Jamaica:

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by

industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air

pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Jan Mayen:

NA

Japan:

air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid

rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality

and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers

of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these

resources in Asia and elsewhere

Jarvis Island:

no natural fresh water resources

Jersey:

NA

Johnston Atoll:

no natural fresh water resources

Jordan:

limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;

overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Juan de Nova Island:

NA

Kazakhstan:

radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with its

former defense industries and test ranges are found throughout the

country and pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial

pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers

which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it

is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical

pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by

the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the

Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals

and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation

practices

Kenya:

water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation

of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers;

water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil

erosion; desertification; poaching

Kingman Reef:

none

Kiribati:

heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to

heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon

latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Korea, North:

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water;

water-borne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Korea, South:

air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water

pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents;

drift net fishing

Kuwait:

limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's

largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much

of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Kyrgyzstan:

water pollution; many people get their water directly

from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne

diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty

irrigation practices

Laos:

unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; a majority

of the population does not have access to potable water

Latvia:

air and water pollution because of a lack of waste

conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily

polluted; contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and

petroleum products at military bases

Lebanon:

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution

in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial

wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Lesotho:

population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas

results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;

desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and

redirects water to South Africa

Liberia:

tropical rain forest subject to deforestation; soil

erosion; loss of biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil

residue and raw sewage

Libya:

desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources;

the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development

scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large

aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities

Liechtenstein:

NA

Lithuania:

contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum

products and chemicals at military bases

Luxembourg:

air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution

of farmland

Macau:

NA

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:

air pollution from

metallurgical plants

Madagascar:

soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing;

desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and

other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to

the island are endangered

Malawi:

deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from

agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of

spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Malaysia:

air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions;

water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from

Indonesian forest fires

Maldives:

depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies;

global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Mali:

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate

supplies of potable water; poaching

Malta:

very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing

reliance on desalination

Man, Isle of:

waste disposal (both household and industrial);

transboundary air pollution

Marshall Islands:

inadequate supplies of potable water

Martinique:

NA

Mauritania:

overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated

by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural

fresh water resources away from the Senegal which is the only

perennial river

Mauritius:

water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Mayotte:

NA

Mexico:

natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north,

inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw

sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas;

deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air

pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico

border

Micronesia, Federated States of:

overfishing

Midway Islands:

NA

Moldova:

heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned

pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;

extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods

Monaco:

NA

Mongolia:

limited natural fresh water resources in some areas;

policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization

and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative

effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants

and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely

polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the

converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased

soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining

activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment

Montserrat:

land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for

cultivation

Morocco:

land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting

from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of

vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of

reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Mozambique:

a long civil war and recurrent drought in the

hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population

to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;

desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters

Namibia:

very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification

Nauru:

limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks

collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging

desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90

years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the

central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining

land resources

Navassa Island:

NA

Nepal:

deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of

alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes,

agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife

conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands:

water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic

compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air

pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles:

NA

New Caledonia:

erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand:

deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna

hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua:

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; Hurricane

Mitch damage

Niger:

overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification;

wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and

lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria:

soil degradation; rapid deforestation; desertification

Niue:

increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter

loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island:

NA

Northern Mariana Islands:

contamination of groundwater on Saipan may

contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of

endangered species conflicts with development

Norway:

water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely

affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle

emissions

Oman:

rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very

limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean:

endangered marine species include the dugong, sea

lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in

Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan:

water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and

agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a

majority of the population does not have access to potable water;

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau:

inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to

the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing

practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll:

NA

Panama:

water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery

resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation

and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal

Papua New Guinea:

rain forest subject to deforestation as a result

of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from

mining projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands:

NA

Paraguay:

deforestation (an estimated 2 million hectares of forest

land were lost from 1958-85); water pollution; inadequate means for

waste disposal present health risks for many urban residents

Peru:

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);

overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil

erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers

and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines:

uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil

erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of

coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands:

deforestation (only a small portion of the

original forest remains because of burning and clearing for

settlement)

Poland:

situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy

industry and increased environmental concern by postcommunist

governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of

sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the

resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from

industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal

of hazardous wastes

Portugal:

soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and

vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico:

erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar:

limited natural fresh water resources are increasing

dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion:

NA

Romania:

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air

pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of

Danube delta wetlands

Russia:

air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired

electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,

municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea

coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from

improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of

sometimes intense radioactive contamination; ground water

contamination from toxic waste

Rwanda:

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for

fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena:

NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis:

NA

Saint Lucia:

deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the

northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:

NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:

pollution of coastal waters and

shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents;

in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming

prohibitive

Samoa:

soil erosion

San Marino:

NA

Sao Tome and Principe:

deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia:

desertification; depletion of underground water

resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies

has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination

facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal:

wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;

overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Seychelles:

water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone:

rapid population growth pressuring the environment;

overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and

slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil

exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore:

industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water

resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal

problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in

Indonesia

Slovakia:

air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human

health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia:

Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;

pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;

forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at

metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands:

deforestation; soil erosion; much of the

surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia:

famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human

health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

desertification

South Africa:

lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires

extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water

usage threatens to outpace supply; pollution of rivers from

agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in

acid rain; soil erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:

NA

Southern Ocean:

increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from

the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary

productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA

of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent

years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more

Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to

affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental

mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish

note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong

comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain:

pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and

effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality

and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation;

desertification

Spratly Islands:

NA

Sri Lanka:

deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations

threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from

mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources

being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste

disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan:

inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations

threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification

Suriname:

deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of

inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard:

NA

Swaziland:

limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations

being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil

degradation; soil erosion

Sweden:

acid rain damaging soils and lakes; pollution of the North

Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland:

air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air

burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of

agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria:

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;

water pollution from dumping of raw sewage and wastes from petroleum

refining; inadequate supplies of potable water

Tajikistan:

inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of

soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; part of

the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea suffers from severe

overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated

pollution

Tanzania:

soil degradation; deforestation; desertification;

destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent

droughts affected marginal agriculture

Thailand:

air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from

organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife

populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo:

deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and

the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards

and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban

areas

Tokelau:

very limited natural resources and overcrowding are

contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga:

deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared

for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from

starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting

threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago:

water pollution from agricultural chemicals,

industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;

deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island:

