert

Wildon Carr to illustrate the philosophical meaning of the principle

of relativity. Suppose that on a very frosty morning we were to see a

watery vapor in the air we breathe condense into a little cloud and

after floating around a while gradually disappear and become reabsorbed

in the atmosphere. Assume that at the moment of this reabsorption we

should undergo an instantaneous transformation of all our proportions

so that our new dimensions become infinitesimal in comparison with our

former state. Do you think that we would recognize the fact that we had

changed? The theory of relativity declares that we would not know what

had happened, because with the alteration in proportions the ratios

would remain constant. The change would express itself in the new

dimensions of objects around us. The little globules of water composing

the little cloud would now appear like stars and planets occupying

immense areas in distant spaces, far apart from each other, and all

undergoing a slow age-long evolution. Such a change would be signalized

as a new time and a new space.

Yet the principle of relativity does not appear to our physical senses

to represent a truth of nature. It is noteworthy that the principle

of relativity is usually invoked when conditions are unstable, when

thought is confused, and when a period of readjustment is in progress.

Thus the Einstein theory may be representative of present-day

harmonies, but yet may prove, in the future, to have been merely a

passing philosophic mood.

Bagehot, a shrewd observer, writing in 1868 about the changes wrought

by Darwin's evolutionary theory, said: "There is scarcely a department

of science or art which is the same, or at all the same, as it was

fifty years ago. A new world of inventions has grown up around us which

we cannot help seeing; a new world of ideas is in the air, and affects

us though we do not see it." Those were very true words more than half

a century ago, yet they serve to describe present conditions!

GENERAL INDEX

A, vowel sound, record of, iv, 234

Aard-vark, xii, 281-2

Abacus, or calculating machines, xv, 183-4, xvi, 61

Abalones, xii, 71

Abbe, Prof. Cleveland, i, 216-17

Abbot, Dr., solar studies, ii, 171, 186-7

Abdomen, blood circulation in, ix, 196, 197;

methods of examination, x, 147, 371;

muscles of, ix, 77

Abdominal Organs, control of circulation of, ix, 215, 216, 217, 220;

development of, in black and white races, xv, 50;

mesentery support of, ix, 59;

smooth muscles in, 160-1

Aberration of Light, ii, 91-2

Abert, Lake, Oregon, xiv, 203

Abnormal Complexes, x, 355-6

Absaroka Range, xiv, 104-5, 226

Abscesses, cause (germs) of, x, 195, 198, 221;

cure of neurasthenic, 58-9

Absinthe, source, xiii, 266

Absolute, technical meaning, iv, 381

Absolute Magnitude (stars), ii, 317;

Adams' method of determining, 124, 153;

spectral type and, 115, 317;

used in measuring star distances, 318, 330

Absolute Maximum & Minimum (meteorology), i, 204, 365

Absolute Scale (thermometry), i, 73, iv, 141, viii, 107-8

Absolute Units, iv, 64, 69, 70

Absolute Zero, i, 73, iv, 141, v, 347-8, viii, 107-8;

molecular condition at, iv, 142-3, viii, 108;

nearest approach, i, 32, iv, 173, xvi, 194;

of outer space, vi, 270

Absorption Lines, ii, 111-12 (see Fraunhofer Lines, Spectrum)

Abstract Ideas, difficulty of attention to, xi, 228, 233-4;

expression of, in primitive language, xv, 144-150

Abul Wefa, Arab astronomer, ii, 38

Acceleration, definition & measurement, iv, 57, 381;

force in relation to 59-61, 63-4, 71-2;

of gravity, 65

Accidents, from electricity, x, 254;

from fatigue, xi, 274;

prevention of, vii, 32-3, xi, 365

Accidents (geological), xiv, 188

Accommodation, of vision, ix, 110-11, 113;

muscles of, 161, 162

Accumulators, storage batteries, iv, 300

Accumulators, water-pressure, v, 106

Accuracy, habit and, xi, 253;

indifferent types of men, 156, 157, 158-9

Acetic Acid, vi, 111, viii, 220;

solubility, 112;

in vinegar, 218, 249, 293

Acetylene Gas, discovery, xvi, 190;

formation, vii, 312;

in steel making, 321;

luminosity of flame, viii, 60;

preparation & uses, 231

Achenes, xiii, 58-9, 344, 345

Acheson, Dr. Edward G., vii, 300-1, 309-10, xvi, 189-90

Acheulean Implements, xv, 105, 107

Achromatic Lenses, iv, 373;

invention, xvi, 125-6

Achromatic Refractors, ii, 100-1, 103

Acidosis, x, 280

Acids, viii, 19-20, 114-15, 373;

action on saccharides, 226, 228;

amino, 230 (see Amino Acids);

bases and, 115;

defined by ionization theory, 122;

electrolytes, 125;

formation, 20, 39, 118, 373;

formation in body, x, 280-1;

hydrogen prepared from, viii, 32-3, 102;

ionization in solution, 119-25, 300-1;

manufacture of, 275-6;

molecular structure, 218;

molecular structure & physical state, 298;

nomenclature, viii, 98;

organic, 52, 219-21;

oxygen in, 34;

salts formed from, 72, 83, 114, 373;

vegetable, 222-3, 336, 349;

volumetric analysis of, 292-3

Acid Salts, viii, 116

Acne, causes of, x, 201, 311

Aconite, xiii, 252

Acorns, xiii, 193;

dispersal by squirrels, 55-6, 340;

survival rate, xv, 21

Acoustic Clouds, i, 190

Acoustics, atmospheric, i, 186-96;

of auditoriums, iv, 239

(see also Sound)

Acquaintanceships, selection of, xi, 257, 380-1

Acquired Characters, inheritance of, ix, 325-7, x, 230

Acquired Tastes, xi, 72-3

Actinic Rays, iv, 365-6, 381, vii, 250, 361

Actinolite, iii, 321-2

Action & Reaction, iv, 33-4, v, 143;

Newton's law, ii, 66, iv, 69

Activity, food needs dependent on, ix, 295, 296, 297;

mind as, xi, 12, 13, 236;

temperature effects on, i, 323-4

Activity (mechanics), iv, 80

Adaptations, of eardrum to sound, xi, 100;

of eye to colors, 95;

of nose to odors, 80-1;

of skin to pressures, 111;

of tongue to tastes, 72;

to warmth and cold, 113

Adaptation to Environment, xv, 16;

by animals, 16-18;

by man, 3, 25, 26, 28, 31, 36;

by plants, xiii, 11, 12, 28-31, 89-90, 149-50, 346, 355-83, xv, 16,

18-19;

between insects & plants, xiii, 144, xvi, 152-3;

mental efforts at, x, 361-2;

natural selection and, xv, 24-5;

principle never perfect, xvi, 152-3

(see also Environment, Environmental Variation)

Adder's Tongue Fern, xiii, 159

Adding Machines, v, 326-7

Addison, Thomas, x, 106, 112

Adenoids, ix, 104, 224, x, 341-2;

as infection foci, 220

Adenoid Tissue, ix, 223, 224

Ader, C., v, 231

Adiabatic Changes, iv, 158-9, 381

Adipose Tissues, ix, 298

Adirondack Mountains, age, iii, 191;

club mosses in, xiii, 305;

erratic bowlders in, iii, 70;

fault blocks in, 89;

fault lines and streams, xiv, 128;

granite formation, iii, 112;

Grenville strata, 165, 167;

ice age survivals, xiii, 321;

iron district, iii, 359;

lakes, how formed, 145;

lightning effects, 24;

Ordovician strata eroded, iii, 186;

quartz & slate formations, xvi, 29

Adjutant Bird, xii, 255

Admiration, sentiment of, xi, 146-7

Adolescence, mental conditions of, x, 236-7

Adrenalin, ix, 171-2, 209, 219, xi, 137, 138, 273

Adrenals, ix, 170-1;

Addison's disease of, x, 112-13;

functions, xi, 60, 137;

shock effects, 59

Adriatic Sea, bora, i, 133;

coasts of, xiv, 252-3, 263;

filling in by deltas, 53;

Karst district, 150

Adsorption, viii, 316, 373

Adulteration of Food, viii, 370-1

Adults, basal metabolism in, x, 271;

growth in, ix, 287, 288-9;

heart rate in, x, 334;

protein needs of, ix, 281-3

Advance Metal, resistance, vi, 77

Advertising, psychology of, xi, 343-9;

sign & display, vii, 339-43;

tied images in, xi, 221;

weather considerations, i, 255-6

Ægean Sea, volcanoes, xiv, 317, 319

Æolian Tones i, 195

Aerial Echoes, i, 190, 193

Aerial Roots, xiii, 20-2;

of fig tree, (illus.), 48

Aerials, iv, 314, vii, 261;

Dolbear's patent, xvi, 191;

in aeroplane sets, vii, 282

(see also Antennæ)

Aeroclinoscope, i, 282, 365

Aerology, i, 18-19, 20-3, 89, 365-6

Aeronautical Meteorology, i, 284-305

Aeronautics, accidents & safety questions, i, 49-50;

accidents in World War, x, 246;

aneroid barometer importance in, iv, 124;

fog in, i, 94, 95, 300-2;

history & future, 39-51;

Langley's work in, iv, 43-4;

pilot balloons in, i, 22;

therapeutic possibilities, 51;

weather importance, 284-6;

wind & air currents, 126, 130, 289-300

(see also Aeroplanes, Balloons)

Aeroplanes, altitudes attained, i, 22, 46;

altitude effects, 303;

astronomical use, ii, 208, 212, 225-6, 382;

Brocken specters seen from, i, 185;

engine efficiency, v, 170;

gyroscopic stabilizing, 343-4;

helicopter, i, 42;

history & development, 40-1, iv, 43-4, v, 230-3, 382, 383-4;

landings, i, 42, 45, 294 (fig.) 302;

mail service, 44-5, vii, 76;

meteorological uses, i, 22;

passenger, 41-2, 43-5, 50;

photographic mapping by, 45-8;

principles, i, 286-305, v, 233-8;

propellers (tractors) of, iv, 34;

radiotelephony and, vii, 282-3;

rise or "taking off" of, iv, 43;

safety question, i, 49-50;

stereograms from, xi, 180-1;

uses, present & future, i, 41-2, 43-9;

war uses, v, 107, 372-3, 375;

wind effects, i, 285-6, 289-300;

wireless directing, vii, 283;

World War, i, 185, 308, 312, vii, 283, x, 246

(see also Aeronautics, Aviators)

Æsculapius, x, 16, 17;

temples of, 17, xvi, 44

Æsthetic Arts, development of, xv, 297-324

Æsthetic Instinct, xvi, 47, 48

Æther of Space, vi, 118-20;

constitution, vii, 368;

elastic solid theory, xvi, 137;

universal presence of, iv, 180-1

Æther Waves, various kinds, vi, 119, 269, vii, 249, 250, 259-61, 371

Aetius, medieval writer, x, 31

Ætna (see Etna)

Affection, emotion of, xi, 147;

importance, 129;

seat of, ix, 200

Africa, animals of (carnivora), xii, 339, 342, 344, 345, 348, 352-3,

355, 356-7, 359, 360, 365;

animals,(herbivora) xii, 302, 303, 304-5, 308, 310, 320-1, 327-8, 329;

anteaters of, 281;

antiquity of man in, xvi, 64;

bats of, xii, 370;

birds of, 249, 260, 266, 267;

"bush" lands of, xiv, 378-9, 380;

coasts & islands, 251-2, 263;

coasts contrasted, xii, 40, xiv, 305;

coffee production in, xiii, 233;

crocodiles, xii, 199-200;

drainage system, xiv, 190;

dust haze, west coast, i, 55;

elephant-trapping in, xv, 225;

exploration of, xiv, 196-7;

forests of, 366, 368-9, 382;

fishes of, xii, 151, 154, 160, 166;

former submergences, iii, 216, 235;

geographical features & results, xv, 136;

Gold Coast, death rate on, 50;

grasslands in south, xiv, 384;

health conditions, 197, 223-4;

lemurs of, xii, 374, 375;

lizards, 208;

monkeys & apes, 379, 380, 383;

palm oil, importance to, xiii, 11;

plains of, xiv, 217-18;

plateau of interior, 196, 221, 222;

rivers, broken courses, 155;

rivers, navigability of, 196;

rock weathering in central, 78;

rodents of, xii, 288, 289-90;

rubber production, xiii, 248;

salt lakes, viii, 139;

short races of, xv, 38-9;

sleeping sickness in, x, 167-70;

smallpox superstition of natives, 285-6;

snakes of, xii, 214, 226, 227-8, 231-2;

timber supplies, xiv, 382;

vegetables originating in, xiii, 222-7;

volcanoes & lava fields, xiv, 317;

yellow fever on coasts, x, 160

(see also East, North, South, West Africa)

African Savages, body decoration of, xv, 256, 257-8;

debtors, treatment of, 370;

language changes, 155;

rule of fathers among, 367

(see also Bushmen)

African Sleeping Sickness, x, 167-70, 199, xiv, 197, 223, 357;

chemotherapy in, x, 381;

Koch's work on, 150, 169

After-Images, xi, 90-2, 220;

of sun (green flash), i, 171

After-Summers, i, 362, 366

Agassiz, Lake, iii, 144, xiv, 201;

plain of, 215-16

Agassiz, Louis, discoverer of Ice Age, iii, 236;

on fish scales, xii, 134;

on snapping turtles, 188

Agate, iii, 337

Age, chronological & physical, ix, 214;

effect on disease, x, 236-7;

growth in relation to, ix, 288-9

Agonic Lines, iv, 246, 247

Agoutis, xii, 289

Agramonte, Dr. Aristide, x, 160, 200

Agricultural Chemistry, viii, 334-47

(see also Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Potash, Soils)

Agricultural Implements & Machinery, v, 239-50, xv, 235-6;

Egyptian, xvi, 72;

electricity in, vii, 230

Agricultural Meteorology, i, 245-60

Agricultural Stage, xv, 187, 199-203;

polygamy in, 288;

rulers in, 367

Agriculture, ancient centers of, xiii, 221;

beginnings of, 209-10, xv, 200-2;

civilization and, 128;

fundamental importance, xiv, 218;

grasslands and, 383;

plains most favorable to, 218-19;

possibilities, by what determined, 64;

summer rain importance, 352

Ailerons, i, 289, 299, v, 238, 343

Air, amount consumed by breathing, ix, 256;

ancient ideas, xvi, 79;

as balloon ballast, v, 226;

boiling point of, iv, 173;

buoyant power of, 107, 108;

burning of, in gas, viii, 55, 56;

burning, in gasoline engines, v, 156-7;

"change of" (vertical), i, 51;

closeness or stuffiness of, (see Ventilation);

combustion and, i, 10;

composition, 9-16, vii, 321, viii, 66-8, ix, 254, 268;

composition, discovery of, xvi, 120, 121;

compressed (see Compressed Air);

compressibility, v, 126;

cooling power, i, 318, 319-21;

critical temperature & pressure, iv, 172, 173;

decay in relation to, xiii, 312-13;

density of, iv, 113, 198;

drying power, i, 77, 323;

dryness & dampness, viii, 67, xiv, 353-4;

elasticity of, iv, 198, v, 126;

electrical conductivity, i, 144-5, iv, 259, 265;

expansion by heat, 151;

frozen, v, 345;

health benefits of special types of, x, 241;

heat conductivity, iv, 178, 179;

ionization, i, 142-4, 146, 150;

life without, (see Anaërobic);

liquefaction of, iv, 171, 172;

(see Liquid Air);

moisture capacity, xiv, 352-4

(see also Humidity);

molecular velocity in, iv, 133;

necessity to life, ii, 244, 245;

necessity to plants, xiii, 102, 109;

physics of, historical development, iv, 28-30;

popular & scientific conceptions, i, 9-10;

pressure of, iv, 132

(see also Atmospheric Pressure);

purifying by ozone, i, 15, vii, 354;

purity tests, i, 321-2;

resistance due to inertia, v, 234;

resistance effects on aeroplanes, i, 286-9, iv, 43, v, 235-6;

resistance to falling bodies, iv, 42, 97;

resistance to projectiles, v, 369;

saturated, i, 14, viii, 67;

shimmering of, i, 174, iv, 328, 329;

in soil, xiii, 92;

solubility in water, viii, 111;

sound transmission by, i, 186, iv, 195, 198-9, 201, ix, 98-9;

specific heat of, iv, 161;

specific heat ratio, 156;

surfeit of, bodily effects, 31;

ventilation of, (see Ventilation);

vibrations of, 215;

warming of, by sunshine, 182;

warming of, by freezing water, 161;

weight of, 107, 116, 124, v, 221-2, 230;

weight, discovery of, iv, 29, 114-16;

weight of heated, v, 223

(see also Atmosphere)

