In the Westminster Assembly, 273
Court Party Intrigues with them, 305
How they regarded the Covenant, 323
Their Discussion with Presbyterians, 334
Principles of Toleration, 342
Early Churches, 348
Method of Worship, 364
Term first applied, 365
Two Classes of them, 367
"In-churching," 370
Favour Toleration, 419
Debates in Assembly, 439
Their view of the Assembly, 452
Contention with Presbyterians, 504
The King in their hands, 519
Cromwell aims at their Reconciliation with Presbyterians, 520
As Religious Sect not to Blame for Death of Charles, 534
Political Independents assume Supremacy in State, ii. 1
Spread of Independents, 51
Their Churches, 207
Connection with State, 209
Ministers, 216
In Scotland, 225
In Ireland, 226
Occupy Cathedrals, 228
At Oxford, 275
Manner of Receiving Lord's Supper, 392
Ireson, Sir Bryan, i. 249
Ireton, i. 437, 519; ii. 7
Irish, Insurrection, i. 212
Covenant Imposed on them, 323
The King agrees to a Truce with them, 376
Jackson, i. 38
Jacob, Henry, i. 357
James I., i. 13, 46; ii. 474
Jenkyn, William, ii. 45, 183
Jermyn, Sir Robert, i. 350
Jessy, Henry, ii. 239
Jews, ii. 504
Johnson, i. 353, 357
Joyce, Cornet, i. 519
Juxon, Bishop of London, i. 3, 527
With Charles I. at his Execution, 531
At Burial of the King, 535
Retires to Little Compton till the Restoration, ii. 308
Kiffin, William, ii. 235
Killaloe, Bishop of, i. 409
King, i. 186; ii. 308
Knightley, Sir Richard, i. 75
Knollys, Hanserd, ii. 245
Knox, i. 99, 104
Lambert, Major-General, ii. 55, 134
Lambeth MSS., ii. 9
Lamot, John, ii. 421
Lane, Thomas, ii. 457
Lapthorne, i. 50
Lathrop, i. 258, 364
Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 3, 27, 30, 80, 313
His Dream, 32
His Activity, 33
Impeached, 91
The Et cetera Oath, 97
His Address to the Clergy, 98
Visits Scotland, 104
What he thought of Committee on Innovations, 121
Articles against him, 160
Sent to the Tower, 161
Effects of his Policy, 223
His Trial, 395
His Defence, 397
Bill of Attainder Passed, 399
Question as to Justice of Sentence, 400
Advised to Escape, 401
On the Scaffold, 401
His Character, 402
When Chancellor of Oxford, 496
His Colonial Policy, ii. 455
His Correspondence with Durie and Sir Thomas Roe, 484
Laurence, Dr., his friendship for Walton, i. 499
Laurence, Lord President, ii. 133
Law, William, ii. 285
Leighton, i. 26, 80
Lenthall, i. 2, 59, 505; ii. 11
Leslie, Leader of Scotch Army, i. 243
At Marston Moor, 425
At Dunbar, ii. 37
At Worcester, 43
Levellers, ii. 11
Lightfoot, Dr., An Erastian, i. 331; ii. 275-277
Lilburne, i. 80; ii. 244
Locke, John, ii. 255, 260
Advocates Toleration, i. 346
Lockier, Protector's Chaplain, ii. 73, 154, 292, 402
London, Apprentices, i. 136, 197, 201
Church Politics in London, 257
Citizens Support Presbyterianism, 259
Excitement in London, 288
Corporation Banquet, 307, 311
Bonfire of Papistical Trinkets, 312
Corporation's Remonstrance to Parliament, 509
They Petition for the Covenant, 510
Long, i. 82
Lords, House of, i. 90
Complaints of Puritans, 118
Committee of Innovations, 119
Star Chamber Bill, 127
Solemn Vow and Protestation Taken by them, 133
Object to its Universal Enforcement, 134
Bill Rendering Parliament Indissoluble, 135
Bill for Restraining Bishops, 144
Bill for Abolition of Episcopacy, 148
Conference between the Two Houses, 150
Articles Against Laud, 160
Articles of Impeachment against the Thirteen Bishops, 163
Disagree with Commons concerning Innovations, 171
The Bishops' Protestation, 203
Bishops Summoned, 205
Excluded from the House, 207
Bill for Abolition of Episcopacy Passed, 262
Bill against Pluralities, 263
Debate on Answer to Scotch Petition, 267
Propositions for Peace, 288
Present at City Banquet, 308
Pass Bill of Attainder against Laud, 399
Direct the Assembly to Prepare a Form for Ordination, 417
Loudon, Earl of, i. 264
Louis XIII. offers his services as Mediator, i. 232
Louis XIV., Cromwell's Despatches to him, ii. 492, 499
Love, Christopher, i. 413
Imprisoned, ii. 45
His Trial, 46
His Execution, 48
Lucy, Lady, of Charlcot, ii. 426
Ludlow, i. 62, 437, 520
Lunsford, Colonel, i. 198
Maitland, Lord, i. 311
Mandeville, Viscount, i. 77
Manton, ii. 48, 154
Manwaring, Dr. i. 29; ii. 308
Marshall, Stephen, i. 91, 152, 170, 250, 259, 289, 303, 308, 329,
472, 488, 527
Marten, Henry, i. 68, 71; ii. 1-6, 18, 159
Marten, Sir Henry, i. 361
Martin, i. 495
Martindale, Adam, ii. 171
Massey, i. 330, 437
Mather, Samuel, ii. 226
Maxwell, i. 90
Maydstone, ii. 231
Maynard, i. 60, 262, 330, 395
Mazarin, ii. 135
Mead, Matthew, ii. 218
Milletiere, M. de la, ii. 314
Milton, i. 341
Joins in Controversy on Episcopacy, 128, 129
His Character compared with Owen's, ii. 431
His Letters on behalf of the Piedmontese, 493
Minshall, Dr., ii. 275
Monmouth, Earl of, i. 207
Montague, Bishop, i. 162, 223
Montague, Lord, ii. 416
Montrose, i. 166; ii. 33
More, Dr. Henry, i. 340; ii. 279
Morland, Dr. Samuel, ii. 492, 496, 498, 501
Morley, Dr., i. 449, 519; ii. 319
Morton, Bishop of Durham, ii. 306
Moulin, Lewis de, ii. 256
Muggleton, ii. 369
Murcot, John, ii. 227
Naylor, James, ii. 363, 365
His Trial, 133
Nelson, ii. 295
Newark, Lord, i. 145
Newcastle, Earl of, i. 284
Newcome, Henry, ii. 173
Nicholas, Sir Edward, i. 188, 230, 414
Northumberland, Earl of, i. 264
Nye, Philip, i. 273, 289, 292, 295, 305, 332, 420, 489; ii. 100,
217, 224, 392
Ogle, Sergeant Major, i. 305-307
Omens, Supernatural, i. 238
Orange, Prince of, i. 131; ii. 22, 71
Order of the Garter Disappears, ii. 290
Osbolston, Lambert, i. 488
Owen, John, i. 459, 496, 534; ii. 96, 284
One of Committee for Toleration, 100
Preaches at Opening of Cromwell's Second Parliament, 131
Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, 249
His Interview with Cromwell, 249
His Speeches, 251
His Criticism of Walton's Polyglott, 264
His Character compared with Milton's, 431
His Impression of the Religion of the Times, 438
Owen, John, Bishop of St. Asaph, ii. 308
Owen, Morgan, Bishop of Llandaff, i. 210
Oxenstiern, ii. 485
Oxford University, i. 373, 496
Defiance of Parliament, 497
Military Occupation, 497
Parliamentary Commissioners, 498
Opposition to them, 500
Owen Vice-Chancellor, ii. 249
University Costume, 253
Celebrities, 254
Loyalty to Protector, 260
Compared with Cambridge, 284
Oyley D', ii. 477
Pack, Captain Michael, ii. 470
Pagitt, ii. 365
Palmer, Jeffrey, i. 183
Palmer, Thomas, Army Chaplain, i. 461
Palmer, Thomas, ii. 212
Parker, i. 7, 42
Parliament. Long Parliament Opened, i. 1
Members, 59
Debate on the Canons, 95
Et Cetera Oath, 97
Vow and Protestation, 134
Innovations, 171
The Militia, 232
Reformation of the Church, 235
Parliamentary Declaration, 255
Answer to Scotch Assembly, 261
Ecclesiastical Propositions, 265
Enforcement of Covenant, 320, 516
Bill Against Barrowists and Brownists, 355
Control of Church Property, 385
Establish the Directory and Prohibit Prayer Book, 404
Commissioners at Uxbridge, 412
Their Propositions, 414
Further Propositions for Peace, 471
Committee for Determining Cases of Scandal, 478
Quarrel with the Army, 528
Acts for Spoliation of the Church, ii. 9
For Maintenance of Ministers, 10
Against Licentiousness of the Press, 11
Enforce Engagement, 14
Moral Legislation, 15
Dissolution of Long Parliament, 50
Little Parliament Convened, ii. 51
Marriage Law, 56
Tithes, 57
Members Resign their Power into Cromwell's hands, 65
Character of Little Parliament, 76
First Protectorate Parliament Summoned, ii. 96
Dissolved, 103
Second Protectorate Parliament, ii. 131
Humble Petition and Advice, 138
Approbation of Public Preachers, 146
Ordinance for Ejecting Ministers, 146
Administration of Oaths to Recusants, 147
Tithes, 147
Catechising, 149
Sabbath Observance, 151
Re-assembling of Parliament, 156
Dissolution, 162
Parliamentary Army, its Character, i. 241, 374
Re-modelled, 427, 455
Its Success, 429
Disorderly Soldiers, 455
Chaplains, 456
Petitions Parliament, 516
Quarrels with Parliament, 528
Anxious for Extreme Ecclesiastical Measures, ii. 8
Discontented with New Rulers, 11
Parson, ii. 298
Patrick, Simon, ii. 279