NA

Tunisia:

toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and

presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage;

limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing;

soil erosion; desertification

Turkey:

water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents;

air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern

for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan:

contamination of soil and groundwater with

agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of

soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution;

diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into

irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the

Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands:

limited natural fresh water resources,

private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu:

since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not

potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with

storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one

desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion

because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive

clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral

reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is

very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions

and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's

underground water table

Uganda:

draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;

overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake

Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine:

inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water

pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast

from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates:

lack of natural freshwater resources being

overcome by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution

from oil spills

United Kingdom:

continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has

meet Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and

hopes to reduce even more); small particulate emissions, largely

from vehicular traffic, remain a problem; solid waste continues to

rise and recycling is very limited

United States:

air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US

and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide

from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of

pesticides and fertilizers; very limited natural fresh water

resources in much of the western part of the country require careful

management; desertification

Uruguay:

water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry;

inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan:

drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing

concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these

substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and

contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial

wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause

of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil

contamination from agricultural chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu:

a majority of the population does not have access to a

potable and reliable supply of water; deforestation

Venezuela:

sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban

pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation;

urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean

coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining

operations

Vietnam:

logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices

contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution

and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater

contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban

industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading

environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands:

lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island:

NA

Wallis and Futuna:

deforestation (only small portions of the

original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of

wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the

forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to

erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the

lack of natural fresh water resources

West Bank:

adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara:

sparse water and lack of arable land

World:

large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters,

pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of

vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of

wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen:

very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate

supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Yugoslavia:

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets,

especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution

around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from

industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Zambia:

air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral

extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds;

poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and

large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification;

lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe:

deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and

water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest

concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly

reduced by poaching

Taiwan:

air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions,

raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in

endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

======================================================================

@Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan:

party to: Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous

Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Albania:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Andorra:

party to: Hazardous Wastes

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine

Life Conservation

Armenia:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants

Australia:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol

Azerbaijan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Barbados:

party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Belarus:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Belize:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change,

Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Brunei:

party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Burkina Faso:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Burma:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Cambodia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Cameroon:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Canada:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law

of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear

Test Ban

China:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear

Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine

Life Conservation

Colombia:

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life

Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of

the Sea, Marine Dumping

Comoros:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Costa Rica:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine

Life Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba:

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants

Czech Republic:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol

Denmark:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine

Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Law of the Sea

Djibouti:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Ecuador:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

El Salvador:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of

the Sea, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Ethiopia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the

Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Fiji:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,

Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

France:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Gabon:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Ghana:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic

Treaty, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Grenada:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala:

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Guinea:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands,

Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban

Holy See (Vatican City):

party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong:

party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship

Pollution (associate member)

Hungary:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Law of the Sea

Iceland:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

India:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine

Life Conservation

Iran:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the

Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq:

party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,

Marine Life Conservation

Israel:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine

Life Conservation

Italy:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Jamaica:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of

the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Jordan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North:

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of

the Sea

Korea, South:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kuwait:

party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Marine

Dumping

Kyrgyzstan:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Lebanon:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Lesotho:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine

Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,

Marine Dumping

Liberia:

party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Environmental

Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life

Conservation

Libya:

party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Nuclear

Test Ban

Liechtenstein:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Lithuania:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous

Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Luxembourg:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur

85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear

Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Environmental Modification

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:

party to: Air

Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life

Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malawi:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Maldives:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear

Test Ban

Malta:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Marshall Islands:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mauritania:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life

Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous

Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants

Monaco:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia:

party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous

Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol

New Zealand:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the

Sea

Nigeria:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Oman:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban

Palau:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea:

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol

Paraguay:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Peru:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Philippines:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Poland:

party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Portugal:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

Qatar:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Romania:

party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol

Russia:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol

Rwanda:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Samoa:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia:

party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Seychelles:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Sierra Leone:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law

of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Singapore:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol

Slovenia:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Solomon Islands:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Somalia:

party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

South Africa:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine

Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean:

the Southern Ocean is subject to all international

agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject

to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International

Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees

south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees

west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits

sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living

Resources (regulates fishing)

note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource

exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front

(Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic

Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very

cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the

north

Spain:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

Sri Lanka:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Law of the Sea

Sweden:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Switzerland:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine

Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Syria:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Tajikistan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Thailand:

party to: Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous

Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Law of the Sea

Togo:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law

of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear

Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey:

party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu:

party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

Uganda:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol

United Arab Emirates:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living

Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,

Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

United States:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living

Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

Uzbekistan:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela:

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Vietnam:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear

Test Ban

Western Sahara:

party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Yugoslavia:

party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous

Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Zambia:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Taiwan:

party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

======================================================================

@Ethnic groups

Afghanistan:

Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups

(Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 12%, Uzbek 6%

Albania:

Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs,

and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)

note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from

1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria:

Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

American Samoa:

Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,

other 5%

Andorra:

Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other

6% (1998)

Angola:

Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed

European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla:

black

Antigua and Barbuda:

black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Argentina:

white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,

Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%

Armenia:

Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi

Kurds) 2% (1989)

note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated

from Armenia

Aruba:

mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Australia:

Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria:

German 98%, Croatian, Slovene, other (includes Hungarians,

Czechs, Slovaks, Roma)

Azerbaijan:

Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,

other 2.3% (1998 est.)

note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh

region

Bahamas, The:

black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain:

Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%

Bangladesh:

Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Barbados:

black 80%, white 4%, other 16%

Belarus:

Byelorussian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and

other 7.4%

Belgium:

Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize:

mestizo 43.7%, Creole 29.8%, Maya 10%, Garifuna 6.2%, other

10.3%

Benin:

African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon,

Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda:

black 58%, white 36%, other 6%

Bhutan:

Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes

15%

Bolivia:

Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed white and

Amerindian ancestry) 30%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

Serb 31%, Bosniak 44%, Croat 17%, Yugoslav

5.5%, other 2.5% (1991)

note: Bosniak has replaced muslim as an ethnic term in part to

avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana:

Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,

including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil:

white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish,

Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes

Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%

British Virgin Islands:

black 90%, white, Asian

Brunei:

Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria:

Bulgarian 83%, Turk 8.5%, Roma 2.6%, Macedonian, Armenian,

Tatar, Gagauz, Circassian, others (1998)

Burkina Faso:

Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,

Fulani

Burma:

Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon

2%, Indian 2%, other 5%

Burundi:

Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,

Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia:

Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon:

Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,

Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other

African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada:

British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European

15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed

background 26%

Cape Verde:

Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands:

mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of

various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic:

Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia

21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans 6,500 (including 1,500 French)

Chad:

Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane"

(Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi,

Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as

"southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei,

Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

note: ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to

identify Chadians than religious affiliation

Chile:

white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China:

Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,

Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island:

Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no

indigenous population

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:

Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia:

mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed

black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros:

Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:

over 200 African ethnic groups of

which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,

Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about

45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the:

Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke

17%, Europeans NA%; note - Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly

French, before the 1997 civil war; may be half that of 1998,

following the widespread destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Cook Islands:

Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European

7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

Costa Rica:

white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,

Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire:

Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes

16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (1998)

Croatia:

Croat 78.1%, Serb 12.2%, Bosniak 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%,

Slovenian 0.5%, Czech 0.4%, Albanian 0.3%, Montenegrin 0.3%, Roma

0.2%, others 6.6% (1991)

Cuba:

mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus:

Greek 78% (99.5% of the Greeks live in the Greek Cypriot

area; 0.5% of the Greeks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), Turkish

18% (1.3% of the Turks live in the Greek Cypriot area; 98.7% of the

Turks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), other 4% (99.2% of the

other ethnic groups live in the Greek Cypriot area; 0.8% of the

other ethnic groups live in the Turkish Cypriot area)

Czech Republic:

Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish

0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other

0.5% (1991)

Denmark:

Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,

Somali

Djibouti:

Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian

5%

Dominica:

black, Carib Amerindian

Dominican Republic:

white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

Ecuador:

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,

Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt:

Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,

Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and

French) 1%

El Salvador:

mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%

Equatorial Guinea:

Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio

Muni (primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea:

ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho

(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%

Estonia:

Estonian 65.1%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Byelorussian

1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.8% (1998)

Ethiopia:

Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,

Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):

British

Faroe Islands:

Scandinavian

Fiji:

Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian

admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas

Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland:

Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%

France:

Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,

Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana:

black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian,

Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia:

Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,

metropolitan French 4%

Gabon:

Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,

Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,

including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The:

African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola

10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip:

Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia:

Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,

Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%

Germany:

German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of

Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)

Ghana:

black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba

16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%

Gibraltar:

Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese

Greece:

Greek 98%, other 2%

note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in

Greece

Greenland:

Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish

and others 12% (January 2000)

Grenada:

black 82% some South Asians (East Indians) and Europeans,

trace Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe:

black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,

Chinese less than 5%

Guam:

Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,

Korean, and other 18%

Guatemala:

Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated

Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,

Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites

and others 2%

Guernsey:

UK and Norman-French descent

Guinea:

Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups

10%

Guinea-Bissau:

African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,

Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana:

East Indian 49%, black 32%, mixed 12%, Amerindian 6%, white

and Chinese 1%

Haiti:

black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City):

Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras:

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian

7%, black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong:

Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary:

Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak

0.8%, Romanian 0.7%

Iceland:

homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts

India:

Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia:

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal

Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Iran:

Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,

Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq:

Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland:

Celtic, English

Israel:

Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,

Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)

(1996 est.)

Italy:

Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and

Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and

Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica:

black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,

mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan:

Japanese 99.4%, Korean 0.6% (1999)

Jersey:

UK and Norman-French descent

Jordan:

Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan:

Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek

2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)

Kenya:

Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%,

Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European,

and Arab) 1%

Kiribati:

predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian

Korea, North:

racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese

community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South:

homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait:

Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,

other 7%

Kyrgyzstan:

Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,

German 2.4%, other 11.8%

Laos:

Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung

(highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnic

Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia:

Latvian 56.5%, Russian 30.4%, Byelorussian 4.3%, Ukrainian

2.8%, Polish 2.6%, other 3.4%

Lebanon:

Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Lesotho:

Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia:

indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa,

Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and

Bella), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the

US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of

immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya:

Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,

Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein:

Alemannic 87.5%, Italian, Turkish, and other 12.5%

Lithuania:

Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Byelorussian

1.6%, other 2.1%

Luxembourg:

Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,

Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European

(guest and resident workers)

Macau:

Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),

Portuguese, other

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:

Macedonian 66.6%,

Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%, Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)

Madagascar:

Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers

(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -

Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,

Creole, Comoran

Malawi:

Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,

Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia:

Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 27%, Indian 8%,

others 7% (2000)

Maldives:

South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali:

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,

Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta:

Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and

Phoenicians, with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean

stock)

Man, Isle of:

Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Marshall Islands:

Micronesian

Martinique:

African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,

East Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania:

mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%

Mauritius:

Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,

Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte:

NA

Mexico:

mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or

predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of:

nine ethnic Micronesian and

Polynesian groups

Moldova:

Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,

Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 est.)

note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian

region

Monaco:

French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia:

Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which

Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including

Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998)

Montserrat:

black, white

Morocco:

Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique:

indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe,

Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans

0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia:

black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%

note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%

to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara

7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru:

Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European

8%

Nepal:

Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,

Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)

Netherlands:

Dutch 91%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 9% (1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles:

mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East

Asian

New Caledonia:

Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,

Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand:

New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European

4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%

Nicaragua:

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%,

black 9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger:

Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri

(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200

French expatriates

Nigeria:

Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is

composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most

populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba

21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue:

Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)

Norfolk Island:

descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New

Zealander, Polynesians

Northern Mariana Islands:

Chamorro, Carolinians and other

Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean

Norway:

Norwegian (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Sami 20,000

Oman:

Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,

Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan:

Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir

(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their

descendants)

Palau:

Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)

70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and

Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)

Panama:

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and

mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea:

Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian,

Polynesian

Paraguay:

mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%

Peru:

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%,

white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines:

Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,

other 3%

Pitcairn Islands:

descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their

Tahitian wives

Poland:

Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Byelorussian 0.5%

(1990 est.)

Portugal:

homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African

descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less

than 100,000

Puerto Rico:

white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,

Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar:

Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion:

French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania:

Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 7.1%, Roma 1.8%, German 0.5%,

Ukrainian 0.3%, other 0.8% (1992)

Russia:

Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,

Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%

Rwanda:

Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena:

African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis:

predominantly black some British, Portuguese,

and Lebanese

Saint Lucia:

black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:

Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:

black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian

6%, Carib Amerindian 2%

Samoa:

Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and

Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino:

Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe:

mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan

slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract

laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children

of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia:

Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal:

Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka

3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Seychelles:

Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)

Sierra Leone:

20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,

other 30%), Creole 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who

were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),

refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of

Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore:

Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

Slovakia:

Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census

figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about

500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian

0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)

Slovenia:

Slovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%,

Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)

Solomon Islands:

Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,

European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%

Somalia:

Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000

South Africa:

black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%

Spain:

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka:

Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and

Vedda 1%

Sudan:

black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname:

Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their

ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the

19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,

"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in

the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)

10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard:

Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%

(1998)

Swaziland:

African 97%, European 3%

Sweden:

indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami

minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,

Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland:

German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other

6%

Syria:

Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Tajikistan:

Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because

of emigration), other 6.6%

Tanzania:

mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu

consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,

European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and

native African

Thailand:

Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo:

native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,

Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau:

Polynesian

Tonga:

Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago:

black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term -

primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white

0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%

Tunisia:

Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey:

Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%

Turkmenistan:

Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%,

other 5.1% (1995)

