0 kWh (1999)
Kyrgyzstan:
184 million kWh (1999)
Laos:
142 million kWh (1999)
Latvia:
1 billion kWh (1999)
Lebanon:
654 million kWh (1999)
Lesotho:
55 million kWh
note: electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)
Liberia:
0 kWh (1999)
Libya:
0 kWh (1999)
Liechtenstein:
NA kWh
Lithuania:
400 million kWh (1999)
Luxembourg:
6.201 billion kWh (1999)
Macau:
165 million kWh (1999)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
75 million kWh (1999)
Madagascar:
0 kWh (1999)
Malawi:
0 kWh (1999)
Malaysia:
11 million kWh (1999)
Maldives:
0 kWh (1999)
Mali:
0 kWh (1999)
Malta:
0 kWh (1999)
Martinique:
0 kWh (1999)
Mauritania:
0 kWh (1999)
Mauritius:
0 kWh (1999)
Mexico:
1.047 billion kWh (1999)
Moldova:
1.916 billion kWh (1999)
Monaco:
NA kWh
note: electricity supplied by France (1999)
Mongolia:
363 million kWh (1999)
Montserrat:
0 kWh (1999)
Morocco:
705 million kWh (1999)
Mozambique:
68 million kWh (1999)
Namibia:
890 million kWh
note: supplied by South Africa (1999)
Nauru:
0 kWh (1999)
Nepal:
210 million kWh (1999)
Netherlands:
22.407 billion kWh (1999)
Netherlands Antilles:
0 kWh (1999)
New Caledonia:
0 kWh (1999)
New Zealand:
0 kWh (1999)
Nicaragua:
100 million kWh (1999)
Niger:
215 million kWh (1999)
Nigeria:
0 kWh (1999)
Niue:
0 kWh (1999)
Norway:
6.467 billion kWh (1999)
Oman:
0 kWh (1999)
Pakistan:
0 kWh (1999)
Panama:
40 million kWh (1999)
Papua New Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)
Paraguay:
0 kWh (1999)
Peru:
1 million kWh (1999)
Philippines:
0 kWh (1999)
Poland:
3.491 billion kWh (1999)
Portugal:
3.628 billion kWh (1999)
Puerto Rico:
0 kWh (1999)
Qatar:
0 kWh (1999)
Reunion:
0 kWh (1999)
Romania:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)
Russia:
6 billion kWh (1999)
Rwanda:
70 million kWh (1999)
Saint Helena:
0 kWh (1999)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
0 kWh (1999)
Saint Lucia:
0 kWh (1999)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 kWh (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0 kWh (1999)
Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)
San Marino:
NA kWh
note: electricity supplied by Italy
Sao Tome and Principe:
0 kWh (1999)
Saudi Arabia:
0 kWh (1999)
Senegal:
0 kWh (1999)
Seychelles:
0 kWh (1999)
Sierra Leone:
0 kWh (1999)
Singapore:
0 kWh (1999)
Slovakia:
1.4 billion kWh (1999)
Slovenia:
645 million kWh (1999)
Solomon Islands:
0 kWh (1999)
Somalia:
0 kWh (1999)
South Africa:
2.457 billion kWh (1999)
Spain:
11.945 billion kWh (1999)
Sri Lanka:
0 kWh (1999)
Sudan:
0 kWh (1999)
Suriname:
0 kWh (1999)
Swaziland:
701 million kWh
note: supplied by South Africa (1999)
Sweden:
8.35 billion kWh (1999)
Switzerland:
21.723 billion kWh (1999)
Syria:
0 kWh (1999)
Tajikistan:
4.1 billion kWh (1999)
Tanzania:
43 million kWh (1999)
Thailand:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)
Togo:
426 million kWh
note: electricity supplied by Ghana (1999)
Tonga:
0 kWh (1999)
Trinidad and Tobago:
0 kWh (1999)
Tunisia:
165 million kWh (1999)
Turkey:
3.35 billion kWh (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)
Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 kWh (1999)
Uganda:
1 million kWh (1999)
Ukraine:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)
United Arab Emirates:
0 kWh (1999)
United Kingdom:
14.5 billion kWh (1999)
United States:
43 billion kWh (1999)
Uruguay:
800 million kWh (1999)
Uzbekistan:
7.5 billion kWh (1999)
Vanuatu:
0 kWh (1999)
Venezuela:
0 kWh (1999)
Vietnam:
0 kWh (1999)
Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)
West Bank:
NA kWh
Western Sahara:
0 kWh (1999)
Yemen:
0 kWh (1999)
Yugoslavia:
1.923 billion kWh (1999)
Zambia:
419 million kWh (1999)
Zimbabwe:
1.564 billion kWh (1999)
Taiwan:
0 kWh (1999)
======================================================================
@Electricity - production
Afghanistan:
420 million kWh (1999)
Albania:
5.332 billion kWh (1999)
Algeria:
23.215 billion kWh (1999)
American Samoa:
130 million kWh (1999)
Angola:
1.475 billion kWh (1999)
Anguilla:
NA kWh
Antigua and Barbuda:
95 million kWh (1999)
Argentina:
77.087 billion kWh (1999)
Armenia:
6.668 billion kWh (1999)
Aruba:
450 million kWh (1999)
Australia:
191.727 billion kWh (1999)
Austria:
59.283 billion kWh (1999)
Azerbaijan:
16.378 billion kWh (1999)
Bahamas, The:
1.465 billion kWh (1999)
Bahrain:
6.185 billion kWh (1999)
Bangladesh:
12.06 billion kWh (1999)
Barbados:
718 million kWh (1999)
Belarus:
24.911 billion kWh (1999)
Belgium:
79.829 billion kWh (1999)
Belize:
185 million kWh (1999)
Benin:
226 million kWh (1999)
Bermuda:
550 million kWh (1999)
Bhutan:
1.856 billion kWh (1999)
Bolivia:
3.625 billion kWh (1999)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
2.585 billion kWh (1999)
Botswana:
610 million kWh (1999)
Brazil:
337.44 billion kWh (1999)
British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied
by the US military
British Virgin Islands:
42 million kWh (1999)
Brunei:
2.445 billion kWh (1999)
Bulgaria:
36.217 billion kWh (1999)
Burkina Faso:
285 million kWh (1999)
Burma:
4.813 billion kWh (1999)
Burundi:
141 million kWh (1999)
Cambodia:
147 million kWh (1999)
Cameroon:
3.47 billion kWh (1999)
Canada:
567.193 billion kWh (1999)
Cape Verde:
40 million kWh (1999)
Cayman Islands:
330 million kWh (1999)
Central African Republic:
102 million kWh (1999)
Chad:
90 million kWh (1999)
Chile:
38.092 billion kWh (1999)
China:
1.173 trillion kWh (1999)
Christmas Island:
NA kWh
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA kWh
Colombia:
43.574 billion kWh (1999)
Comoros:
17 million kWh (1999)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
5.268 billion kWh (1999)
Congo, Republic of the:
302 million kWh (1999)
Cook Islands:
21 million kWh (1999)
Costa Rica:
5.805 billion kWh (1999)
Cote d'Ivoire:
4.06 billion kWh (1999)
Croatia:
10.96 billion kWh (1999)
Cuba:
14.358 billion kWh (1999)
Cyprus:
2.951 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh
Czech Republic:
67.642 billion kWh (2000)
Denmark:
37.885 billion kWh (1999)
Djibouti:
180 million kWh (1999)
Dominica:
62 million kWh (1999)
Dominican Republic:
7.29 billion kWh (1999)
Ecuador:
10.065 billion kWh (1999)
Egypt:
64.685 billion kWh (1999)
El Salvador:
3.641 billion kWh (1999)
Equatorial Guinea:
21 million kWh (1999)
Eritrea:
165 million kWh (1999)
Estonia:
7.782 billion kWh (1999)
Ethiopia:
1.625 billion kWh (1999)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
12 million kWh (1999)
Faroe Islands:
170 million kWh (1999)
Fiji:
510 million kWh (1999)
Finland:
75.792 billion kWh (1999)
France:
497.26 billion kWh (1999)
French Guiana:
440 million kWh (1999)
French Polynesia:
430 million kWh (1999)
Gabon:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)
Gambia, The:
75 million kWh (1999)
Gaza Strip:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel
Georgia:
7.975 billion kWh (1999)
Germany:
531.377 billion kWh (1999)
Ghana:
5.466 billion kWh (1999)
Gibraltar:
95 million kWh (1999)
Greece:
46.432 billion kWh (1999)
Greenland:
250 million kWh (1999)
Grenada:
120 million kWh (1999)
Guadeloupe:
1.3 billion kWh (1999)
Guam:
800 million kWh (1999)
Guatemala:
3.785 billion kWh (1999)
Guernsey:
NA kWh
Guinea:
750 million kWh (1999)
Guinea-Bissau:
55 million kWh (1999)
Guyana:
455 million kWh (1999)
Haiti:
672 million kWh (1999)
Honduras:
3.319 billion kWh (1999)
Hong Kong:
27.726 billion kWh (1999)
Hungary:
36.75 billion kWh (1999)
Iceland:
7.069 billion kWh (1999)
India:
454.561 billion kWh (1999)
Indonesia:
78.674 billion kWh (1999)
Iran:
103.054 billion kWh (1999)
Iraq:
29.42 billion kWh (1999)
Ireland:
19.542 billion kWh (1999)
Israel:
35.437 billion kWh (1999)
Italy:
247.679 billion kWh (1999)
Jamaica:
6.53 billion kWh (1999)
Japan:
1.018 trillion kWh (1999)
Johnston Atoll:
approximately 1,000,000 kWh weekly; note - there are
six 25,000 kWh generators supplied by the base operating support
contractor (1999)
Jordan:
6.657 billion kWh (1999)
Kazakhstan:
44.36 billion kWh (1999)
Kenya:
4.225 billion kWh (1999)
Kiribati:
7 million kWh (1999)
Korea, North:
28.6 billion kWh (1999)
Korea, South:
250.287 billion kWh (1999)
Kuwait:
31.567 billion kWh (1999)
Kyrgyzstan:
12.981 billion kWh (1999)
Laos:
792 million kWh (1999)
Latvia:
3.996 billion kWh (1999)
Lebanon:
7.748 billion kWh (1999)
Lesotho:
0 kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)
Liberia:
432 million kWh (1999)
Libya:
18.9 billion kWh (1999)
Lithuania:
13.567 billion kWh (1999)
Luxembourg:
648 million kWh (1999)
Macau:
1.355 billion kWh (1999)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
6.395 billion kWh (1999)
Madagascar:
810 million kWh (1999)
Malawi:
1.025 billion kWh (1999)
Malaysia:
59.044 billion kWh (1999)
Maldives:
101 million kWh (1999)
Mali:
445 million kWh (1999)
Malta:
1.65 billion kWh (1999)
Martinique:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)
Mauritania:
151 million kWh (1999)
Mauritius:
1.26 billion kWh (1999)
Mayotte:
NA kWh
Mexico:
182.492 billion kWh (1999)
Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA kWh
Moldova:
4.155 billion kWh (1999)
Mongolia:
2.671 billion kWh (1999)
Montserrat:
10 million kWh (1999)
Morocco:
13.695 billion kWh (1999)
Mozambique:
2.3 billion kWh (1999)
Namibia:
1.198 billion kWh (1999)
Nauru:
30 million kWh (1999)
Nepal:
1.255 billion kWh (1999)
Netherlands:
85.294 billion kWh (1999)
Netherlands Antilles:
1.11 billion kWh (1999)
New Caledonia:
1.52 billion kWh (1999)
New Zealand:
37.952 billion kWh (1999)
Nicaragua:
2.349 billion kWh (1999)
Niger:
200 million kWh (1999)
Nigeria:
18.7 billion kWh (1999)
Niue:
3 million kWh (1999)
Norfolk Island:
NA kWh
Northern Mariana Islands:
NA kWh
Norway:
121.084 billion kWh (1999)
Oman:
8.63 billion kWh (1999)
Pakistan:
62.078 billion kWh (1999)
Panama:
4.413 billion kWh (1999)
Papua New Guinea:
1.82 billion kWh (1999)
Paraguay:
51.554 billion kWh (1999)
Peru:
18.886 billion kWh (1999)
Philippines:
40.745 billion kWh (1999)
Pitcairn Islands:
NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a
small diesel-powered generator
Poland:
134.351 billion kWh (1999)
Portugal:
41.696 billion kWh (1999)
Puerto Rico:
16.76 billion kWh (1999)
Qatar:
9 billion kWh (1999)
Reunion:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)
Romania:
49.036 billion kWh (1999)
Russia:
798.065 billion kWh (1999)
Rwanda:
132 million kWh (1999)
Saint Helena:
6 million kWh (1999)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
90 million kWh (1999)
Saint Lucia:
110 million kWh (1999)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
40 million kWh (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
82 million kWh (1999)
Samoa:
100 million kWh (1999)
San Marino:
NA kWh
Sao Tome and Principe:
17 million kWh (1999)
Saudi Arabia:
120 billion kWh (1999)
Senegal:
1.27 billion kWh (1999)
Seychelles:
160 million kWh (1999)
Sierra Leone:
240 million kWh (1999)
Singapore:
27.381 billion kWh (1999)
Slovakia:
22.582 billion kWh (1999)
Slovenia:
12.451 billion kWh (1999)
Solomon Islands:
30 million kWh (1999)