Air Bladder, xii, 135-6, 164-5

Air Brakes, iv, 129, 200, v, 130-3, 380, 381;

on electric cars, vii, 185-6

Air Columns, resonance of, iv, 226-31;

vibrations of, 215

Air Compressors, i, 26-7, iv, 128, v, 89-93, 127-8

Air-cooled Engines, v, 160-1

Air Currents in aeronautics, i, 293-300;

pilot balloons to discover, 21-2

Air Cushioning, v, 133-5

Air Holes, i, 298-9, 374, v, 224

Air Jets, v, 135-6

Airlifts, iv, 130, v, 114-15

Air Locks, v, 118-19, 124

Air Pumps, iv, 126-7

Airships, in forest service, i, 49;

future landing places, 43;

future uses in transportation, 42-3;

high altitude effects, 303;

history of development, 40-1;

possibilities of, iv, 107-8

(see also Dirigible Balloons, Zeppelins)

Air Springs, v, 126-38

Air Waves, i, 294 (fig.), 298

Akeley, Carl E., v, 136

Alabama, aluminum production, iii, 369;

chalk deposits, 216;

coal beds, 199;

iron production, 358-9;

soil of, xiv, 218

Alabaster, iii, 331, 332, viii, 149

Alaska, animals of, xii, 318, 319, 320, 337;

auks of, 265;

blackfish of, 163;

coal fields, iii, 348;

coast changes, earthquake of 1899, 97, xiv, 34, 114, 334-5;

coast formations, iii, 57;

fiord coasts, xiv, 258, 259;

glaciers, iii, 59, 60, 62, xiv, 55, 60;

gold production, iii, 366, 367;

ice age in, 239

Albania, story of unchangeableness, v, 251

Albategnius, ii, 38

Albatross, xii, 251-2

Albe, E. Fournier d', v, 332

Albucasius of El-Zahra, x, 32

Albumens (see Proteins)

Albuminuria, x, 345-6

Alcmæon, Greek anatomist, xvi, 82-3

Alcohol, (ethyl or grain), viii, 212, 213-14;

boiling point, iv, 168;

cooling by, 174;

conversion to acetic acid, viii, 218;

denatured, 250;

flame of, 60;

formula of, 218;

freezing point of water lowered by, 299-300;

frozen, v, 345;

frozen in liquid air, i, 31;

future motor fuel, viii, 209;

manufacture, 250;

per cent in distilled beverages, 250;

physiological effects, ix, 94, 214, 244, 248-9, 320-1;

production by fermentation, viii, 213-14, 248-50, ix, 248, x, 138;

solvent properties, viii, 217;

specific gravity of, iv, 112;

(see also Alcohols)

Alcoholic Drinks, viii, 249-50;

arterial elasticity impaired by, ix, 214;

food value, viii, 366, ix, 248-9;

in tropics, xv, 126-7;

stomach absorption increased by, ix, 244;

warmth produced by, 94, 320-1

Alcoholic Fermentation, viii, 248-9;

in body, ix, 248-9;

Pasteur's studies, x, 138

Alcoholometer, iv, 113

Alcohols, viii, 212-14, 373;

boiling points, 299;

double & triple, 215;

in esters, 221;

molecular complexity & physical state, 298;

in plants, 349;

relation to ethers, aldehydes & acids, 216-18, 219;

solubility, 37, 112

Aldebaran, angular diameter, ii, 151;

Arabic name, 39;

chemical composition, 114-15;

color, 297;

gaseous state, 382

Aldehydes, viii, 218, 219, 373;

in sugars, 225

Alder Flies, xii, 106

Alder Trees, xiii, 193, 271-2

Aleutian Islands, blue foxes of, xii, 344;

former connections, xiii, 351;

volcanic nature, iii, 106, 139, xiv, 315, 316

Alexander of Tralles, x, 31, 59

Alexanderson Generators, vii, 274-5, 290-1

Alexines, of blood, x, 210-11

Alfalfa, fertilization, xiii, 138-9;

in pea family, 198;

nitrogen fixation by, xiv, 66

Alfonsine Tables, ii, 39, 44

Alfred the Great, language of, xv, 156;

navy of, xiv, 261

Algæ, xiii, 72-3;

classification work, xvi, 166;

curious "showers" of, i, 358-9;

fossils of, xiii, 303, 304 (illus.);

found in hot springs, ii, 249, xiii, 299;

in sea, xii, 16-7, xvi, 147;

number of species, xiii, 323;

oldest of plants, 303-4;

reign of, 314, 323

Algeria, animals of, xii, 326, 359;

dust storms, i, 54;

record temperature, 209;

snowfalls, 210

Algol, actual magnitude, ii, 321-2;

secondary minimum, 328;

type of variables, 325-6

Algonquin Lake, iii, 149-50

Alimentary Canal, ix, 233 (fig.);

foci of infection in, x, 220;

in infants, ix, 346;

operation of muscles, xi, 37-8, 69;

protection against germs, x, 202;

sterile at birth, 201;

X-ray examinations of, 373

Alimentary Disorders, x, 319-38

Aliphatic, defined, viii, 373

Alkali Industries, viii, 276-8

Alkali Metals, viii, 132-47

Alkalis, defined, viii, 373;

deposits, 139;

volumetric analysis, 292

Alkaloids, viii, 240

Allbutt, Clifford, xvi, 184;

Osler and, x, 151;

quoted, 35

Allegheny Plateau, xiv, 221;

coal of, iii, 346-7;

origin of present relief, 231-2

Allelomorphs, xvi, 157

Allergy, x, 216-7

Alligators, xii, 182, 196-8;

savage methods of luring, xv, 222

Allotropic Forms, viii, 43, 87, 373

Alloys, viii, 272-3;

aluminum, iii, 369-70;

antimony in, viii, 169;

copper, 164;

electrolytic refinement, vii, 319-21;

melting point of, iv, 161-2

Alluvial Cones, iii, 33

Alluvial Soils, xiv, 63, 70-1

Almanacs, ancient Greek & Roman, i, 67-8;

Arabic word, ii, 39;

weather predictions in, 243-4

(see also Nautical Almanacs)

Alpenglow, i, 168, 366

Alphabet, invention & development of, xv, 175-6, xvi, 60

Alpha Centauri, magnitude, motion and type, ii, 319;

parallax and distance, 312, 313, 314-15

Alpha Lyræ, drift of sun toward, ii, 18, 306;

parallax, 312

Alpha Rays, i, 143, viii, 185

Alpine Glaciers, iii, 60, 62-3

Alpine Racial Group, xvi, 49-50

Alps Mountains, Alpenglow, i, 168;

Arctic species in, xiv, 365-6, 377;

chamois of, xii, 325;

foehn wall, i, 105;

forming of present, iii, 236, xiv, 233;

Glacial Epoch, lakes from, iii, 146, xiv, 200;

glaciers and snow line, iii, 59, 60, 62, 240, xiv, 55;

goats of, xii, 326;

hanging valleys and electric plants, xiv, 57;

historical and economic importance, 240-2, 243, 244, 245, xv, 137-8;

intense folding of, xiv, 36, 230;

lakes, iii, 143-46;

marine deposits, 235;

massif of, xiv, 234;

Napoleon's passage of, 244;

passes of, 58, 240-1;

population and industries, 241-2;

railways and tunnels, 240-1;

rainfall effects, 355;

rivers of, 167;

rock destruction by frost, 76;

snowfall measurement, i, 118;

solar heat at Davos, 210;

thickness of strata in, xiv, 229;

winds, i, 131-2, 133;

youthfulness of, xiv, 96

Alsace, potash deposits, viii, 279, xiv, 67-8, 209

Altamira, Spain, cave pictures, iii, 305, xv, 114, 116, 118, 298

Alternating Currents, iv, 307, vi, 153, 154-5, vii, 361;

ammeters for, vii, 166, 169-72;

carbon arcs on, 208-9;

circuit breakers for, 37-8, 40-1;

condensers' effects, vi, 304-5;

conversion to direct, 330-48;

cycles, 153, 154-5;

inductance, 166-7, 169 (see Inductance);

lag and lead phases, vi, 167-9, 171-4, vii, 362;

lighting and magnetic effects, vi, 155-7;

measurement of power, 165-9, 172;

Ohm's Law for, 164-5, 170;

sonic waves and, v, 108;

transmission of power by, vi, 159-60, 195-6;

uses, common and special, 152;

use in electric furnaces, vii, 305-6;

use in electrotherapy, 236-7, 244, 248-9;

use in traction, vi, 161-3, vii, 186, 196;

use in wireless, iv, 315, vi, 163;

voltage changed, 159-60 (see Transformers);

voltmeters for, vii, 154-5, 161-5;

wattmeters for, 172, 173, 177

Alternating Current Generators, iv, 307

(see also Alternators)

Alternating Current Motors, vi, 240-63

Alternation of Generations, xiii, 160, xvi, 166

Alternators, construction, types, and uses, vi, 157-9, 196-216;

operation in power plants, 357, 374;

ratings, 192-4;

synchronizing action, 383-4;

voltages attained, 159;

wireless, vii, 290-1

Altimeter, i, 72, 366

Altitude, barometric measurement of, iv, 124;

barometric pressure and, i, 23, 72, 171, 303;

climatic effects, xiv, 220, 223, 364-6;

potential variations with, i, 144-5;

pressure table, iv, 124;

rock weathering in relation to, xiv, 40;

sound and, i, 186-8;

temperature and, 19, 20, 303

Alto-Cumulus Clouds, i, 100, 101, 103, 298

Alto-Stratus Clouds, i, 100-3

Alum, Alums, viii, 312-13;

in water filtering, 320

Aluminum, Aluminium, affinity strength, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

chemical activity, 149, 155;

compounds, unstable, 137, 257;

density of, iv, 113;

electrical conductivity, 283;

electrolytic reduction, vii, 320, viii, 271, 284;

gold plating of, vii, 319;

in heavy metal group, viii, 126-7;

melting point and heat, iv, 162, viii, 384;

occurrence, 19, 129, 148, 154, 198;

percentage in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 192;

production and uses, iii, 369-70, viii, 154-5;

salts astringent, 116;

sound velocity in, iv, 201;

specific gravity, viii, 384;

test for, 287, 288-9

Aluminum Arresters, vii, 17, 50

Aluminum Wire, vi, 80, vii, 23

Amalgam, defined, viii, 373

Amalgamation, defined, vi, 132;

in electric cells, 132, 139;

in gold and silver extraction, viii, 131, 270

Amaryllis Family, xiii, 188

Amatus Lusitanus, x, 58

Amazon River, arapaima fish of, xii, 154;

arrau turtle of, 193-4;

Black caiman of, 198;

electric eel of, 160;

forests and swamps, xiii, 360;

jaguars of, xii, 362;

length and volume, xiv, 189;

poison of natives on, xv, 228;

tributaries, connections, xiv, 187;

water boas of, xii, 216;

water lily of, xiii, 359-60

Amazon Stone, iii, 328

Amber, in varnishes, viii, 265;

insect remains found in, iii, 16, 280;

magnetism of, iv, 256, vi, 11, 12

Ambergris, xii, 299

Ambrose Channel, dredging of, v, 257-8;

sediment in, xiv, 269;

wireless pilot system, vii, 284-5

America, antiquity of man in, xiv, 149;

compass needle directions in, iv, 246;

discovery and settlement of, xiv, 309-11;

discovery of, effect on botany, x, 45;

first hospital in, 81;

plants restricted to, xiii, 320;

vegetables and fruits originating in, 222-7

(see North and South America)

American Buildings, dryness and heat in, i, 322-3, xiv, 353

American Colonies, Appalachian barrier, xiv, 191, 194, 242, 243, 249;

first hospital, x, 81;

independence results, 107;

medicine in, 81, 104;

ordeals practiced in, xv, 373;

westward growth by rivers, xiv, 193-4

American Indians (see Indians)

American System (Manufactures), v, 48-56, 213-14

Amethyst, iii, 337;

oriental, 327

Amides, viii, 373;

acid, 230

Amines, viii, 210, 214, 215, 373

Amino, defined, viii, 374

Amino Acids, chemistry of, viii, 230, 309-10;

physiological origin and use, ix, 279-84, 287-8, x, 204, 277, 278, 279;

proteins compose of, viii, 230, 351, 352

Amino Compounds, viii, 236-7

Amino Derivatives, viii, 210, 214, 215

Ammeters, iv, 279-80, vii, 165-72, 361;

automobile, 121;

galvanometers as, 179;

hot-wire, 163-4

Ammonia, viii, 68-70;

amines from, 215;

atmospheric, i, 11, 13, ix, 269;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

critical temperature and pressure, 173;

density of, 113;

discovery, xvi, 120;

Gay-Lussac's studies, 133;

in explosives, viii, 74, 75, 253;

in fertilizers, 147, 253;

in ice-making, v, 357, 358, 380, viii, 69, 70;

in nitrogen cycle, 73;

in sweat, ix, 276;

metal test, viii, 288-9;

name, 98;

production, natural and artificial, i, 13, 35, 36, 153, viii, 46, 47,

68, 74, 75, 252, 253, 276, 278, xvi, 165;

production and disposition in body, ix, 284-5, x, 279-80;

refrigeration by, iv, 174, 187-8, viii, 69-70;

solubility, 111

Ammonia Water, viii, 68, 147

Ammonites, iii, 275, xii, 75

Ammonium, viii, 93, 147;

test for, 287, 289

Ammonium Compounds, viii, 147;

carbonate, 137;

hydroxide, 70, 121, 147, 288;

nitrite, 121;

salts, 147, 280;

sulphide, 289

Amorphous, defined, viii, 374

Ampère, A. M., vi, 20-1;

current unit named for, iv, 278;

rule of magnetic deflection, 275

Ampere, electric current unit, iv, 278, 284, vi, 69, 70, vii, 361

(see also Electric Currents, Ohm's Law)

Ampere-turns, iv, 288, vii, 362

Amphibians, iii, 285, xii, 167-81;

age of, iii, 20;

first appearance of, xv, 71;

in oceanic islands, xiv, 278;

relations to fishes and reptiles, iii, 284, 286, xii, 165, 183

Amphibole, iii, 321-3

Amphitheatres, mountain, iii, 66

Amphoteric, meaning, viii, 352

Amundsen, Capt., aeroplanes of, i, 46

Amyl Acetate, viii, 221

Amyl Alcohol, viii, 210, 214, 249

Amylases, viii, 357, x, 326

Amyloid, viii, 255

Anacondas, (boas), xii, 216

Anadromous Fishes, xii, 155

Anaërobic Bacteria, in peat production, xiii, 313;

in sewage treatment, viii, 328

Analytical Chemistry, viii, 285-95

Analyzers, crystal, iv, 354

Anamnesis, x, 370

Anaphylaxis, x, 212-15, 223

Anatomy, Chinese systems of, x, 13;

development of science of, 24, 30, 41-2, 44-5, 49, 51-2, 81, 116, 117,

xvi, 82-3, 179-80

Anaxagoras, on origin of earth, ii, 366-7;

theory of matter, xvi, 83, 118

Anaximander, theory of universe, ii, 367, xvi, 77-8

Anaximenes, theory of universe, ii, 366-7, xvi, 79

Andes Lightning, i, 149

Andes Mountains, glaciers of, xiv, 54;

impassability, 250;

lightning, i, 149;

mineral wealth, xiv, 237;

rivers, 167;

snow pinnacles, i, 116-17;

upraised in Cretaceous Period, iii, 219;

volcanoes, xiv, 315;

youthfulness of, 96, 235

Andrews, Thomas, i, 29, xvi, 175

Andromeda, nebula in, ii, 135-6, 136-7, 357, 361;

new stars in nebula, 332-3

Anel, Dominique, x, 90-1

Anemia, x, 337;

blood transfusion in, 338;

cause and effects, xi, 370-1;

of adolescence, x, 237;

pernicious, discovery of, 112

Anemograms, i, 295, 366

Anemometers, i, 83-4, 366;

for gusts, 295

Aneroid Barometer, i, 71, 72, 366, iv, 123-4, 381

Anesthetics, discovery and use in surgery, x, 123-5, 148, xvi, 180, 185;

effect on impulses, xi, 20;

Hindu use of, x, 13;

medieval, 41

Aneurisms, x, 28 note;

formation and rupture of, 336;

treatment of, 28, 91-2

Angel Fish, xii, 164

Anger, xi, 139, 141;

basic causes of, ix, 153, 166;

expression of, by monkeys, xv, 64;

in various sentiments, xi, 146, 148, 149, 150;

pain and, 120;

physical accompaniments of, ix, 240-1;

self-forgetfulness in, xi, 134

Angiosperms, xiii, 175-9;

alternation of generations in, xvi, 166;

first appearance and spread, iii, 256-7, xiii, 317-18

Anglers, (fish) eyes of, xii, 138;

