Anteorbital fossæ shallow. Posterior palate with the three notches,
median and two lateral, all at about the same level.
Dimensions:--♂. Height at withers 22 inches, ear 3, hind foot 9·4.
Skull (♂, not fully adult): basal length 7·2 inches, greatest breadth
3·5, muzzle to orbit 4·4.
_Hab._ Coast of West Africa, from Liberia to the Cameroons.
Ogilby’s Duiker, which we now proceed to consider, is closely allied to
the last species, and like it is of a generally rufous colour with a
black dorsal stripe, but it is immediately distinguishable by its pale
yellowish face and flanks. It was first described by Waterhouse, as
long ago as 1838, from specimens presented to the Zoological Society’s
Museum by Mr. George Knapp, who had received them from the island of
Fernando Po, and was named after William Ogilby, formerly Secretary to
the Society and a great authority upon the Ruminant Mammals. When the
Zoological Society’s Museum was broken up the typical specimen passed
into the British Museum, where it now is. About ten years afterwards
Ogilby’s Duiker was figured by Fraser in his ‘Zoologia Typica,’
probably from the typical specimen. Fraser, who had visited Fernando Po
himself, states that this Antelope is extremely common in that island
and is much esteemed by the natives as an article of food. In his
conjecture that its range “is confined to that island,” he was no doubt
in error, as we have several trustworthy notices of its occurrence
elsewhere.
Specimens of the present species are recorded by Dr. Jentink as having
been procured on the Du Queah and Farmington Rivers in Liberia by
Büttikofer and Stampfli. These are in the Leyden Museum, as is also
a female specimen from Ashantee. In his ‘Reisebilder aus Liberia’
Büttikofer tells us that the present species is common in the Liberian
forests.
In the Cameroons the present species has been met with by the German
collectors Preuss and Morgan, as recorded by Herr Matschie, and in
Togoland, on the same authority, by Kling and Büttner. Thus there can
be little doubt that Ogilby’s Duiker ranges along the woody littoral of
Western Africa from Liberia to the Cameroons.
Ogilby’s Duiker having been figured by Waterhouse Hawkins in the
‘Knowsley Menagerie’ it is probable that one or more living specimens
of it were exhibited in that splendid collection, but we can find
no record of examples of it ever having been received alive by the
Zoological Society of London.
Our figure of this species (Plate XVIII. fig. 2) was prepared by Mr.
Smit, under Sir Victor Brooke’s directions, probably from specimens in
the British Museum, but of this we have no certain evidence.
_May, 1895._
28. PETERS’S DUIKER.
CEPHALOPHUS CALLIPYGUS, PET.
_Cephalophus callipygus_, =Pet.= MB. Ak. Berl. 1876, p. 483,
pls. iii. & iv. (animal and skull); =Thos.= P. Z. S. 1892, p.
422; =Lyd.= Horns and Hoofs, p. 211 (1893).
VERNACULAR NAME:--_Mbindi_ in Mpongwe language, Gaboon
(_Buchholz_).
Size about that of _C. dorsalis_. General colour of body yellowish
brown, becoming more rufous posteriorly. Forehead and crest rich
rufous. Chin and throat white, rest of under surface yellowish grey.
Back with a broad black dorsal band commencing behind the withers,
broadening posteriorly, and involving the whole of the hams and backs
of the hind legs down to the heels, and also the tail, with the
exception of the extreme tip beneath, where the hairs are white-tipped.
On the sides of the thighs, edging the black, the general body-colour
becomes rich rufous.
Horns short, directed backwards, lying below the level of the nasal
profile.
Dimensions:--♀. “Total length to tip of tail 46 inches, tail 8, ear
2·7.”
Skull (taken from figure, and therefore only approximate): basal length
6·4 inches, anterior edge of orbit to muzzle (more or less decreased by
perspective) 3·8.
The description is compiled from Dr. Peters’s description and figure of
this striking species, of which no specimen has come to England.
_Hab._ Gaboon.
The present Duiker, although evidently belonging to the same group
as the preceding species, and probably most nearly allied to _C.
dorsalis_, is separated by prominent well-marked characters,
combining a brownish body and dark dorsal stripe with bright rufous
markings on the forehead and haunches, which render it easily
distinguishable.