Somalia:
260 million kWh (1999)
South Africa:
186.903 billion kWh (1999)
Spain:
197.694 billion kWh (1999)
Sri Lanka:
6.026 billion kWh (1999)
Sudan:
1.76 billion kWh (1999)
Suriname:
1.937 billion kWh (1999)
Svalbard:
NA kWh
Swaziland:
375 million kWh (1999)
Sweden:
146.633 billion kWh (1999)
Switzerland:
66.768 billion kWh (1999)
Syria:
17.94 billion kWh (1999)
Tajikistan:
15.623 billion kWh (1999)
Tanzania:
2.248 billion kWh (1999)
Thailand:
89.431 billion kWh (1999)
Togo:
92 million kWh (1999)
Tokelau:
NA kWh
Tonga:
35 million kWh (1999)
Trinidad and Tobago:
4.9 billion kWh (1999)
Tunisia:
9.173 billion kWh (1999)
Turkey:
125.3 billion kWh (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan:
8.371 billion kWh (1999)
Turks and Caicos Islands:
5 million kWh (1999)
Uganda:
1.326 billion kWh (1999)
Ukraine:
157.823 billion kWh (1999)
United Arab Emirates:
36.7 billion kWh (1999)
United Kingdom:
342.771 billion kWh (1999)
United States:
3.678 trillion kWh (1999)
Uruguay:
5.704 billion kWh (1999)
Uzbekistan:
42.876 billion kWh (1999)
Vanuatu:
35 million kWh (1999)
Venezuela:
81.215 billion kWh (1999)
Vietnam:
22.985 billion kWh (1999)
Virgin Islands:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)
Wake Island:
NA kWh
Wallis and Futuna:
NA kWh
West Bank:
NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel;
East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to
Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;
the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most
Jewish residents and military facilities; at the same time, some
Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their
own electricity from small power plants
Western Sahara:
90 million kWh (1999)
Yemen:
2.4 billion kWh (1999)
Yugoslavia:
34.455 billion kWh (1999)
Zambia:
7.642 billion kWh (1999)
Zimbabwe:
5.78 billion kWh (1999)
Taiwan:
139.676 billion kWh (1999)
======================================================================
@Electricity - production by source
Afghanistan:
fossil fuel: 35.71%
hydro: 64.29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Albania:
fossil fuel: 3.81%
hydro: 96.19%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Algeria:
fossil fuel: 99.14%
hydro: 0.86%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
American Samoa:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Andorra:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Angola:
fossil fuel: 32.2%
hydro: 67.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Anguilla:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Antigua and Barbuda:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Argentina:
fossil fuel: 60.3%
hydro: 30.7%
nuclear: 8.75%
other: 0.25% (1999)
Armenia:
fossil fuel: 45.56%
hydro: 23.25%
nuclear: 31.19%
other: 0% (1999)
Aruba:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Australia:
fossil fuel: 89.93%
hydro: 8.36%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.71% (1999)
Austria:
fossil fuel: 29.53%
hydro: 67.65%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.82% (1999)
Azerbaijan:
fossil fuel: 86.46%
hydro: 13.54%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bahamas, The:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bahrain:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bangladesh:
fossil fuel: 93.7%
hydro: 6.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Barbados:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Belarus:
fossil fuel: 99.9%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Belgium:
fossil fuel: 40.01%
hydro: 0.42%
nuclear: 58.33%
other: 1.24% (1999)
Belize:
fossil fuel: 56.76%
hydro: 43.24%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Benin:
fossil fuel: 24.78%
hydro: 75.22%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bermuda:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bhutan:
fossil fuel: 0.05%
hydro: 99.95%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bolivia:
fossil fuel: 56.61%
hydro: 41.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.79% (1999)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
fossil fuel: 38.68%
hydro: 61.32%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Botswana:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Brazil:
fossil fuel: 5.28%
hydro: 90.66%
nuclear: 1.12%
other: 2.94% (1999)
British Virgin Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Brunei:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Bulgaria:
fossil fuel: 51.52%
hydro: 8.35%
nuclear: 40.12%
other: 0.01% (1999)
Burkina Faso:
fossil fuel: 71.93%
hydro: 28.07%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Burma:
fossil fuel: 68.56%
hydro: 31.44%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Burundi:
fossil fuel: 0.71%
hydro: 99.29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Cambodia:
fossil fuel: 59.18%
hydro: 40.82%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Cameroon:
fossil fuel: 2.59%
hydro: 97.41%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Canada:
fossil fuel: 26.38%
hydro: 60%
nuclear: 12.31%
other: 1.31% (1999)
Cape Verde:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Cayman Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Central African Republic:
fossil fuel: 20.59%
hydro: 79.41%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Chad:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Chile:
fossil fuel: 61%
hydro: 35%
nuclear: 0%
other: 4% (1999)
China:
fossil fuel: 79.82%
hydro: 18.98%
nuclear: 1.2%