"lure" of, 133

Angleworms, xii, 51-3;

power of distinguishing light, ix, 105

Anglo-Saxon Language, xv, 156-7

Anglo-Saxons, in Nordic group, xvi, 48;

use of tea, xiii, 229

Angular Diameters of Stars, ii, 150-1;

measurement of, 322-3

Anhydride, defined, viii, 374

Aniline, viii, 52, 237

Aniline Dyes, xvi, 163;

fluorescence of, iv, 379

Animalculæ, (see Unicellular Animals)

Animal Electricity, vi, 16, 17, 19, 23, 64

(see also Electric Fishes)

Animal Fats, viii, 246 (see Fats)

Animal Kingdom, classification, iii, 259-60, xii, 25-9;

how distinguished, viii, 349, xii, 14, 15, xiii, 13, 14;

relations to vegetable, viii, 334

Animal Protein, ix, 279, 280

(see also Proteins)

Animals, xii, 270;

activities of, ix, 20-1;

adaptation to environment, v, 16-18, 24, xvi, 152;

admiration unfelt by, xi, 146;

æsthetic emotions, xvi, 145-6;

anaphylaxis in, x, 212, 213, 214;

appendix uses in, xv, 56;

appetite in, ix, 88;

arctic, in mountains, xiv, 376-7;

artificial heat use by, ix, 308, xv, 229-30;

body heat regulation in, ix, 307, 308, 311;

brain in, xv, 62-3;

cannibalism in, ix, 280-1;

care of skin and coverings by, x, 310;

care of young, xv, 275-6;

carnivorous, xii, 332-65;

cell structure, 25;

chemistry of body and nutrition, viii, 348-70;

chromosomes in different species, ix, 46;

classification, xii, 25-9;

climatic influences, xvi, 141;

climatic limitations, xiv, 363-64;

cold-blooded (see Cold-blooded Animals);

communication means, xv, 140-1;

courtship of, 274-5;

differences of protoplasm in, ix, 278-9;

direction perception by, 117;

differences of complexity in, 48-50;

diseases of, x, 206;

distribution facilitated by land arrangement, xiv, 21;

domestication of, xv, 197-8;

ear movements in, ix, 82, 117;

educability of, xv, 66;

embryological development, 54-5;

evolution, Anaximander on, xvi, 78-9;

experience, profiting by, ix, 139, 152, xv, 66;

expressions of emotions by, 63-5;

face and brain case in, 43;

fear in various, xi, 136;

fear and anger effects, ix, 166;

flesh of, as food, 24, 284-6, xv, 333-4;

foods of, viii, 349, 350, ix, 24, 29, 30;

food procuring by, 18-20, 73-4;

geological history, iii, 12, 259, 306;

grasping ability of, ix, 67, 68, 82;

growth of, on what dependent, 287-9;

hair erection in, 161, 166;

heredity in, x, 231-2;

hoofed, xii, 300-31;

hunger and thirst senses in, ix, 87;

hunting and trapping of, xv, 222-7, 227-8;

hypertrophy of heart in, x, 331-2;

imagination in, xi, 224;

imitation in, xv, 66;

impulses instinctive, 273;

instincts of, 65-6;

land (see Land Animals);

later than plants, xiii, 298;

Latin names, xii, 28-9;

leadership among, xv, 361;

light and darkness effects on, x, 253;

locomotion, v, 215, ix, 73-4;

luminous, i, 346-7;

man's lessons from, xv, 206, 208, 220;

man's relation to, 53, 68;

marine (see Marine Animals);

"moral standards" applied to, xii, 351;

mutation in, ix, 342;

nitrogen uses, viii, 73;

of continental islands, xiv, 271;

of oceanic islands, 277-8;

oldest known remains, iii, 238, (Pl. 13);

physiology of, remarks on, ix, 305;

plants and interrelations, viii, 334, 335, 347, 349, 350, xiii, 82;

power development in, ix, 15, 16, 17, 18;

protective devices, xv, 16-18;

qualities, studies of, xvi, 143;

rate of increase, xv, 19-21;

reason in, xi, 243-4, xv, 67-8;

reflex actions in, 65;

regulatory mechanism in, x, 249-50;

reproduction from cells, 228, xvi, 155-6;

salts in body fluids, ix, 175-6;

seasonal phenomena, i, 254, 256;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 55, 58, 340, 343;

sense of sight in, ix, 105;

sense of smell in, 96-7, xi, 82;

sex relations among, xv, 274, 276-7;

smelling motions in, ix, 82-3;

struggle for existence among, xv, 21-2;

tool-using by, v, 9-11, x, 67-8;

touch sense in, 91;

unicellular, (see Unicellular Animals);

useful, xii, 324-31;

variation in, xv, 22-3 (see Variation);

vitamine needs and stores, x, 256-60;

warm and cold blooded, ix, 305;

water scarcity effects, 37-8;

wild, xii, 332-65;

young, metabolism in, ix, 38-9

Animal Starch, viii, 350

Animal Worship, xv, 333-4, 340-1

Animists, Animist Theory, x, 84-5

Anion, defined, iv, 381

Annuals (plants), xiv, 367;

garden species, xiii, 289, 297;

life of, 53, 152;

roots of, 15, 16

Anoa, of Celebes, xii, 330

Anode, defined, iv, 317, 381, vii, 251, 362;

first defined by Faraday, vi, 23

Antarctica, blizzards of, i, 133;

coal deposits, 199;

extent and elevation, xiv, 20, 22, 26;

former connection with S. America, 290;

glaciers of, 55;

island or continent, 23;

plateau, 222;

penguins of, xii, 251;

rainlessness, i, 109;

uninhabitability, xiv, 21;

winds of, i, 128-9

Antarctic Ice Sheet, iii, 62, 237

Antarctic Ocean, current of, xiv, 299, 305;

extent of, 22-3;

sea elephant of, xii, 335;

whales of, 298

Antares, angular diameter, ii, 151, 322-3;

color, 297;

former name, 302;

gaseous state, 382;

type III star, 115

Anteaters, xii, 281-3;

banded, 274;

scales of, xv, 220-1;

spiny, xii, 272-3

Antecedent Rivers, xiv, 164-70, 174

Antelopes, xii, 326-8;

fear in, xi, 136;

hunting of, with cheetah, xii, 365;

pronghorn, 322-3

Antennæ, of insects, xii, 100-1

Antennæ (wireless), iv, 314, vii, 261;

construction, 264-5;

effective resistance, 298;

fundamental wave-lengths, 266, 294;

of receiving stations, 267;

types, 295-6

Antenna Circuit, vii, 263-7;

energy dissipation, 297-8;

inductance and capacitance, 294-5, 296-7;

radiation, on what dependent, 298

Anthelion, i, 366;

oblique arcs of, 378

Antheridia, xiii, 158, 159, 161

Anthers, of flowers, xiii, 45, 118, 119

Anthracene, viii, 240, 253

Anthracite Coal, iii, 344;

beds in U. S., 347-8;

constituents, 345, viii, 44;

graphitic, iii, 345;

lessening supply, 346;

loss of heat with, v, 155

(see also Hard Coal)

Anthrax, Koch's studies of, x, 149;

Pasteur's work on, 140-2

Anthropoid Apes, xii, 381-4;

primates, 373;

susceptibility to human diseases, x, 206

ANTHROPOLOGY, Volume xv, defined, xv, 10, 11, 15, xvi, 36, 47;

daily interest, 26, 29

Antibodies, x, 205, 216

Anticathode, defined, iv, 381

Antichlor, viii, 140

Anticline, defined, iii, 377;

illustrated, 85, 128 (Plate 7), xiv, 95

Anticrepuscular Rays, i, 169, 366

Anticyclones, i, 134-5, 366, xiv, 349, 350;

Siberian, i, 218

Antigens, x, 205, 217

Antimony, affinity strength, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

expansion on solidifying, iv, 150;

fusibility, viii, 384;

ores, 198, 270;

specific gravity, 384;

tests, 287-8;

uses in industry, 169;

use of, in medicine, x, 12, 50, 169

Antinodal Current, vii, 297

Antinori, Luigi, i, 213

Antiseptics, viii, 332-3;

Carrel-Dakin solutions, x, 181-3, 382;

discovery, 40, 145-6, xvi, 180, 182-3

Antiseptic Surgery, x, 146-7;

history of development of, 40, 55, 145-6, 381-2, xvi, 108, 114, 182-4;

in World War, x, 181-3, 381-2

Antitoxins, x, 218, 296-8;

of diphtheria, 197, 212, 213-14, 218, 296-8;

of tetanus, 218, 299

Antitrade Winds, i, 366, xiv, 348

Anti-twilight Arch, i, 167, 366

Antlers, xii, 316, 317, 319

Ant Lions, xii, 106

Antony, Mark, speech on Cæsar, xi, 331

Ants, aphids of, xii, 101;

appearance in Triassic, 104;

nest repairing by larvæ, v, 10;

numbers in tropics, xii, 282;

"showers" of, i, 357;

social habits, xii, 124, 125, 126;

underground rooms of, xv, 266

Antwerp bombardment, audibility, i, 191;

harbor of, xiv, 270

Antyllus, x, 28

Anuria, x, 344-5

Aorta, ix, 196, 201 (fig.), x, 334;

elasticity of, ix, 210;

ligation of, x, 129-30

Aoudad, xii, 326

Apatite, iii, 323, viii, 193

Apes, anthropoid, xii, 381-4;

black of Celebes, 379;

brain of, xv, 62, 90-1;

embryological development, 54-5;

imitation in, 66;

manlike, iii, 301-3, xv, 88-95;

man's relation to, xv, 56-7;

nostrils of, xii, 376, xv, 46;

physical comparison of, with man, iii, 301, (fig.), xv, 57-62;

reasoning power, 67-8;

sex relations among, 277-8;

skull capacity, xv, 89;

skull shape, 42-3;

tigers and, xii, 362;

tool-using by, v, 9;

working methods, xv, 58

Aphids, xii, 118;

ants and, 101

Aphis Lions, xii, 106

Aphrodite (sea mouse), xii, 54

Apian, Peter, ii, 41;

comet of, 85

Aplysia, xii, 68

Apollonius of Perga, ii, 31, xvi, 90

Appalachia, iii, 195, 205, 210

Appalachian Mountains, antiquity of, xiv, 96, 235;

Catskill formation, iii, 195;

coal beds, iii, 346-7, 204, xiv, 237;

folding intensity, iii, 86, xiv, 36, 230;

forests, xiv, 372;

former elk of, xii, 317;

geological history, iii, 130, 132-4, 135-6, 140, 191, 205-7, 210, 219,

xiv, 97-8, 168-9, 228-9, 235-6;

"grain" of, xiv, 99;

historical rôle, 191, 194, 242-3, 249;

igneous formations absent, 228, 230, 234;

iron deposits, iii, 358-9;

length and breadth, xiv, 36-7, 227;

limestone soils, iii, 27;

marble production, 371;

metallic ores of, xiv, 237;

non-marine deposits in trough, iii, 209-10, 214;

petroleum fields, 350;

plateau west of, xiv, 221;

present relief, origin, iii, 231-2;

ridges and valleys, 36, 137, 233-4, xiv, 94, 97-8, 234, 236;

rivers across, iii, 36, 137, 233, xiv, 166-7, 168-9, 180-2;

site formerly submerged, iii, 12, 130, 168, 181, 184, 187, 194-5, 197,

198;

springs, thermal and mineral, 128, xiv, 143;

strata, thickness and composition, iii, 132, 180, xiv, 228-9;

strata of various periods, iii, 184, 187, 195-6, 203;

stream capture in, xiv, 180-2;

thrust faults, iii, 90;

typical range, xiv, 226;

wind and water gaps, iii, 39, xiv, 58, 98, 169

Appalachian Revolution, iii, 205, 208, 210

Appalachian System, xiv, 227

Appalachian Valley, xiv, 167

Appendicitis, asepsis in, x, 147;

cause of, 224

Appendix, ix, 233 (fig.);

as infection center, x, 220;

in man and animals, xv, 56

Appetite, ix, 87-8, 299;

exercise effects, x, 303-4

Apples, acids of, viii, 223;

development of, xiii, 54;

food value, viii, 365, ix, 250-1, 299, x, 268

Apple Tree, family, xiii, 197-8;

origin, 224;

petal arrangement, 190

Apteryx, xii, 249

Aquamarine, iii, 325

Aqua Regia, viii, 174

Aquatic Animals, mental inertness of, xii, 140,

(see also Crustaceans, Mollusks, Naids, Polyps)

Aquatic Plants, first on earth, xiii, 300, 301, 303;

fertilization, 123, 149-52;

fossils, 303;

in lakes, xiv, 210

Arabia, animals of, xii, 249, 327, 342, 344, 359;

Danish scientific expedition, xvi, 123;

plains of, xiv, 217;

source of coffee, xiii, 231, 283

Arabian Horses, xii, 307

Arabian Language, xv, 162;

words from, in English, 161

Arabic Numerals, xv, 184, xvi, 62, 103

Arabs astronomy of, ii, 11, 36-9, 302, xvi, 100;

bananas known to, xiii, 216;

mathematical advances, ii, 12, xvi, 54, 103;

medical science of, x, 31-3, 36, 37-8, 39, 40, 100;

sciences of, xvi, 54, 100;

sugar introduced by, xiii, 215

Arago, discovery of magnetism of rotation, vi, 21;

lightning studies, i, 146

Aral, Sea of, depression of, xiv, 203;

shallowness and salinity, 206-7;

size of, 204

Arapaima Fish, xii, 154

Arara Cockatoo, v, 9-10

Arcadian Range, xiv, 227

Arcathagus, x, 25

Arc Furnaces, vii, 303

Arc Generators, vii, 291

Archæopteryx, xii, 239-41

Archegonia, xiii, 158, 159, 161

Archeozoic Era, iii, 164-75;

life in, 262, 263, 265, xv, 71

Archeozoic Rocks, iii, 164-74;

graphite found in, 249-50;

iron ores in, 358

Arches, false and true, xv, 268-9;

weak in earthquakes, xiv, 342

Archimedes, iv, 25, 26;

mathematical and other work, xvi, 89, 90;

principle of, iv, 30, 102-5, 107;

screw of, 26-7 (fig.)

Arc Lamp, Arc Light, iv, 310-11, 352, vi, 279, 280-3;

Bunsen's carbon rods, xvi, 189;

compared with sun, ii, 169;

Davy's experiment with, vi, 19;

direct and alternating currents on, vi, 332, vii, 208-9;

graphite electrodes, vii, 300, 308

Arc Process, i, 36, vii, 323-4

Arcs of Lowitz, i, 366

Arctic Archipelago, xiv, 20

Arctic Current, xiv, 304-5

Arctic Ocean, copepods of, xii, 84;

depths, xiv, 22;

enclosed character, 22, 290, 299

Arctic Plants, in mountains, xiii, 321, xiv, 365-6, 376-7

Arctic Regions, conditions of life in, xv, 123-4;

forests of Coal Age, xiii, 307;

frozen soil of, xiv, 75;

growing season in, 375;

plant conditions in, 365;

seals of, xii, 335;

skin canoes of, xv, 264;

snow line in, 72-3;

wolves of, xii, 340-1;

winds, i, 127, 128

(see also Polar Regions)

Arcturus, angular diameter, ii, 151;

decreasing distance, 120;

displacement lines in spectrum, 119;

gaseous state, 382;

origin of name, 302;

parallax, 316;

"solar" star, 115

Arequipa Observatory, ii, 145-6

Arethusa (plant), xiii, 186 (fig.)