Turks and Caicos Islands:

black

Tuvalu:

Polynesian 96%

Uganda:

Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, Langi 6%,

Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, Batoro 3%,

non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 23%

Ukraine:

Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%

United Arab Emirates:

Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South

Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)

8% (1982)

note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom:

English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh

1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

United States:

white 83.5%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Amerindian 0.8%

(1992)

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the

US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin

American descent (especially of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican

origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group

(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay:

white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically

nonexistent

Uzbekistan:

Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak

2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu:

indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese,

Pacific Islanders

Venezuela:

Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,

indigenous people

Vietnam:

Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,

mountain groups

Virgin Islands:

black 80%, white 15%, other 5%

note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born

elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%,

other 8%

Wallis and Futuna:

Polynesian

West Bank:

Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara:

Arab, Berber

Yemen:

predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians,

Europeans

Yugoslavia:

Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian

3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Zambia:

African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe:

African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and

Asian 1%, white less than 1%

Taiwan:

Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,

aborigine 2%

======================================================================

@Exchange rates

Afghanistan:

afghanis per US dollar - 4,700 (January 2000), 4,750

(February 1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900

(January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991); note - these rates

reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official

exchange rate, which was fixed at 50.600 afghanis to the dollar

until 1996, when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar, and finally became

fixed again at 3,000.00 per dollar in April 1996

Albania:

leke per US dollar - 146.08 (December 2000),143.71 (2000)

137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998), 148.93 (1997), 104.50 (1996); note -

leke is the plural of lek

Algeria:

Algerian dinars per US dollar - 74,813 (January 2001),

75.260 (2000), 66.574 (1999), 58.739 (1998), 57.707 (1997), 54.749

(1996)

American Samoa:

the US dollar is used

Andorra:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367

(1997), 5.1155 (1996); Spanish pesetas per US dollar - 149.40

(1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996)

Angola:

kwanza per US dollar - 17,910,800 (January 2001), 10,041,000

(2000), 2,790,706 (1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029

(1996); note - in December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six

zeroes dropped off the old value

Anguilla:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate

since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000

(fixed rate since 1976)

Argentina:

Argentine pesos per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate pegged

to the US dollar)

Armenia:

drams per US dollar - 554.29 (1 February 2001), 539.53

(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996)

Aruba:

Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.7900 (fixed rate

since 1986)

Australia:

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),

1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773

(1996)

Austria:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); Austrian schillings per US dollar - 11.86 (January

1999), 12.91 (1999), 12.379 (1998), 12.204 (1997), 10.587 (1996)

Azerbaijan:

Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,579 (1 February

2001), 4,342 (October 1999), 4,373 (1999), 3,869 (1998), 3,985.38

(1997), 4,301.26 (1996)

Bahamas, The:

Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate

pegged to the dollar)

Bahrain:

Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged

to the US dollar)

Bangladesh:

taka per US dollar - 54.000 (January 2001), 52.142

(2000), 49.085 (1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997), 41.794 (1996)

Barbados:

Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate

pegged to the US dollar)

Belarus:

Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,180 (yearend 2000),

730,000 (15 December 1999), 139,000 (25 January 1999), 46,080

(second quarter 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996); note -

on 1 January 2000, the national currency was redenominated at one

new ruble to 2,000 old rubles

Belgium:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); Belgian francs per US dollar - 34.77 (January 1999),

36.229 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996)

Belize:

Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate pegged

to the US dollar)

Benin:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -

699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),

583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is

pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Bermuda:

Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged

to the US dollar)

Bhutan:

ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942

(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996);

note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which

is also legal tender

Bolivia:

bolivianos per US dollar - 6.4071 (January 2001), 6.1835

(2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

marka per US dollar - 2.086 (January 2001),

2.124 (2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997), 0.015 (1996)

Botswana:

pulas per US dollar - 5.4585 (January 2001), 5.1018

(2000), 4.6244 (1999), 4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996)

Brazil:

reals per US dollar - 1.954 (January 2001), 1.830 (2000),

1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996)

note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate

was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the

official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar

British Virgin Islands:

the US dollar is used

Brunei:

Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),

1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100

(1996); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore

dollar

Bulgaria:

leva per US dollar - 2.0848 (January 2001), 2.1233 (2000),

1.8364 (1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996)

note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July

1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US

dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95

(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,

the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Burma:

kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001),

6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176

(1996); kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435

(yearend 2000)

Burundi:

Burundi francs per US dollar - 782.36 (January 2001),

720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75

(1996)

Cambodia:

riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8

(2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1

(1996)

Cameroon:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar

- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95

(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,

the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Canada:

Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),

1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635

(1996)

Cape Verde:

Cape Verdean escudos per US dollar - 123.080 (December

2000), 115.877 (2000), 102.700 (1999), 98.158 (1998), 93.177 (1997),

82.591 (1996)

Cayman Islands:

Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.83 (3 November

1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs

(XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70

(1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1

January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF

per euro

Chad:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -

699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),

583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is

pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Chile:

Chilean pesos per US dollar - 571.12 (January 2001), 535.47

(2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27 (1996)

China:

yuan per US dollar - 8.2776 (January 2001), 8.2785 (2000),

8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996)

note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes

the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's

prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

Christmas Island:

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January

2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),

1.2773 (1996)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995

(January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439

(1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Colombia:

Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,241.43 (January 2001),

2087.90 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998), 1,140.96 (1997),

1,036.69 (1996)

Comoros:

Comoran francs per US dollar - 524.41 (January 2001),

533.98 (2000), 461.77 (1999), 442.46 (1998), 437.75 (1997), 383.66

(1996)

note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the

French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January

1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677

Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:

Congolese francs per US dollar -

50 (January 2001), 4.5 (January 2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998),

1.31 (1997), 0.50 (1996)

note: on 30 June 1998 the Congolese franc was introduced, replacing

the new zaire

Congo, Republic of the:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)

per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),

589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January

1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Cook Islands:

New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January

2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),

1.4543 (1996)

Costa Rica:

Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 318.95 (2001),

308.19 (2000), 285.68 (1999), 257.23 (1998), 232.60 (1997), 207.69

(1996)

Cote d'Ivoire:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US

dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95

(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,

the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Croatia:

kuna per US dollar - 8.089 (January 2001), 8.277 (2000),

7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.101 (1997), 5.434 (1996)

Cuba:

Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official

rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);

convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar

per 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)

Cyprus:

Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.6146 (January 2001), 0.6208

(2000), 0.5423 (1999), 0.5170 (1998), 0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996);

Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000), 625,219

(2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996)

Czech Republic:

koruny per US dollar - 37.425 (January 2001), 38.598

(2000), 34.569 (1999), 32.281 (1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996)

Denmark:

Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083

(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996); note

- the Danes rejected the Euro in a 28 September 2000 referendum

Djibouti:

Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (fixed rate

since 1973)