Pell, John, ii. 489, 491
Pennington, i. 93, 103, 109, 114; ii. 511
Penry, i. 356; ii. 225
Peters, Hugh, i. 460, 532; ii. 402
Peterson, Dean of Exeter, ii. 324
Petty, Sir William, ii. 289
Piedmontese, Persecution of the Protestants by the Duke of Savoy,
ii. 490
Cromwell's Interference on their Behalf, 494
Collections for them in England, 495
Pilkington, Bishop of Durham, i. 42
Pleydell, i. 114, 148
Pocock, Dr. Edward, ii. 109, 256, 264, 481
Popery, i. 49, 55, 133, 136, 162, 177, 180, 212, 236, 293, 374
Powell, Vavasour, ii. 68, 70, 115, 243
Prayer Book, i. 124, 197, 258, 404
MS. ii. 340
Presbyterians, Clergy, i. 163
Numerous in London, 228
Majority in Assembly, 273, 329
Attachment to League and Covenant, 321
Controversy with Independents, 334, 505
Their dependence on Scotch Army, 437
Negotiate with the King, 473
Presbyterians at Norwich, 505
Difficulty with the Army, 515
Loyalty to the King, 529
Not to Blame for Execution of Charles, 534
Denounce New Rulers, ii. 12
Intrigue with Prince Charles, 25
In Cromwell's First Parliament, 96
Their Form of Church Government, 165
Presbyterians in Lancashire, 167
In London, 174, 182
Occupy Cathedrals, 228
At Cambridge, 274
Manner of receiving the Lord's Supper, 392
Prideaux, Dr., i. 211, 251, 272
Pride's Purge, i. 531
Prynne, i. 26, 80, 330, 369, 395, 400, 444, 529; ii. 504
Puritanism, its Antiquity, i. 39
Under Elizabeth, 41, 45
Doctrinal and Ecclesiastical, 46
A Reaction against Anglicanism, 52
Its Onesidedness, 56
Puritans, their Conscientious Scruples, i. 48
Imprisoned and Exiled, 50
Petition against Popery, 231
Desire a Free Synod, 270
Sufferings of their Clergy, 431
Their Inner Church life, and Home Retirement, ii. 371, _et seq._
Pury, Alderman, i. 155
Pym, John.i. 65, 75, 78, 87, 113, 115, 132, 152, 257; ii. 159
His Speech against Popery, 83
Accuses Strafford of Treason, 89
Supports Bill against Bishops, 179
A Member of the Assembly, 272
His Death, 301
Funeral, 302
Quakers, Rise of Quakerism, ii. 349
Formed into a Sect, 359
Preachers, 359
Suspicions against Quakerism, 360
Persecuted, 362
Quarles, ii. 415
Quin, i. 235
Radcliffe, ii. 34
Rallingson, Richard, i. 372
Rawlinson, MSS., i. 26, 80, 359
Reeve, ii. 369
Reynolds, Sir John, ii. 146
Reynolds, Dr., i. 449, 496; ii. 249, 481
Rich, Earl of Warwick, i. 77
Rich, Earl of Holland, i. 77
Rippon, Roger, i. 356
Rives, Dr. Thomas, i. 362
Roberts, Lord, i. 133
Robins, John, ii. 369
Roborough, Henry, i. 278
Roe, Sir Thomas, ii. 480, 486
Rogers, John, ii. 227
Roman Catholics, in Ireland, i. 212, 218, 231, 376
In the Army, 242
Charles I. Intrigues with them, 475
Their Intrigues with Prince Charles, ii. 27
Deprived of Religious Freedom, 90, 479
Excluded from Parliament, 98
Lawyers and Priests, 122
Intrigues, 315
Roundhead, Origin of Title, i. 199
Rouse, i. 330
His Version of the Psalms, 451; ii. 393
Speaker of Little Parliament, 54
His Death, 291
Rowe, Colonel Owen, ii. 474
Royalists, their Army, i. 242
Their Lawlessness, 253
At Brentford, 255
At Bradford, 283
At Gloucester, 284
At Bristol, 288
At Oxford, 373
At Leicester, 427
Sufferings of Royalist Clergy, 431
Royalist Plots, ii. 110
Persecution of their Clergy, 111
In Bermudas, 474
Rudyard, i. 60, 85, 113, 155, 272, 330
Rupert, Prince, i. 247
At Harborough, 250
At Chalgrove Field, 281
At Oxford, 373
At Marston Moor, 425
At Naseby, 428
Russel, Sir William, i. 252
Rutherford, i. 329
St. John, Oliver, i. 64, 149, 179, 272, 330; ii. 1
Saltmarsh, John, i. 462
Sancroft, i. 492; ii. 266
Sanderson, i. 519; ii. 436
His Friendship for Hammond, ii. 324
Savoy, Duke of, ii. 490
Say and Sele, Lord, i. 75, 77, 145
Leader in Parliamentary Army, 241
His Exhortation to the Citizens, 254
Proposes Dissolution of Assembly, 444
Sayle, ii. 475
Scotch, i. 166, 400, 406, 408; ii. 32, 225
Their Army, i. 105
Commissioners, 107, 308
Desire for Unity of Religion, 165
Treaty, 166
Promote Presbyterianism in England, 228
Offer to be Mediators between the King and his Subjects, 232
Commissioners at Windsor, 232
Anxiety for Abolition of Episcopacy, 261
Desire for Union between the Two Countries, 263
Send Commissioners to Treat with the King, 264
Their Failure, 268
League and Covenant, 291
Treaty with the English, 297
Army in England, 424
Its Unpopularity, 438
Negotiations, 513
Proclaim Prince Charles King, ii. 21
Send Commissioners to the Hague, 23
Controversy as to whether they should Fight against Cromwell, 38
Crown Prince Charles, 39
Remonstrators and Resolutionists, 41, 117
Army with Charles in England, 42
Seaman, Dr. Lazarus, i. 329, 527; ii. 274
Searle, Colonel Daniel, ii. 470, 472
Sects, i. 190
Their Increase, 188
and Activity, 228
Numbers Exaggerated, ii. 365
Sedgwick, Obadiah, i. 250; ii. 229
Sedgwick, John, i. 250
Selden, John, i. 69, 82, 272, 330
Shelden, i. 519
Sherlock, Dr. Richard, ii. 301
Sherman, ii. 115
Sibbs, i. 53
Sibthorpe, i. 29
Sideserfe, i. 252
Sidney, Algernon, i. 437
Simpson, Sydrach, i. 332, 334; ii. 100, 269, 275
Sindercombe's Plot, ii. 137
Sion College, ii. 175-179
Skinner, i. 186; ii. 308
Skippon, i. 255, 437
Slingsby, His Letters, i. 189, 193, 195, 200, 205
Smith, i. 178
Smith, John, ii. 279
Smith, Captain John, ii. 446
South, Robert, ii. 255, 261
Southampton, Earl of, i. 133
Spang, i. 298; ii. 22
Spinage, William, ii. 287
Sprigg, Joshua, i. 428, 456, 459; ii. 365
Spurstow, Dr., i. 241, 281; ii. 277
Stapleton, i. 330
Staunton, Dr. Edmund, ii. 256
Sterne, i. 495
Sterry, Cromwell's Chaplain, ii. 402, 516, 520
Stoughton, Dr., ii. 456
Stoupe, ii. 503
Strafford, i. 27, 29
His Thorough Policy, 36, 78
Arrives in London, 86
Impeached, 89
Goes to the House, 90
How his Attainder may be Regarded, 137
His Execution, 141
Strange, Lord, i. 243
Strangways, Sir John, i. 115
Strickland, Sir William, ii. 148
Strode, Sir Richard and Sir John, i. 26
Stubbe, Henry, ii. 257
Stukely, Lewis, ii. 228
Suffolk, Countess of, ii. 424
Sutton, Dr., i. 39
Tawney, ii. 369
Taylor, Jeremy, i. 56, 337, 379; ii. 322
Terry, Edward, ii. 480
Thomas, William, i. 154
Thorndike, Herbert, ii. 335
Thurloe, Secretary of State, ii. 117-122, 489, 491, 498, 511, 512
Tillinghurst, ii. 62
Tithes, i. 367, 389
Rights of Tithe Property, 486
Government Refuse to Abolish Tithes, ii. 8
Parliament considers Question of Tithes, 50
Report of Tithe Committee, 59
Toleration--Principles of Independent and Episcopalian Toleration
compared, i. 335
Episcopalian Writers on the Subject, 335-340
Independent Writers on Toleration, 341-345
Limits of Toleration, ii. 100
Toleration in England, under Cromwell, 143
Tombes, John, ii. 238
Tomlinson, ii. 55
Towers, John, i. 210
Travers, i. 43, 100
Trelawne, ii. 416
Tuckney, Dr., ii. 275
Twiss, Dr., i. 275, 292, 311, 328
Ussher, i. 125, 128, 140, 186, 376, 378, 527, 532; ii. 303, 304
Vane, Sir Henry (commonly called Sir Harry), i. 61, 66, 71, 75,
149, 321, 340, 529; ii. 131, 159, 288
Advocates Abolition of Episcopacy, 153
Member of the Westminster Assembly, 272
Member of the New Council of State, ii. 1
His Character, Religion, and Politics, 5
His Power declines, 18
Retires to Raby Castle, 1, 123
Imprisoned, 127
Vane, Sir Henry (the elder), i. 61
Vaudois, _see_ Piedmontese
Venn, Captain, i. 258
Venner, ii. 62
Verney, Sir Edward, i. 226
Vicars, his Chronicle, i. 312
Vines, i. 517, 527; ii. 269
Vink, Peter, ii. 187
Wales, ii. 14, 118, 243
Waller, the Poet, i. 154; ii. 522
Wallis, ii. 256
Walton, Isaak, i. 16, 424, 499
Walton, his Polyglott, ii. 261, 335
Walton, Valentine, i. 499
Ward, Seth, ii. 222, 256
Wariston, Lord, i. 290
Warner, Bishop of Rochester, ii. 308
Warr, Lord de la, ii. 447
Warwick, Sir Philip, i. 63, 70, 184
Webster, ii. 271
Wesleys, i. 159
John Wesley, 490
Educated at Oxford, ii. 285
Westfield, i. 186, 209, 272, 277
Whalley, Major-General, ii. 114, 116, 151
Wharton, Baron, i. 77, 444
Wharton, a Soldier, i. 248-252
Whitchcot, Governor of Windsor Castle, i. 535
White, John, i. 103, 159, 279
White, Jeremiah, ii. 401
Whitefield, Educated at Oxford, ii. 285
Whitelocke, Bulstrode, i. 18, 253, 264, 272, 408, 412; ii. 292