Argentina, ancient sloths of, xii, 283;

hail rods, i, 343;

pampas of, (see Pampas);

stock-raising, xiv, 384;

weather service, i, 228-9 (note), ii, 186-7;

wheat cultivation, xiii, 211

Argon, discovery and character, i, 10, 11, 12, viii, 67, 181, 309;

electric lamp filler, i, 33;

periodic classification, viii, 182-3;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Argonauts, (shellfish), xii, 77-8

Argonne Forest, xiv, 91

Arid Regions, alkali deposits, viii, 139;

dust whirls, i, 60;

mineral matter in waters, viii, 196;

plants of, xv, 18-9;

rainfall of, i, 109, 112;

rock weathering in, xiv, 41-2, 51-2, 77-9, 124;

soils of, 68-9, 383

(see also Deserts)

Aristarchus of Samos, ii, 10, 27-8

Aristillus, ii, 28-9, 31

Aristocracy, changing ideas of, xv, 377

Aristocratic Type, xiii, 356

Aristotle, association principles, xi, 197-8;

authority in Middle Ages, ii, 33, 42;

conception of cosmos, ii, 367;

lectures on fossils, etc., xvi, 168;

medical work of, x, 23, 27, 74;

meteorological treatise, i, 67;

monad theory, xvi, 118;

on falling bodies, ii, 53;

on knowledge and perceptions, xvi, 87;

on Mars, ii, 227;

on origin of earth, xvi, 78;

on shooting stars, ii, 283;

scientific methods, xvi, 88-9;

syllogism invention, 88;

zoölogical work, 126

Arizona, arid topography, xiv, 42;

cactus plants, xiii, 28, 106-7;

chapparal of, xiv, 379;

cliff lines of, 88;

climate of plateau, 222;

copper mines, iii, 360;

faults at Bisbee, 90;

forests of, xiv, 220-1, 373-4;

Gila monster of, xii, 204, 207;

mesas, xiv, 82;

sunniest state, i, 86;

timber limits, xiv, 373;

volcanic fields of, 102, 315, 317, 318

Arkansas, aluminum production, iii, 369;

hot springs of, xiv, 143, 144;

malaria campaign in, x, 173-4

Arkwright, Richard, v, 274, 376

Armadillos, xii, 282, 283-4;

scales of, xv, 220

Armature Reaction, vi, 190, vii, 145-6

Armatures of Dynamos, iv, 307, vi, 176, vii, 362;

of direct current generators, vi, 178, 179-86;

of alternators, 196, 197-8, 202, 205, 207, 210, 212-13

Armatures of Magnets, iv, 250, vi, 30 (fig.), vii, 362;

uses of, iv, 291-2

Armatures of Motors, vi, 223, 224-5, 235-6

Armies, crowd psychology in, xi, 326-7;

fatigue in retreat, 275

Armor, development of, xv, 220-1

Armored Cable Wiring, vii, 61-2, 362

Armor Fishes, iii, 281, 282, 284

Armorican Range, xiv, 96, 235

Armor Plate, making of, v, 323, 382

Arms, arteries of, ix, 196-7;

bones of, 67-8, (fig.), 77, (fig.);

bones, growth of, 58;

equal length of, 169-70;

freedom of movement of, 66;

grasping organs, 82;

length as yard measure, iv, 45;

length in man and apes, xv, 57, 59;

muscles of, ix, 76-7

Arnold of Villanova, x, 41

Aromatic Hydrocarbons, viii, 232-6, 374

Arrack, from coco palm, xv, 125;

Indian, xiii, 213

Arrhenius, on Martian life, ii, 248 on osmotic pressure, xvi, 164;

theory of life, xii, 9

Arrows, development, and use of, xv, 213-16;

Indian, 196 (fig.)

Arsenic, affinity strength, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

in copper ore, vii, 320;

ores of, viii, 198, 270;

properties, 169;

specific gravity, 384;

tests for, 201, 287, 288

Art, primitive types of, xv, 110-21;

science and, iv, 9

Arterial Blood, ix, 260, 263, 264

Arterial Pressure, ix, 213-14, x, 334

Arteries, ix, 191, 196-7, x, 334;

bleeding from, discovery of, 39;

caliber changes in small, ix, 215;

connection with veins, 192-3 (fig.), 197;

elasticity of, 59, 210-12, 213-14;

former ideas of, x, 62, 63, 65, xvi, 106;

hardening of, x, 334-6;

ligating of, 56, 96;

"man as old as," ix, 214, x, 335;

passage of blood along, ix, 211-12;

systole and diastole of, x, 62, 63-4, 65

Artesian Wells, iii, 118-19, xiv, 138;

constancy of, 152;

of North Dakota, 12, 139;

warm water from, 144

Arthropods, iii, 260, 263, 264, 276-80, xii, 81, 126

Arthur's Seat, Scotland, xiv, 112

Artichokes, xiii, 206, 222

Artificial Ice, production, v, 349-50, 354-8, viii, 69, 70

Artificial Light, colors in, ix, 115;

gains from, iv, 51

Artificial Limbs, x, 190

Artillery, armor versus, v, 368;

distance audible, i, 188-9

(see also Guns, Projectiles)

Artillery Plant, xiii, 56

Arts, æsthetic, origin and development, xv, 296-325

Arts of Life, xv, 205-72

Arum, fertilization of wild, xiii, 153

Arum Family, xiii, 188;

flower arrangement, 52

Aryan Languages, xv, 161, 162, 163

Aryans, in Nordic group, xvi, 48;

of India, 53;

rule of fathers among, xv, 367

Asbestos, iii, 338

Ascension Island, xiv, 289

Ascidians, xii, 19, 20, 129

Asclepiades, x, 25-6

Asepsis, in surgery, x, 14, 134, 146-8;

Lister on, 144-5

Ash, viii, 374;

handling in power plants, vi, 356;

of coal, viii, 44, 45;

of plants, xiv, 65-6;

volcanic, 324

Ash Trees, for gardens, xiii, 271-2;

leaves, 36-7;

seed dispersal, 58, 343

Asia, animals of, xii, (herbivora), 302, 305, 313, 314, 317, 320, 327;

animals (carnivorous), 336, 339, 344, 345, 352, 356, 357, 365;

birds of, 263;

climate changes, results, iii, 75, xiv, 361-2, xvi, 141;

climate of eastern, xiv, 345;

crocodiles of, xii, 201;

drainage system, xiv, 190, 195-6;

earthquake belts, 331-2;

eastern coast, 248-64;

faulted topography of eastern, 124-5;

food plant regions, xiii, 221;

forests, xiv, 369-77;

formerly united with America, xii, 313, xiii, 351, xiv, 30;

geological history, iii, 216, 235-6;

grasslands and deserts, xiv, 381;

monsoon countries, conditions in, 359-60;

plains, 217;

plants common with America, xiii, 351;

plateaus and mountains, xiv, 217-22;

rodents of, xii, 287-9;

rubber production, xiii, 248;

salt lakes, viii, 139;

snails of, xii, 69;

snakes of, 218, 226, 229, 231, 232;

terrestrial leeches, 55-6;

trees of eastern, xiv, 377;

vegetables and fruits originating in, xiii, 222-7;

volcanic fields, xiv, 316-18;

wind types, i, 131, 134, 136

Asia, Central (see Central Asia)

Asia Minor, climate changes in, xiv, 361-2;

plateau of, 222

Asiatic Volcanic Belt, xiv, 316

Asparagus, effects on urine, ix, 274-5;

green food, 27;

origin, xiii, 222;

stem of, 30

Asps, xii, 230

Assam Earthquake, iii, 98, xiv, 334

Asses, xii, 308

Association of Ideas, ix, 150-1, xi, 197-207;

in language, ix, 151-2;

memory and, 149-50;

in imagination, xi, 219-20, 209, 212, 216-17;

necessary to attention, 232-3, 234;

normal and abnormal complexes, x, 355

Assyria, civilization conditions, xv, 127;

art of, 301;

cuneiform writing, 175 (fig.);

history and civilization, xvi, 51-3;

skin rafts of, xv, 264;

sun-worship and astrology, ii, 20-1

Assyrian Language, xv, 162

Asteroids, discovery, ii, 254-7;

in solar system, 163-4;

life on, 248;

origin, 258, 371, 373, 374;

photographic study, 131-2;

size, shapes, and orbits, 162, 257-8

Asthma, bronchial, ix, 162, x, 223;

from adenoids, 342

Astigmatism, ix, 113-14, xi, 85

Astonishment, and fear, xi, 131

Astraphobia, i, 330-66

Astrolabes, ii, 11, 29, 34, 46-7, 93

Astrology, astronomy and, ii, 9, 20;

history in various countries, ii, 20-1, 23, 37, xvi, 58;

medical progress and, x, 14

Astronomical Instruments, Bessel on, ii, 93;

development of, 10, 11, 12-13, 13-14, 16, 161

Astronomical Photography, ii, 125-38;

in corona studies, 221-2, 225;

in parallax work, 314;

in nebular studies, 358;

telescopes used in, iv, 372-3

Astronomy, daily interest of, xvi, 12;

defined, 37;

exact science, x, 368;

history of, ii, 9-92, iv, 19, xvi, 56-8, 61, 69, 70, 81-2, 90-1, 100,

101, 102, 103, 124-5;

mathematical and descriptive, ii, 15, 16;

meteorology and, i, 7;

new and old, ii, 113-14;

personal measurements in, xi, 155-6;

spherical, ii, 29

Astronomy Today, Volume ii

Athletes, "form" in, ix, 159

Athletic Contests, value to spectators, xi, 139-40

Atlantic Cables, laying of first, vi, 24;

Telegraph Plateau and, xiv, 288

Atlantic Coast, shoal-water belt, xiv, 25, 285

Atlantic Coastal Plain, xiv, 213-14;

artesian wells in, iii, 119;

forests, xiii, 371, xiv, 372-3;

geological history, iii, 212-13, 216, 221, 231;

soils and agriculture of, xiv, 218-19

Atlantic Drainage System, xiv, 189-90

Atlantic Ocean, airship flights across, iv, 107, v, 228-30, 233;

birds of, xii, 251, 252, 253;

climates on opposite coasts, xiv, 345, 346-7;

clipper's time across, v, 188;

conformation of floor, xiv, 288-90;

coral reefs in, 264;

depths, iii, 51;

extent of, xiv, 22;

first steamship, v, 192-3, 378;

herring fisheries, xii, 156;

oceanic islands of, xiv, 277;

salt in, viii, 139;

temperature of water, xiv, 14, 297;

trade winds, i, 127, 130;

tree corals of, xii, 43;

unchanged for ages, iii, 55;

weather charts, i, 276;

wireless weather reports, 280

(see also North Atlantic)

Atlantic Seaboard, rainfall, i, 112;

super-electric zone, vi, 384

Atlantic Type of Coasts, xiv, 247, 249-50

Atlantic Volcanic Belt, xiv, 316

Atmometers, i, 88-9, 366

Atmosphere, anatomy of, i, 9-23;

circulation (winds and storms), 123-40, xiv, 347-51;

composition (gases), 9-16, viii, 66-8, 152;

dense, effects of, iv, 31-2;

density decrease upward, i, 16, 17, 171, 173, 303, iv, 108, 124, ix,

267-8, xiv, 354;

density irregularities, optical effects, i, 171-2;

disease germs in, 325-6;

dust and smoke in, 52-65, 325, vii, 216-17, ix, 269;

effect on colors of stars, ii, 296;

effect on meteors, 283, 285, 290;

effect on sunlight and colors, i, 165-6, 167-71;

electrification, 144, 145, 146, 150, vii, 207, 212-13, 216-17;

heat absorption by, iv, 194;

heating of, by sun, i, 123;

heat retention by, ii, 244, 382, iv, 183-4;

height, i, 16-18, ii, 244, iv, 116;

highway, i, 39-51;

layers (see Stratosphere, Troposphere);

light of, 164;

magnifying of, by telescopes, ii, 98, 140, 141;

meteorology, science of, i, 7;

nitrogen fixation from (see Nitrogen Fixation);

oxygen in upper, ix, 267-8;

radioactive emanations in, i, 143;

resources in, 24-38;

theories of origin, iii, 160, 163;

topographical work of, xiv, 62-79;

weight, i, 23, ii, 279, v, 222-30

(see also Air)

Atmosphere (unit of pressure), iv, 121, 123, 381, viii, 107

Atmospheric Acoustics, i, 186-96

Atmospheric Electricity, i, 141-63, vii, 201-19, 362;

in climatology, i, 211;

physiological effects, 330

Atmospheric Engine, Newcomen's, v, 144

Atmospheric Optics, i, 164-85, iv, 327-9

Atmospheric Pressure, amount and direction, i, 23, ii, 244, iv, 116-23,

v, 222, viii, 107;

amount at different elevations, iv, 124;

body regulation to, x, 250;

boiling point and, iv, 170, viii, 303;

discovery of, iv, 114-16, 132, v, 112;

early experiments with, iv, 29-30;

equalization in ear, ix, 102;

isobars, i, 125-26;

life in relation to, ii, 245-48, xi, 53;

measurement, i, 70-2, iv, 120, 121, 123, 124;

physiological effect of changes, i, 303, 327-9;

stratosphere in relation to, 20;

unit of, iv, 121, 123, 381, viii, 107;

variations with temperature, iv, 121-3, 124-5;

weather and, i, 70, 237-8, 241-2

(see also Pressure Areas);

winds in relation to, 124, 125-6, 127-9, 134-5;

work done by, 25, v, 112-15, 137-8

Atmospheric Refraction, i, 167-74, 380, iv, 327-30;

early studies of, ii, 32, 41

Atolls, xii, 41

Atomic Energy, ii, 384, v, 181, viii, 186-7

Atomic Numbers, viii, 183, 309

Atomic Theory, history and deductions, viii, 110;

in Greek philosophy, xvi, 83-4, 87, 118;

Leibnitz's, 117-18

Atomic Volume, determination, viii, 307

Atomic Weights, viii, 92, 383;

chemical calculations by, 96;

classification of elements by, viii, 177-83, 189, xvi, 163;

determination of, viii, 306-7;

hydrogen basis, 33;

introduction, xvi, 134;

physical state and, viii, 297-8;

properties dependent on, xvi, 134;

radioactivity and, viii, 184, 185-6, 188;

regular increase in similar elements, 132, 176, 179;

specific gravity and, 313;

specific heat and, 308-9;

table, vii, 384, viii, 383

Atomists, school of, xvi, 84-6

Atoms, viii, 25-7;

asymmetric, 309-10;

chromophor groups, 258;

defined, iv, 21, vi, 110-11, viii, 374;

vii, 362, disintegration, 185-7, 188;

dissociated, in ball lightning, vii, 214-15;

electrification, vi, 122-3;

energy of (see Atomic Energy);

Greek theory, xvi, 118;

laws involving, viii, 110;

Leibnitz on, xvi, 118;

magnetic fields of, vi, 117;

motion within, viii, 309-10;

of body, Epicurean theory, x, 26;

size, vi, 112-13, 115;

stability, vii, 215;

structure of, iv, 23, 55, vi, 113-15, 120-1, viii, 187-9, 307;

unchangeableness, 175-6

Attention, xi, 228-36;

habit and, 253-5;

methods of arousing, in advertising, 344-8;

ordinary meaning, 40

Attraction, scientific meaning, vii, 362, iv, 96

Audibility, distances and variations, i, 187-92;

vibration limits of, iv, 204, ix, 99

Audion, iv, 315-16, vi, 339 (fig.), vii, 279, xvi, 191-2

(see also

Vacuum Tube)

Auditoriums, acoustic qualities, iv, 239;

cooling system, 188;

echoes in, 238

Auditory Nerve, ix, 101 (fig.), 142, xi, 30, 102;

internal and external stimulations, iv, 203

Auenbrugger, Leopold, x, 98-9, 110

Augite, iii, 336

Augustinus, Aurelius, xvi, 99-100

Auks, xii, 264-5

Aurelians, xii, 116

Aureoles, i, 184, 370

Aurignac Cave, iii, 305

Aurignacian Implements, xv, 100, 105, 108-9

Aurochs, xii, 331

Aurora, i, 158-62, 367;

altitude, 17;

magnetic disturbances with, vi, 40;

ozone from discharges, i, 16;

sun-spots and, ii, 176, 186

Ausable Chasm, iii, 44, 243, xiv, 128, 131

Auscultation, x, 108-10, 371

Australia, animals of, xii, 204, 249, 272, 274-5, 276-7, 278-80, 285;

barramundi fish of, 154;

barrier reef of, xii, 41, xiv, 263;

big trees, xiii, 26;

black swan of, xii, 259;

"bush" of, xiv, 378-9, 380;

bushmen, iii, 304;

climate, xiv, 358;

coasts, coral reefs on, xii, 40, 41;

desert sounds, i, 196;

former connections, xii, 277;

glacial and coal deposits, iii, 203-4;

grasslands, xiii, 373;

island or continent, xiv, 23;

ladybirds and scales, xv, 22;

landlocked area, xiv, 190, 222;

mining production, iii, 362, 365, 368, 370;

monsoons, i, 131;

mountains in Permian Period, iii, 205;

parrots of, xii, 266;

pearl fisheries of, 62;

plateau and plains, xiv, 218-22;

rabbit pest in, xv, 20;

ria coasts of, 257;

rivers and drainage of, xiv, 197;

sheep raising, 384;

snakes of, xii, 214-29;

temperate forests, xiii, 372;

timber supplies of, xiv, 382;

weather effects on history, i, 324;

wheat cultivation, xiii, 211;

wild rice, 214

Australians, xv, 193-5;

avenging of death by, 368;

beards, 38;

bird-catching by, 224;

boats of, 262;

body scarring by, 257-8;

boomerang of, 194, 208;

chieftains, 364;

color, 37;

cooking methods, 195, 233;

dances and music, 313-14;

digging sticks of, 235;

dogs used in hunting, 223;

dramatic ceremonies and plays, 306, 308-9;

duck hunting by, 222;

ideas of white men, 334;

message sticks, 166-7;

parrying stick of, 221;

sand drawings, 296;

songs of, 319-21;

spear-throwers of, 212 (fig.);

use of toes by, 61

Austria, beet sugar production, xiii, 216;

forests of, xiv, 238, 382;