Peters’s Duiker was described in 1876 by the great zoologist after whom
we have fashioned its English name, from a single specimen obtained
by the late Professor Dr. Reinhold Buchholz during his sojourn in
Western Africa, and transmitted to the Berlin Museum. In his notes upon
this species Peters informs us that the specimen described, which is
an adult female, was brought to Buchholz alive in Gaboon on the 18th
August, 1874, and lived two days in captivity. Buchholz stated that the
name of this Antelope in the Mpongwe dialect was “_Mbindi_” and
noted that the iris was brown, the muffle blackish, and that the animal
was provided with large purse-like inguinal glands, like other species
of the genus.
Peters has given a good coloured figure of the specimen in the
‘Monatsbericht’ of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, in which his
memoir on Buchholz’s mammals is published, and likewise an excellent
figure of its skull of the natural size.
We are not aware that any other museum has been fortunate enough to
obtain specimens of this rare Antelope.
_May, 1895._
29. THE RED-FLANKED DUIKER.
CEPHALOPHUS RUFILATUS, GRAY.
[PLATE XIX. FIG. 1.]
_Le Grimm_, =F. Cuv.= H. N. Mamm. (fol.) ii. livr. xxvii. (♂)
(1821).
_Antilope grimmia_, =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (2) ii. p. 191
(1816) (_nec_ Pall.); =id.= Mamm. ii. p. 464 (1822); =Less.=
Man. Mamm. p. 379 (1827); =H. Sm.= Cuv. An. K. iv. p. 266, v.
p. 347 (1827); =Fisch.= Syn. Mamm. p. 468 (1829); =Less.= Hist.
Nat. Mamm. (Compl. Buff.) x. p. 294 (1836); =Gerv.= Dict. Sci.
Nat. Suppl. i. p. 262 (1840); =Less.= N. Tabl. R. A., Mamm.
p. 178 (1842); =Wagn.= Schr. Säug. Suppl. iv. p. 451 (1844);
=Schinz=, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 418 (1845); =Gieb.= Säug. p. 321
(1859).
_Cephalophus grimmia_, =A. Sm.= S. Afr. Quart. J. ii. p. 216
(1834).
_Antilope (Grimmia) grimmia_, =Laurill.= Dict. Univ. d’H. N. i.
p. 623 (1839).
_Sylvicapra grimmia_, =Sund.= Pecora, K. Vet.-Ak. Hand-l. 1844,
p. 190 (1846); =id.= Hornschuch’s Transl., Arch. Skand. Beitr.
ii. p. 142; =id.= Reprint, p. 66 (1848).
_Cephalophus rufilatus_, =Gray=, Ann. Mag. N. H. (1) xviii.
p. 166 (1846); =id.= List Ost. Sp. B. M. p. 56 (1847); =id.=
Knowsl. Men. p. 10, pls. vi. & ix. (animal) (1850); =id.= P. Z.
S. 1850, p. 123; =Turner=, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 170; =Gray=, Cat.
Ung. B. M. p. 85 (1852); =Temm.= Esq. Zool. Guin. pp. 194, 221
(1853); =Gerr.= Cat. Bones Mamm. B. M. p. 236 (1862); =Fitz.=
SB. Wien, lix. pt. 1, p. 166 (1869); =Gray=, P. Z. S. 1871, p.
597, fig. 5 (skull); =id.= Cat. Rum. B. M. p. 26 (1872); =id.=
Hand-l. Rum. B. M. p. 95 (1873); =Scl.= List An. Z. S. (8) p.
147 (1883); =Jent.= Cat. Ost. Leyd. Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, ix.) p.
132 (1887); =id.= Cat. Mamm. Leyd. Mus. (_op. cit._ xi.) p. 162
(1892); =Thos.= P. Z. S. 1892, p. 423; =Matsch.= MT. deutsch.
Schutz-geb. p. 81 (1893); =Lyd.= Horns and Hoofs, p. 211 (1893).
_Antilope (Cephalolophus) rufilatus_, =Wagn.= Schr. Säug. Supp.
v. p. 425 (1855).
_Cephalophus rufilatus cuvieri_, =Fitz.= SB. Wien, lix. pt. 1,
p. 166 (1869).