His Conversation with Queen Christina, i. 466
and with the Bishop of Upsala, ii. 144
Whitgift, i. 6, 17, 42
Widdrington, Sir Thomas, i. 161; ii. 288
Wilkins, Dr. John, ii. 256
Wilkinson, Henry, ii. 256
Wilkinson, Captain, ii. 475
Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, i. 3, 140, 145, 170
Presides over Committee for Innovations, 119
Created Archbishop of York, 186
His share in the Westminster Riots, 199
Joins in a Protest, 203
Close of his Life, 211
Effect of his Protest, 223
Williams, Sir Charles, i. 148
Williams, Roger, ii. 467
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, ii. 443, 470
Wills, Registration of, i. 483; ii. 83
Wilson, John, ii. 339
Wilson, Thomas, ii. 196
Windebank, i. 16; ii. 484
Winniffe, Thomas, ii. 307
Winter, Dr. Samuel, ii. 226
Winthrop, ii. 453
Wiseman, Sir Richard, i. 200
Wiseman, Thomas, his Letters, i. 165, 172, 189-191, 212-214
Witchcot, Dr., i. 492; ii. 275
Witchcraft, Belief in, ii. 383-387
Wood, Anthony, i. 272, 462; ii. 253
Worsley, ii. 122
Worthington, ii. 282
Wray, Sir John, i. 95, 132, 136
Wren, i. 131, 161; ii. 308
Wright, i. 351
Wyatt, Sir Francis, ii. 448
Wylde, i. 163, 395
Wyndham, Justice, ii. 212
Yelverton, Sir Christopher, ii. 306
Zanchy, Proctor, ii. 248
Zouch, ii. 260
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Sir Henry Vane retired to Raby Castle after Pride's purge, of which
he thoroughly disapproved, and took no part in public affairs until
February, 1649, when the execution of Charles had taken place. Mr.
Forster remarks: "It is a profound proof of Vane's political sagacity,
that he disapproved the policy of that great act. Upon the question
of its abstract justice, he never delivered an opinion."--_British
Statesmen_, iii. 125.
[2] Neither Cromwell nor Elizabeth in this respect must be measured
by the standard of judgment respecting political morality which is
commonly recognized in our day. The fable of Reynard the Fox, the Life
of Louis XI., by Comines, and the writings of Machiavel, are proofs
of the high repute in which dissimulation was held in the middle ages
and after the Reformation, as a quality essential to the government of
mankind. See also _Bacon's Essays_.
[3] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1009, 1010.
[4] On the 9th of March, the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, and
Lord Capel, were executed on Tower Hill in consequence of the decision
of the preceding year that all who took up arms in the second war were
traitors, and should suffer the penalties of treason.
[5] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1303.
[6] _Parl. Hist._, iii., 1267, 1276.
[7] _The Essex Watchmen to the Inhabitants of the said County._ London,
1649. This publication, referring to the clause in the agreement, "so
it be not compulsory," declared that "this one little parenthesis
was the fly in the box of ointment," which made it "an abhorring in
the nostrils of every one who is knowingly judicious and pious." The
ministers lamented that, in consequence of those five fatal words,
heads of families would be prevented from obliging their children and
servants to attend public worship; and thus, they said, an inlet was
opened for domestic profanity. In their estimation, not to compel
people to be religious was to grant them "liberty to apostatize,
and cast off the profession of Christianity;" and before concluding
their testimony, they denounced toleration as a satanic engine "for
demolishing the beauty, yea, the being of religion."
[8] The Act for the abolition and sale is printed in _Scobell_, p.
16. Date, April 30, 1649. There were surveys and valuations made
accordingly, of which some records are preserved in the Lambeth
Library. As these surveys are often referred to, the following
description of them is given from the _Catalogue of the Lambeth MSS._:--
"Surveys of the possessions of bishops, deans, and chapters, and other
benefices, were made in pursuance of various ordinances of Parliament
during the Commonwealth, by surveyors appointed for that purpose,
acting on oath, under instructions given to them, as may be seen in
_Scobell's Acts and Ordinances_, A.D. 1649, p. 19, &c. The original
surveys were returned to a registrar appointed by the ordinances, and
duplicates or transcripts of them were transferred to the trustees or
commissioners nominated for the sale of the possessions, who held their
meetings in a house in Broad Street, in the City, where these documents
remained until after the Restoration." It was afterwards ordered that
these records should be delivered to Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury,
to take care of the same, and by him they were deposited in the Lambeth
Library. "Some of them were afterwards sent by his Grace to the bishops
and deans and chapters to which they belonged, so that the collection
in the Lambeth Library is not complete. What remain are bound up in
twenty-one large folio volumes, in alphabetical order, of the different
dioceses or counties to which they relate. A minute index to the
whole, in one folio volume, exhibits the name of every place surveyed.
Besides the above, there are surveys of the possessions of the see of
Canterbury kept separate from the possession of the other sees, deans
and chapters, &c., with indexes in alphabetical order, which are bound
in three volumes; of these the second contains original surveys, as far
as folio 73, from thence to the end are copies."
Several interesting extracts from the survey are contained in _Lyson's
Environs_. Take the following as illustrative of the religious affairs
of the parish of Walthamstow:--
"The commissioners appointed to enquire into the state of
ecclesiastical benefices, in 1650, found by their inquest that the
vicarage of Walthamstow was worth £40 per annum, including the tithes
and glebe. John Wood was then vicar; he had been put in by the
committee of plundered ministers; 'but (says the inquest) he is now
questioned for his abilities; and certain articles have been exhibited
against him to the committee, and he is disliked by the greater part of
the inhabitants, who will not come to church to hear him; whereby there
is great distraction in the parish.' The jurors report that it was not
known in whom the patronage of the vicarage was vested, it having been
long in suit, and then as yet undetermined."--_Lyson_, iv. 221.
[9] See _Bentham's Ely Cathedral_, sect. vi.
[10] In the powers for sale of Deans and Chapter lands (passed
July 31st, 1649), "rectories, parsonages, and vicarages" are
excepted.--_Scobell_, 69. In connexion with this, however, may be
mentioned "an Act" passed, April the 26th, "for settling the rectory
or parsonage-house of Burford, Oxon., and some of the glebe land on W.
Lenthall, Esq., now Speaker, and his heirs."--_Parry_, 504.
[11] _Scobell_, 40. One hundred pounds a year at that time was a large
salary. It must have been as good as five hundred now, seeing that Sir
Henry Slingsby kept an establishment of thirty servants on £500 per
annum.--_Brodie's British Empire_, iv. 245.
[12] _Cromwell's Letters and Speeches_, i. 435. _Whitelocke_, 399.
[13] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1305.
[14] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1323, _et seq._
[15] _Scobell_, 104.
[16] _Ibid._, 111.
[17] April 5, 1650. _Scobell_, 111.
[18] _Ibid._, 119.
[19] _Scobell_, 123. In the Windsor churchwardens' accounts for 1652-3
there are several entries of persons fined for swearing.--_Annals of
Windsor_, ii. 268.
[20] _Scobell_, 124. Milton praises this Act in his Treatise of Civil
Power in Ecclesiastical Causes.--_Political Works_, i. 548.
[21] _Scobell_, 121. May 10, 1650. The _Parliamentary History_, vol.
iii. 1347, states that on the 7th of June a bill was ordered to be read
on the Friday evening ensuing against the vice of painting, the wearing
of black patches, and the immodest dresses of women. But no mention is
made of it in the Journal of that day nor in _Scobell's Acts_.
[22] _Scobell_, 131.