Italy and, xiv, 244-5, 253;

Lake Dwellers of, xiii, 210;

loess deposits, xiv, 72;

Serbia and, 306

Autogenous Vaccines, x, 218

Auto-intoxication, ix, 249-52, x, 255, xi, 370;

in mothers, ix, 343-4

Automatic Heat Regulators, vii, 87-8

Automatic Regulation, vi, 101-2, vii, 362-3;

of motors, vi, 218, 224-9, 232

Automatic Telegraphy, vii, 112-13

Automatic Telephones, vi, 87, vii, 92-3, 106-7

Automobile Industry, v, 213-14, 383;

machine-tools and, 55-6, 214, 383

Automobiles, American, v, 213-14;

benzene fuels, viii, 235-6;

carburetors, vii, 124-8;

clutches, 143;

clutches, magnetic, vi, 104;

crank shafts, vii, 130-1;

cylinders, 130-1;

cylinder test, 128;

electric systems, 120-50;

engines, v, 156-61;

engine operation, vii, 123-33;

frost around exhaust, v, 128;

freezing of radiators, prevention, viii, 299;

future fuels, 209;

generator output regulation, vii, 144-50;

high and low speed air mixtures, 126-7;

history of development, v, 207, 212-13, 377, 383;

horns, iv, 240-1;

ignition system, vii, 130-41, 243;

ignition test, 128;

ignorance of drivers, 122-3;

lighting systems, 122, 135, 141-2;

limitations on use, i, 41-2;

lubrication, vii, 300;

magnesium parts, viii, 127-49;

magnetos, vii, 135, 139-41;

motion pictures of, iv, 349;

mufflers, v, 165;

Owen's magnetic, vi, 104;

power source, ix, 15, 74;

present attitude toward, vii, 299;

racing cars, v, 214;

roads and, 214-15;

springs air-cushioned, 134;

starters, vi, 99, 238-9, vii, 120, 127, 135, 142-3;

steel alloys used in, xiv, 238;

steering-gear, v, 38;

storage battery care, vii, 121, 127, 144;

tires, v, 133-4, 204;

tires burst by heat, iv, 151;

unit systems, vii, 135-6;

voltmeters, 163

Autonomic Nervous System, xi, 134-5, 137

Autophytes, xiii, 96-7

Autosuggestion, xi, 305-10;

in hypnotism, 311-20;

in salesmanship, 336-41;

in sleep, 287-8;

positive, 278

Autotransformers, vi, 327-8, 337 (fig.);

in wireless systems, vii, 266-91

Autumn, frosts, i, 258;

leaves in, xiii, 79, 175;

rate of advance (U. S.), i, 256

Aviators, altitude effects, i, 303;

complete rainbow seen by, 175;

fog effects, 300-1;

heights attained by, ix, 267-8;

sense of balance, v, 343;

sixth sense, i, 292;

training of, x, 242;

visibility obstacles, i, 303;

weather service for, 206, 227, 230, 231, 233, 286, 304-5

Avicenna, x, 32-3;

arterial bleeding unknown to, 39;

books burned by Paracelsus, 47;

translation of, 38;

views of fossils, iii, 14

Avitaminoses, x, 264

Avocations, importance of, xi, 375-6

Avogadro's Hypothesis, viii, 108-9, xvi, 133

Awe, sentiment of, xi, 147

Axolotl, xii, 173

Axons, of nerves, ix, 123-4, 125, 126, xi, 19

Aye-Ayes, xii, 374

Azaleas, xiii, 202, 203 (fig.), 289

Azores, xiv, 276, 289;

ocean depths near, 289;

rediscovery of, 309;

volcanic activity in, 316

Azores Plateau, xiv, 288

Aztecs, civilization, in temperate climate, xv, 123;

kings' oath, 366;

picture writing of, 169-78 (fig.);

tobacco use among, xiii, 257

Azurite, iii, 323

Baal, Phœnician sun-god, ii, 20

Babakotos, xii, 375

Baboons, xii, 379-81;

primates, 373

Babylon, wind-blown sand over, iii, 75;

world metropolis, xvi, 61

Babylonian Language, xv, 162

Babylonians, astronomy of, ii, 19-21, xvi, 56, 57-8, 61-2;

cuneiform writing, xv, 174, 175 (fig.), xvi, 60;

debt of Greeks and Egyptians to, 63, 66, 69, 70, 71;

Hammurabic code, 63;

history and civilization, 51-3, 55, 62-3;

idea of cosmos, 77;

magic of, 59;

mathematics, 61, 62, 103;

medicine of, x, 14, 15;

science, remarks on, xiv, 96

Babyroussa, xii, 310

Bacilli, x, 195;

of various diseases, 149, 165-6, 292, 295, 296, 298-9

Backstays of Sun, i, 169, 367

Bacon, calories in, ix, 299

Bacon, Francis, evolution known to, x, 136;

Harvey's small esteem for, 66;

influence on his times, 67;

on brontides, i, 196;

on knowledge, xi, 10;

scientific work, xvi, 113, 115, 125, 131

Bacon, Roger, xvi, 100-1

Bacteria, anærobic, xiii, 312-13;

atmospheric electricity and, i, 330;

breeding of, true, x, 195;

classification of, 195;

destruction by disinfectants, viii, 332-3;

destruction in blood, x, 209-11;

disease-making (see Disease Germs);

fermentation by, ix, 248;

flowerless plants, xiii, 13;

food of, ix, 27, 248;

in air, i, 61;

Chicago standards, viii, 332;

in body, x, 201-2, 204;

in intestines, ix, 247-9;

in sea, xii, 16;

Leeuwenhoek's studies, xvi, 107-8;

low temperature effects, i, 32;

luminous, 346, 349, xii, 20;

nitrogen fixation by, i, 35, viii, 340, 345, 346, x, 193-4, xiii, 98,

xiv, 66;

number of species, xiii, 323;

origin of, xii, 12;

Pasteur's studies, xvi, 143;

preserving foods against, viii, 372;

sewage treatment by, 325, 327-9;

single-celled, xiii, 166;

size, i, 61, xiii, 63;

soil, xii, 15;

ultramicroscopic, x, 200;

useful forms of, 193-4

Bacteriemia, x, 220

Bacteriology, x, 194;

foundations of, 143, 196

Badgers, xii, 347-8

Bad Lands, iii, 139-40, 230, xiv, 62, 81-2

Bagehot, quoted, xvi, 198

Baglivi, x, 76, 77-8, 155

Bag-pipes, xv, 317

Baguio, Philippines, rainstorm at, 1, 110

Baguios, i, 136, 367

Bahamas, hurricane grass of, xiii, 344;

sisal production, 240;

wild fig tree, 18

Baikal, Lake, depth of, xiv, 204;

in rift valley, 123

Bailey's Beads, ii, 87

Baking Powders, viii, 136-7, 223

Baking Soda, viii, 135-6, 146, 278

Balance, sense of (see Equilibrium Sense)

Balanced Forces, v, 183-6

Balance Levers, v, 63-4 (fig.) 65

Balance Spring, invention, v, 65

Balance Wheels, v, 68-9, 71-2

Baldness, ancient treatment of, x, 12;

hats and, 309

Balearic Basin, xiv, 291

Balfour, Francis, x, 131

Ball-bearings, iv, 93, v, 206

Ballistic Wind, i, 313-67

Ball Lightning, i, 149-52, vii, 205-6, 213-15;

as ignis fatuus, i, 347

Ballon-sonde, i, 21, 367

Balloons, iv, 107-8, v, 219-30;

aerological uses and kinds, i, 18, 19, 20-2, 89, xvi, 177;

dirigible (see Dirigible Balloons), heights attained, i, 18, 22, 303,

v, 225;

hydrogen in, iv, 108, viii, 33;

sounds heard, i, 188;

why they rise, 286, v, 221-2

Baltic Provinces, coasts of, xiv, 247

Baltic Racial Group, xvi, 48-9

Baltic Sea, development of trade of, xiv, 308;

formation of, 287;

green color, xvi, 147;

salt in, viii, 139, xiv, 296

Baltimore, harbor of, xiv, 268

Bamboo, in grass family, xiii, 179, 181;

rapid growth, 358;

stem, 26, 183;

tropical wood, xiv, 383

Banana, xiii, 216-18;

calories in, ix, 299;

flavor and odor, to what due, viii, 221;

food value, 365, x, 266-8;

in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Banana Oil, viii, 214, 221, 251

Bandai-san, eruption of, xiv, 324

Banks, oceanic, xiv, 286

Banyan Tree, xiii, 16 (illus.), 21

Bar, pressure unit, i, 70, 367

Barbados, overpopulation of, xiv, 282

Barbed Fruits, xiii, 58

Barbers, as surgeons, x, 35, 41, 54, 105, xvi, 181

Barberry Bush, xiii, 128-30

Barisal Guns, i, 195, 367

Barite, iii, 323;

gangue mineral, viii, 199

Barium, viii, 148;

affinity strength, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

flame color, 301;

fluorescence of, vii, 254;

specific gravity, viii, 384;

test for, 287-89

Barium Chloride, viii, 290, 301

Bark Lice, xii, 112

Barker, Dr., quoted, x, 375-6

Barley, composition and value, viii, 364;

malt from, 249;

ripening time, xiv, 365;

source, 382;

vitamines in, x, 262

Bar Magnets, iv, 242-3, 250, vi, 30-4

Barnacles, xii, 82, 84-5

Barns, electricity for, vii, 227-8;

lightning rods on, i, 156

Barocyclonometer, i, 280, 367

Barographs, i, 71-2, 367

Barometers, i, 70-2, 367, iv, 119-24;

Torricelli's development of, i, 68, iv, 29, 30, 114, xvi, 109, 177

Barometer Wells, i, 354, 367

Barometric Gradient, i, 126, 373

Barometric Pressure (see Atmospheric Pressure)

Barometric Tendency, i, 71-2, 367

Barotaxis, xi, 53, 61

Barramunda, xii, 154, 165-6

Barrel Gears, v, 27-8

Barrier Reefs, xii, 40-1, xiv, 263

Barton, Prof. W. M., author Medicine, Volume x

Bars, vibration rate of, iv, 223-4

Basal Metabolism (see Basic Metabolism)

Basaltic Lava, defined, iii, 377;

in Grand Canyon, 177;

jointing in, xiv, 129-30;

soils from, iii, 28

Basalt Rock, magnetized by lightning, i, 152-3

Base, Bases (chemistry), viii, 374;

defined by ionization theory, 122;

electrolytes, 125;

formation and character, 20, 39, 115, 117-18;

ionization in solution, 119-25, 300-1;

litmus effect, 114;

production, 276

Baseball, pitching of curves, iv, 67-9

Baseball Games, crowd psychology at, xi, 327;

value to spectators, 139-40

Baseball Players, sensory type, xi, 156

Base Level of Erosion, defined, iii, 30, 377, xiv, 40;

form of rivers at, 49;

of waves, 254

Base Plugs, vi, 276-7, vii, 72

Basic Metabolism, ix, 37, 78, x, 271;

daily amount in calories, ix, 296, x, 271;

disease effects on, ix, 302-4, x, 272;

heat production by, ix, 307;

of obese persons, x, 274;

protein stimulation of, ix, 301-2;

protoplasmic wastage by, 282-3;

temperature and water effects, 37-8

Basilar Membrane, of ear, iv, 203

Basin Ranges, formation of, xiv, 117

Basins, ocean, xiv, 286

Basket Fish, xii, 49

Baskets, Indian, xv, 248

Basques, isolation of, xv, 130

Bathrooms, lighting of, vii, 71-2

Baths, Bathing, ix, 313, 321-2, x, 311-12;

need of, after exercise, x, 304;

therapeutic uses, 311, 383;

warm for insomnia, xi, 289-90

(see also Cold Baths, Hot Baths)

Bats, xii, 369-72;

in oceanic islands, xiv, 277

Batteries, electric (see Electric Batteries)

Battles, crowd psychology in, xi, 326-7;

rain from, i, 336-8

Battleships, electrical applications (U. S. N.), vii, 325-35;

gun-training on, v, 104;

importance, vii, 325-6;

radio directing of, 284;

wireless telephony and, 281-3

Bauxite, iii, 369;

in basic refractories, vii, 307

Bayberry Bush, xiii, 191, 341

Bayliss, hormones discovery, x, 320;

secretin discovery, 325;

quoted, xi, 198-9

Bays, in irregular coasts, xiv, 252;

of ria coasts, 257

Beach, Alfred E., v, 138

Beach, Prof. Robin, author Electricity, Vols. vi, vii

Beaches, amphipods of, xii, 85;

features of, xiv, 246;

formation of, iii, 58, 81;

plants of, xiii, 381-2;

raised, iii, 81, xiv, 209;

rapid development of, iii, 58

Beach Fleas, xii, 81-5

Beach Walls, xiv, 246

Beachworms, xii, 54

Beaded Lightning, i, 149

"Beagle," voyage of, x, 134-5, xiv, 142

Beam Balance, iv, 101-2

Beam Warpers, v, 280

Beans, as food, viii, 365, ix, 34, 36, 299, x, 262-79;

food-obtaining devices, xiii, 97;

leaves, 36-7, 113;

movement of tendrils, 111;

in pea family, 198;

origin, 222;

petals, 47;

seeds, 56;

seed-leaves, 176

Beards, as race character, xv, 38

Bears, xii, 336-8;

canine teeth in, 333;

first cave-dwellers, xv, 206;

in Great Britain, xiv, 273

Beasts of Prey, xii, 332-65

Beats (sound), iv, 219-20, vii, 279

Beaufort Scale, i, 84, 367

Beaumont, William, ix, 240, x, 121, xvi, 186

Beauty, universal appreciation of, xvi, 145-6

Beaverdam Creek, iii, 38-9

Beaver-dam Lakes, iii, 157

Beavers, xii, 295-6;

first lumberers, xv, 206

Beckel Process, v, 287-8

Becquerel, Henri, xvi, 193

Bedbugs, xii, 114;

ancient, 104

Bedded Rock (see Sedimentary Rock)

Bedford Limestone, iii, 371-2

Bedrooms, air of, xi, 285;

furnishings and sleep, xi, 290;

lighting of, vi, 275-6, vii, 71

Beds, right, for sleep, xi, 290

Beebread, xiii, 124

Beech Forests, carbon used by, i, 14;

of Chile, xiv, 371;

of Denmark, xv, 86-7;

water requirements of, xiv, 377-8

Beech Trees, family, xiii, 193;

in landscaping, 271-2;

leaf-bud protection, 34;

of U. S., 368, xiv, 372

Beef, calories in, ix, 299;

proteins in, 279;

vitamines in, x, 262

Beef Extracts, value, viii, 362

Bees, xii, 125-6;

appearance in Tertiary, 104;

jaws and maxillæ in, 100;

plant visitors, xiii, 123-4, 126-7, 128-30, 137-9

Beeswax, viii, 221-45;

melting requirements, iv, 162

Beetles, xii, 121-4;

appearance of, 104

Beets, antiscurvy vitamines in, x, 266;

origin and antiquity, xiii, 222;

sugar storage in, ix, 27-8;

swelled roots, xiii, 19

(see also Sugar Beet)

Beet Sugar, viii, 226-7, 242, xiii, 216;

compared with glucose, ix, 230

Beginners' Luck, xi, 253

Begonias, coloring of leaves, xii, 42;

reproduction, 165-6

Beheaded Streams, xiv, 182-3

Behel, Jacob, v, 248

Belgians, in Alpine group, xvi, 49

Belgium, fossils found in, iii, 292;

German invasion, reasons, xiv, 91-2;

low elevation, 247;

mistpoeffers, i, 195;

tobacco consumption, xiii, 256;

topography of, xiv, 86 (map), 90-1;

zinc production, iii, 364

Bell, Alexander Graham, telephone invention, vii, 92, xvi, 188

Bell, Charles, x, 117

Bell, John, x, 129

Bell, Rev. Patrick, v, 246

Bell-crank Levers, v, 24-5

Belle Isle Strait, proposed damming, i, 345

Bells, vibrations of, iv, 221-2

Bell Telephone System, vii, 92;

automatic telephones, 106

Benedictine Order, medical work of, x, 36

Benguella Current, xiv, 305

Ben Nevis, rime growth, i, 122;

St. Elmo's Fire, 158

Benz, Karl, v, 213

Benzaldehyde, viii, 239

Benzene, viii, 51, 234-5, 374;

derivatives, 236;

from coal tar, 253;

freezing and melting points, iv, 163-4

Benzene Hydrocarbons, viii, 206, 232-6;

derivatives, 236-40;

products, 52, 241, 258

Benzene Ring, viii, 233, 234, 240

Benzine, viii, 234-5

Benzoic Acid, viii, 236, 239, 372

Benzol, viii, 234-5

Benzyl Alcohol, viii, 239

Benzyl Bromide, viii, 263

Berea Sandstone, iii, 372

Berengario of Carpi, x, 52, 60

Bergman, chemist, xvi, 119, 120, 174

Bergshrund, iii, 66

Bergson, philosophy of, xvi, 196

Beriberi, ix, 35-6, x, 257-9, 264;

cause of, viii, 369;

racial susceptibility to, xv, 50-1

Bering Sea, seal breeding in, xii, 334

Bering Strait, xiv, 22

Berkshire Hills, formation, iii, 188, 190

Berlin, sewage disposal, viii, 327

Berliner, Emile, gramophone, v, 328-9, 382;

transmitter, 381

Bermudas, climate of, xiv, 370-1;

coral reefs of, xii, 40

Bernard, Claude, x, 127-8, xvi, 185-6

Berries, xiii, 54;

poison in wayside, 252

Berson, balloon ascension, i, 18, v, 225

Bertrand, Alexandre, xvi, 185-6

Beryl, iii, 324-5

Berzelius, Jacob, xvi, 160-1, 165;

on fermentation, x, 138

Bessel, dismissal from Greenwich, xi, 156;

instruments and methods, ii, 16, 55;

on genius and instruments, 93;

prediction of, 124;

study of stellar parallaxes, 311-12, 313

Bessemer Converter, v, 319, 320, 322, 380, viii, 159;

invention, xvi, 175

Bessemer Steel, ore for, iii, 356

Besson, Dr. Louis, i, 181;

nephoscope, 86, 85 (fig.)