VERNACULAR NAME:--_Coquetoon_ on the Gambia (_Whitfield_).
Size small; form slender. General colour partly bright yellowish
rufous, and partly a peculiar bluish grey; the former colour covering
the sides of the face, the whole of the neck, the shoulders, flanks,
rump, and belly, while the latter prevails on the middle line of the
nose, on the forehead, occiput, back of ears, centre of back from
withers to rump, and all four limbs, from the elbows and middles of
lower legs downwards. Crest long, blackish. Tail rufous above basally,
black terminally.
Horns placed in the same line as the nasal profile; those of male
short, conical, pointed (but no adult wild specimen is available for
description); those of female rudimentary, mere low rounded knobs,
hardly projecting above the skin of the head.
Skull with a long and slender muzzle. Anteorbital fossæ remarkably
deep, more so than in any other species. Mesial palatal notch about a
quarter of an inch anterior to the lateral ones.
Dimensions:--♂. Height at withers 14 inches, ear 2·3, hind foot 7.
Skull (♀): basal length 5·2, greatest breadth 2·6, orbit to muzzle 2·9.
It is difficult to say to which of the other species this peculiar
little animal is most nearly allied, especially in the absence of
wild-killed male specimens with fully developed horns.
_Hab._ West Africa, from Gambia to the Niger.
The ninth and last species of the group of Bay Duikers, though
agreeing with the preceding species in its generally rufous coat, is
distinguishable by its smaller size and lighter colour. The front and
dorsal stripe are of a peculiar bluish grey instead of being black, and
the whole of the flanks and sides are of a light yellowish rufous.
The Red-flanked Duiker, as we propose to call it, appears to have been
confounded by Desmarest, Lesson, Gervais, and other French systematists
with the _Antilope grimmia_ of Pallas, which is _C. coronatus_--both
they and the latter ignoring the fact that the name “_grimmia_”
properly belongs to the Common Duiker, _C. grimmi_, of the Cape. This
confusion was first properly cleared up by Dr. Gray, as early as 1846,
but it is only quite recently that the correct names for the three
species have come into general use. Desmarest, in his article on
“_Antilope_” published in 1816 in the ‘Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire
Naturelle,’ was the first describer of the present animal under the
name of _Antilope grimmia_; and in 1821 F. Cuvier, in his ‘Histoire
Naturelle des Mammifères,’ gave a figure of it, from a specimen from
Senegal, then living in the Jardin des Plantes, under the name of ‘Le
Grimm.’
In 1846, in an article published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural
History,’ the late Dr. Gray first distinguished the present species
from the “Grimm,” and proposed to call it by the appropriate name
_Cephalophus rufilatus_. Dr. Gray based his description upon a
pair in the Derby Museum, and on a young female in the British Museum
which had been presented to that collection by Lord Derby. This last
specimen, which may now be seen mounted in the Mammal-Gallery of
the National Collection, was obtained on the Gambia by Lord Derby’s
collector, Whitfield. The two types in the Derby Museum are stated to
have been obtained at Sierra Leone.
[Illustration: Fig. 19.
Skull of _Cephalophus rufilatus_, jr.
(P. Z. S. 1871, p. 597.)]
In the ‘Gleanings from the Knowsley Menagerie’ are contained two
figures of this animal: plate vi. fig. 3 gives a full-sized figure of
what is apparently a female of this species, and plate ix. represents
the heads of both sexes. Both of these plates are marked as drawn by
Waterhouse Hawkins from specimens living at Knowsley in 1843. Several
specimens of the Coquetoon, as this Antelope is sometimes called,
have also been received by the Zoological Society, but have not
proved to be long-lived in this country. The first recorded specimen
was obtained in 1861, and others were subsequently acquired in 1867,
1879, and 1880. These were all obtained from dealers and had no
definite localities attached to them. But we are able to supply some
indications of the range of this species from museum specimens. In the
British Museum, besides Whitfield’s stuffed specimen from the Gambia
already alluded to, there is the skull of an adult animal from the
same locality obtained by Sir Gilbert Carter, and a young skull, which
has probably been correctly referred to this species from the Niger,
obtained by Surgeon Baikie. In the Leyden Museum, as we find by Dr.