Dominica:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate

since 1976)

Dominican Republic:

Dominican pesos per US dollar - 16.888 (January

2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.033 (1999), 15.267 (1998), 14.265 (1997),

13.775 (1996)

Ecuador:

sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (January 2001), 24,988.4

(2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997), 3,189.5

(1996)

note: on 7 January 2000, the government passed a decree

"dollarizing" the economy; on 13 March 2000, the National Congress

approved a new exchange system whereby the US dollar is adopted as

the main legal tender in Ecuador for all purposes; on 20 March 2000,

the Central Bank of Ecuador started to exchange sucres for US

dollars at a fixed rate of 25,000 sucres per US dollar; since 30

April 2000, all transactions are denominated in US dollars

Egypt:

Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January

2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997),

3.3880 (1996)

El Salvador:

Salvadoran colones per US dollar - 8.755 (fixed rate

since 1993)

Equatorial Guinea:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per

US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),

589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January

1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Eritrea:

nakfa per US dollar = 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January

1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)

Estonia:

krooni per US dollar - 16.663 (January 2001), 16.969

(2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997), 12.034 (1996);

note - krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rate

of 8 to 1

Ethiopia:

birr per US dollar (end of period) - 8.3140 (December

2000), 8.3140 (2000), 8.1340 (1999), 7.5030 (1998), 6.8640 (1997),

6.4260 (1996)

note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in

an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):

Falkland pounds per US dollar -

0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),

0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Falkland pound is at par

with the British pound

Faroe Islands:

Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001),

8.093 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1966)

Fiji:

Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.1814 (January 2001), 2.1286

(2000), 1.9696 (1999), 1.9868 (1998), 1.4437 (1997), 1.4033 (1996)

Finland:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); markkaa per US dollar - 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997),

4.5936 (1996)

France:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999),

5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

French Guiana:

Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),

5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

French Polynesia:

Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per

US dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),

107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - pegged at the

rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -

699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),

583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is

pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Gambia, The:

dalasi per US dollar - 15.000 (January 2001), 12.729

(3d quarter 1999), 11.395 (1999), 10.643 (1998), 10.200 (1997),

9.789 (1996)

Gaza Strip:

new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December

2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),

3.1917 (1996)

Georgia:

lari per US dollar - 1.9798 (December 2000), 1.9762 (2000),

2.0245 (1999), 1.3898 (1998), 1.2975 (1997), 1.2628 (1996)

Germany:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999),

1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996)

Ghana:

cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68

(2000), 2,647.32 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23

(1996)

Gibraltar:

Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),

0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403

(1996); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece:

drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40

(2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996)

Greenland:

Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083

(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996)

Grenada:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate

since 1976)

Guadeloupe:

Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),

5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Guam:

the US dollar is used

Guatemala:

quetzales per US dollar - 7.8020 (January 2001), 7.7632

(2000), 7.3856 (1999), 6.3947 (1998), 6.0653 (1997), 6.0495 (1996),

5.8103 (1995)

Guernsey:

Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),

0.6596 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);

note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea:

Guinean francs per US dollar - 1,855.0 (October 2000),

1,572.0 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.8 (1998), 1,095.3 (1997),

1,004.0 (1996)

Guinea-Bissau:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US

dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95

(1998), 583.67 (1997); Guinea-Bissauan pesos per US dollar - 26,373

(1996)

note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the CFA franc as the

national currency; since 1 January 1999, the CFA franc is pegged to

the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro

Guyana:

Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 184.1 (November 2000),

182.2 (2000), 178.0 (1999), 150.5 (1998), 142.4 (1997), 140.4 (1996)

Haiti:

gourdes per US dollar - 23.761 (January 2001), 22.524 (2000),

17.965 (1999), 16.505 (1998), 17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996)

Holy See (Vatican City):

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January

2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Vatican lire per US dollar -

2,099 (2000), 1817.2 (1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9

(1996); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira; the

Vatican will start using euros in 2002 in conjunction with Italy at

a fixed rate of 1,936.17 lire per euro

Honduras:

lempiras per US dollar - 15.1407 (December 2000), 15.1407

(2000), 14.5039 (1999), 13.8076 (1998), 13.0942 (1997), 12.8694

(1996)

Hong Kong:

Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7990 (January 2001),

7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999), 7.7453 (1998), 7.7421 (1997), 7.7343

(1996); note - Hong Kong became a special administrative region of

China on 1 July 1997; before then, the Hong Kong dollar was linked

to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 Hong Kong dollars per US

dollar

Hungary:

forints per US dollar - 282.240 (January 2001), 282.179

(2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647

(1996)

Iceland:

Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 84.810 (January 2001),

78.676 (2000), 72.335 (1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500

(1996)

India:

Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942

(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996)

Indonesia:

Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001),

8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997),

2,342.3 (1996)

Iran:

Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001),

1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997),

1,750.76 (1996)

note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates; the

averages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of

1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per US

dollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages

7,863 rials per US dollar; the market rate averages 8,615 rials per

US dollar

Iraq:

Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since

1982); black market rate - Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,910

(December 1999), 1,815 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 910

(December 1996), 3,000 (December 1995); note - subject to wide

fluctuations

Ireland:

Irish pounds per US dollar - 1.0658 (January 2001), 1.0823

(2000), 0.9374 (1999), 0.7014 (1998), 0.6588 (1997), 0.6248 (1996)

Israel:

new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000),

4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917

(1996)

Italy:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,688.7 (January 1999),

1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)

Jamaica:

Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 45.557 (January 2001),

42.701 (2000), 39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120

(1996)

Japan:

yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),

113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996)

Jersey:

Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596

(2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);

the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan:

Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.7090 (1996-present )

note: since May 1989, the Jordanian dinar has been pegged to a

group of currencies

Kazakhstan:

tenge per US dollar - 145.09 (January 2001), 142.13

(2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996)

Kenya:

Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.733 (December 2000),

76.176 (2000), 70.326 (1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997), 57.115

(1996)

Kiribati:

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),

1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773

(1996)

Korea, North:

official: North Korean won per US dollar - 2.15 (May

1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990),

2.3 (December 1989); market: North Korean won per US dollar - 200

Korea, South:

South Korean won per US dollar - 1,271.89 (January

2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998), 951.29

(1997), 804.45 (1996)

Kuwait:

Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3057 (January 2001), 0.3067

(2000), 0.3044 (1999), 0.3047 (1998), 0.3033 (1997), 0.2994 (1996)

Kyrgyzstan:

soms per US dollar - 48.701 (January 2001), 47.704

(2000), 39.008 (1999), 20.838 (1998), 17.362 (1997), 12.810 (1996)

Laos:

kips per US dollar - 7,578.00 (December 2000), 7,102.03

(1999), 3,298.33 (1998), 1,259.98 (1997), 921.02 (1996)