Beta Aurigæ, ii, 123

Beta Rays, i, 143, viii, 185

Betelgeuse, angular diameter, ii, 151, 322-3;

chemical study of, 114;

color, 297;

name, 39

Betel Nut, xiii, 254-5

Bevel Gears, v, 30-1;

primitive, 27-8

Beverages from various plants, xiii, 213, 219, 227-35

Bharal, xii, 326

Bianchini, ii, 99, 227

Bias, psychological effects, xi, 103, 208-9, 216

Biberthal, Switzerland, xiv, 186

Bible, account of man in, xv, 69;

Anglo-Saxon passage from, 157;

emotions depicted in, xi, 131;

"Great Sea" of, xiv, 358;

rice and sugar not mentioned, xiii, 214-15;

weather proverbs, i, 67

(see also New and Old Testaments)

Bicarbonate of Soda, medical uses of, x, 12, 322

Biceps, ix, 76-7 (fig.)

Bichat, x, 117

Bicycle Pump, i, 26-7

Bicycle Races, energy expenditure in, ix, 297

Bicycles, equilibrium maintenance on, iv, 62;

gyroscopic action, v, 343;

pedal invention, 380;

riding of, ix, 155-6, 158-9

Biela's Comet, ii, 280, 286

Biennials (plants), roots of, xiii, 16, 18

Bifocal Lenses, ix, 112;

invented by Franklin, x, 104

Big Creek Power Plant, v, 79, 81

Bigelow, Henry J., x, 125

Big Horn Sheep, xii, 326

Bigourdan, astronomer, ii, 358-9

Big Trees, Californian, age and size, xiii, 26;

branches, 86;

climatic changes seen in rings, i, 199, 200, xiv, 362;

former wide distribution, iii, 256, xiii, 352

(see also Sequoias)

Bihar, India, hailstorm, i, 120

Bile, ix, 237, 243, 275-6, x, 325-6, 329-30

Biliousness, x, 330

Billfish, xii, 152

Billings, John Shaw, xvi, 186

Billroth, Theodor, xvi, 183

Binary Stars, ii, 122-4, 334-5;

distance, 319-20;

orbit eccentricity, 377;

origin, 378-9;

periods, 319;

relation to Galaxy, 327;

variability, 326-7

(see also Double Stars)

Binding Machines, v, 247-8

Binoculars, principle of, xi, 180

Binomial Nomenclature, x, 84

Binturongs, xii, 353

Biochemistry, viii, 205, 348

Bioclimatic Law, i, 256, 367-8

Biology, defined, xvi, 36, 42;

history of development, 118, 142, 144-58;

medicine and, x, 369;

modern, due to Darwin, 134-6;

remarks on science of, 368

Biometry, science of, xvi, 153-8

Biot, balloon flights, i, 18;

meteor studies, ii, 284-5

Biotite, iii, 334

Birch Trees, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;

family, 193;

fertilization, 148;

in landscaping, 271-2;

seed dispersal, 343;

in U. S., 368, xiv, 372

Bird-catching, by Australians, xv, 224

Bird-catching Spiders, xii, 97

Birds, xii, 239-69;

anatomy of, 239, 247-8;

appearance in eocene, xv, 71;

care of young by, 275-6;

carinate, xii, 250;

colors of, 245-6;

courtships of, xv, 274-5;

embryological resemblances, 54;

evolution, iii, 286, 295-7, xii, 195, 239-43;

eyes of, xi, 98;

fear in, 136;

feathers of, xii, 243-7;

flower fertilization by, xiii, 123;

food of, ix, 24;

game, xii, 261-3;

heart of, x, 332;

infectious diseases of, 206;

luminous, i, 346-7;

man's lessons from, xv, 206;

migrations, cause, xiii, 55;

monogamy of, xv, 276-7;

oil-secreting organ of, x, 310;

orders of, xii, 249;

passerine, 268-9;

phosphorus in excrement, xiv, 68;

protective coloration in, xv, 17;

ratite, xii, 243-49;

ribs of, 184;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 55, 58, 59, 340-3;

sense of smell, xi, 78;

singing of, iv, 209;

singing organs, xii, 248-9;

sleeping habits, xi, 287;

teaching of young to fly, xv, 66, 275-6;

temperature regulation in, ix, 306, 307, 308;

used in hunting and fishing, xv, 223-4;

various groups, xii, 264-7;

warm-bloodedness of, ix, 305;

water, xii, 250-9

Birds of Paradise, courtships of, xv, 275;

plumes of, xii, 244

Birds of Prey, xii, 260-1

Birmingham Iron Region, iii, 358-9

Birs River, Jura Mountains, xiv, 94

Birth, ix, 344;

body conditions and development at, 345-52;

bones at, 58;

freedom from germs at, x, 201;

heart rate at, 334, ix, 347;

muscle cells at, 48, 348;

skull capacity at, xv, 40;

temperature changes at, xi, 36-7;

weight at, ix, 31

Births, male and female, ix, 340

Biscay, Bay of, depths, xiv, 289;

sand destruction in, iii, 75

Bishop's Ring, i, 58, 183, 368

Bismarck, skull capacity, xv, 40

Bismuth, affinity strength, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

expansion on solidifying, iv, 150;

in Rose's fusible metal, 162;

melting point, viii, 384;

melting point, pressure effects on, iv, 163;

occurrence, viii, 131;

specific gravity, 384;

tests for, 287-8

Bisons, xii, 329-30;

formerly in Europe, xv, 76;

pictured in Cro-Magnon art, 114-18 (fig.)

Bitter, taste of, ix, 95, xi, 70, 71, 72

Bitterns, xii, 254-5

Bituminous Coal, beds in U.S., iii, 200-1, 346-7, 348;

elements, 345;

per cent carbon in, viii,

(see also Soft Coal)

Bituminous Strata, origin, iii, 249-50

Bivalves, xii, 58, 63

Black (color), absorption of light by, iv, 364, x, 309;

produced by interference of lights, iv, 377-8;

sensation of, ix, 115

Black, Joseph, chemical work, xvi, 119-20, 125, 177;

discovery of respiration physiology, x, 88-9

Black Beetles, xii, 107

Blackberry, aggregate fruit, xiii, 55;

in rose family, 197;

origin, 224;

running, 28

Blackbirds, xii, 269

Black Death, x, 163-4

"Black Earth," of Russia, xiv, 217

Blackfish, xii, 297

Black Forest, Germany, xiv, 238-9;

geology of, 87 (map), 90, 117, 128

Black Hills, xiv, 93, 227;

core of, 111;

former forests of, 373;

mineral springs of, 145

Black Hole of Calcutta, i, 321, ix, 268, x, 238

Black Lead, iii, 331, viii, 43 (see Graphite)

Black Lightning, i, 148

Black Powder, viii, 144-5, 260

Black Race, xv, 32;

brain and skull capacity, 41;

disease immunity and susceptibility, 48-9, 50-1;

facial angle in, 45;

fitted to tropics, 50;

jaw angle, 44;

nose index and nostril shape, 46;

peoples, 37;

separate origin theory, 69, 70;

skull shape, 42;

type characters of, 35

Black Sea, hanging valleys on shore of, xiv, 58;

importance of ports, 267;

salinity of, 296, viii, 139;

sturgeons of, xii, 152

Blacksnakes, xii, 218-19, 229

Blair, Henry, xvi, 187

Blanc, Mount, observatory on, ii, 142-9;

"resurrection," i, 168;

sound intensity on, 186

Blankets, warmth of, iv, 178

Blast Furnaces, v, 317-18;

air blast of, viii, 158;

ancient Egyptian, xvi, 74;

carbon uses, viii, 157;

cooling of air for, v, 347;

development of modern, 315-16, xvi, 174, 175, 176;

oxygen in, i, 33;

potash from dust, viii, 279

Blasting, v, 261-2;

explosives for, viii, 260;

with compressed air, i, 27;

with water, v, 100

Blasting Powders, viii, 137-8

Bleaching, chemistry of, viii, 86;

chlorine, 85-6;

hydrogen peroxide, 41, 86;

ozone, vii, 354;

sulphur dioxide, viii, 78, 146;

of wool, 256

Bleaching Powder, viii, 86-7, 146, 153, 274

Bleeders, Bleeding Sickness, ix, 181;

transmission of, x, 234

Bleeding, from arteries and veins, x, 39;

leeches used for, xii, 55;

stopping of, ix, 179-81

Blended Inheritance, ix, 334, x, 230-1;

in animal and plant breeding, ix, 337

Blériot, flight of, i, 43

Blight, cause of, xiii, 71

Blind, optophone reading for, v, 332, 334-5, 384;

space perception by, xi, 168-9

Blindness, black seen in, ix, 116;

cause, xi, 96-7;

from brain disease, ix, 146;

from cataract, 112

Blind Spot, xi, 87-9

Blish, Commander, v, 367-8

Blizzards, i, 133-4, 368;

device against, 345

Block and Tackle, v, 34-5

Block Mountains, iii, 138-9, xiv, 117, 226

Block Signal Systems, v, 211, vii, 355-9

Block Tin, viii, 161

Blood, absorption of digested food by, ix, 226, 243-6;

adrenalin effects, 171-2, xi, 137-8;

aeration of, by lungs, x, 62, 331;

amount in circulation, 337;

anemia, 337;

arterial, ix, 260, 263, 264;

carbon dioxide in, 190, 262-3;

effects, 264-7, x, 339;

carbon monoxide effects, viii, 50-1;

circulation of (see Circulation of the Blood);

clotting of, ix, 180, x, 88, 337;

coagulation after emotion, xi, 138-9;

coloring matter related to Chlorophyll, xii, 14;

color of, in relation to oxygen, ix, 259-61;

composition, 173-90;

control of vital processes by changes in, 168-72;

conveyer system, 191, 225;

corpuscle-forming tissues, growth of, 287;

distribution efficiency, x, 238-9;

emergency emotion effects, ix, 166, 171, 293, xi, 136-7;

fats in, ix, 289;

flow, how controlled, 215-16, 219-21;

functions, summarized, 50-1, x, 331-7;

germ destruction by white corpuscles, 197, 209-11;

in embryo, ix, 343;

interchange with tissue, fluids, 51 (fig.), 191, 193-5, 221-2;

iron and salts in, uses, viii, 354;

liver action on, x, 329;

maternal influences through, ix, 343-4;

mountain-sickness effects, i, 328;

neutrality or alkalinity of, x, 280-1;

oxygen supply and transportation, ix, 182-3, 198-9, 253-62, x, 338-9;

platelets of, ix, 188-9;

proteins of, 176-7, 194-5, 262-3;

rate of passage through heart, 210, 211, 212;

red corpuscles, 181-4 (see Red Corpuscles);

renewal of, 173;

sensations, effect on, xi, 68;

sleep effects, 283-5, 289;

soul in, Greek idea of, xv, 330;

sugar in, regulation and excess, ix, 290-3, x, 329, 330;

sugar increase in excitement, xi, 138;

temperature, v, 348-9;

temperature rise, effects, ix, 169, 315-16;

transfusion of, x, 337-8;

venous, ix, 263-4;

waste removal by and from, 271-6;

water absorption and supply, 247;

white corpuscles, 182 (fig.), 184-8

(see also White Corpuscles)

Blood-destroying Germ, x, 221

Blood Heat, i, 319

Blood Pressure, ix, 213-20, x, 334-6;

color effects, xi, 63, 96;

in sleep, 283-4

Blood Rains, i, 358

Blood Suckers, x, 91

Blood Vessels, ix, 191-3, 196-8;

classes and disorders of, x, 334-6;

climatic effects on efficiency, 238-9;

control of caliber of, ix, 161, 168, 215-16, 219-20, 311;

functions of, 50-1;

injuries, how mended, 180

Blooms, iron and steel, v, 317, 322

Blowers, electric, vii, 86

Blow Guns, xv, 216-17 (fig.)

Blowing Wells, i, 353-5, 368

Blowout, magnetic, vii, 37-9

Blue, complementary color of, iv, 367;

in birds' feathers, xii, 245;

in interior decoration, vi, 274;

of sky, i, 165, penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;

wave length of, iv, 365

Blueberries, xiii, 202, 224

"Blue Coal," v, 174

Blue Columbine, xiii, 126-8

Blue-grass Region, xiv, 68

Blue Grotto of Capri, iii, 81

Blue Gum Trees, xiii, 26, 94, 350;

leaves of, 106;

swamp draining by, xiv, 379

(see also Eucalyptus)

Blue Ridge Mountains, metamorphism in, xiv, 234

Bluffs, formation of, xiv, 84

Blunderbuss, v, 361

Boa Constrictor, xii, 215

Boas, family of, xii, 213, 215-16

Boats, evolution of, xv, 261-3;

propulsion of, 265

Bobcats, xii, 364-5

Bode's Law, ii, 254-5

Bodies, of matter, defined, iv, 12, 381

Body, anatomy and physiology of, ix;

care of against fatigue, xi, 279-80;

care of, instruction in, x, 282-5;

changes in, untransmitted, ix, 326;

chemical composition, viii, 348, 349, 353, 354-5;

construction features and units, ix, 12, 13;

dissection of, x, 30, 41-2, 45, 81;

efficiency of, viii, 367, ix, 306, x, 238-9;

electrical conductivity, iv, 259;

electricity effects, vii, 246-9, xi, 117;

emergency responses of, ix, 166-7, 171-2, 209, 220, 221, 293;

exercise effects, x, 303-4;

fatigue conditions, xi, 270-4;

fatigue results on resistance, x, 248;

food needs and utilization, (see Food);

functional disorders, x, 318-65;

functional regulation, 346-7, 352-3;

functions, chemical explanation of, xvi, 142;

functions, close connection of, xi, 31;

growth of (see Growth);

hair on, xv, 38;

hardening processes, x, 240;

infection portals, 198, 201-2;

kinetic system, xi, 57, 60-1;

living and nonliving parts, ix, 12, 13, 31;

machine parts suggested by, v, 20;

mechanisms of, 248;

metabolism (see Metabolism);

mind and, relations, xi, 13, 14, 61, 369-75;

motions, different kinds, ix, 82-3;

mutilations among savages, xv, 257-60;

painting of, 255-6;

poisonous effluvia of, ix, 269-70;

positions of, in relation to health, x, 241-2

(see also Postures);

pressures, xi, 53;

pressure of atmosphere on, i, 23;

proper clothing of, x, 306-10;

regulation to environment, 249-51;

reproduction from cells, ix, 324-5, 332-3;

resistance to disease germs, 177-9, 185-6, x, 203-12, 240, 248, 289,

292;

salt requirements, ix, 174;

seat of life in, 11, 12, 17;

shame of, xv, 254-5;

temperature, v, 348-9, ix, 306-7, 312, x, 250-1, 306;

temperature after hard work, ix, 317;

temperature equality, advantages of, 78-9;

temperature in different scales, iv, 137 (fig.);

temperature in fever, ix, 317-19;

temperature regulation, i, 316-17, 320-1, 322, v, 348-9, viii, 331,

ix, 169, 305-23, x, 310;

temperature rise from excitement, xi, 140;

temperature rise in dense atmosphere, iv, 31;

tissues (see Tissues);

unstable chemical organization, xi, 134;

wastage and repair of, ix, 278-86;

waste elimination in tropics and cold climates, xv, 49, 50;

water functions in, viii, 355-6, wonders of, vi, 272;

X-ray effects, vii, 250

(see also particular parts and functions)

Body Cells, ix, 13, 41-3, xi, 15, 17, 49;

development of, ix, 43-8, 324-5, 332-3;

different kinds, 13, 39, 42-3, 277, 329;

living and nonliving, 12-17;

maintenance and growth, 34-6, 38-9, 189, 278-84, 287-9;

metabolism of (see Cell Metabolism);

oxygen needs and supply, 182, 199, 253, 254, 260;

power development in, 16, 17, 22, 36, 40;

salt needs, 174;

size of, 12;

sugar and fat supplies, 289-91;

supply and renewal system, 49-52, 193-5, 221-2, 262, 271;

supporting tissue, 71-2;

waste of, in starvation, 298;

X-ray effects on, vii, 253

(see also Muscle Cells, Nerve Cells, Germ Cells, etc.)