Jentink’s Catalogue, there is an adult female specimen procured at
Dabocrom, in Ashantee, by the collector Pel, and an adult male from
Sierra Leone received from the Bremen Museum. In reference to Pel’s
specimen, Temminck has informed us that this species is rare on the
Guinea coast, but more common in the forests of Sierra Leone. We also
find this species recorded by Herr Matschie as one of the Antelopes met
with by the collectors of the Berlin Museum in the German Protectorate
of Togoland. We may therefore conclude that the Red-flanked Duiker
inhabits the whole coast-land of Western Africa between the British
Settlement of Gambia and the River Niger.
Our figure of this species (Plate XIX. fig. 1) was prepared under Sir
Victor Brooke’s direction, very probably from one of the specimens in
the Liverpool Museum.
_May, 1895._
[Illustration:
THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES, PL. XX.
_Smit del. et lith._ _Hanhart imp._
The Banded Duiker.
CEPHALOPHUS DORIÆ.
_Published by R. H. Porter._]
30. THE BANDED DUIKER.
CEPHALOPHUS DORIÆ (OGILB.).
[PLATE XX.]
_Antilope_ (?), =Benn.= P. Z. S. 1832, p. 122.
_Antilope doria_, =Ogilb.= P. Z. S. 1836, p. 121; =Waterh.= Cat.
Mamm. Mus. Z. S. (2) p. 42 (1838); =Wagn.= Schr. Säug., Suppl.
iv. p. 444 (1844); =Fraser=, Zool. Typ. pl. xviii. (animal)
(1849).
_Antilope zebrata_[14],“=Robert=, Echo du Monde Savant, 1836”;
=Gerv.= Dict. Sci. Nat., Suppl. i. p. 267 (1840); =id.= Hist.
Nat. Mamm. ii. p. 202 (1855).
_Antilope zebra_, =Gray=, Ann. Mag. N. H. i. p. 27 (1838);
=Less.= N. Tabl. R. A., Mamm. p. 176 (1842).
_Cephalophorus zebra_, =Gray=, List Mamm. B. M. p. 163 (1843).
_Damalis (?) zebra_, =Gray=, Knowsl. Men. p. 22 (1850); =id.= P.
Z. S. 1850, p. 142; =id.= Cat. Ung. B. M. p. 129 (1852); =id.=
Cat. Rum. B. M. p. 45 (1872).
_Cephalophus doria_, =Jent.= N. L. M. vii. p. 270, pl. ix.
(skull, ♀) (1885) (Liberia); =id.= op. cit. x. p. 21, pls. ii.
(animal), iii. (skull, ♂) (1887); =id.= Cat. Ost. Leyd. Mus.
(Mus. Pays-Bas, ix.) p. 133 (1887); =Büttikofer=, Reisebild.
Liberia, ii. p. 377, pl. xxix. (animal) (1890); =Jent.= Cat.
Mamm. Leyd. Mus. (op. cit. xi.) p. 164 (1892).
_Cephalophus doriæ_, =Thos.= P. Z. S. 1892, p. 424; =Ward=, Horn
Meas. p. 77 (1892); =Lyd.= Horns and Hoofs, p. 211 (1893).
VERNACULAR NAME:--_Mountain-deer_ of Liberians (_Büttikofer_).
Size small. General colour pale rufous, broadly banded with black.
Face, ears, neck, and shoulders rufous or chestnut, except the nasal
region, which is blackish. Back from withers to rump pale rufous,
conspicuously banded transversely with deep shining black. Under
surface from chin to anus pale rufous, slightly paler than the
ground-colour between the bands. Limbs rufous, but with broad black
patches on the outer surfaces of the forearms and lower legs, and with
the phalanges black all round. Heels with large glandular tufts of
black hair on their postero-inferior surfaces. Tail rufous, more or
less mixed with black above, white below.
Horns short, in the same line as the nasal profile, in the male barely
two inches long, conical, tapering, sharply pointed, their greatest
basal diameter going about 2½ times in their length; in the female less
than one inch in an adult, smoother than in the male, but otherwise
similar in character.
Skull stoutly built. Nasal region broad, flat, parallel-sided.
Anteorbital fossæ very shallow. Frontal region not specially swollen.