other: 0.01% (1999)
Christmas Island:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Colombia:
fossil fuel: 22.27%
hydro: 76.19%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.54% (1999)
Comoros:
fossil fuel: 88.24%
hydro: 11.76%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
fossil fuel: 2.05%
hydro: 97.95%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Congo, Republic of the:
fossil fuel: 0.66%
hydro: 99.34%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Cook Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Costa Rica:
fossil fuel: 2.41%
hydro: 83.32%
nuclear: 0%
other: 14.27% (1999)
Cote d'Ivoire:
fossil fuel: 75.37%
hydro: 24.63%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Croatia:
fossil fuel: 40.89%
hydro: 59%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.11% (1999)
Cuba:
fossil fuel: 94.2%
hydro: 0.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 5.1% (1999)
Cyprus:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Czech Republic:
fossil fuel: 77.8%
hydro: 3.43%
nuclear: 18.77%
other: 0% (2000)
Denmark:
fossil fuel: 88.4%
hydro: 0.07%
nuclear: 0%
other: 11.53% (1999)
Djibouti:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Dominica:
fossil fuel: 48.39%
hydro: 51.61%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Dominican Republic:
fossil fuel: 87.19%
hydro: 12.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.41% (1999)
Ecuador:
fossil fuel: 29.51%
hydro: 70.49%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Egypt:
fossil fuel: 76.59%
hydro: 23.41%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
El Salvador:
fossil fuel: 45.65%
hydro: 41.01%
nuclear: 0%
other: 13.34% (1999)
Equatorial Guinea:
fossil fuel: 85.71%
hydro: 14.29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Eritrea:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Estonia:
fossil fuel: 99.72%
hydro: 0.09%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.19% (1999)
Ethiopia:
fossil fuel: 3.08%
hydro: 96.92%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Faroe Islands:
fossil fuel: 58.82%
hydro: 41.18%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Fiji:
fossil fuel: 17.65%
hydro: 82.35%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Finland:
fossil fuel: 41.88%
hydro: 16.77%
nuclear: 28.82%
other: 12.53% (1999)
France:
fossil fuel: 9.69%
hydro: 14.39%
nuclear: 75.43%
other: 0.49% (1999)
French Guiana:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
French Polynesia:
fossil fuel: 51.16%
hydro: 48.84%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Gabon:
fossil fuel: 29.9%
hydro: 70.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Gambia, The:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Georgia:
fossil fuel: 20.38%
hydro: 79.62%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Germany:
fossil fuel: 63.29%
hydro: 3.59%
nuclear: 30.3%
other: 2.82% (1999)
Ghana:
fossil fuel: 26.82%
hydro: 73.18%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Gibraltar:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Greece:
fossil fuel: 89.6%
hydro: 9.72%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.68% (1999)
Greenland:
fossil fuel: 41%
hydro: 59%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%
note: Greenland is shifting its electricity production from fossil
fuel to hydroelectric power production (1999)
Grenada:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Guadeloupe:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Guam:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Guatemala:
fossil fuel: 38.31%
hydro: 61.69%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Guernsey:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Guinea:
fossil fuel: 46.67%
hydro: 53.33%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Guinea-Bissau:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Guyana:
fossil fuel: 98.9%
hydro: 1.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Haiti:
fossil fuel: 52.83%
hydro: 47.17%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Holy See (Vatican City):
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Honduras:
fossil fuel: 44.71%
hydro: 55.29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Hong Kong:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Hungary:
fossil fuel: 61.09%
hydro: 0.51%
nuclear: 38.4%
other: 0% (1999)
Iceland:
fossil fuel: 0.07%
hydro: 84.64%
nuclear: 0%
other: 15.29% (1999)
India:
fossil fuel: 79.41%
hydro: 17.77%
nuclear: 2.52%
other: 0.3% (1999)
Indonesia:
fossil fuel: 80.36%
hydro: 14.63%
nuclear: 0%
other: 5.01% (1999)
Iran:
fossil fuel: 93.16%
hydro: 6.84%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Iraq:
fossil fuel: 97.96%
hydro: 2.04%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Ireland:
fossil fuel: 94.42%
hydro: 4.23%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.35% (1999)
Israel:
fossil fuel: 99.89%
hydro: 0.11%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Italy:
fossil fuel: 79.09%
hydro: 18.08%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.83% (1999)
Jamaica:
fossil fuel: 92.28%
hydro: 1.36%
nuclear: 0%
other: 6.36% (1999)
Japan:
fossil fuel: 58.91%
hydro: 8.35%
nuclear: 30.31%
other: 2.43% (1999)
Jordan:
fossil fuel: 99.79%
hydro: 0.21%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Kazakhstan:
fossil fuel: 87.12%
hydro: 12.65%
nuclear: 0.23%
other: 0% (1999)
Kenya:
fossil fuel: 31%
hydro: 67%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2% (1999 est.)