[23] From the same register may be added a few extracts illustrative of
collections made at church in those times:--
"Divers ministers, and other distressed families, driven into the
straitened garrison of Pembroke, and several imprisonments, most of
them under the Earl of Carbery first, and now at last undergone the
loss of all that they had by General Gerrard, only escaping with their
lives, 1645. (Collected 8s. 10d.)
"Poor Protestants driven out of Ireland. 1647. (Collected on the
thanksgiving-day for God's great blessing upon the Parliament's forces
in Munster, under Lord Inchiquin, 5s.)
"John Cheynell, late minister of Beedon, Bucks, who had been
continually plundered by both armies, 'and had lost two sons, gracious
young men, cruelly murdered, himself having been sequestered by false
information,' 1652. (Collected 15s. 8½d.)
"Mr. Philip Dandelo, a Turk by nation, by profession a Mahometan by
God's gracious providence and mercy converted to the Christian faith,
by the endeavours of Dr. Wild, Dr. Warmester, Mr. Christopher, and Dr.
Gunning, 1661. (Collected 5s. 8d.)"--_Lyson's Environs_, iv. 285.
[24] _Letters and Journals_, iii. 66.
[25] _Baillie_, iii. 69, 74, 79.
[26] _Letters and Journals_, iii. 84-88.
"Dr. Bramble, of Derry, has printed the other day, at Delf, a wicked
pamphlet against our Church. We have no time, nor do we think it fit
to print an answer." The pamphlet was written by Bramhall, Bishop
of Derry, entitled "A Fair Warning to take heed of the Scottish
Discipline," and may be seen in his _Works_, iii. 237. Notwithstanding
the remark just quoted, a reply appeared, entitled: "A Review of Doctor
Bramble, late Bishop of Londonderry; his Fair Warning against the
Scotch Discipline," by R. B. G., printed at Delf, 1649.
The following letter preserved amongst the _State Papers_
(Commonwealth, _Dom._) is worth introducing here:--
Most dear brother--We have not any news concerning Rupert the Devil,
unless what comes out in print. No man receives any letter from you.
My brother, the Prince Elector, is now here, and cares no more for
those cursed people in England, for he hath done his duty to the King,
which otherwise he might have avoided by reason of the affairs which
required him at Cleare. Here, also, are the Scotch Commissioners, who
every day bring some new proposal to the King, full of impertinency,
for they would not that the King should keep about him any honest man,
for which they are in great favour with the Princess of Orange, who
declares herself much for the Presbyterians, and says that Percy is
the honestest man the King has about him. But I believe you care not
much to know the intricacies here, for which cause I shall not trouble
you further, besides that you have other business to do than reading
letters, only I entreat you to take notice.--I remain your affectionate
sister and servant,
Sophia.
A Mons. le Prince Rupert, April 13th, 1649.
[27] _State Papers, Dom., Commonwealth._ 5th of March, 1649-50. Certain
names are mentioned in the paper as desirable to be added to the King's
Council.
[28] In the paper it is stated that arms and ammunition were already
forwarded to the Scilly Isles for the purpose proposed.
There is a letter amongst the State Papers connected with this document
and interlined with sympathetic ink, which interlining speaks of
submitting to the engagement as necessary for his Majesty's service. It
contains a request that his pleasure might be privately intimated with
respect to religious parties generally.
[29] Erroneously placed under the month of May. The day is obliterated.
[30] _State Papers Dom. Interreg._ The last portion within brackets has
been added by a later hand.
[31] To Sir E. Nicholas, from Mr. Nicholson, 1650, June 2,
Jersey.--_State Papers Dom., Interreg._
[32] _State Papers_, under date, _Dom., Interreg._
[33] _Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, by Carlyle_, 20, 28.
[34] _Carlyle_, ii. 58, 64.
[35] _Letters and Journals_, iii. 112.
[36] An account of the coronation is given in _Baillie's Letters and
Journals_, iii. 128.
[37] See _Cunningham's History of the Church of Scotland_, ii. 167, 168.
The following passages from Sir J. Turner's _Memoirs_ throw light on
the hypocrisy of this period:--
"Glasgow, being a considerable town, was most refractory to this
Parliament; for Mr. Dick, whom they looked upon as a patriarch, Mr.
Baillie, Mr. Gillespie, and Mr. Durhame, all mighty members of the
Kirk of Scotland, had preached them to a perfect disobedience of all
civil power, except such as was authorized by the General Assembly and
Commission of the Kirk: and so, indeed, was the whole west of Scotland,
who cried up King Christ and the kingdom of Jesus Christ, thereby
meaning the uncontrollable and unlimited dominion of the then Kirk
of Scotland, to whom they thought our Saviour had delivered over His
sceptre, to govern His militant Church as they thought fit." (Page 53.)
"About this time, the monstrous Remonstrance was hatched; and if
Lambert had not, by good fortune to us all, beaten Colonel Ker at
Hamilton, I believe the King had been just as safe at St. Johnston as
his father was at Westminster. The desperate condition of affairs moved
some of the best natured of the Presbyterian clergy to think of some
means to bring as many hands to fight against the public enemy as was
possible; and therefore, notwithstanding all their acts of Assemblies
and Commissions of the Kirk to the contrary, they declared all capable
of charge in state or militia who would satisfy the Church by a public
acknowledgment of their repentance for their accession to that sinful
and unlawful engagement. The King commanded all who had a mind to
serve him to follow the Church's direction in this point. Hereupon,
Duke Hamilton, the Earls of Crawford and Lauderdale, with many others,
were admitted to Court, and numbers of officers re-assured and put
in charge, and entrusted with new levies. My guilt in affronting the
ministry (as they called it), in the person of Mr. Dick, at Glasgow,
and my other command in the west, retarded my admission very long;
but at length I am absolved, and made Adjutant-General of the Foot,
and, after the unfortunate encounter at Inverkeithing, had once more
Lieutenant-General Holburn's regiment given me by his Majesty's
command. Behold a fearful sin! The ministers of the Gospel regard all
our repentances as unfeigned, though they knew well enough they were
but counterfeit; and we, on the other hand, made no scruple to declare
that Engagement to be unlawful and sinful, deceitfully speaking against
the dictates of our own consciences and judgments. If this was not to
mock the all-knowing and all-seeing God to His face, then I declare
myself not to know what a fearful sin hypocrisy is." (Page 94.)
[38] _Clarendon's History of the Rebellion_, 759.
[39] The loyal Lancashire Presbyterians refused to join the Earl
of Derby, because he would not take the Covenant and dismiss all
Papists.--_Hibbert's Manchester_, i. 400.
[40] _State Papers, Dom., Chas. II., Calendar by Mrs. Green_,
1660-1661, Preface, xiii. These are Annesley's own words. It is
difficult, however, to reconcile all he says with his sermon before
the House of Commons in 1648; but then it was very difficult to be
consistent in those days.
[41] The following entries appear in the Council Book:--
"7th May.--That it be referred to the Committee appointed for the
examining of the London ministers to send for Mr. Jenkins according as
they shall have occasion, and to examine him upon such matter as they
shall have before them; the Council being satisfied, upon a certificate
of the physicians, that he may be brought without prejudice to his
health; and they are likewise to send for such other persons as they
shall find concerned in that business, and examine them concerning the
same, and report the state of the whole matter to the Council.
"10th May.--That Mr. W. Jenkins be committed close prisoner to the
Tower, for high treason, &c." (This was William Jenkyn, lecturer at
Blackfriars, and author of _An Exposition on the Epistle of Jude_.)
"That he may speak to Dr. Dwight, Dr. Guarden, or Dr. Pagett, all or
any of them, concerning his health, if he shall think fit.
"That Mr. Massey be committed close prisoner to the Tower of London,
for high treason, in keeping correspondence with the enemies of the
Commonwealth, and endeavouring to subvert the Government thereof, and
in order to his further examination and trial, according to law.
"That Mr. Christopher Love be also committed prisoner to the Tower, in
like manner, for the like crime.
"That Mrs. Jenkins, Mrs. Case, Mrs. Love, and Mrs. Drake, be permitted
to come and abide with their husbands, now prisoners in the Tower,
notwithstanding their close imprisonment.
"12th May.--That they shall have liberty to visit their husbands,
provided they speak not to them but only in the presence and within the
hearing of the Lieutenant of the Tower, or such, by his appointment, as
he will answer for.
"10th June, 1651.--That it be referred to the Committee for
Examinations to send for, in safe custody, and at such time as they
shall think fit, the persons hereafter named, viz.: Mr. Jackson, Mr.
Nolton, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Cawton, Mr. Blackmore, Mr. Herrick, Mr.
Haviland, Mr. Watson, Mr. Crauford, Col. Souton, Lieut.-Col. Jackson,
Mr. Cawdry, and to examine them concerning their having had a hand
in the London conspiracy, and to report to the Council their several
examinations, when they shall be taken."
Baxter, at this time, refused to keep the humiliation and thanksgiving
days appointed by Government, and preached so as plainly to shew he
disapproved of their proceedings. This brought him into suspension.
He says: "My own hearers were all satisfied with my doctrine, but the
Committee-men look sour; but let me alone. And the soldiers said I
was so like to Love that I would not be right till I was shorter by
the head. Yet none of them ever meddled with me further than by the
tongue." He adds that he was never forbidden to preach but once, and
that was an assize sermon.--_Life and Times_, i. 67.