Horn-cores so pressed downwards and backwards as to cause marked
depressions behind and below them on the parietals. Palate with its
three posterior notches about level.
Dimensions:--♂. Height at withers 16 inches, ear 2·9, hind foot 6·8 (in
a female, rather older, 7·3).
Skull: basal length 5·8 inches, greatest breadth 2·8, orbit to muzzle
3·4.
_Hab._ Interior of West Coast of Africa, from Liberia to Sierra
Leone.
The flat skins of this Antelope, so remarkable for their transverse
black bands, first attracted the attention of naturalists in 1832, when
they were brought before the Committee of Science and Correspondence
of the Zoological Society of London by Mr. E. T. Bennett, then
Secretary of the Society. Mr. Bennett considered them as belonging
“not improbably” to some species of Antelope, to which, however, he
did not venture to give a name. They were supposed by Gould (then the
Zoological Society’s taxidermist), who had obtained them, to have been
received from Algoa Bay; but there is no doubt that this was an error,
and that these flat skins, some of which are even now occasionally
brought to this country, are from Sierra Leone and the adjoining
districts of Western Africa.
For some years this subject appears to have slept, but was revived
in 1836 by Mr. Ogilby, who, in the course of some remarks upon the
preserved specimens of Antelopes in the Zoological Society’s Museum,
took the opportunity of assuring his hearers that the skins described
by Mr. Bennett belonged to a “real Antelope” and that he hoped shortly
to “have an opportunity of describing it in detail under the name of
_Antelope doria_.”
Some two years later the late Dr. Gray proposed the name “_Antilope
zebra_” for the same animal, based upon a skin received by the
British Museum from Sierra Leone. Gray recognized it as being evidently
the same as that previously described by Bennett, and gave no reason
for proposing to alter its name.
About the same time similar imperfect flat skins attracted the
attention of M. Robert, of Paris, who shortly described them in a
communication to the ‘Echo du Monde Savant’ of 1836 under the name
_Antilope zebrata_. But there is no doubt, we think, that
“_doria_” was the first published specific appellation of this
Antelope, and ought to be adopted. “Doria” is stated by Gray (Cat. Ung.
p. 129) to have been the Christian name of Mr. Ogilby’s wife.
In his ‘List of Specimens of Mammals in the British Museum,’ published
in 1843, Gray assigned this species to the genus _Cephalophorus_,
i.e. _Cephalophus_. In his subsequent Catalogues he transferred it
to the genus _Damalis_ (i.e. _Damaliscus_),“on account of the
dark mark on the outside of the limb.”
From the flat skins in the British Museum and the Zoological Society’s
collection, Fraser, in 1849, gave a partly imaginative figure of this
Antelope in his ‘Zoologia Typica.’
It was more than 50 years after the imperfect description of this
problematical Antelope from the flat skins before science obtained
correct information as to its proper characters and position in the
system.
During the celebrated expedition of the naturalists of the Leyden
Museum to Liberia in 1879 and following years Mr. Büttikofer first
obtained perfect specimens of this Duiker on the St. Paul’s River.
These were described by Dr. Jentink in the seventh volume of the
‘Notes from the Leyden Museum’ in 1885, and a figure was given of the
skull. In the succeeding volume of the ‘Notes’ Dr. Jentink gave fuller
particulars respecting this welcome rediscovery, and informed us that,
as shown by the series of specimens collected by Mr. Büttikofer and his
fellow travellers, this Antelope is not uncommon in certain parts of
Liberia. The “Mountain-deer,” as the Americanized Liberians call it,
does not occur in the coast-district, but is found in the mountainous
terrain of the interior. Dr. Jentink gave coloured illustrations
of the male, female, and young of this Antelope, together with
representations of the skull of the adult male, the skull figured in
the previous volume having been that of a female.
In the second volume of his ‘Reisebilder aus Liberia,’ published in
1890, Mr. Büttikofer tells us that he first saw a living example of
this species in the forest near Soforeh Place, and recognized it, with
much delight, as the “Mountain-deer” of which he had heard so much
spoken. Here he captured a young one alive, and subsequently found
the skull of the mother, which was wounded but not obtained on that
occasion. In his second expedition to Liberia, Mr. Büttikofer and
his companions procured a full series of examples of this beautiful
species. Mr. Büttikofer remarks that the weight of a full-grown
example of this animal ranges from 40 to 50 lbs., and that a specially
remarkable development in its structure is that of the hairs on the
hind edge of the tarsus, which form a sort of brush.