Latvia:

lati per US dollar - 0.614 (January 2001), 0.607 (2000),

0.585 (1999), 0.590 (1998), 0.581 (1997), 0.551 (1996)

Lebanon:

Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (January 2001),

1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.8 (1999), 1,516.1 (1998), 1,539.5 (1997),

1,571.4 (1996)

Lesotho:

maloti per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983

(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935

(1996); note - the Lesotho loti is at par with the South African

rand which is also legal tender; maloti is the plural form of loti

Liberia:

Liberian dollars per US dollar - 39.8100 (December 2000),

41.0483 (2000), 41.9025 (1999), 41.5075 (1998), 1.0000 (officially

fixed rate 1940-97); market exchange rate: Liberian dollars per US

dollar - 40 (December 1998), 50 (October 1995)

note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationship

with the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are market

determined

Libya:

Libyan dinars per US dollar - 0.5101 (January 2001), 0.5081

(2000), 0.4616 (1999), 0.3785 (1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996)

note: Libya currently has two rates for foreign trade; one for

government operations and foreign companies and one for Libyan

individuals (0.45 dinars per US dollar in December 1998)

Liechtenstein:

Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),

1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360

(1996)

Lithuania:

litai per US dollar - 4.000 (fixed rate since 1 May

1994); note - litai is the plural of litas

Luxembourg:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Luxembourg francs per US dollar - 34.77

(January 1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996); note -

the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which

circulates freely in Luxembourg

Macau:

patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000),

7.990 (1999), 7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note -

linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong

Kong dollar

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:

Macedonian denars per US

dollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462

(1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996)

Madagascar:

Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,656.3 (November 2000),

6,283.8 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997), 4,061.3 (1996)

Malawi:

Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000),

59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997),

15.3085 (1996)

Malaysia:

ringgits per US dollar - 3.8000 (January 2001), 3.8000

(2000), 3.8000 (1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996)

Maldives:

rufiyaa per US dollar - 11.770 (fixed rate since 1995)

Mali:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -

699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),

583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is

pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Malta:

Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.4370 (January 2001), 0.4376

(2000), 0.3994 (1999), 0.3885 (1998), 0.3857 (1997), 0.3604 (1996)

Man, Isle of:

Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),

0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403

(1996); the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Marshall Islands:

the US dollar is used

Martinique:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),

5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mauritania:

ouguiyas per US dollar - 250.870 (December 2000),

238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998), 151.853 (1997),

137.222 (1996)

Mauritius:

Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.900 (January 2001),

26.250 (2000), 25.186 (1999), 22.993 (1998), 21.057 (1997), 17.948

(1996)

Mayotte:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367

(1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mexico:

Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.7701 (January 2001), 9.4556

(2000), 9.5604 (1999), 9.1360 (1998), 7.9185 (1997), 7.5994 (1996)

Micronesia, Federated States of:

the US dollar is used

Moldova:

lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000),

10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note -

lei is the plural form of leu

Monaco:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367

(1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mongolia:

togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000),

1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997),

548.40 (1996)

Montserrat:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed

rate since 1976)

Morocco:

Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001),

10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)

Mozambique:

meticais per US dollar - 17,331.0 (January 2001),

5,199.8 (2000), 12,775.1 (1999), 11,874.6 (1998), 11.543.6 (1997),

11,293.8 (1996)

Namibia:

Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001),

6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997),

4.29935 (1996)

Nauru:

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),

1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773

(1996)

Nepal:

Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 74.129 (January 2001), 71.104

(2000), 68.239 (1999), 65.976 (1998), 58.010 (1997), 56.692 (1996)

Netherlands:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Netherlands guilders per US dollar - 1.9837

(1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996)

Netherlands Antilles:

Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -

1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)

New Caledonia:

Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US

dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25

(1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the rate of

119.25 XPF to the euro

New Zealand:

New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January

2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),

1.4543 (1996)

Nicaragua:

gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000),

12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44

(1996)

Niger:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -

699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),

583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is

pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Nigeria:

nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697

(2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)

Niue:

New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),

2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543

(1996)

Norfolk Island:

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January

2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),

1.2773 (1996)

Northern Mariana Islands:

the US dollar is used

Norway:

Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),

8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498

(1996)

Oman:

Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)

Pakistan:

Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.152 (January 2001),

52.814 (2000), 49.118 (1999), 44.943 (1998), 40.918 (1997), 35.909

(1996)

Palau:

the US dollar is used

Panama:

balboas per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate)

Papua New Guinea:

kina per US dollar - 2.81 (October 2000), 2.696

(2000), 2.539 (1999), 2.058 (1998), 1.434 (1997), 1.318 (1996)

Paraguay:

guarani per US dollar - 3,570.0 (January 2001), 3,486.4

(2000), 3,119.1 (1999), 2,726.5 (1998), 2,177.9 (1997), 2,056.8

(1996); note - since early 1998, the exchange rate has operated as a

managed float; prior to that, the exchange rate was determined

freely in the market

Peru:

nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900

(2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996)

Philippines:

Philippine pesos per US dollar - 50.969 (January 2001),

44.192 (2000), 39.089 (1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216

(1996)

Pitcairn Islands:

New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502

(January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083

(1997), 1.4543 (1996)

Poland:

zlotych per US dollar - 4.3126 (December 2000), 4.3461

(2000), 3.9671 (1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996)

Portugal:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Portuguese escudos per US dollar - 180.10

(1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996)

Puerto Rico:

the US dollar is used

Qatar:

Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.6400 (fixed rate)

Reunion:

euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540

(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),

5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Romania:

lei per US dollar - 26,243.0 (January 2001), 21,708.7

(2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2

(1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu

Russia:

Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001),

28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121

(1996)

note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1

January 1998 rubles

Rwanda:

Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70

(2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996)

Saint Helena:

Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January

2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6047 (1997),

0.6403 (1996); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the

British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000

(fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Lucia:

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed

rate since 1976)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:

euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January

2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); French francs per US dollar -

5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:

East Caribbean dollars per US

dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Samoa:

tala per US dollar - 3.3400 (January 2001), 3.2712 (2000),

3.0120 (1999), 2.9429 (1998), 2.5562 (1997), 2.4618 (1996)

San Marino:

euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540

(2000), 0.93863 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,736.2 (1998),

1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)

Sao Tome and Principe:

dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December

2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996)

Saudi Arabia:

Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.7450 (fixed rate since

June 1986)

Senegal:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar

- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95

(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966); note - from 1 January 1999,

the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Seychelles:

Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November

2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997),

4.9700 (1996)

Sierra Leone:

leones per US dollar - 1,653.39 (January 2001),

2,092.13 (2000), 1,804.20 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998), 981.48 (1997),

920.73 (1996)

Singapore:

Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),

1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100

(1996)

Slovakia:

koruny per US dollar - 48.09 (March 2001), 46.395 (2000),

41.363 (1999), 35.233 (1998), 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996)