Body Fluids, ix, 50-1, 173-90;

in connective tissues, 59;

sugar in, 290, 291

(see also Blood, Tissue Fluids)

Boë, Francis de la, x, 69, 70, xvi, 108

Boerhaave, Hermann, x, 76-7, 87, xvi, 112, 178

Boer War, kopjes in, xiv, 82

Boethius, xvi, 101

Bog Iron Ore, iii, 13, viii, 156

Bog Mosses, xiii, 68-9

Bogoslof Islands, xiv, 319

Bog Plants, xiii, 104, 381-2

Bogs, formed from filling lakes, xiv, 210-12

Bohemian Glass, viii, 281

Boiler Explosions, caused by electrolytic corrosion, vi, 64-6;

due to scale, xiv, 147;

violence, v, 140

Boilers, Steam, v, 139-42;

boiling point of water in, viii, 303;

hard water in, 151-2, 323, xiv, 147;

heat loss, v, 155;

pressure in, iv, 119, 170

Boiling, of foods, xv, 233;

of liquids, iv, 167-75

Boiling Point, iv, 168;

chemical composition and, viii, 298, 301;

in various thermometers, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, 141, viii, 27;

of various substances, iv, 173;

pressure effects on, 168, 169-70, v, 354, viii, 303-5

Boils, causes of, ix, 186, 187, x, 195, 201, 311

Bolivia, Chilean control of, xiv, 306

Bologna, University of, xvi, 100;

medical school of, x, 38

Bolometers, iv, 301, vii, 363;

in corona studies, ii, 212, 225

Bombay Duck, xii, 163

Bombing Machines, v, 233

Bombs, aerial, v, 372-3

Bombs, volcanic, xiv, 323

Bond, Dr. A. R., author Mechanics, Vol. v

Bonds (chemistry), defined, viii, 374

Bone Black, viii, 47

Bone Fertilizers, viii, 153, 280, 343

Bones, of body, ix, 59, 71;

cartilage beginnings of, 58;

condition of, in infants, 345-6;

food needed for, 33;

formation, structure, and growth, 54-7, 58;

inflammations of, x, 224;

lime salts in, ix, 57;

red marrow of, 183;

used in hearing, iv, 204;

X-ray pictures of, iv, 320, vii, 253-4, 255

Bonneville, Lake, iii, 153

Books, ancient making of, xv, 178-9;

printing and binding of, v, 306

Book Scorpions, xii, 90

Boomerangs, xv, 194, 208;

principle of, iv, 42

Bora Winds, i, 133, 368

Boracic Acid, viii, 89, 90, 372

Borates, preparation, viii, 117;

test, 290

Borax, composition, viii, 141;

deposits, 89, 90, 197, 275;

uses, 89, 141, 146, 333, 372

Boredom, in work, xi, 275-6, 277-8, 280

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, x, 70, 71-2, 83

Boric Acid, natural sources, viii, 90, 118;

preservative, 89, 333, 372;

solid, 114

Boring Machines, v, 44, 376

Boring, deep, xiv, 11, 12

(see also Wells)

Borneo, continental island, xiv, 274;

coconut gathering in, xii, 378;

orang-utan of, 381;

rhinoceros of, 306;

sun bear, 337;

tattooing in, xv, 259;

tribal morality in, 374

Boron, viii, 19, 89, 90;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

in silicates, 193

Bosphorus, importance to Russia, xiv, 267

Boston, drumlins near, xiv, 60;

harbor of, 269;

sewage disposal, viii, 326;

water supply, 317, xiv, 140

Boston Ivy, xiii, 28

BOTANY, Volume xiii

Botany, xvi, 36;

binomial nomenclature in, x, 84;

daily interest, xvi, 20-2;

discovery of America, effects, x, 45;

history of development, xvi, 112, 116, 165-7;

public education in (France), 22

Bothnia, Gulf of, salinity, xiv, 296

Bow-and-Arrow, evolution of, xv, 213-15;

fish-shooting with, 227;

stringed instruments developed from, 317-18

Bowditch, Henry Pickering, x, 131

Bowels, care of, x, 316-17;

"yearning of," xi, 64, 131, 160 (see Intestines)

Bowfin, xii, 152;

nests of, 154

Bowlder Clay, iii, 67, xiv, 59

Bowlders, glacial, iii, 70, 237, 352 (pl. 20), xiv, 69, 70

Boyle, Robert, air pressure experiments, iv, 29, 125;

chemical work, xvi, 110, 111, 112, 115, 119, 177;

"Sceptical Chemist," quoted, 159

Boyle's Law, iv, 125-6, 133, 143, 156, viii, 106-7

Boys, education of, xi, 266-7;

food consumption by, viii, 367

Brachiopods, iii, 259, 263, 270-2, xii, 47-8;

deep sea 23;

illustration, iii, 256 (Pl. 14)

Bracken Fern, xiii, 350

Bracts, xiii, 43, 45, 206

Bradley, James, astronomical work, ii, 90-2, xvi, 124

Brahe, Tycho (see Tycho Brahe)

Braided Goods, v, 276-7

Brain, ix, 131, 144-7, xi, 15-32, 60;

areas for different functions, xv, 89-90;

as seat of life, ix, 11, 14, 17;

association fibers, xi, 200;

association region of, ix, 151;

auditory area, xi, 108;

blood supply of, ix, 197, 216-17;

cells of, 14;

changes caused by shock xi, 59;

condition of, at birth, ix, 351;

connections in nervous system, 142-4, 147-51;

convolutions of, xv, 62-3;

delayed nervous impulses in, ix, 140, 141-2, 145, 146-7;

diseases, results of, 146;

emotional processes in, 154, 200;

gray matter of, xv, 63;

in dreams, xi, 301;

in sleep, ix, 218, xi, 285, 286, 287, 289;

inflammation of, cause, x, 224;

insensitive to pain, xi, 118;

intellectual processes, ix, 147-53, 154;

magnetism effects, vii, 247;

mental incapacity from defects, xi, 13;

motor area, ix, 147;

of insects, xii, 103;

of men and lower animals, compared, xv, 62-3, 96;

of primitive men, iii, 302-3, 304, xv, 89-91, 96;

various animals of past, iii, 289, 290, 292, 298, 299;

overuse effects, xi, 288-9;

protection of, in infants ix, 345;

Sherrington on, xi, 12;

skull capacity in relation to, xv, 41;

stomach and, relations, xi, 370;

storehouse of past environment, 58;

tissues unaffected in starvation, ix, 298;

visual area, xi, 96-7;

waste of energy of, 377;

weight in man and apes, xv, 62;

weight in various men and races, 39-41;

wounds of, early treatment, x, 55, 56

(see also Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum)

Brain Case, ix, 61;

face and, xv, 43, 62

Brain Power, development of, in man, xv, 190-1;

racial expressions and, 39, 63-4

Brain Stem, ix, 144-5, 146 (fig.);

vital process centers of, 167-9, 257, 315

Brain Work, energy consumed by, viii, 367;

fatigue from, ix, 138, x, 247

Brain Workers, ailments, xi, 371;

attractive foods for, ix, 242;

exercise needs, x, 304

Brakes, air (see Air Brakes);

electromagnetic, vi, 92, 94;

friction, iv, 93-4;

regenerative, vii, 200

Bramah, Joseph, hydraulic press, v, 98-9, 376;

planer, 377

Bran, in diet, x, vitamines in, 261, 266

Branches of Trees, as leaves, xiii, 378, 379;

why clear of ground, 86

Brandes, H. W., i, 215

Brasher, Philip, v, 124-5

Brass, alloy of copper, viii, 156, 164, 273;

electrical conductivity, iv, 283;

electric welding of, 312;

expansion and contraction of, 145-6, v, 72

Brave West Winds, i, 128, 368

Brazil, bushmaster snake of, xii, 234;

butterfly orchid of, xiii, 145;

coasts, xiv, 257;

coffee production, xiii, 232, 233;

coral reefs on coast, xiv, 305;

forests, xiii, 365, xiv, 366;

frogs of, xii, 178, 179;

glacial and coal deposits, iii, 203, 204;

interior unexplored, xiv, 26, 250;

jaguarundi of, xii, 364;

lizards of, 208;

matamata of, 193;

public health scholarships, x, 172;

rubber production, xiii, 246-7, 248;

shirt tree of, xv, 256;

soil depths, iii, 26;

tea cultivation, xiii, 228;

wolf of, vii, 342;

yellow fever in, x, 163

Brazilian Basin, xiv, 289

Brazilian Current, xiv, 304

Brazil Nut, source, xiii, 266

Bread, chemistry of, viii, 368-9;

digestion of, x, 326;

food value of, viii, 364, ix, 34-5, 299, x, 267, 268, 269, 273;

rising of, due to bacteria, 194;

yeast action in, ix, 248

Breadfruit, origin, xiii, 224

Breadfruit Trees, xv, 124

Breakwaters, pneumatic, v, 125;

strength of, xiv, 300, 301

Breath, holding of, ix, 256-7, 266;

holding of, in infants, 348;

shortness of, in heart failure, x, 340-1;

smell of, ix, 97;

soul in, savage idea of, xv, 330

Breathing, action and control of, ix, 256-8, 263-6, x, 339;

body heat regulation by, 251;

color effects on, xi, 96;

deep, value of, ix, 259;

deep, sensations from, 266-7;

how learned, xi, 36-7;

in fatigue, 272;

in sleep, 283;

muscles of, in voice production, ix, 83;

of insects, xii, 103;

periodic, x, 339-40;

quickened by exercise, 303;

rate of, in infants, ix, 347-8;

rib cage movements in, 65;

through mouth, effects, x, 341-2

(see also Respiration)

Breeding (animal and plant), blended inheritance and pure breeds, ix,

337;

in ancient Egypt, xvi, 72;

in captivity, xv, 197;

selective, ix, 327, xvi, 157-8

Brennan, Louis, v, 342

Brenner Pass, xiv, 240-1

Bretonneau, Pierre, x, 106, 110

Brewing, chemistry of, viii, 249

Bricks, invention of, xv, 268;

making of, in Egypt, 267 (fig.)

Bridges, steel, electrolysis in, vi, 64, 66;

strains on, v, 194;

sympathetic vibration of, iv, 225

Briggs, Henry, xvi, 104

Bright's Disease, x, 112, 225, 335, 340-1, 345, 346

Bristol Channel, tides of, xiv, 293

British Columbia, fjord coasts, xiv, 258;

no volcanoes or earthquakes in, 315, 331

British Gum, viii, 243

British Meteorological Office, i, 222;

aeronautical service, 230, 286;

forecasts, 241;

in World War, 310

British System of Units, iv, 46, 69-70, 79, 80

British Thermal Unit, iv, 154, v, 350-1;

erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382

Brittle-stars, xii, 23, 49

Broadway, N. Y., display lighting vii, 340-1

Broca, Paul, x, 130

Brocken Specter, i, 184, 185, 382

Bromine, a halogen, viii, 18, 84;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

manufacture, 274;

properties and uses, 84-5, 86, 181, 297-8, 333;

test, 290

Bronchial Tubes, as infection center, x, 220, 224;

defence against germs, 202;

subdivisions of, ix, 255

Bronchitis, causes, x, 253, 295

Brongniart, Adolphe, 167, 169

Brontides, i, 195-6, 368

Brontosaurus, xii, 195

Brooklyn, water supply of, xiv, 140

Brooklyn Bridge, completion, v, 382;

corrosion of, vi, 66

Brooks Comet, ii, 134, 275, 286

Brook Trout, xii, 159

Broths, viii, 362, 369

Brounov, Prof. P., i, 249

Brown, John, medical work of, x, 89-90

Brown, Robert, xvi, 166

Brownian Movements, viii, 314, xvi, 166

Browning John M., v, 363, 366-7

Browning Machine Gun, v, 366-7, 384

Brown Paper, making of, v, 294;

source, xiii, 240

Brown Race, xv, 32;

diseases of, 51;

peoples of, 37;

separate origin theory, 70

Bruce, James, xvi, 123

Bruce Telescope, ii, 136, 302

Brush Discharge, vii, 10-11, 363

Brushes, dynamo, vi, 178, vii, 363

Brussels Sprouts, xiii, 197, 222;

mutant nature, 333-4

Buansuah, xii, 345

Bubonic Plague, x, 163-7;

native immunity to, xiv, 357;

Paré and, x, 153;

prevention of, 171;

spread by lice, 311

Buckwheat, xiii, 56;

family, 194;

flower, 46;

food, viii, 364;

life of, xiii, 53

Budapest, deep drilling, iii, 120-1

Buddhism, development of, xv, 199;

Nirvana of, 334

Buds, never on roots, xiii, 22, 23, 29;

of perennials, 53

Buenos Aires, harbor of, xiv, 270

Buffalo, N. Y., electric power system, vi, 377-8

Buffalo Bugs, xii, 123

Buffalo Dance, xv, 305-6

Buffaloes, xii, 328-9;

of Great Plains, xiv, 383

Buffalo Grass, xiii, 374

Buffalo Hot Springs, xiv, 145

Buffon, founder of modern natural history, xvi, 128;

lightning experiments, vi, 15;

"Natural History," xvi, 116;

on evolution of species, 139-40, 148

Bugles, sounding of, iv, 231

Bugs, xii, 110-14;

jaws and maxillæ in, 100

Buildings, development of, xv, 266-72;

dryness of air in American, i, 322, 323;

earthquake construction, xiv, 342, 343;

electric wiring, vii, 55-65;

weathering effects, iii, 22, 24

Building Stones, iii, 370-2

Bulgaria, long life of peasants, xiii, 172

Bull Durham Sign, Broadway, vii, 341

Bullets, form and flight, v, 362, 365

Bullfrogs, xii, 180-1

Bumps, in aeronautics, i, 293, 298, 368

Bunch Grass, xiv, 380

Bunsen, carbon arc, xvi, 189;

chemical work, 163;

solution of spectrum lines, ii, 112

Bunsen Burner, viii, 60-1

Buoyancy, law of, iv, 103-4, 105;

of air, 107, 108

Burbank, Luther, xvi, 167

Burdock, seed dispersal, xiii, 58

Burette, viii, 294, 295 (fig.)