[42] The letter is dated "from the Tower of London, August 22nd, 1651,
the day of my glorification," and is preserved, with others from which
we have quoted, in _Love's Name lives_. London, 1651.
Eachard tells a story of Cromwell having written to the Parliament,
recommending Love's reprieve on security for good behaviour, and of the
letter being stolen by some cavaliers.--_Hist. of England_, ii. 706.
[43] After the dissolution of the Long Parliament, Cromwell was supreme.
The following extract is curious, as indicating that when he had all
power in his own hands, he must have connived at the revival of old
church customs: "Living here, in the churchyard of St. Margaret's, in
Westminster, which was the church proper to the Parliament, for here
they kept their thanksgivings, their humiliations, and all other their
solemnities; whereas in their time the font was pulled down, and so
continued demolished and in ruins, it is now set up again in a most
decent and comely manner; and I hope it will be an example for other
churches to follow; so likewise they had a very solemn perambulation
in Rogation week, according to the old manner, which had been omitted
during the sitting of Parliament; and holidays begin to be kept."--From
the _Dedication to Goodman's Two Great Mysteries_. June 4th, 1653.
[44] Quoted in _Forster's English Statesmen_, v. 139.
Thurloe gives one of the replies, dated 13th May, 1653. The Dutch
deputies say, in a letter of the 12th of August, 1653, that "the
Independent party" are spread through all England under the name of
gathered churches. The word "Independent" was often used in a very wide
and general sense.--_Thurloe's State Papers_, i. 395.
[45] _The Broadmead Records_, 43. A strong feeling against Cromwell
and his policy is manifest throughout. The writer was evidently a
prejudiced sort of person.
[46] Whitelocke observes that "it was much wondered at by some that
these gentlemen, many of them being persons of fortune and knowledge,
would, at this summons, and from these hands, take upon them the
supreme authority of the nation." _Memorials_, 559.
[47] _Carlyle_, 187-217. _Foster_, v. 148-164.
[48] _Exact Relation. Somers' Tracts._
[49] Notices of these persons may be found in _Noble's Lives of the
Regicides_--not, however, a trustworthy book. The account of Tomlinson
is very meagre.
[50] The Act was passed August 24th, 1653.--_Scobell_, 236. Mr.
Forster, in his _Statesmen_, v. 195, informs us on the authority of the
compilers of the _Parliamentary History_, that in the debates on this
marriage law, it was proposed but not passed, "That if any person then
married or to be married according to this Act, should make proof by
one or more credible witness upon oath, that either the husband or wife
had committed the detestable sin of adultery during such marriage, then
the said parties might be divorced by the sentence of three justices of
the peace." In _Cobbett's Parliamentary History_, iii. 1413, however,
no notice is taken of this circumstance.
[51] Baxter mentions that Mr. Tallents, of Shrewsbury, and other
clergymen, married persons in the presence of a magistrate, the
magistrate only declaring that it was a legal union.--_Calamy's Life of
Baxter_, 67.
[52] See _Commons' Journals_, under dates.
There is, under date 26th of August, 1653, in the _Council Order Book_,
the following entry:--"That the draft of the Act for the abolishing of
all rural prebends, which was in the hands of F. Chas. Wolseley to be
reported to the Parliament, be humbly reported to the Parliament by Mr.
Laurence." No such Act appears in _Scobell_.
[53] See _Exact Relation_ and _New Narrative of the Dissolution_, and
_Forster's Statesmen of the Commonwealth_, v. 218.
_Thurloe's State Papers_ furnish illustrations of the difference of
opinion in the Short Parliament, i. 368, 386, 387, 393.
[54] _Commons' Journal_, December 2, 1653.
[55] _Exact Relation._
[56] We have endeavoured impartially to set down such facts as can be
ascertained in reference to these important proceedings. What was done
by the Little Parliament, or any other Parliament, in no wise affects
the question as to the Scriptural mode of supporting religion. Many
readers will have reached their own conclusions on that point. Some may
believe the Bible favours the civil establishment of the Church; others
that an establishment of this kind is inconsistent with the teaching
and spirit of primitive Christianity. The author does not scruple to
say that the latter is his opinion, though he has jealously watched
lest the fact should prejudice any of his statements.
The above narrative points to the difficulties surrounding the
controversy, when lifted out of the sphere of abstract truth, as
studied by divines and philosophers in their closets, into the arena
of political and financial debate; where practical men have to deal
not only with first principles, or even with statute laws and long
established usages; but also with a large amount of property which for
generations the State has held in trust for religious uses.
[57] See Clarendon's statements in his _Hist. of Rebellion_, 795, and
those of Baxter, in his _Life and Times_, i. 70. The question with
regard to a Commission of Triers is thus unfairly represented by the
latter: "It was put to the vote whether all the parish ministers of
England should at once be put down or no. And it was but accidentally
carried in the negative by two voices." Clarendon goes so far as to
say: "They resolved the function itself to be antichristian, and the
persons to be burdensome to the people."
[58] It was mooted at Norwich "whether it be fit to draw a petition to
the Parliament that the cathedral may be given to the city for a stock
for the poor."--_Corporation Records_, date 19th March, 1650.
From an extract of a petition in _Manship's History of Yarmouth_, p.
394, it appears that the townspeople "begged such a part of the lead
and other useful material of that vast and altogether useless cathedral
in Norwich, towards building a workhouse, to employ our starving poor,
and repairing our piers."
[59] See _Thurloe_, i. 519, 523. We must leave the political historian
to describe how far Cromwell influenced the resignation.
[60] Sterry was one of Cromwell's chaplains.
[61] _Thurloe_, i. 621.
[62] _Cunningham's Handbook of London._
[63] _State Papers, Dom., Interreg._, Dec., 1653.
[64] _Thurloe_, i. 641. It is added in a postscript: "I am just now
assured, and from one that you may believe, that Harrison, Vavasour
Powell, and Mr. Feake, have been all this day before his highness and
council; and that Powell and Feake are this evening sent to prison, and
Harrison hath his commission taken from him."
[65] _Thurloe_, i. 442.--Allowance must be made for the prejudices of
the reporter, and consequently some abatement from the violent charge.
From the _Council Order Books_, (State Paper Office) we extract the
following minutes:--
"Dec. 21st. 1653.--That Mr. Feake and Mr. V. Powell be sent for, in
custody, to appear before the Council, at four of the clock, in the
afternoon of this day, to answer such matters as shall be objected
against them, and that warrants be issued and signed by the Lord
President, for authorising Sergeant Dendy to take them into custody
accordingly.
"That it be referred to Mr. Scobell and Scoutmaster General Downing to
peruse the paper now read, of words spoken by Mr. Feake and Mr. Powell,
and to extract and divide into heads the material passages therein; as
also to take in writing the examinations of such witnesses to the same
purport as shall be produced before them.
"23rd.--That Mr. Feake and Mr. Powell be kept severally in custody by
the Serjeant-at-arms, and brought to the Council to-morrow morning.
"22nd of December.--The Lord Protector present.--Mr. Vavasour Powell
and Mr. Feake brought before Council.
"That Mr. Feake and Mr. Powell be continued in the custody of the
Serjeant-at-arms apart, as formerly, until to-morrow morning; that the
Council give further order, and that no person be permitted to come to
them but for their necessary provisions."
We have not noticed any further entries on the subject.
[66] _Lingard's History of England_, xi. 14.
Hugh Peters was an earnest advocate for peace with the Dutch.
"Mr. Peters prays and preacheth for peace, and exhorteth them to
peace. On the last thanksgiving-day he told them, that God Almighty
had punished them long enough for their sins, and especially for
their pride, covetousness, ambition, discord, ingratitude, and
unmercifulness, and hardheartedness to the poor, which are sins that do
reign to some purpose in this nation."--_From an intercepted letter in
Dutch. Thurloe_, i. 330.
Peters had become an important political personage. One of the Dutch
deputies in treaty with England, observes, in a letter, November,
1653: "Mr. Peters hath writ a letter to the Queen (of Sweden) by the
Lord Whitelocke, wherein he relates the reasons why they put the King
to death, and dissolved this last Parliament; and withal sends to her
Majesty a great English dog and a cheese, for a present."--_Thurloe_,
i. 583.
[67] They are printed in the _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1417. They bear this
simple title: "The GOVERNMENT of the COMMONWEALTH of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging."
[68] _Carlyle_, ii. 227.
[69] _Whitelocke_, 571.
[70] The Acts and Resolves of Parliament for taking the Engagement were
repealed the 19th of January, 1653-4, and the repeal was confirmed in
1656.--_Scobell_, 277.
The following letter is an example of the way in which Presbyterian
ministers availed themselves of this change to recover benefices
forfeited by refusing the Engagement:--
"Mr. Sympson,
"If the order (by colour of which you invaded my church) did give you
(which I confess I could never understand) any power to do so, the
late revolution hath made it void and null; and the Lord Protector
having taken to his sword a sceptre, and consented and sworn to govern
according to law, and not otherwise, I conceive it to be my duty
to ... let you hereby know that ... I am legal incumbent of the place;
in pursuance whereof, I am resolved to return on lord's Day afternoon,
at the usual hour of public worship, to my own church, and therefore
desire you to cease your future pains in that place, and signify
so much to your friends, that we may have no disturbance: and if
you conceive you have any right in the place, commence your action;
you shall receive in any court of judicature a plea from him who is
resolved to defend his own just privilege, and give an account of his
reasons to the world.
"Zach. Crofton.