Slovenia:

tolars per US dollar - 225.93 (January 2001), 222.66

(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996)

Solomon Islands:

Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 5.0968

(November 2000), 5.0864 (2000), 4.8381 (1999), 4.8156 (1998), 3.7169

(1997), 3.5664 (1996)

Somalia:

Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),

2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January

1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)

note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent

country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own

currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa:

rand per US dollar - 7.60 (March 2001), 6.93983

(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935

(1996)

Spain:

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),

0.9386 (1999); pesetas per US dollar - 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997),

126.66 (1996)

Sri Lanka:

Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 83.506 (January 2001),

77.005 (2000), 70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271

(1996)

Sudan:

Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.44 (January 2001), 257.12

(2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.80 (1998), 157.57 (1997), 125.08 (1996)

Suriname:

Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,178.50 (December

2000), 987.50 (December 1999), 401.00 (December 1998), 401.00

(December 1997), 401.26 (December 1996)

note: beginning in July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange

rate was unified and became market determined; during 1998, the

exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999

the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when

the black-market rate plunged; the government currently allows

trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate

Svalbard:

Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),

8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498

(1996)

Swaziland:

emalangeni per US dollar - 7.7803 (January 2001), 6.9056

(2000), 6.1087 (1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997), 4.2706 (1996);

note - the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand;

emalangeni is the plural form of lilangeni

Sweden:

Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622

(2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)

Switzerland:

Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),

1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360

(1996)

Syria:

Syrian pounds per US dollar - 46 (2000), 46 (1998), 41.9

(January 1997)

Tajikistan:

Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.2 (January 2001),

1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284

(January 1996)

note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,

with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania:

Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 803.34 (December

2000), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998), 612.12 (1997),

579.98 (1996)

Thailand:

baht per US dollar - 43.078 (January 2001), 40.112 (2000),

37.814 (1999), 41.359 (1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996)

Togo:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -

699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),

583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is

pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Tokelau:

New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),

2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543

(1996)

Tonga:

pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000),

1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago:

Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -

6.2688 (January 2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989 (1999), 6.2983 (1998),

6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996)

Tunisia:

Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001),

1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997),

0.9734 (1996)

Turkey:

Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000),

625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997),

81,405 (1996)

Turkmenistan:

Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2001),

5,200 (January 2000), 5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997),

2,400 (January 1996)

Turks and Caicos Islands:

the US dollar is used

Tuvalu:

Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar -

1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),

1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Uganda:

Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,700 (February 2001),

1,830.4 (January 2001), 1,644.5 (2000), 1,454.8 (1999), 1,240.2

(1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996)

Ukraine:

hryvnia per US dollar - 5.4331 (January 2001), 5.4402

(2000), 4.1304 (1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996)

United Arab Emirates:

Emirati dirhams per US dollar - central bank

mid-point rate: 3.6725 (since 1998); 3.6711 (1997), 3.6710 (1995-96)

United Kingdom:

British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January

2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997),

0.6403 (1996)

United States:

British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),

0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403

(1996); Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),

1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635

(1996); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995

(1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994);

Italian lire per US dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998),

1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994);

Japanese yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),

113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996); German

deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998),

1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994); euros

per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863

(1999)

note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and

eight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January

1999 with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting

countries for all transactions in 2002

Uruguay:

Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 12.5610 (January 2001),

12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999), 10.4719 (1998), 9.4418 (1997),

7.9718 (1996)

Uzbekistan:

Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 325.0 (January 2001),

141.4 (January 2000), 111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998),

75.8 (September 1997), 41.1 (1996)

Vanuatu:

vatu per US dollar - 143.95 (December 2000), 137.82 (2000),

129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998), 115.87 (1997), 111.72 (1996)

Venezuela:

bolivares per US dollar - 699.700 (January 2001), 679.960

(2000), 605.717 (1999), 547.556 (1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333

(1996)

Vietnam:

dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January

2000), 13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995

average), 11,000 (October 1994)

Virgin Islands:

the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna:

Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per

US dollar - 1127.11 (January 2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93 (1999),

107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the

rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

West Bank:

new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December

2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),

3.1917 (1996); Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090

(from 1996)

Western Sahara:

Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January

2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997),

8.716 (1996)

Yemen:

Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683

(2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)

Yugoslavia:

new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0

(December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5

(early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December

1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Zambia:

Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,024.53 (January 2001),

3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997),

1,207.90 (1996)

Zimbabwe:

Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 54.9451 (January 2001),

43.2900 (2000), 38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997),

9.9206 (1996)

Taiwan:

new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.082 (yearend 2000),

31.395 (yearend 1999), 32.216 (1998), 32.052 (1997), 27.5 (1996)

======================================================================

@Executive branch

Afghanistan:

on 27 September 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan

Government were displaced by members of the Islamic Taliban

movement; the Islamic State of Afghanistan has no functioning

government at this time, and the country remains divided among

fighting factions

note: the Taliban have declared themselves the legitimate

government of Afghanistan; however, the UN still recognizes the

government of Burhanuddin RABBANI; the Organization of the Islamic

Conference has left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of

legitimacy can be resolved through negotiations among the warring

factions; the country is essentially divided along ethnic lines; the

Taliban controls the capital of Kabul and approximately two-thirds

of the country including the predominately ethnic Pashtun areas in

southern Afghanistan; opposing factions have their stronghold in the

ethnically diverse north

Albania:

chief of state: President of the Republic Rexhep MEIDANI

(since 24 July 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Ilir META (since 29 October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and

approved by the president

elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a

five-year term; election last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA

2002); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Rexhep MEIDANI elected president; People's

Assembly vote by number - total votes 122, for 110, against 3,

abstained 2, invalid 7

Algeria:

chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28

April 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Ali BENFLIS (since 26 August

2000)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004);

prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent

of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposing

candidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud

American Samoa:

chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US

(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since

20 January 2001)

head of government: Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1997)

and Lieutenant Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 3 January 1997)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same

ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected

on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election

last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of

vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID

(independent) 47.8%

Andorra:

chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17

May 1995), represented by Frederic de SAINT-SERNIN (since NA);

Spanish Coprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan MARTI Alanis (since 31

January 1971), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)

head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne

(since 21 December 1994)

cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive

Council president

elections: Executive Council president elected by the General

Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year

term; election last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council

president; percent of General Council vote - 64%

Angola:

chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21

September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21

September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979)

without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection

in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to

be held NA)

election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a

run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Anguilla:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952); represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTON (since NA February

2000)

head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March

2000)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the

elected members of the House of Assembly

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the

members of the House of Assembly

Antigua and Barbuda:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE

(since NA 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8

March 1994)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on

the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen

by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; prime minister

appointed by the governor general

Argentina:

chief of state: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10

December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6

October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10 December

1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6 October

2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the president

is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 24 October

1999 (next to be held NA October 2003)

election results: Fernando DE LA RUA elected president; percent of

vote - 48.5%

Armenia:

chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March

1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May

2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

special election last held 30 March 1998 (next to be held NA March

2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Robert KOCHARIAN elected president; percent of

vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 59.5%, Karen DEMIRCHYAN 40.5%