Kiribati:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Korea, North:
fossil fuel: 34.62%
hydro: 65.38%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Korea, South:
fossil fuel: 59.22%
hydro: 1.64%
nuclear: 39.12%
other: 0.02% (1999)
Kuwait:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Kyrgyzstan:
fossil fuel: 6.67%
hydro: 93.33%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Laos:
fossil fuel: 2.78%
hydro: 97.22%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Latvia:
fossil fuel: 31.78%
hydro: 68.22%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Lebanon:
fossil fuel: 91.29%
hydro: 8.71%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Lesotho:
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Liberia:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Libya:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Liechtenstein:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Lithuania:
fossil fuel: 23.89%
hydro: 3.43%
nuclear: 72.68%
other: 0% (1999)
Luxembourg:
fossil fuel: 36.88%
hydro: 53.09%
nuclear: 0%
other: 10.03% (1999)
Macau:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
fossil fuel: 82.25%
hydro: 17.75%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Madagascar:
fossil fuel: 37.04%
hydro: 62.96%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Malawi:
fossil fuel: 2.44%
hydro: 97.56%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Malaysia:
fossil fuel: 91.61%
hydro: 8.39%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Maldives:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Mali:
fossil fuel: 44.94%
hydro: 55.06%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Malta:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Marshall Islands:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Martinique:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Mauritania:
fossil fuel: 82.78%
hydro: 17.22%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Mauritius:
fossil fuel: 91.27%
hydro: 8.73%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Mayotte:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Mexico:
fossil fuel: 74.12%
hydro: 17.75%
nuclear: 5.21%
other: 2.92% (1999)
Micronesia, Federated States of:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Moldova:
fossil fuel: 93.62%
hydro: 6.38%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Mongolia:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Montserrat:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Morocco:
fossil fuel: 89.19%
hydro: 10.81%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Mozambique:
fossil fuel: 13.04%
hydro: 86.96%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Namibia:
fossil fuel: 2%
hydro: 98%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Nauru:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Nepal:
fossil fuel: 9.56%
hydro: 90.44%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Netherlands:
fossil fuel: 90.25%
hydro: 0.11%
nuclear: 4.27%
other: 5.37% (1999)
Netherlands Antilles:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
New Caledonia:
fossil fuel: 78.95%
hydro: 21.05%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
New Zealand:
fossil fuel: 30.49%
hydro: 61.42%
nuclear: 0%
other: 8.09% (1999)
Nicaragua:
fossil fuel: 67.26%
hydro: 17.71%
nuclear: 0%
other: 15.03% (1999)
Niger:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Nigeria:
fossil fuel: 52.94%
hydro: 47.06%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Niue:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Norfolk Island:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Norway:
fossil fuel: 0.63%
hydro: 99.11%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.26% (1999)
Oman:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Pakistan:
fossil fuel: 63.38%
hydro: 36.51%
nuclear: 0.11%
other: 0% (1999)
Panama:
fossil fuel: 27.78%
hydro: 71.65%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.57% (1999)
Papua New Guinea:
fossil fuel: 54.95%
hydro: 45.05%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Paraguay:
fossil fuel: 0.07%
hydro: 99.79%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.15% (1999)
Peru:
fossil fuel: 23.04%
hydro: 76.43%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.53% (1999)
Philippines:
fossil fuel: 61.03%
hydro: 18.68%
nuclear: 0%
other: 20.29% (1999)
Poland:
fossil fuel: 96.43%
hydro: 3.16%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.41% (1999)
Portugal:
fossil fuel: 79.97%
hydro: 17.25%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.78% (1999)
Puerto Rico:
fossil fuel: 98.45%
hydro: 1.55%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Qatar:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Reunion:
fossil fuel: 54.55%
hydro: 45.45%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Romania:
fossil fuel: 53.99%
hydro: 36.18%
nuclear: 9.81%
other: 0.02% (1999)
Russia:
fossil fuel: 66.31%
hydro: 19.79%
nuclear: 13.9%
other: 0% (1999)
Rwanda:
fossil fuel: 3.03%
hydro: 96.97%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Saint Helena:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Saint Lucia:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
fossil fuel: 73.17%
hydro: 26.83%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Samoa:
fossil fuel: 60%
hydro: 40%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
San Marino:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Sao Tome and Principe:
fossil fuel: 41.18%
hydro: 58.82%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Saudi Arabia:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Senegal:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Seychelles:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Sierra Leone:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Singapore:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Slovakia:
fossil fuel: 37.56%
hydro: 18.27%
nuclear: 44.17%
other: 0% (1999)
Slovenia:
fossil fuel: 34.44%
hydro: 29.58%
nuclear: 35.98%
other: 0% (1999)
Solomon Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Somalia:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
South Africa:
fossil fuel: 92.74%
hydro: 0.39%
nuclear: 6.87%
other: 0% (1999)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Spain:
fossil fuel: 57.71%
hydro: 12.1%
nuclear: 28.28%
other: 1.91% (1999)
Sri Lanka:
fossil fuel: 29.9%
hydro: 70.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Sudan:
fossil fuel: 42.05%
hydro: 57.95%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Suriname:
fossil fuel: 25.92%
hydro: 74.08%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Svalbard:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Swaziland:
fossil fuel: 53.33%
hydro: 46.67%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Sweden:
fossil fuel: 5.53%
hydro: 47.24%
nuclear: 45.42%
other: 1.81% (1999)
Switzerland:
fossil fuel: 3.44%
hydro: 59.16%
nuclear: 35.43%
other: 1.97% (1999)
Syria:
fossil fuel: 57.64%
hydro: 42.36%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Tajikistan:
fossil fuel: 1.9%
hydro: 98.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Tanzania:
fossil fuel: 22.24%
hydro: 77.76%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Thailand:
fossil fuel: 91.17%
hydro: 3.81%
nuclear: 0%
other: 5.02% (1999)
Togo:
fossil fuel: 97.83%
hydro: 2.17%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Tokelau:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Tonga:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Trinidad and Tobago:
fossil fuel: 99.59%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.41% (1999)
Tunisia:
fossil fuel: 99.2%
hydro: 0.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Turkey:
fossil fuel: 71%
hydro: 29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan:
fossil fuel: 99.94%
hydro: 0.06%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Turks and Caicos Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Tuvalu:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Uganda:
fossil fuel: 0.98%
hydro: 99.02%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Ukraine:
fossil fuel: 47.67%
hydro: 9.65%
nuclear: 42.67%
other: 0.01% (1999)
United Arab Emirates:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
United Kingdom:
fossil fuel: 69.38%
hydro: 1.55%
nuclear: 26.68%
other: 2.39% (1999)
United States:
fossil fuel: 69.64%
hydro: 8.31%
nuclear: 19.8%
other: 2.25% (1999)
Uruguay:
fossil fuel: 3.86%
hydro: 95.44%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.7% (1999)
Uzbekistan:
fossil fuel: 86.4%
hydro: 13.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Vanuatu:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Venezuela:
fossil fuel: 32.16%
hydro: 67.84%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Vietnam:
fossil fuel: 47.71%
hydro: 52.29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Virgin Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Wallis and Futuna:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
West Bank:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Western Sahara:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
World:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Yemen:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Yugoslavia:
fossil fuel: 70%
hydro: 30%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Zambia:
fossil fuel: 0.55%
hydro: 99.45%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Zimbabwe:
fossil fuel: 69.98%
hydro: 30.02%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999)
Taiwan:
fossil fuel: 67.26%
hydro: 6.32%
nuclear: 26.42%
other: 0% (1999)
======================================================================
@Elevation extremes
Afghanistan:
lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m
Albania:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,753 m
Algeria:
lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m
highest point: Tahat 3,003 m
American Samoa:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Lata 966 m
Andorra:
lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m
highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m
Angola:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m
Anguilla:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m
Antarctica:
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m
highest point: Vinson Massif 5,140 m
note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the
Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet
discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under sea water
Antigua and Barbuda:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m
Arctic Ocean:
lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m
highest point: sea level 0 m
Argentina:
lowest point: Salinas Chicas -40 m (located on Peninsula
Valdes)
highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m
Armenia:
lowest point: Debed River 400 m
highest point: Aragats Lerr 4,095 m
Aruba:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Jamanota 188 m
Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 3 m
Atlantic Ocean:
lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico
Trench -8,605 m
highest point: sea level 0 m
Australia:
lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m
Austria:
lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m
highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m
Azerbaijan:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m
Bahamas, The:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Alvernia, on Cat Island 63 m
Bahrain:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m
Baker Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 8 m
Bangladesh:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m
Barbados:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Hillaby 336 m
Bassas da India:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 2.4 m
Belarus:
lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m
highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m
Belgium:
lowest point: North Sea 0 m
highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m
Belize:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Victoria Peak 1,160 m
Benin:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Sokbaro 658 m
Bermuda:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Town Hill 76 m
Bhutan:
lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m
highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m
Bolivia:
lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m
highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Botswana:
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers
513 m
highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
Bouvet Island:
lowest point: South Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Olav Peak 935 m