"The next lord's Day, being the 2nd of August, I intend to preach at
my own church between one and two of the clock, afternoon."--_State
Papers._
Amongst petitions and other papers in the Record Office, _Dom.
Interreg._, vol. 677, 371, is the following from the Earl of Worcester,
shewing the style in which the Protector was addressed:--
"May it please your Excellency,
"The obstacle which hindered many your Excellency's just and laudable
intentions for the common welfare being now by God's providence and
your Excellency's unparalleled endeavours removed, I make these my
most humble addresses to your Excellency (to whose ears were my
condition rightly made known), not doubting of redress, and in deed
and effectually to receive what the late Council of State put me in
daily hopes [of], which my humble petition will in part declare. For
I can aver that no subject in England hath been so hardly dealt with;
but having recourse to the fountain head of mercy and nobleness, whose
crystalline waters may now run without interruption, my heart is
elevated with hopes, not only to receive obligations thereunto, but
also an opportunity to make evident how much I am ambitious to appear
your Excellency's most humble and obliged servant,
"Worcester."
There are several other petitions from this Earl and his Countess.
[71] I have honestly endeavoured to understand and describe this
crisis in the Commonwealth affairs, uninfluenced by any ecclesiastical
opinions of my own. But I must add that nothing said in these pages
is to be taken as inconsistent with a firm belief that the voluntary
support of religion is the Divine law of Christianity.
[72] Article xxxv., _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1425.
[73] "The clergy in Scotland refused to observe the fast day ordered by
the Protector, it being their principle, not to receive any directions
for the keeping fasts from the civil magistrates."--_Whitelocke_, 607.
[74] Harris, in his _Life of Cromwell_, 432, on Clarendon's authority,
says that Cromwell, by a declaration, rendered all Cavaliers incapable
of being elected, or of giving a vote.
[75] _Scobell_, 232, 288; _Cromwellian Diary_, i. cxviii., 17; ii. 253.
Respecting the administration of wills during the Commonwealth, we
subjoin the following illustrations:--
In relation to a chasm in the Registry of Norwich between 1652 and
1660, the following passage is found in one of the indexes:--"Cætera
ab hoc anno desiderantur testamenta. Cæpit jam Cromwelli usurpatoris
istius ambitio rabide sævire; cujus sub vexillo grassabantur undique
seditio, violentia, rebellio, sacrilegium, et quod (horrendum dictu
est) regicidium. Huic sequuta sunt, confusio in ecclesia, in republica
militum insolentia, in parochiis factio, in familiis atheismus. Et
plebs miserrima cum maximo suo damno et detrimento (apud nescio quæ
tribunalia Londinensia) ad Cromwelli libitum, coacta est se sistere ad
testamenta proband."--_Nicolas's Notitia Hist._, 181.
Extract from Council Books, 14th July, 1653:--
"That it be referred to the Judges for Probate of Wills to appoint such
persons as they shall think fit to be keeper of the records belonging
to that court.
"That all those rooms formerly used for, or called the Star Chamber
rooms, be appointed for the keeping of records belonging to the late
Prerogative Court; and also for the records of the New Court for
Probate of Wills; and for the erecting and establishing of an office
there, and fitting places for the officers and clerks belonging
thereunto, in such manner as the said judges, or any of them, shall
direct."
"_Patent Roll_, 1655, p. 3, No. 46.--Mainby. Salary as a Commissioner
for Probate of Wills."
"_Patent Roll_, 1654, p. 4, No. 46.--Lucy." Similar entry.
Amongst _Petitions and Reports Intereg._, W.Z. No. 246, there is a
paper respecting probates, dated 9th of January, 1655.
[76] _Scobell_, 279.
[77] Yet they were constantly subject to the control of the Protector
and Council of State; these without being formally constituted a court
of appeal, were so in fact. Take the following instance from the
council books:--
"October 5th, 1654.--Whereas, by a late ordinance of his Highness the
Lord Protector and the Council, passed the 2nd of December last, it is
ordained that the Commissioners for Approbation of Public Preachers
shall not give admission to any person formerly sequestered from any
ecclesiastical benefice, or promotion for delinquency, until, by
experience of conformity and submission to the present government, his
Highness and the Council shall receive satisfaction of his fitness
to be admitted to ecclesiastical promotion within the Commonwealth,
and the same shall be signified to the said Commissioners. Now, upon
reading and consideration of a report from Mr. Sterry and Mr. Nicholas
Lockier, made in pursuance of a reference to them from the Council
concerning Mr. Bridge, of Petworth, it is ordered and declared by
his Highness the Lord Protector and the Council, that they are so
far satisfied thereby concerning the said Mr. Bridge, his submission
and obedience to the said authority, that they do hereby refer it to
the said Commissioners, to proceed to the trial of his fitness for
preaching of the Gospel; and upon their satisfaction in that behalf, to
give him their approbation and admittance, the said bar or restraint
contained in the said ordinance notwithstanding."
[78] By the ordinance of January the 19th, 1653-4, (see _Scobell_), the
Act for taking the Engagement was repealed. Some of the sequestered
ecclesiastical clergy took advantage of this, appeared before the
tribunal, secured their approval, and returned to their livings. But
by another ordinance of the 2nd of September, 1654, the Commissioners
were forbidden to admit any delinquents until they submitted to the
existing government, so as to satisfy his Highness and the Council.
The enforcement of subscription to the doctrines of Presbyterianism
by ministers of the Establishment was contemplated by some members of
Parliament in December, 1654. _Cromwellian Diary_, i. cxvii.
[79] August the 28th--_Scobell_, 335-347.
[80] _Scobell_, 347, 353.
Besides support from tithes there were proposals that ministers should
be exempted from paying tenths and first-fruits, and one debate went
so far as to suggest the exemption of ministers from all taxation
whatever.--_Cromwellian Diary_, i. ciii.-cxxi.
[81] _Scobell_, 139. This Act has been referred to, vol. i., p. 487.
[82] _Ibid._, 353.
[83] Articles xxxvi., xxxvii.--_Parl. Hist._, iii. 1425.
[84] "Provided this liberty be not extended to Popery nor Prelacy,
nor to such as under the profession of Christ hold forth and practice
licentiousness."--_Art._ xxx. 61.
Short observes in his _Sketch of the Church of England_, ii. 189:
"There was at one time a project for extending liberty of conscience to
the Roman Catholics, and consultations were held among the members of
the Government for the purpose of granting them security of person, and
of the remainder of their property after composition, as well as for
providing a safe living for a prelate who might execute his functions.
But the loyalty of the Roman Catholics was alarmed at the idea of
compounding with the usurper, and they communicated the circumstances
to the exiled court, where a stop was put to the whole." He refers to
_Butler's Roman Catholics_, 418, and _Thurloe's State Papers_, i. 740.
[85] _Cromwellian Diary_, i. cxiv. Dec. 12th, 1654.
[86] At an earlier period, it is remarked in a letter in the State
Paper Office, dated 10th of May, 1650: "I received notice of a meeting
of my Lord Beauchamp and Sir Arundell, and many others, at Salisbury,
upon pretence of being at a race, but purposely to treat of the King's
business."
[87] The dates of these ordinances are March 31st, July 4th, June 29th,
1654.--See _Scobell_.
[88] In these books there occurs an order for the enforcement of
arrears of rent due to Dr. Wyniffe, Bishop of Lincoln, before the 9th
of November, 1646;--and a reference of the petition of Mrs. Cosin, wife
of the Dean of Peterborough, respecting her claims upon the fifths of
the income of the rectory of Brancepeth, Durham, held by her husband,
to Sir George Vane and others, who, if possible, were to adjust this
dispute with the incumbent, Mr. Leaver. If not, they were to report to
the Council accordingly.
There is an order on the 3rd of July, 1654 for exempting from excise
duty so much paper used in printing the Bible, in the original and
other learned languages, as "shall make up 7,000 pounds."
It is remarkable what an unusual number of orders belong to the 2nd of
September, 1654, the day before Cromwell met his first Protectorate
Parliament.
[89] _Newspaper_ (1654); _Cromwellian Diary_, i. p. xvii.; _Carlyle_,
ii. 254; _Whitelocke_, 599.
On this second day of meeting the following resolutions were passed:--
"September 4th, 1654.--Resolved, that the governors of the school
and almshouse of Westminster do take care that such of the morning
lecturers as preacheth on the respective days, do attend, each morning
that they preach, to pray in this House.
"Monday, 11th.--The House being met, and opportunity taken about
something that fell from the parson that prayed this morning, it was
moved that something should be done as to matter of religion. And in
order thereunto, it was resolved that the several members of each
county should present the name of one godly and able minister of the
Gospel for each county, to be approved of by the House, who should
meet together, and present their advice to the Parliament, in such
points only as the Parliament should propose to them; the names to be
presented upon Friday next."--_Cromwellian Diary_, i. p. xxvii.
[90] _Godwin's Commonwealth_, iv. 129.
[91] Article xvii.
[92] _Cromwellian Diary_, i. p. xcviii. The drinking of healths,
however, it should be remembered, "seems now to have been chiefly, if
not entirely, confined to the convivial meetings of the Cavaliers, and
employed to express their disaffection" to the Commonwealth government.
[93] November 27th, 1654, _Journals_. This resolution deprived Owen of
his seat.
[94] November 17th, 1654. _Cromwellian Diary_, i. p. lxxix.