Aruba:

chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the

Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General

Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January 1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29

July 1994) and Deputy Prime Minister Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ

cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed

for a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime

minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last

held 12 July 1997 (next to be held by December 2001)

election results: Jan (Henny) H. EMAN elected prime minister;

percent of legislative vote - NA%; Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ elected deputy

prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%

Australia:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Rev. Peter HOLLINGSWORTH

(since 29 June 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11

March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet selected from among the members of Federal

Parliament by the governor general on the advice of the prime

minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the

leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is

usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a

three-year term

note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Austria:

chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July

1992)

head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4

February 2000); Vice Chancellor Susanne RIESS-PASSER (FPOe) (since 4

February 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice

of the chancellor

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year

term; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held

in the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by the

president from the plurality party in the National Council; in the

case of the current coalition, the chancellor was chosen from

another party after the plurality party failed to form a government;

vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the

chancellor

election results: Thomas KLESTIL reelected president; percent of

vote - Thomas KLESTIL 63%, Gertraud KNOLL 14%, Heide SCHMIDT 11%,

Richard LUGNER 10%, Karl NOWAK 2%

note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe

Azerbaijan:

chief of state: President Heydar ALIYEV (since 18 June

1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 26

November 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and

confirmed by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;

election last held 11 October 1998 (next to be held NA October

2003); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by

the president and confirmed by the National Assembly

election results: Heydar ALIYEV reelected president; percent of

vote - Heydar ALIYEV 77.6%, Etibar MAMEDOV 11.8%, Nizami SULEYMANOV

8.2%

Bahamas, The:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Sir Orville TURNQUEST (since

2 January 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM (since

19 August 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Frank WATSON (since

December 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime

minister's recommendation

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister

appointed by the governor general

Bahrain:

chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6

March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the

monarch, born 21 October 1969)

head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa

(since NA 1971)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

appointed by the monarch

Bangladesh:

chief of state: President Shahabuddin AHMED (since 9

October 1996); note - the president's duties are normally

ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution

("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes

significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker

government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise

the elections

head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 13 July

1996)

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by

the president

elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year

term; election last held 24 July 1996 (next to be held by NA October

2001); following legislative elections, the leader of the party that

wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the

president

election results: Shahabuddin AHMED elected president without

opposition; percent of National Parliament vote - NA%

Barbados:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn

HUSBANDS (since 1 June 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6

September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Billie MILLER (since 6

September 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor

general

Belarus:

chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20

July 1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir YERMOSHIN (since 18

February 2000); First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since

13 March 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Mikhail DEMCHUK (since 14

July 2000), Mikhail KHORSTOV (since 27 November 2000), Valeriy

KOKOREV (since 23 August 1994), Leonid KOZIK (since 4 February

1997), Gennadiy NOVITSKIY (since 11 February 1997), Aleksandr POPKOV

(since 10 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held

NA; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should

have been held in 1999, however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001

via the November 1996 referendum); prime minister and deputy prime

ministers appointed by the president

election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO elected president; percent

of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 85%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 15%

Belgium:

chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir

Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch

head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July

1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch and approved

by Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

appointed by the monarch and then approved by Parliament

note: government coalition - VLD, PRL, PS, SP, AGALEV, and ECOLO

Belize:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),

represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG (since 17

November 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Said MUSA (since 27 August

1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch; governor general appoints the member of

the House of Representatives who is leader of the majority party to

be prime minister

Benin:

chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April

1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year

term; runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March

2006)

election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of

vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%

note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first round

presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,

Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI

(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of

State) 8.6%; the second round balloting, originally scheduled for 18

March, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and HOUNGBEDJI

withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to run against

his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed a "friendly

match"

Bermuda:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor Thorold MASEFIELD (since NA June 1997)

head of government: Premier Jennifer SMITH (since 10 November 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch; governor invites leader of largest party in Parliament

to form a government as premier

Bhutan:

chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July

1972)

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sangay

NGEDUP (since NA 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the

monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,

five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council

(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms

in July 1998 give the National Assembly authority to remove the

monarch with two-thirds vote

Bolivia:

chief of state: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6

August 1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6

August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August

1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August

1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 1 June 1997

(next to be held May or June 2002)

election results: Hugo BANZER Suarez elected president; percent of

vote - Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 17%,

Juan Carlos DURAN (MNR) 18%, Ivo KULJIS (UCS) 16%, Remedios LOZA

(CONDEPA) 17%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote;

Hugo BANZER Suarez won a congressional runoff election on 5 August

1997 after forming a "megacoalition" with MIR, UCS, CONDEPA, NFR,

and PDC

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency

Jozo KRIZANOVI (chairman since 14 June 2001, presidency member since

NA March 2001 - Croat); other members of the three-member rotating

(every 8 months) presidency: Zivko RADISIC (since 13 October 1998 -

Serb) and Beriz BELKIC (since NA March 2001 - Bosniak); note - Ante

JELAVIC was dismissed from his post by the UN High Representative in

March 2001

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zlatko

LAGUMDZIJA (since 18 July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;

approved by the National House of Representatives

elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one

Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she

was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election; election

last held 12-13 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002);

the chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the

presidency and confirmed by the National House of Representatives

election results: percent of vote - Zivko RADISIC with 52% of the

Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the

first 8 months; Ante JELAVIC with 52% of the Croat vote followed

RADISIC in the rotation; Alija IZETBEGOVIC with 87% of the Bosniak

vote won the highest number of votes in the election but was

ineligible to serve a second term until RADISIC and JELAVIC had each

served a first term as Chairman of the Presidency; IZETBEGOVIC

retired from the presidency 14 October 2000 and was temporarily

replaced by Halid GENJAC; Ante JELAVIC was replaced by Jozo

KRIZANOVIC in March 2001

note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Karlo

FILIPOVIC (since 27 February 2001); Vice President Safet HALILOVIC

(since 27 February 2001); note - president and vice president rotate

every year; President of the Republika Srpska: Mirko SAROVIC (since

11 November 2000)

Botswana:

chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April

1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and

Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a

five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held

NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president

election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of

National Assembly vote - 54.3%

Brazil:

chief of state: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since

1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1

January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 4 October

1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president;

percent of vote - 53%

British Indian Ocean Territory:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II

(since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Commissioner John WHITE (since NA);

Administrator Louise SAVILL (since NA); note - both reside in the UK

cabinet: NA

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and

administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by Governor Francis J. SAVAGE (since NA)

head of government: Chief Minister Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 15 May

1995)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members

of the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the

members of the Legislative Council