Our figure of this Antelope (Plate XX.) has been prepared by Mr. Smit
from a stuffed specimen of an adult male in the British Museum obtained
on the Du Queah River in Liberia during Mr. Büttikofer’s second
expedition. In the same collection there is a skin of an adult female
from the same locality, and the skeletons of both these animals. The
flat skins which were the types of the specific terms “_doria_”
of Ogilby and “_zebra_” of Gray are likewise in the National
Collection.
_August, 1895._
31. THE BLACK DUIKER.
CEPHALOPHUS NIGER, GRAY.
[PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.]
_Cephalophus niger_, =Gray=, Ann. Mag. N. H. (1) xviii. p. 165
(1846); =id.= List Ost. B.M. p. 57 (1847); =id.= Knowsl. Men.
p. 10, pl. vii. (animal) (1850); =id.= P. Z. S. 1850, p. 123;
=id.= Cat. Ung. B. M. p. 84 (1852); =Gerr.= Cat. Bones Mamm. B.
M. p. 236 (1862); =Fitz.= SB. Wien, lix. pt. 1, p. 166 (1869);
=Gray=, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 597; =id.= Cat. Rum. B. M. p. 27
(1872); =id.= Hand-l. Rum. p. 96 (1873); =Jent.= Cat. Ost. Leyd.
Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, ix.) p. 132 (1887); =id.= N. L. M. x. p. 20
(1887) (Liberia); =Büttikofer=, Reisebild. Liberia, ii. p. 376
(1890); =Jent.= Cat. Mamm. Leyd. Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, xi.) p.
162 (1892); =Thos.= P. Z. S. 1892, p. 425; =Matach.= Mittheil.
deutsch. Schutzgebiet, vi. p. 81 (1893); =Lyd.= Horns and Hoofs,
p. 212 (1893).
_Antilope pluto_, =Temm.= Esq. Zool. Guin. pp. 194,214 (1853);
=Wagn.= Schr. Säug., Suppl. v. p. 422 (1855).
VERNACULAR NAME:--_Bush-Goat_ of Liberian Negroes (_Büttikofer_).
Size medium. Colour of body uniform dark smoky brown or black, becoming
darker on the rump and limbs; paler on the throat and chest. Face
fulvous, darkening into rich rufous on the crest; the centre of the
forehead sometimes brown or black. Ears black haired externally, rufous
internally. Tail black above, but with a whitish terminal tuft.
Skull long and narrow. Forehead swollen; anteorbital fossæ rather
shallow; mesial notch of palate about ¼ inch in advance of lateral ones.
Horns, in male, “straight, rough at their base, smooth and pointed at
their extremity, 3–3½ inches in length” (_Temminck_, _l.c._):
in female short, barely an inch in length, blunt and rounded, not
expanded basally.
Dimensions:--(♂). Approximate height at withers 18 inches, length of
hind foot 8·3, of ear 2·8.
Skull (♀): basal length (c.) 6·8, greatest breadth 3·3, anterior edge
of orbit to muzzle 4·2.
_Hab._ West Coast of Africa, from Liberia to the Gold Coast.
The well-known field-naturalist Pel, one of the many excellent
collectors employed from time to time by the Leyden Museum, was the
discoverer of this Duiker, of which he transmitted specimens home
from the Guinea coast about the year 1843. Shortly afterwards the
British Museum acquired one of Pel’s specimens from Leyden under the
MS. name “_Antilope niger_.” This was described by Gray in 1846
as the type of a new species, “The Black Bush-buck (_Cephalophus
niger_).” Gray added to his description that there was then living
in the Knowsley Menagerie a “Bush-buck” which was probably of the same
species; and on turning to the pictures in the ‘Gleanings from the
Derby Menagerie’ we find what is doubtless the animal referred to,
figured upon a plate (vii. fig. 2) which is initialed by Waterhouse
Hawkins as having been drawn in 1846. So far as we know, this is the
only individual of this Antelope that has ever been brought to Europe
alive.