[95] Baxter's account of this committee betrays his dislike to the
"over-orthodox Doctors Owen and Cheynell." He introduces a rather
triumphant description of his own hair-splitting as "one merry passage
which occasioned laughter."
Some were, he says, for making it "a fundamental that he who alloweth
himself or others in a known sin cannot be saved." Baxter wagered he
would make them strike that out. "I told them that the Parliament took
the Independent way of separation to be a sin; and when this article
came before them, they would say, 'By our brethren's own judgment
we are all damned men, if we allow the Independents or any other
sectaries in their sin.' They gave me no answer, but left out the
fundamental."--_Life and Times_, ii. 197-9.
[96] _Calamy's Abridgment_, 121.
[97] _Neal_, iv. 98. Baxter says twenty propositions were printed, but
in Neal's copy, taken from Scobell, there are but sixteen.
[98] _Cromwellian Diary_, i. p. cxix.
After a careful consideration of what Baxter says, compared with
Goddard's Journal in _Cromwellian Diary_, vol. i. (Introduction), I
am brought to the conclusion above expressed, notwithstanding the
attempt of Mr. Orme in his _Life of Owen_, p. 115, to give a different
version of the affair. John Goodwin attacked the principle involved
in the measure in his _Thirty Queries modestly propounded in Order to
the Discovery of the Truth and Mind of God in that Question or Case of
Conscience, whether the Civil Magistrate stands bound by Way of Duty to
interpose his Power or Authority in Matters of Religion and Worship of
God_. 1653.
[99] Soon after the rising of the first Protectorate Parliament, Biddle
was released, but getting again into trouble, after much suffering and
imprisonment in Newgate, the poor man became an exile for life. The
Protector allowed him a hundred crowns per annum for his subsistence,
and in 1658 permitted a writ of _habeas corpus_ in his favour.
Notwithstanding his errors, Biddle seems to have been an honest and
devout man, and certainly the treatment which he received was most
unrighteous.
[100] _Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy_, part i. 176.
In vol. xvii. of _Petitions and Reports_ (_State Papers_) are the
following memoranda:--
"Case tried at Worcester Assizes, 1656. Charge of defamation of
character by ejected clergyman, against the person who prosecuted him
before the Commissioners. Sued the person for damages. Judge Windham,
in charging the jury, did urge very much the increase of damages as
aforesaid, declaring that by such conduct as the defendant's honest
men came to be sequestered, to the discouragement of many then present
who had stated this to be the fact. The jury gave a verdict for the
plaintiff--£80 damages."
[101] Some instances will occur in our account of the Episcopalians
under the Commonwealth. Others beside Episcopalians were objected
to before the Commissioners. In illustration of this, I subjoin the
following document amongst the State Papers:--
"To the most reverend the Commissioners for approbation of public
preachers.
"Articles that will be proved and deposed to upon oath against James
Cockaine, of Tredsham, in the county of Chester.
"That Mr. James Cockaine denies the ministry as an office.
"That no Christian in these ages hath the Spirit of God in any measure.
"That the image of God in us doth not consist in knowledge,
righteousness, and true holiness.
"That Mr. Cockaine affirms in public, upon occasion, that the
sacraments were Popery.
"That he disallows of catechising.
"That syllogisms are of the devil. Denies the Sabbath; saith all days
are alike, and that it ought not to be called the lord's Day.
"That several parishioners, eminent for religion and piety, have
withdrawn themselves from his ministry in the said parish. He humbly
prayed that as the witnesses are many who will ascertain these articles
upon oath, there may issue a commission to justices of the peace for
the said county, and ministers to examine the truth of the premises,
and to certify thereon."
[102] So far as the law of the Triers were concerned, this is true; but
it is right to add that the complaints of non-payment in many cases had
a sufficient foundation.
[103] Compare _Twell's Life of Pocock_, 151, 175, with _Thurloe_, iii.
281. Owen says in the letter there printed--"There are in Barkshire
some few men of mean quality and condition, rash, heady, enemies of
tithes, who are the Commissioners for ejecting of ministers." He then
refers to Pocock as a man of great learning and high character, as
liable to be cast out "on slight and trivial pretences."
[104] These Royalists were religious men. Upon receiving sentence,
they exclaimed: "Now, farewell world! welcome heaven! Oh! what a happy
change shall we make from night to day! Oh! blessed Jesus and Saviour
of the world, how wonderful are Thy mercies! Thy love is unspeakable!"
This is reported in one of the newspapers of the day, dated April the
19th, 1655.
In the _Perfect Proceedings_ of the 12th to the 19th of April, it is
reported from Hereford that the governor had secured Colonel Birch, who
affirmed that the plotters were not Cavaliers, but Ranters, Quakers,
and Anabaptists.
[105] Letters from Secretary Thurloe and Mr. Pell in _Vaughan's
Protectorate of Cromwell_, i. 145 and 165.
[106] _Harris's Cromwell_, 429. Cromwell attempted to vindicate himself
on the ground that the Episcopal clergy "meant to entail their quarrel,
and prevent the means to reconcile posterity" (435).
Amongst the State Papers is a petition to the Protector from Dr.
Woolley, a schoolmaster, to be allowed to continue "his painful
employment." There is also a certificate by his friends to the
following effect:--"We, whose names are underwritten, do most humbly
certify that, upon our knowledge, Edward Woolley, of Hammersmith, in
the county of Middlesex, Doctor of Divinity, is a religious, learned,
and sober person, and hath most quietly submitted to this present
authority under his Highness's government, of whom he never speaks but
with great honour and reverence, and so inclineth his scholars under
his tuition. He hath a very excellent faculty in the education of youth
in the Latin, Greek, and French tongues, with many other commendable
exercises, beyond any whom we have seen besides in this nation.--Signed
by Thomas Coxe, Doctor of Physic; John Hexing, Minister at Bride's,
Fleet Street; and other persons."
[107] Derby, November 17th, 1655.--_Thurloe_, iv. 211.
[108] November 10th, 1655.--_Ibid._, 184.
[109] December 1st.--_Thurloe_, iv. 274.
[110] _Ibid._, 216.
[111] _Thurloe_, iv. 228.
[112] _Ibid._, 151.
[113] _Thurloe_, iv. 273.
[114] _Ibid._, 37. There is a curious letter from the same writer (p.
49) from which it appears that the policy of Cromwell's government in
Scotland was not to interfere with religious peculiarities if they did
not threaten any political disturbance.
[115] _Thurloe_, iv. 56.
[116] _Ibid._, 127, 128, 223, 250.
[117] _Ibid._, 700. The following is worth notice:--
"The other day a minister in a country church prayed for all the exiles
and prisoners high, and low; and I being informed of it, caused the man
to be brought before the council here, who not denying the words, we
committed him, and afterwards he acknowledging his fault and promising
never to be guilty of the like again, or using any indirect terms,
which might keep up Charles Stuart in the memory of the people, we
dismissed him from his imprisonment and from ever preaching again in
that church."--Ibid. 558.
[118] _History of Nonconformity in Wales, by T. Rees._ Appendix, 501.
This act is not given in _Scobell_.
[119] _Thurloe_, iv. 334.
[120] _Thurloe_, iv. 565.
[121] _Ibid._, 380, 505.
[122] _Thurloe_, iv. 314, 348.
[123] _Ibid._, 450.
[124] _Ibid._, 447.
[125] _Forster's Statesmen of the Commonwealth_, iii. 365.
[126] _State Papers, Dom. Interregnum_, August the 26th, 1656.
We find the author of the _Christian Armour_ giving advice before the
election.
_The Magistrates' Portraiture_: a Sermon at Stowmarket, in Suffolk,
upon August the 20th, 1656, before the election of Parliament-men for
the same county, on Is. i. 26: "And I will restore thy judges as at
first, and thy counsellors as at the beginning;" by William Gurnall, of
Lavenham. 1656.
The preacher expresses a fear of the letting in of Popery through the
sects, Anabaptists, Seekers, Quakers, &c., and recommends his hearers
to seek out men faithful to the ministers of the Gospel.
[127] _Carlyle's Cromwell_, ii. 416, _et seq._
The following document is in the State Paper Office, 17th of September,
1656:--"We whose names are subscribed, with others, being chosen and
accordingly returned to serve with you in this Parliament, and in
discharge of our trust offering to go into the House, were at the
lobby-door kept back by soldiers, which, lest we should be wanting
in our duty to you and to our country, we have thought expedient to
represent unto you to be communicated to the House, that we may be
admitted therein."--Subscribed by Sir Ralph Hare and 160 others.
September 22.--Resolved, that the persons which have been returned
from the several counties to serve the Parliament, and have not been
approved, be referred to their application to the Council for their
approbation, and that the House do proceed with the great affairs of
the nation.
The Committee's answer is, that they have refused none that to
them have appeared to be men of integrity, and according to the
qualification of the Instrument. And therefore his Highness and the
Council have given orders to the soldiers to keep those persons
out.--_State Papers Dom._
[128] This was Henry Laurence, Lord President of the Council, member
for Westmoreland in the Long Parliament, and for Colchester in the
Parliament of 1656.
[129] Member for Bedfordshire in the Parliaments of 1654 and 1656.
[130] This was Major-General Lambert, called _Lord_ Lambert, from his
being the first president of the Protector's Privy Council. He was
member for Yorkshire in 1654 and again in 1656.
[131] Member for Somersetshire in 1654 and in 1656.