Brazil:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m
British Indian Ocean Territory:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m
British Virgin Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Sage 521 m
Brunei:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m
Bulgaria:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Musala 2,925 m
Burkina Faso:
lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m
highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m
Burma:
lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m
highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
Burundi:
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m
highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m
Cambodia:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Cameroon:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Fako 4,095 m
Canada:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
Cape Verde:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)
Cayman Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: The Bluff 43 m
Central African Republic:
lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m
highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m
Chad:
lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m
highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
Chile:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m
China:
lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)
Christmas Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Murray Hill 361 m
Clipperton Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Colombia:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m
note: nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation
Comoros:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Le Kartala 2,360 m
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley)
5,110 m
Congo, Republic of the:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m
Cook Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Te Manga 652 m
Coral Sea Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Cato Island 6 m
Costa Rica:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m
Cote d'Ivoire:
lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m
highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m
Croatia:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Dinara 1,830 m
Cuba:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m
Cyprus:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Olympus 1,951 m
Czech Republic:
lowest point: Elbe River 115 m
highest point: Snezka 1,602 m
Denmark:
lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m
highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m
Djibouti:
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m
highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m
Dominica:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Morne Diablatins 1,447 m
Dominican Republic:
lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m
highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m
Ecuador:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m
Egypt:
lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m
El Salvador:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro El Pital 2,730 m
Equatorial Guinea:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m
Eritrea:
lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75
m
highest point: Soira 3,018 m
Estonia:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m
Ethiopia:
lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m
highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m
Europa Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 24 m
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m
Faroe Islands:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m
Fiji:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m
Finland:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m
France:
lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m
highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m
French Guiana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Bellevue de l'Inini 851 m
French Polynesia:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Orohena 2,241 m
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Ross on Iles Kerguelen 1,850 m
Gabon:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m
Gambia, The:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 53 m
Gaza Strip:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda) 105 m
Georgia:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Mt'a Mqinvartsveri (Gora Kazbek) 5,048 m
Germany:
lowest point: Freepsum Lake -2 m
highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m
Ghana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m
Gibraltar:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m
Glorioso Islands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 12 m
Greece:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m
Greenland:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m
Grenada:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Saint Catherine 840 m
Guadeloupe:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Soufriere 1,467 m
Guam:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Lamlam 406 m
Guatemala:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan Tajumulco 4,211 m
Guernsey:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Sark 114 m
Guinea:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m
Guinea-Bissau:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the
country 300 m
Guyana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Roraima 2,835 m
Haiti:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
lowest point: Southern Ocean 0 m
highest point: Big Ben 2,745 m
Holy See (Vatican City):
lowest point: unnamed location 19 m
highest point: unnamed location 75 m
Honduras:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m
Hong Kong:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Tai Mo Shan 958 m
Howland Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 3 m
Hungary:
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
highest point: Kekes 1,014 m
Iceland:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m
India:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
Indian Ocean:
lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m
highest point: sea level 0 m
Indonesia:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Iran:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Qolleh-ye Damavand 5,671 m
Iraq:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Haji Ibrahim 3,600 m
Ireland:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Carrauntoohil 1,041 m
Israel:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Har Meron 1,208 m
Italy:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) 4,807 m
Jamaica:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m
Jan Mayen:
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg 2,277 m
Japan:
lowest point: Hachiro-gata -4 m
highest point: Fujiyama 3,776 m
Jarvis Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m
Jersey:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 143 m
Johnston Atoll:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Summit Peak 5 m
Jordan:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Jabal Ram 1,734 m
Juan de Nova Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 10 m
Kazakhstan:
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Kenya:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Kingman Reef:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 1 m
Kiribati:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Banaba 81 m
Korea, North:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m
Korea, South:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m
Kuwait:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 306 m
Kyrgyzstan:
lowest point: Kara-Darya 132 m
highest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m
Laos:
lowest point: Mekong River 70 m
highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m
Latvia:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Gaizinkalns 312 m
Lebanon:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m
Lesotho:
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers
1,400 m
highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m
Liberia:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Wuteve 1,380 m
Libya:
lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
Liechtenstein:
lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m
highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m
Lithuania:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Juozapines/Kalnas 292 m
Luxembourg:
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
Macau:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Coloane Alto 174 m
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
lowest point: Vardar
River 50 m
highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,753 m
Madagascar:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m
Malawi:
lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international
boundary with Mozambique 37 m
highest point: Sapitwa 3,002 m
Malaysia:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m
Maldives:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili island in the Addu
Atoll 2.4 m
Mali:
lowest point: Senegal River 23 m
highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
Malta:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)
Man, Isle of:
lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m
highest point: Snaefell 621 m
Marshall Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Likiep 10 m
Martinique:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Montagne Pelee 1,397 m
Mauritania:
lowest point: Sebkha de Ndrhamcha -3 m
highest point: Kediet Ijill 910 m
Mauritius:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Piton 828 m
Mayotte:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Benara 660 m
Mexico:
lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m
highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m
Micronesia, Federated States of:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Totolom 791 m
Midway Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 13 m
Moldova:
lowest point: Nistru (Dnister) River 2 m
highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m
Monaco:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Agel 140 m
Mongolia:
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
Montserrat:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills) 914 m
Morocco:
lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m
highest point: Jbel Toubkal 4,165 m
Mozambique:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m
Namibia:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m
Nauru:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location along plateau rim 61 m
Navassa Island:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on southwest side 77 m
Nepal:
lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)
Netherlands:
lowest point: Prins Alexanderpolder -7 m
highest point: Vaalserberg 321 m
Netherlands Antilles:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Scenery 862 m
New Caledonia:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m
New Zealand:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Cook 3,764 m
Nicaragua:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m
Niger:
lowest point: Niger River 200 m
highest point: Mont Greboun 1,944 m
Nigeria:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m
Niue:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location near Mutalau settlement 68 m
Norfolk Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Bates 319 m
Northern Mariana Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Agrihan 965 m
Norway:
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m
Oman:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m
Pacific Ocean:
lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench
-10,924 m
highest point: sea level 0 m
Pakistan:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m
Palau:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Ngerchelchauus 242 m
Palmyra Atoll:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 2 m
Panama:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m
Papua New Guinea:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m
Paracel Islands:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m
Paraguay:
lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m
highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m
Peru:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Philippines:
lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m
Pitcairn Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m
Poland:
lowest point: Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
highest point: Rysy 2,499 m
Portugal:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in
the Azores 2,351 m
Puerto Rico:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m
Qatar:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m
Reunion:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m
Romania:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Russia:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m
Rwanda:
lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
Saint Helena:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 2,060 m
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m
Saint Lucia:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Gimie 950 m
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Soufriere 1,234 m
Samoa:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mauga Silisili 1,857 m
San Marino:
lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
highest point: Monte Titano 755 m
Sao Tome and Principe:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m
Saudi Arabia:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m
Senegal:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m
Seychelles:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m
Sierra Leone:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m
Singapore:
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m
highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m
Slovakia:
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m
Slovenia:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Triglav 2,864 m
Solomon Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Makarakomburu 2,447 m
Somalia:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m
South Africa:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m
Southern Ocean:
lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the
South Sandwich Trench
highest point: sea level 0 m
Spain:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m
Spratly Islands:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m
Sri Lanka:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m
Sudan:
lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m
Suriname:
lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m
highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m
Svalbard:
lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m
Swaziland:
lowest point: Great Usutu River 21 m
highest point: Emlembe 1,862 m
Sweden:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m
Switzerland:
lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m
highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m
Syria:
lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m
highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m
Tajikistan:
lowest point: Syrdariya 300 m
highest point: Pik Imeni Ismail Samani 7,495 m
Tanzania:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m
Thailand:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m
Togo:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Agou 986 m
Tokelau:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Tonga:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Trinidad and Tobago:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m
Tromelin Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m
Tunisia:
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Turkey:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m
Turkmenistan:
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81.00 m; note -
Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water
level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina
Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
Turks and Caicos Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Hills 49 m
Tuvalu:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Uganda:
lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m
highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m
Ukraine:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
United Arab Emirates:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m
United Kingdom:
lowest point: Fenland -4 m
highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m
United States:
lowest point: Death Valley -86 m
highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m
Uruguay:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m
Uzbekistan:
lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m
Vanuatu:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Tabwemasana 1,877 m
Venezuela:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m
Vietnam:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Ngoc Linh 3,143 m
Virgin Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Crown Mountain 474 m
Wake Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 6 m
Wallis and Futuna:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Singavi 765 m
West Bank:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Tall Asur 1,022 m
Western Sahara:
lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m
highest point: unnamed location 463 m
World:
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)
Yemen:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m
Yugoslavia:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Zambia:
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m
highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m
Zimbabwe:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m
Taiwan:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Yu Shan 3,997 m
======================================================================
@Environment - current issues
Afghanistan:
soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of
the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building
materials); desertification
Albania:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from
industrial and domestic effluents
Algeria:
soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming
practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum
refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the
pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in
particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and
fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water
American Samoa:
limited natural fresh water resources; the water
division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past
few years to improve water catchments and pipelines
Andorra:
deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes
to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste
disposal
Angola:
overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable
to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical
rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical
timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of
biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and
siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water
Anguilla:
supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing
demand largely because of poor distribution system
Antarctica:
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic
ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square
kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet
light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an
antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown
to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants
Antigua and Barbuda:
water management - a major concern because of
limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the
clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to
run off quickly
Arctic Ocean:
endangered marine species include walruses and whales;
fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from
disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack
Argentina:
environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an
industrializing economy such as soil degradation, desertification,
air pollution, and water pollution
note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse
gas targets
Armenia:
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; energy
blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to
deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of
Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake
Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens
drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant
without adequate (IAEA-recommended) safety and backup systems
Aruba:
NA
Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
NA
Atlantic Ocean:
endangered marine species include the manatee,
seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is
hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to
international disputes; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US,
southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean
Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North
Sea; industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea,
North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea
Australia:
soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due
to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for
agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique
animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural fresh water resources
Austria:
some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air
pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power
stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria
between northern and southern Europe
Azerbaijan:
local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi
(Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian
Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because
of severe air, water, and soil pollution; soil pollution results
from the use of DDT as a pesticide and also from toxic defoliants
used in the production of cotton
Bahamas, The:
coral reef decay; solid waste disposal
Bahrain:
desertification resulting from the degradation of limited
arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal
degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)
resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,
oil refineries, and distribution stations; no natural fresh water
resources so that groundwater and sea water are the only sources for
all water needs
Baker Island:
no natural fresh water resources
Bangladesh:
many people are landless and forced to live on and
cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in
surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results
from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by
naturally-occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of
falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the
country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe
overpopulation
Barbados:
pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships;
soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination
of aquifers
Bassas da India:
NA
Belarus:
soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the
country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident
at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine
Belgium:
the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human
activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,
intense animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water
pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;
uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now
resolved) have impeded progress in tackling environmental challenges
Belize:
deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial
effluents, agricultural runoff; solid waste disposal
Benin:
inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens
wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification
Bermuda:
asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open
space
Bhutan:
soil erosion; limited access to potable water
Bolivia:
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the
international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
air pollution from metallurgical plants;
sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and
destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife
Botswana:
overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources
Bouvet Island:
NA
Brazil:
deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and
endangers the existence of a multitude of plant and animal species
indigenous to the area; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro,
Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and