Burma, elephant of, xii, 302;

rivers of, xiv, 195-6;

viper of, xii, 230

Burning Oils, viii, 209

Burns, of body tissues, x, 252;

from X-rays, vii, 250, x, 254

Burrels, xii, 326

Burs, chestnut and beech, xiii, 193;

seed dispersal by, 343

Bus Bars, vi, 358-9

Bushland, xiv, 378-9, 380, 381

Bushmen (African), xv, 133-5;

art of, 119 (fig.), 120-1, 298-300;

civilization at collection stage, 196;

hair of, 38;

height of, 39;

ostrich-hunting of, 212, 222;

use of baboons, in water searching, xii, 380

Bushmen (Australian), iii, 304

Bushnell, David, v, 197

Butane, derivatives, viii, 210

Butcher's Broom Plant, xiii, 29-30

Butte Mining District, iii, 361, 368

Butter, calory value, ix, 299, x, 269, 273;

composition, viii, 364;

digestion of, x, 326;

made by electricity, vii, 226, 227, 228;

pure food, ix, 300;

substitutes for, viii, 363, 364, x, 262, 267, 268;

vitamines in, 259, 261, 267

Buttercup Family, xiii, 196

Buttercups, double, xiii, 51;

petal arrangement, 190

Butter Fat, viii, 245, 246, 364;

in milk, 363;

vitamines in, 369

Butterflies, xii, 114-18;

antennæ of, 101;

earliest appearance, iii, 279, xii, 104;

evolution of, xii, 106-7;

jaws and maxillæ in, 100;

number of species in N. Y., 99, origin of name, xv, 157;

plant fertilization by, xiii, 123-4, 133-5, 142-3

Butterfly Orchid, xiii, 145

Buttes, made by erosion, iii, 140

Buttonball Tree, xiii, 343-4

Buttonhole Machine, invention, v, 382

Butyric Acid, viii, 220, 248

Buys Ballot's Law, i, 125, 134

Buzzards, xii, 261

Buzzards Bay, oysters of, xii, 61;

tidal race at, xiv, 294

Byron, skull capacity, xv, 40

Byssus, xii, 64

Cabbage, calories in, ix, 299;

in mustard family, xiii, 197;

origin and antiquity, 222;

sport plant, 333-4;

vitamines in, x, 261, 262

Cabbage Bug, xii, 114

Cables (ocean), breaks in, xiv, 284;

laying of, 283, (See also Atlantic Cables)

Cables, underground, vii, 12-13, 27

Cabot, John, birth and training, xiv, 310

Cacao, xiii, 234, 235

Cachalot, xii, 298-9

Cactus, characteristics of, xiii, 378, xv, 19;

leafless forms, xiii, 15;

leaves of, 378, xiv, 378;

prickly pear, xiii, 29 (fig.);

regions of dominance, 355;

stems of, 31;

water-storage by, 28, 106, 379

Cactus Family, xiii, 200;

restricted area, 320

Caddis Flies, xii, 106

Cadmium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383;

test for, 287, 288

Cæsar, Julius, scientific reforms, xvi, 98

Cæsarian Section, ancient practice of, x, 14, 27

Cæsium, chemical properties, viii, 128, 132, 133, 383;

spectrum, 302

Caffeine, composition, viii, 230;

polyuria induced by, x, 344

Caffre, xii, 355

Caimans, xii, 198

"Cain," picture, xv, 69

Caissons (pneumatic), iv, 30-2, v, 116-21;

pressure in, i, 329, iv, 129

Cake Urchins, xii, 50

Caladium, leaves of, xiii, 79

Calamus, of India, xiii, 361

Calamus Root, xiii, 188, 255

Calcite, iii, 325-6;

gangue mineral, viii, 199;

light polarization by, iii, 319, iv, 354

Calcium, viii, 148-9;

affinities, 31-2, 101-2, 128;

atomic weight and

symbol, 383;

compounds, 130, 138, 149-53, 195;

compounds in hard water, 318, 322-4;

electrolytic production, vii, 320-1;

fusibility, viii, 384;

in body tissues, 354;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192, 195, 196;

in light metal group, 17, 127;

plant needs of, viii, 337, 341, 344;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Calcium Carbide, viii, 153;

acetylene prepared from, 231;

in nitrogen fixation, 74, i, 36;

production and uses, vii, 312, xvi, 191

Calcium Carbonate, viii, 151-2;

composition, 117;

deposits of, 195;

lime from, 149, 150;

in soil sweetening, 150, 347;

in water, 40, 151, 322. (See also Limestone)

Calcium Chloride, viii, 152-3, 322-3;

mixture with snow, iv, 175

Calcium Group, viii, 148-53;

spectra, 302

Calcium Hydroxide, viii, 150, 347

Calcium Light, compared with sun's, ii, 169

Calcium Oxide, viii, 149-51. (See Lime)

Calcium Pentasulphide, viii, 333

Calcium Phosphate, viii, 89, 153, 279-80, 354

Calcium Stearate, viii, 143, 323

Calcium Sulphate, viii, 117, 149, 153;

in water, 40, 322-3

Calcium Sulphite, viii, 153, 372

Calcium Tungstate, color in X-rays, iv, 378

Calc Spar, iii, 325

Calculations, mathematical, development of, xv, 181-4, xvi, 61

Caldwell, Kansas, region, iii, 34

Calendar, Babylonian, xvi, 57-8;

Bacon's work, 101;

clothing in relation to, x, 309;

Egyptian, xvi, 70;

reforms of Cæsar, 98

Calibration, vii, 158, 363;

of condensers, 293-4

California, aerial fish patrol, i, 48;

Big Trees (see Big Trees);

borax deposits, viii, 89-90;

climate, xiv, 348-9, 358;

climatic changes in, 361, 362;

cretaceous deposits, iii, 216;

crustal movements in southern, 81-2, 225;

earthquakes and volcanoes, xiv, 331;

forests and trees, 374;

geese of, xii, 258;

gold production, iii, 226, 365, 367;

hot springs, xiv, 143;

live oaks of, 370;

lemon trees of, xv, 22;

mercury production, iii, 370;

ocean waves used for power, v, 174;

oil fields, iii, 350;

rainfall, i, 112;

raisin-drying industry, v, 257;

record temperature, 209;

redwood forests, fog drip, 351;

"road-runners" of, xii, 265;

sea elephant of, 335;

sea lions, 334;

southern, xiv, 42;

"Sunshine State," 86;

tin production, iii, 368;

valley of, xiv, 215

Callao, harbor of, xiv, 265

Callina of Spain, i, 96, 368

Calms of Cancer and Capricorn, i, 129, 368

Calomel, viii, 170

Caloric, iv, 47, 154, xvi, 125

Calories, definition and value, iv, 154, 312, vii, 369, viii, 361, 374,

ix, 295, x, 269;

electrical equivalents, vii, 382;

food requirements in, ix, 296-7;

in various foods, viii, 361, 366-7, ix, 299, x, 269;

major, viii, 361;

mechanical equivalent, ix, 295;

use of, in rating food values, iv, 48

Calorimeter, viii, 360-1, x, 269

Calumet Copper Mine, heat increase in, xiv, 12

Calyx, xiii, 44, 45;

absent in some plants, 46, 182;

incorporated in fruits, 54

Camber, of aeroplanes, i, 288

Cambium, xiii, 24, 26, 177 (fig.)

Cambrian Period, iii, 181-4, 377;

animals of, 263, 267, 268, 272, 273, 277;

climate, 184-5;

first life in, xv, 71;

fossils from, iii, 174;

metamorphism of rocks in, 189

Cambridge University, founding of, xvi, 100

Cambyses, burial of army of, iii, 73

Camels, xii, 313-15;

hoofs of, iii, 300;

trypanosome in, x, 168

Camera, iv, 339-40, ix, 106-9;

Langley on the, ii, 221;

power to pierce water, i, 47

Camphor, viii, 240, 252;

in celluloid, 255;

smell, xi, 80;

source, xiii, 255, 263

Cams, v. 39-40

Canada, animals of, xii, 287, 318, 320, 336, 348, 350, 351, 365;

Atlantic ports closed by ice, xiv, 267;

forests of, 371, 372;

French colonization of, 191;

geology, iii, 165, 167, 219, 231-2;

Glacial Epoch effects, xiv, 56, 61-2, 170;

Indian summer, i, 361;

lakes of, xiv, 200;

mining products, iii, 360, 365, 368, 376;

plains of, xiv, 217;

plutonic formations, 111;

rainfall of, 360;

tobacco production, xiii, 258

Canadian Rockies, formations in, xiv, 229;

glaciers of, 55

Canals, lift locks, v, 103

Canaries Current, xiv, 304

Canary Islands, xiv, 252, 289;

dragon tree of, xiii, 183-4

Cancer, cause, nature, and treatment, x, 119-20, 382, 383-4;

early knowledge of, 39, 41;

racial immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 48-9, 50, 51;

spread and cure by surgery, ix, 255

Candle, Candlepower, iv, 351-2;

compared with sun, ii, 169

Candles, blowing out of, viii, 57;

burning of, in caissons, iv, 31;

flame of, viii, 58, 59;

materials of, 247

Candy, boiling point, viii, 299;

dextrin in, 243;

glucose uses, 225

Cane Sugar, xiii, 83, 214-15;

chemical properties, occurrence, and use, viii, 226-7;

extraction and refining, 242;

fermentation, 225, 227;

large molecules, 356;

making of, by plant, 335;

solutions, freezing point, 299;

sweetness of, ix, 230;

testing of, by polarized light, iv, 356

Canned foods, vitamines lacking in, x, 262, 263, 266, 267-8

Cannel Coal, iii, 344, viii, 202

Cannibalism, remarks on, ix, 280-1

Cannon, Dr., medical work, x, 295, 327;

quoted, xi, 137-9

Canoes, primitive, xv, 262-4;

propulsion of, iv, 33-4

Canopus, gaseous state, ii, 382;

parallax and distance, 316

Canvas Buckets, use of, v, 350

Canyons, depth dependent on altitude, xiv, 159;

occurrence in dry climates, 51-2

(see also particular canyons under river names)

Caoutchouc, xiii, 245;

chemistry and manufacture, viii, 257-8 (see Rubber)

Capacity, electrical, iv, 267-8, viii, 363;

in overhead transmission, 104, 105;

in oscillating circuits, 286-7, 289;

measurement in oscillating circuits, 294-5, 296-7;

unit of, iv, 284, vii, 368

Cape Nome, Alaska, iii, 57

Capella, binary star, ii, 123;

color, 297;

solar star, 115

Cape of Good Hope, climate of, xiv, 358;

discovery of, 309

Cape Town, oak trees at, xiv, 370

Cape Verde Islands, xiv, 252, 289;

ocean deeps around, 289

Capillaries, ix, 54, 192-5;

in circulatory system, x, 63, 334;

oxygen diffusion through, ix, 260;

passage of blood through, 210, 212, 214, 215;

unknown to Galen & Harvey, x, 63

Capillarity, of soil water, viii, 37, xiii, 92-3

Capri, level changes at, iii, 81

Caproic Acid, viii, 220

Capsules, plant, xiii, 56, 69

Capuchin Monkeys, xii, 377-8

Capybaras, xii, 289

Caracels, xii, 356

Caraway Seed, xiii, 201, 265

Carbohydrate Industries, viii, 241-4

Carbohydrates, viii, 223-9, 374-5;

body fuels, xi, 271, 278;

daily consumption, viii, 366-7;

digestion and utilization of, 356, 357, 358-9;

food requirements and values, 361, 362, x, 268, 269, 271;

formation by plants, viii, 219, 335, 349, 350, xiii, 81;

storing of, in body, x, 272;

structure and hydrolysis, viii, 217-18;

use of by animals and vegetables, 246, 348, 349, 350

Carbolic Acid, viii, 238, 253, 333;

as antiseptic, x, 145

Carbon, viii, 18, 42-52;

affinity for oxygen, 12, 102;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

chemical energy, 186-7;

colors due to, 258;

combustion of, 12-13, 308, ix, 26, 190;

diamonds and graphite pure, iii, 328, 331, viii, 42, 43;

electrical conductivity, iv, 283;

electric positiveness, vi, 59, 61;

ignition of, viii, 53;

in body, elimination, 353;

loss in fatigue, xi, 271;

in hydrocarbons, viii, 205-7, 233, 234;

in iron, v, 316-17, 319, 320-1, viii, 157, 158;

in iron preparation, 157;

in neutral refractories, vii, 307;

in organic matter, viii, 42, 64, 204, 336-7;

in proteins, 351;

in steel, 159, 160;

luminosity of flame due to, 59-60;

melting point, iv, 162;

necessity of, to life, ii, 242-3;

percentages in coal series, iii, 345;

plant uses of, viii, 49, 340-1, xiii, 14, 80, xiv, 64-5;

potential energy in, iv, 82;

production of pure, xvi, 190

Carbonaceous Matter, in soils, viii, 340

Carbonaceous Strata, iii, 249-50

Carbonated Beverages, viii, 43, 50

Carbonated Waters, natural, xiv, 142, 146

Carbonate Group, viii, 93

Carbonate of Lime, ancient layers of, iii, 250, 251;

animal shells and skeletons of, 259, 266, 267, 268, 270;

hard water due to, 126;

limestone composed of, 25, 308;

in sandstone, 27

(see also Calcite, Calcium Carbonate, Limestone)

Carbonates, formation of, viii, 49;

in blood, x, 280;

metal compounds, viii, 130, 147, 198;

metal extraction from, 131, 271;

test of, 290

Carbon Compounds, viii, 42, 48-52, 61;

optical activity, xvi, 164

Carbon Cycle, viii, 49-50, 325-6, 334-5, 349-50

Carbon Dioxide, viii, 42, 48-50;

atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 13-14, 25, 322, viii, 48, 49, 67-8, 152, ix,

26, 254;

body production and elimination, ix, 190, 248, 253-4, 262-7, 268, x,

270, 280, 281, 338, 339;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

critical temperature and pressure, 172, 173;

fatigue product, xi, 270-2;

in

blood, ix, 263, 264-7, x, 331, 339;

in blood, loss in mountain sickness, i, 328;

in Carbon cycle, viii, 334, 350;

in limestone, 42, 49, 152;

in minerals, 201;

in water, 40, 111;

leavening agent, 50, 136, 137;

plant uses of, 219, 335, 347, 349, ix, 26-7, xiii, 80-1, 82, xiv, 65;

product of combustion and decay, viii, 12-13, 26, 45, 61, ix, 26, 190;

produced by fermentation, 248;

production, commercial, viii, 48, 276;

rock disintegration by, 194-5;

thrown off by lungs, 353;

vitiation of air by, 331, 332, ix, 268, x, 238

(see also Carbonic Acid)

Carbon Disulphide, combustion of, viii, 61;

light refraction by, iv, 331;

refrigeration by, 174

Carbonic Acid, viii, 48-9, 101, 115;

atmospheric content affected by light, x, 253;

chemical action on rocks, iii, 24, 25, 27, viii, 194;

critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172;

early studies, xvi, 119-20;

elimination in sleep, xi, 283;

formation in body, x, 280;

heat absorption by, iii, 248;

in ground waters, xiv, 142, 146;

in sea water, iii, 54;

in sodium compounds, viii, 134-6;

in urea, 230, x, 279, viii, 61;

light refraction by, iv, 331;

refrigeration by, 174

Carboniferous Period, iii, 197;

animals of, xv, 71;

landscape of, xiii, 320;

length and antiquity, 314, 322;

plants of, 307-11, 315-17

Carbon Monoxide, viii, 50-1, 157

Carbon Tetrachloride, vi, 101, viii, 212

Carborundum, chemical composition, 90;

discovery, manufacture, and uses, vii, 300, 301, 309-11, xvi, 190;

refractory, vii, 308, 311;

in wireless detectors, 269

Carboxyl Group, viii, 220, 375

Carbuncles, cause of, x, 195, 311

Carburetors, vii, 124-8;

mixtures in, v, 156

Caribbean Sea, hurricane reports, i, 282, 309

Caribe (fish), xii, 159-60

Caribou, xii, 320;

horns of, 316

Carlsbad, Bohemia, xiv, 145, 152

Carlyle, dyspepsia of, xi, 369;

on work, 276;

on shame and clothing, x, 306

"Carnegie," magnetic survey ship, i, 193, vi, 39

Carnelian, iii, 337

Carnivorous Animals, xii, 332-65

(see also Flesh-eating Animals)

Carnot, mathematician, xvi, 125;

on heat, 135

Carolina Parakeet, xii, 266

Carolina Poplar, as index plant, i, 255

Carps, xii, 161

Carrel, antiseptic methods, x, 146, 181-3, 382

Carrel-Dakin Solutions, x, 181-3, 382

Carrion Crow, xii, 260

Carroll, Dr. James, x, 160, 161, 200

Carrots, flowers of, xiii, 49;

origin, 222;

swelled roots, 19;

taproot of, 17 (fig.);

vitamines in, x, 262, 266, 268;

wild, xiii, 353-4

Carthage, and Rome, xiv, 307;

destruction of fleet before, xv, 232

Carthaginians, elephants of, xii, 302;

in Iberian group, xvi, 49

Cartilage, ix, 57-8;

making of, 54;

rib connections made of, 71;

skeletons of, xii, 142

Cartridges, explosion of, v, 157;

hydraulic, 100;

lampblack, i, 33;

modern, v, 362, viii, 145, xv, 218

Cartright, power loom, v, 376-7, xv, 246

Cascade Mountains, cirques of, iii, 66;

Columbia river canyon, 39, xiv, 165-6;

former volcanic activity, iii, 226;

geology of, 106, 139, 213-14, 226, 227;

glaciers of, 60;

lakes, 143;

precipitation on opposite sides of, xiv, 355;

snowfall, i, 119;

volcanic cones of, xiv, 100-1, 225, 315

Casein of Milk, food value, x, 259, 278

Caspian Sea, area and depth, iii, 154, xiv, 204;

commercial importance, 212;

formation of basin, iii, 154, xiv, 203, 205;

monsoons, i, 131;

salinity, iii, 154-5, viii, 139, xiv, 206-7

Cassini, Domenico, astronomical work, ii, 13, 59, 85, 133, 227-8;

telescopes, 59, 99

Cassiopeia distortion from sun's motion, ii, 306;

new star in, 331

Cassiterite, iii, 326, 369

Cassowaries, xii, 243, 249

Castillo, Grotto of, xv, 100 (fig.);

picture from, 112

Castings, of different metals, iv, 150

Cast Iron, v, 316, 319, 320-2, viii, 157, 158

Catalan Forge, v, 315;

air compression for, 89

Catalpa Trees, xiii, 271-2