For all these speeches see _Cromwellian Diary_, i. 62, 28, 33, 55.
[132] _Ibid._, 158.
[133] _Carlyle_, ii. 470.
[134] _Carlyle_, ii. 473.
[135] _Cromwellian Diary_, i. 359.
Mr. Gillespie is no doubt intended. The editor says:--"Notes were
expressly prohibited by a direction in the Covenant." I do not find
this to have been the case. Nothing is said upon the subject in the
Directory.
[136] The petition and advice was first presented to Cromwell, March
the 31st, 1657. It was accepted by him May the 25th.
[137] It is related by Henry Neville, member for Reading, in Richard's
Parliament, and the author of _Plato Redivivus_--That "Cromwell, upon
this great occasion, sent for some of the chief city Divines, as if he
made it a matter of conscience to be determined by their advice. Among
these was the leading Mr. Calamy, who very boldly opposed the project
of Cromwell's single government, and offered to prove it both unlawful
and impracticable. Cromwell answered readily upon the first head of
unlawful, and appealed to the safety of the nation being the supreme
law. 'But,' says he, 'pray, Mr. Calamy, why impracticable?' Calamy
replied, 'Oh, 'tis against the voice of the nation; there will be nine
in ten against you.' 'Very well,' says Cromwell, 'but what if I should
disarm the nine, and put the sword in the tenth man's hand; would not
that do the business?'"--See _Critical Review of the Life of Oliver
Cromwell_, p. 149, note. _Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 321.
[138] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1508 and 1425.
[139] _Carlyle_, ii. 567.
[140] _Carlyle_, ii. 579-581.
[141] _Ibid._, 497.
[142] In 1651 "their High Mightinesses decreed that the sects should
be restrained, and not suffered to spread. _Sectas cohibendas et in
ordinem redigendas, neque permittendum ut in plura loca quam hodie sunt
diffundantur._"--_Bayle's Dict., Art. Anabaptists._
[143] Whitelocke, when Ambassador to the Court of Sweden, had the
following conversation with the Archbishop of Upsala. _Archbishop_:
"No one must vent his private fancies or new opinions contrary to
the doctrine of the Church. If he does, we severely punish it."
_Whitelocke_: "That is somewhat strict, and may be construed to a kind
of assumption of infallibility." _Archbishop_: "We take no such thing
upon us, but desire to preserve peace and unity in the Church and its
members." _Whitelocke_: "Those are good things, but I doubt hardly to
be settled in this world, where offences must come." _Archbishop_:
"But woe to those by whom they come." _Whitelocke_: "They may possibly
come by imposing too much on men's consciences as well as by new
opinions."--_Memoirs of Whitelocke_, 375.
[144] April 28th. _Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 55, 58, 60., and _Journals
of the House of Commons_.
[145] _Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 149-152.
[146] _Faulkner's History of Brentford and Chiswick_.--The minutes of
the Commissioners are cited as authorities.
[147] _Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 165, 166.
[148] _Neal_, iv. 135.
[149] _Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 202-206.
[150] _Journals_, 11th of June, 1657.--In the report of the
Committee, it is stated, that in the said Bibles there are already
discovered these omissions and misprintings, _i.e._, "Know ye not
that the unrighteous shall inherit the kingdom of God," for "shall
_not_ inherit."--John ix. 21; these words wholly left out: "Or who
hath opened his eyes we know not."--Rom. vi. 13; "Neither yield
ye your members as instruments of righteousness unto sin," for
"unrighteousness."
On the 16th of January this year, 1657, the Grand Committee for
Religion had ordered a sub-committee to advise with Drs. Walton,
Cudworth, and others, respecting translations and impressions of the
Bible. In consequence, there was a meeting at Whitelocke's house, at
Chelsea, upon the 6th of February following. The Committee often met,
"and had the most learned men in the Oriental tongues to consult with
in this great business, and divers excellent and learned observations
of some mistakes in the translations of the Bible in English, which
yet was agreed to be the best of any translation in the world." Great
pains were taken in it, "but it became fruitless by the Parliament's
dissolution."--_Whitelocke's Memorials_, 654.
[151] _Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 261-269.--The following instance of
Parliamentary interference with the ministers of St. Margaret's church
occurs in the _Journals_ just after the debate on the Sabbath:--
"Tuesday, June 23rd, 1657.--Ordered, that the Lord Strickland and
Major-General Whalley do represent it unto his Highness the Lord
Protector, as the desire of the Parliament, that his Highness will be
pleased to remove from Margaret's, Westminster, the present preacher,
being a prisoner to the Upper Bench; and also one Warmstree, who is
employed as a lecturer there, being a notorious delinquent; and to
appoint some person of eminent godliness and abilities to be public
preacher there; which the Parliament doth apprehend to be a matter of
very great concernment to the good of this place."
This probably was Thomas Warmestry, who, though a Puritan, retired to
Oxford during the Royal residence there. After the Restoration he was
made Dean of Worcester.
[152] _Scobell_, 438. He places it under 1656.
[153] "It was moved that the sword to be delivered by way of
investiture might not be left out.
"Mr. Lister: His Highness has a sword already. I would have him
presented with a robe.
"Some understood it a rope, and it caused _altum risum_. He said he
spoke as plain as he could--a robe.
"You are making his Highness a great prince--a king indeed--so far as
he is Protector.
"Ceremonies signify much of the substance in such cases, as a shell
preserves the kernel, or a casket a jewel. I would have him endowed
with a robe of honour."--_Cromwellian Diary_, ii. 303.
At length it was "Resolved that there be a purple robe lined with
ermine, a Bible, a sceptre, and a sword, provided for the investiture
of the Lord Protector." Thursday, 25th June, 1657.--_Post-meridian
Journals._
[154] Mr. Lockyer, chaplain to his Highness, made an exhortation at the
Banqueting House, Whitehall, after the Westminster Hall solemnity.
[155] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1514-1518.
The following story is told:--"When Cromwell took on him the
Protectorship, in the year 1653, the very morning the ceremony was to
be performed, a messenger came to Dr. Manton to acquaint him that he
must immediately come to Whitehall. The doctor asked him the occasion.
He told him he should know that when he came there. The Protector
himself, without any previous notice, told him what he was to do,
_i.e._, to pray upon that occasion. The doctor laboured all he could to
be excused, and told him it was a work of that nature which required
some time to consider and prepare for it. The Protector replied that
he knew he was not at a loss to perform the service he expected from
him, and opening his study-door, he put him in with his hand, and
bid him consider there--which was not above half an hour. The doctor
employed that time in looking over his books, which he said was a noble
collection."--_Harris's Life of Cromwell_, p. 4.
If the story be true, the date is incorrect; and the ceremonial
of 1653, when Lockyer gave an exhortation at Whitehall Banqueting
House, is confounded with the ceremony of 1657, when Manton prayed
in Westminster Hall. It would look as if the devotional part of the
service had not been contemplated in the original arrangement, but was
afterwards introduced by the express desire of Cromwell.
[156] A report of this speech is given in the _Journals of the
Commons_, under date January the 25th, 1657-8.
[157] In connection with this notice of a godly ministry at the
re-opening of Parliament, it may not be irrelevant to mention that the
daily meetings of Cromwell's Parliament commenced with prayer; and that
whereas in the Little Parliament the members turned the legislative
assembly into a prayer-meeting--and "engaged" one after another in
devotional exercises--in the Parliaments which followed, no such
custom obtained; but some regular minister officiated each morning.
So scrupulous did the Commons become in confining the performance
of Divine worship to the Clergy, that in the last of Oliver's
Parliaments, the House on one occasion waited half an hour for the
minister, and because he did not make his appearance proceeded without
prayer.--_Cromwellian Diary_, i. xxvii., and _Parry_, 522.
[158] The Republicans at first rejected had been now admitted.
[159] "Il Signor Protettore col consenso del suo consilio di stato
ha questa settima banito per una sua proclamatione di Londra tutte
Cattollici e Roalisi alle lor proprie stanze di campagna, o al
luogo della lor nascita, prohibendo li sotto pena di incarceramento
di allontanarsi di detti luoghi più de cinque miglia, e questa
proclamatione commencia a essere in vigore li venti-dui di
Marzo, e dura fin alli otto di Maggio." Di Londra, 14mo. Marzo,
1658.--_Thurloe_, vi. 841.
[160] _Carlyle's Cromwell_, ii. 634.
[161] Carlyle, ii. 651.
[162] The question of augmentations of livings had been brought before
the Council in the month of October, 1656: it was referred to the Lord
Deputy and others to speak with Dr. Owen and Mr. Nye upon the subject,
and to report their opinions to the Council.
Some points respecting ministers in later entries were referred to Nye,
Caryl, and Peters.
[163] The last three minutes belong respectively to May, 1658, June,
1658, and March, 1656.
[164] The authorities for this sketch of Presbyterianism are the
Westminster form of Presbyterian government, Parliamentary ordinances,
and the account of the particular form under which Presbyterianism
appeared in Lancashire, as given by Hibbert, in his _History of the
Foundations of Manchester_.
It should be borne in mind that, while the law, as it regarded
the civil enforcement of Presbyterian discipline, remained a dead
letter, there was nothing to prevent the carrying out of its purely
ecclesiastical arrangements.
[165] In the eighth chapter of the _Second Book of Discipline_, it is
said of Deacons: "To them belongs the collection and distribution of
the ecclesiastical property; and in this they must be subject to the
presbytery, though they are not members of it."