water pollution caused by improper mining activities
note: President CARDOSO in September 1999 signed into force an
environmental crime bill which for the first time defines pollution
and deforestation as crimes punishable by stiff fines and jail
sentences
British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA
British Virgin Islands:
limited natural fresh water resources
(except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of
the islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchment)
Brunei:
seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
Bulgaria:
air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted
from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest
damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil
contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and
industrial wastes
Burkina Faso:
recent droughts and desertification severely affecting
agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy;
overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation
Burma:
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;
inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
Burundi:
soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion
of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested
land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel);
habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Cambodia:
illegal logging activities throughout the country and
strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with
Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity
(in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural
fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the
population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste
delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville)
in December 1998
Cameroon:
water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;
overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing
Canada:
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting
lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities,
and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest
productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to
agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
Cape Verde:
overgrazing of livestock and improper land use such as
the cultivation of crops on steep slopes has led to soil erosion;
demand for wood used as fuel has resulted in deforestation;
desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species
of birds and reptiles; overfishing
Cayman Islands:
no natural fresh water resources; drinking water
supplies must be met by rainwater catchment
Central African Republic:
tap water is not potable; poaching has
diminished its reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges;
desertification; deforestation
Chad:
inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal
in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;
desertification
Chile:
air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage
China:
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)
from reliance on coal, produces acid rain; water shortages,
particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;
deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land
since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;
desertification; trade in endangered species
Christmas Island:
NA
Clipperton Island:
NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
fresh water resources are limited to
rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs
Colombia:
deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; air
pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions
Comoros:
soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation
on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
poaching threatens wildlife
populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees who arrived in
mid-1994 were responsible for significant deforestation, soil
erosion, and wildlife poaching in the eastern part of the country
(most of those refugees were repatriated in November and December
1996)
Congo, Republic of the:
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water
pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable;
deforestation
Cook Islands:
NA
Coral Sea Islands:
no permanent fresh water resources
Costa Rica:
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of
the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil
erosion; water pollution (rivers); coastal marine pollution;
wetlands degradation; fisheries protection; solid waste management;
air pollution
Cote d'Ivoire:
deforestation (most of the country's forests - once
the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water
pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents
Croatia:
air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting
acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial
and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of
infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife
Cuba:
pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting threatens wildlife
populations; deforestation
Cyprus:
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments,
seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's
largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution
from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of
wildlife habitats from urbanization
Czech Republic:
air and water pollution in areas of northwest
Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks;
acid rain damaging forests
Denmark:
air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant
emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;
drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and
pesticides
Djibouti:
inadequate supplies of potable water; desertification
Dominica:
NA
Dominican Republic:
water shortages; soil eroding into the sea
damages coral reefs; deforestation; Hurricane Georges damage
Ecuador:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water
pollution; pollution from oil production wastes
Egypt:
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown
sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and
marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,
raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh
water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water
source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources
El Salvador:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution;
contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes; Hurricane
Mitch damage
Equatorial Guinea:
tap water is not potable; desertification
Eritrea:
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing;
loss of infrastructure from civil warfare
Estonia:
air heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale
burning power plants in northeast; contamination of soil and
groundwater with petroleum products, chemicals at former Soviet
military bases; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade
lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas are heavily
affected by organic waste; coastal sea water is polluted in many
locations
Ethiopia:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Europa Island:
NA
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
NA
Faroe Islands:
NA
Fiji:
deforestation; soil erosion
Finland:
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants
contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes,
agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
France:
some forest damage from acid rain (major forest damage
occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air
pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution
from urban wastes, agricultural runoff
French Guiana:
NA
French Polynesia:
NA
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
NA
Gabon:
deforestation; poaching
Gambia, The:
deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases
prevalent
Gaza Strip:
desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage
treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation
Georgia:
air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of
Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable
water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals
Germany:
emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries
contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur
dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea
from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern
Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government currently attempting
to define mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power; government
working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas
in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive
Ghana:
recent drought in north severely affecting agricultural
activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and
habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;
inadequate supplies of potable water
Gibraltar:
limited natural freshwater resources; large concrete or
natural rock water catchments collect rainwater
Glorioso Islands:
NA
Greece:
air pollution; water pollution
Greenland:
protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the
Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting
Grenada:
NA
Guadeloupe:
NA
Guam:
extirpation of native bird population by the rapid
proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic species
Guatemala:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; Hurricane
Mitch damage
Guernsey:
NA
Guinea:
deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;
desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,
overpopulation in forest region
Guinea-Bissau:
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing
Guyana:
water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial
chemicals; deforestation
Haiti:
extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land
is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;
inadequate supplies of potable water
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
NA
Holy See (Vatican City):
NA
Honduras:
urban population expanding; deforestation results from
logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further
land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled
development and improper land use practices such as farming of
marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the
country's largest source of fresh water) as well as several rivers
and streams with heavy metals; severe Hurricane Mitch damage
Hong Kong:
air and water pollution from rapid urbanization
Howland Island:
no natural fresh water resources
Hungary:
the approximation of Hungary's standards in waste
management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution
with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large
investments
Iceland:
water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate
wastewater treatment
India:
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification;
air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap
water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing
population is overstraining natural resources
Indian Ocean:
endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
and Red Sea
Indonesia:
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest
fires
Iran:
air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle
emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the
Persian Gulf; inadequate supplies of potable water
Iraq:
government water control projects have drained most of the
inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting
the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Shi'a
Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has
been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat
poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate
supplies of potable water; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers
system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air
and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion;
desertification
Ireland:
water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural
runoff
Israel:
limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose
serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial
and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and
domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides
Italy:
air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur
dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and
agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate
industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities