Brunei:

chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL

Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief

of state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah

(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of

state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over

by the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a

Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on

religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the

monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of

Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the

succession to the throne if the need arises

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Bulgaria:

chief of state: President Petar STOYANOV (since 22

January 1997); Vice President Todor KAVALDZHIEV (since 22 January

1997)

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime

Minister) Ivan KOSTOV (since 19 May 1997); Deputy Prime Minister

Petur ZHOTEV (since 21 December 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 October

and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); chairman of the

Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president;

deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister

election results: Petar STOYANOV elected president; percent of vote

- Petar STOYANOV 59.73%

Burkina Faso:

chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15

October 1987)

head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6

November 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

the president may serve unlimited terms; election last held 15

November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by

the president with the consent of the legislature

election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5%

percent of the vote, 56% of voter turnout

note: President COMPAORE faces an increasingly well-coordinated

opposition; recent charges against a former member of his

Presidential Guard in the 1998 assassination of a newspaper editor

signify an attempt to defuse chronic areas of dissatisfaction

Burma:

chief of state: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State

Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992);

note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace

and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note -

the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military

junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18

September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration

Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet

elections: none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignation

of the former prime minister

Burundi:

chief of state: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president

since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First

Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second

Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the

president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president

since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First

Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second

Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the

president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president

elections: NA; current president assumed power following a coup on

25 July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown

Cambodia:

chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24

September 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;

prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence

by the National Assembly

Cameroon:

chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November

1982)

head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19

September 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals

submitted by the Prime Minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 12 October 1997 (next to be held NA October

2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -

Paul BIYA 92.6%; note - supporters of the opposition candidates

boycotted the elections, making a comparison of vote shares

relatively meaningless

Canada:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),

represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October

1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November

1993)

cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among

the members of his own party sitting in Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a

five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the

majority party in the House of Commons is automatically designated

by the governor general to become prime minister

Cape Verde:

chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March

2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since

1 February 1991)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the prime minister from among the members of the

National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA

February 2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly

and appointed by the president

election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote -

Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note: the

election was won by only twelve votes

Cayman Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952); Governor and President of the Executive Council

Peter SMITH (since 5 May 1999)

head of government: Kurt TIBBETTS (since November 2000)

cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the

governor, four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is

appointed by the monarch

Central African Republic:

chief of state: President Ange-Felix

PATASSE (since 22 October 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Martin ZIGUELE (since 1 April

2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 19 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2005);

prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ange-Felix PATASSE reelected president; percent

of vote - Ange-Felix PATASSE 51.63%, Andre KOLINGBA 19.38%, David

DACKO 11.15%

Chad:

chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4

December 1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13

December 1999)

cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on

the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year

term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the

two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second

round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);

prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent

of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh

KEBZABO 7%

note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD

Chile:

chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11

March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March

2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16

January 2000 (next to be held NA December 2005)

election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent

of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%

China:

chief of state: President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)

and Vice President HU Jintao (since 16 March 1998)

head of government: Premier ZHU Rongji (since 18 March 1998); Vice

Premiers QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993), LI Lanqing (29 March

1993), WU Bangguo (since 17 March 1995), and WEN Jiabao (since 18

March 1998)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress

(NPC)

elections: president and vice president elected by the National

People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 16-18

March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); premier nominated by the

president, confirmed by the National People's Congress

election results: JIANG Zemin reelected president by the Ninth

National People's Congress with a total of 2,882 votes (36 delegates

voted against him, 29 abstained, and 32 did not vote); HU Jintao

elected vice president by the Ninth National People's Congress with

a total of 2,841 votes (67 delegates voted against him, 39

abstained, and 32 did not vote)

Christmas Island:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general

head of government: Administrator William Leonard TAYLOR (since 4

February 1999)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed

by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and

Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since

6 February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general

head of government: Administrator (non-resident) William Leonard

TAYLOR (since 4 February 1999)

cabinet: NA

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed

by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and

Australia

Colombia:

chief of state: President Andres PASTRANA (since 7 August

1998); Vice President Gustavo BELL Lemus (since 7 August 1998); note

- the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Andres PASTRANA (since 7 August

1998); Vice President Gustavo BELL Lemus (since 7 August 1998); note

- the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two

dominant parties - the PL and PSC - and independents

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002); vice

president elected by popular vote for a four-year term in a new

procedure that replaces the traditional designation of vice

presidents by newly elected presidents; election last held 31 May

1998 (next to be held NA May 2002)

election results: no candidate received more than 50% of the total

vote, therefore, a run-off election to select a president from the

two leading candidates was held 21 June 1998; Andres PASTRANA

elected president; percent of vote - 50.3%; Gustavo BELL elected

vice president; percent of vote - 50.3%

Comoros:

chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 6 May

1999); note - the interim government of President Tajiddine Ben Said

MASSOUNDE, which had assumed power on 6 November 1998 upon the death

of President Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim, was overthrown in a bloodless

coup on 30 April 1999

head of government: Prime Minister Hamada MADI (since late November

2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 6 and 16 March 1996 (next to be held NA); prime

minister appointed by the president

note: President AZALI claimed a one-year term at the time of the

coup; but elections, promised for spring 2000, were not held

election results: results of the last presidential election before

the coup were: Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim elected president; percent of

vote - 64.3%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:

chief of state: Joseph KABILA

(since 26 January 2001); note - the president succeeded his father

Laurent Desire KABILA after his assassination on 16 January 2001; as

president he is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note -

the president succeeded his father Laurent Desire KABILA after his

assassination on 16 January 2001; as president he is both chief of

state and head of government

cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president

elections: before Laurent Desire KABILA seized power, the president

was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last

held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997);

formerly, the prime minister was elected by the High Council of the

Republic; note - elections were not held in 1991 as called for by

the constitution

election results: results of the last election were: MOBUTU Sese

Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga reelected president in 1984 without

opposition

note: Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga was

president from 24 November 1965 until forced into exile on 16 May

1997 when his government was overthrown militarily by Laurent Desire

KABILA, who immediately assumed governing authority; KABILA pledged

to hold elections by April 1999, but in December 1998 announced that

elections would be postponed until all foreign military forces

attempting to topple the government had withdrawn from the country;

KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and was succeeded by his son

Joseph KABILA

Congo, Republic of the:

chief of state: President Denis

SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in

which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25

October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected

president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief

of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 16 August 1992 (next was to be held 27 July 1997

but will be delayed for several years pending the drafting of a new

constitution)

election results: Pascal LISSOUBA elected president in 1992;

percent of vote - Pascal LISSOUBA 61.3%, Bernard KOLELAS 38.7%; note

- LISSOUBA was deposed in 1997, replaced by Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO

Cook Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Apenera SHORT (since NA); New Zealand High

Commissioner Jon JONESSEN (since NA January 1998), representative of

New Zealand

head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Terepai MAOATE (since 18

November 1999); Deputy Prime Minister Norman GEORGE (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively

responsible to Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative

is appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is

appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative

elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats usually

becomes prime minister

note: ten years of rule by the Cook Islands Party (CIP) came to an

end 18 November 1999 with the resignation of Prime Minister Joe

WILLIAMS; WILLIAMS had led a minority government since October 1999

when the New Alliance Party (NAP) left the government coalition and

joined the main opposition Democratic Alliance Party (DAP); on 18

November 1999, DAP leader Dr. Terepai MAOATE was sworn in as prime

minister

Coral Sea Islands:

administered from Canberra by the Department of

the Environment, Sport, and Territories

Costa Rica:

chief of state: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since

8 May 1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May

1998), Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito (since 8 May

1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since 8 May

1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May 1998),

Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito (since 8 May 1998); note

- president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president

elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 1 February

1998 (next to be held 3 February 2002)

election results: Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ elected president; percent

of vote - Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (PUSC) 46.6%, Jose Miguel CORRALES

(PLN) 44.6%

Cote d'Ivoire:

chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26

October 2000); note - took power following a popular overthrow of

the interim leader Gen. Robert GUEI who had claimed a dubious

victory in presidential elections; Gen. GUEI himself had assumed

power on 25 December 1999, following a military coup against the

government of former President Henri Konan BEDIE

head of government: Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and

Development Affi N'GUESSAN (since 27 October 2000) appointed by the

president

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 26 October 2000 (next is scheduled to be held NA

2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote

- Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other

2.2%

Croatia:

chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18

February 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Ivica RACAN (since 27 January

2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Goran GRANIC (since 27 January 2000),

Zeljka ANTUNOVIC (since 27 January 2000), Slavko LINIC (since 27

January 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and

approved by the House of Representatives

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 7 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime

minister nominated by the president in line with the balance of

power in the Assembly

election results: Stjepan MESIC elected president; percent of vote

- Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 56%, Drazen BUDISA (HSLS) 44%

note: government coalition - SDP, HSLS, HSS, LP, HNS, IDS

Cuba:

chief of state: President of the Council of State and

President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime

minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was

abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of

the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of

Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President of the Council of State and President

of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from

February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;

president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the

Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of

Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the

Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly; note - there

is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National

Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected by the National

Assembly; election last held 24 February 1998 (next election

unscheduled)

election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent of

legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;

percent of legislative vote - 100%

Cyprus:

chief of state: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28

February 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant;

under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish

Cypriot

head of government: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28 February

1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the

1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president

and vice president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 15 February 1998 (next to be held NA February

2003)

election results: Glafcos CLERIDES reelected president; percent of

vote - Glafcos CLERIDES 50.8%, George IAKOVOU 49.2%

note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of the Turkish Cypriot

area since 13 February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for

a five-year term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be

held NA April 2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president

after the other contender withdrew; Dervis EROGLU has been "prime

minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 16 August 1996; there is

a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area

Czech Republic:

chief of state: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 2

February 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Milos ZEMAN (since 17 July

1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Vladimir SPIDLA (since 22 July 1998),

Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 22 July 1998), Jan KAVAN (since 8 December

1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation

of the prime minister

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;

election last held 20 January 1998 (next to be held NA January

2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vaclav HAVEL reelected president; Vaclav HAVEL

received 47 of 81 votes in the Senate and 99 out of 200 votes in the

Chamber of Deputies (second round of voting)

Denmark:

chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January

1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch

(born 26 May 1968)

head of government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since 25

January 1993)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by

Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

appointed by the monarch

Djibouti:

chief of state: President GUELLEH Ismail Omar (since 8

May 1999);

head of government: Prime Minister DILLEITA Mohamed Dilleita (since

4 March 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime

minister appointed by the president

election results: GUELLEH Ismail Omar elected president; percent of

vote - GUELLEH Ismail Omar 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%

Dominica:

chief of state: President Vernon Lordon SHAW (since 6

October 1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Pierre CHARLES (since 1 October

2000); note - assumed post after death of Roosevelt DOUGLAS

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the

prime minister

elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a

five-year term; election last held 6 October 1998 (next to be held

NA October 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vernon Lordon SHAW elected president; percent of

legislative vote - NA%

Dominican Republic:

chief of state: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA

Dominguez (since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros

ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16 August 2000); note - the president is both the

chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez

(since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros ORTIZ-BOSCH (since

16 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year term; election last held 16 May 2000

(next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: Raphael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez elected

president; percent of vote - Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (PRD)

49.87%, Danilo MEDINA (PLD) 24.95%, Joaquin BALAGUER (PRSC) 24.6%

Ecuador:

chief of state: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22

January 2000) selected president following coup that deposed

President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28

January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of

candidates submitted by President NABOA; note - the president is

both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22

January 2000) selected president following coup that deposed

President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28

January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of

candidates submitted by President NABOA; note - the president is

both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year term (no reelection); election last

held 31 May 1998; runoff election held 12 July 1998 (next to be held

NA 2002)

election results: results of the last election prior to the coup

were: Jamil MAHUAD elected president; percent of vote - 51%

note: a military-indigenous coup toppled democratically elected

President Jamil MAHAUD on 21 January 2000; the military quickly

handed power over to Vice President Gustavo NOBOA on 22 January;

National Congress then elected a new vice president from a slate of

candidates submitted by NOBOA; the new administration is scheduled

to complete the remainder of MAHAUD's term, due to expire in January

2003

Egypt:

chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14

October 1981)

head of government: Prime Minister Atef OBEID (since 5 October 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a

six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national,

popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999

(next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the

president

election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's

nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term

El Salvador:

chief of state: President Francisco FLORES Perez

(since 1 June 1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt

(since 1 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state

and head of government

head of government: President Francisco FLORES Perez (since 1 June

1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt (since 1 June

1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: cabinet selected by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 7 March 1999

(next to be held NA March 2004)

election results: Francisco FLORES Perez elected president; percent

of vote - Francisco FLORES (ARENA) 52%, Facundo GUARDADO (FMLN) 29%,

Ruben ZAMORA (CDU) 7.5%, other (no individual above 3%) 11.5%

Equatorial Guinea:

chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.)

Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized

power in a military coup)

head of government: Prime Minister Candido Muatetema RIVAS (since

26 February 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG

(since NA January 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Demetrio Elo NDONG

NZE FUMU (since NA January 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote to a seven-year term;

election last held 25 February 1996 (next to be held NA February

2003); prime minister and vice prime ministers appointed by the

president

election results: President Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected

with 98% of popular vote in elections marred by widespread fraud

Eritrea:

chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June

1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly

head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly

cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority

elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election

last held 8 June 1993 (next tentatively scheduled for December 2001)

election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of

National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%

Estonia:

chief of state: President Lennart MERI (since 5 October

1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since 29 March 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,

approved by Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if

he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds

of balloting, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus

members of local governments) elects the president, choosing between

the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes; election

last held August-September 1996 (next to be held in the fall of

2001); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by

Parliament

election results: Lennart MERI reelected president by an electoral

assembly after Parliament was unable to break a deadlock between

MERI and RUUTEL; percent of electoral assembly vote - Lennart MERI

61%, Arnold RUUTEL 39%

Ethiopia:

chief of state: President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August

1995)

head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August

1995)

cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994

constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and

approved by the House of People's Representatives

elections: president elected by the House of People's

Representatives for a six-year term; election last held NA June 1995

(next to be held NA May 2001); prime minister designated by the

party in power following legislative elections

election results: NEGASSO Gidada elected president; percent of vote

by the House of People's Representatives - NA%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH

II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Governor Donald LAMONT (since NA May 1999);

Chief Executive A. M. GURR (since NA); Financial Secretary D. F.

HOWATT (since NA)

cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the

Legislative Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the

financial secretary), and the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch

Faroe Islands:

chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since

14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Ms. Vibeke

LARSEN, chief administrative officer (since NA)

head of government: Prime Minister Anfinn KALLSBERG (since 15 May

1998)

cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed

by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the

party that wins the most seats is usually elected prime minister by

the Faroese Parliament; election last held 30 April 1998 (next to be

held no later than April 2002)

election results: Anfinn KALLSBERG elected prime minister; percent

of parliamentary vote - 52.8%

note: coalition of People's Party, Republican Party and Home Rule

Party

Fiji:

note: armed ethnic Fijian terrorists, led by George SPEIGHT

stormed the Parliament building on 19 May 2000; ethnic Indo-Fijian

Prime Minister Mahendra CHAUDHRY and his government were held

hostage for 56 days; following the attempted coup, the Commander of

the Fiji Military Forces, naval Commodore Frank BAINIMARAMA declared

martial law and dissolved the government on 29 May 2000; an interim

government, headed by interim Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE, was

appointed to serve until a new constitution was initiated and

subsequent elections held; in November 2000, Fiji's High Court

upheld the 1997 constitution and ruled that Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA

remained the president; Justice Anthony GATES concluded that MARA

should recall the pre-May 19th Parliament and appoint a prime

minister to form a new government; the Fiji Court of Appeals upheld

GATES' decision on 1 March 2001; it ruled that the 1997 constitution

had not been abrogated, Parliament had not been dissolved, only

prorogued for six months, and that the presidency remained vacant

since MARA's resignation took effect 15 December 2000; President

Ratu Josefa ILOILO reinstated QARASE's interim government as the

caretaker government and elections were scheduled for August 2001;

approximately 23 fluid political parties are currently jockeying for

power

chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILO (since NA 2000); Vice

President Jope SENILOLI (since NA 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since NA 2000);

Deputy Prime Minister Epeli NAILATIKAU (since NA 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the

members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note -there

is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters

of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs which consists

of the highest ranking members of the traditional chiefly system

elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a

five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILO elected president by the Great

Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%

Finland:

chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March

2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Paavo LIPPONEN (since 13 April

1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sauli NIINISTO (since 13 April 1995)

cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the

president, responsible to Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 6 February 2000 (next to be held NA February

2006); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed from the

majority party by the president after parliamentary elections

election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote

- Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esco AHO (Kesk) 48.4%

note: government coalition - SDP, Kok, Leftist Alliance (People's

Democratic Union and Democratic Alternative), SFP, and Green Union

France:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

suggestion of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May

2002); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly majority

and appointed by the president

election results: Jacques CHIRAC elected president; percent of

vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 52.64%, Lionel JOSPIN

(PS) 47.36%

French Guiana:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France

(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Dominique VIAN (since NA

January 1997)

head of government: President of the General Council Andre LECANTE

(since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council Antoine

KARAM (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the

advice of the French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General

and Regional Councils are appointed by the members of those councils

French Polynesia:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of

France (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner of the

Republic Paul RONCIERE (since NA 1994)

head of government: President of the Territorial Government of

French Polynesia Gaston FLOSSE (since 4 April 1991); President of

the Territorial Assembly Justin ARAPARI (since 13 May 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members

of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as

ministers

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president

on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the

Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly

are elected by the members of the assembly

Gabon:

chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2

December 1967)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE

(since 23 January 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in

consultation with the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime

minister appointed by the president

election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent

of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr.

Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%

Gambia, The:

chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since

18 October 1996); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March

1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18

October 1996); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March

1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet is appointed by the president

elections: the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year

term; the number of terms is not restricted; election last held 26

September 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001)

election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH elected president; percent

of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 55.8%, Ousainou DARBOE 35.8%

Georgia:

chief of state: President Eduard Amvrosiyevich

SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council

10 March 1992; Council has since been disbanded; previously elected

chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; president since 26 November

1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE

(previously elected chairman of the Government Council 10 March

1992; Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman

of Parliament 11 October 1992; president since 26 November 1995);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: Eduard SHEVARDNADZE reelected president; percent

of vote - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 80%

Germany:

chief of state: President Johannes RAU (since 1 July 1999)

head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October

1998)

cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by

the president on the recommendation of the chancellor

elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal

Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an

equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election

last held 23 May 1999 (next to be held 23 May 2004); chancellor

elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a

four-year term; election last held 27 September 1998 (next to be

held in the fall of 2002)

election results: Johannes RAU elected president; percent of

Federal Convention vote - 57.6%; Gerhard SCHROEDER elected

chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly - 52.7%

Ghana:

chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7

January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January

2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January

2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject

to approval by Parliament

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 and 28

December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)

election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR elected president in runoff;

percent of vote - John KUFUOR 56.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.6%

Gibraltar:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief David DURIE

(since 5 April 2000); note - DURIE was appointed in February 2000

but took office in April 2000

head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected

members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation

with the chief minister; note - there is also a Gibraltar Council

that advises the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor

Greece:

chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis)

STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19

January 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation

of the prime minister

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;

election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by NA March

2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president;

percent of Parliament vote - 90%

Greenland:

chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14

January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Gunnar MARTENS

(since NA 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Jonathan MOTZFELDT (since 19

September 1997)

cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the Parliament

(Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed

by the monarch; prime minister is elected by Parliament (usually the

leader of the majority party); election last held 16 February 1999

(next to be held NA February 2003)

election results: Jonathan MOTZFELDT reelected prime minister

following the 16 February 1999 elections; percent of parliamentary

vote - 57.3%

note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA)

Grenada:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9

August 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June

1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor

general from among the members of the House of Assembly

Guadeloupe:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France

(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Jean FEDINI (since NA

1996)

head of government: President of the General Council Marcellin

LUBETH (since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council

Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the

advice of the French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the

General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those

councils

election results: NA

Guam:

chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20

January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January

2001)

head of government: Governor Carl GUTIERREZ (since 8 November 1994)

and Lieutenant Governor Madeleine BORDALLO (since 8 November 1994)

cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor

with the consent of the Guam legislature

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same

ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor

elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms;

election last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: Carl GUTIERREZ reelected governor; percent of

vote - Carl GUTIERREZ (Democrat) 53.2%, Joseph ADA (Republican) 46.8%

Guatemala:

chief of state: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO

Cabrera (since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES

Lopez (since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the

chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera

(since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES Lopez

(since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of

state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 7 November 1999; runoff held 26 December 1999

(next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera elected

president; percent of vote - Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (FRG)

68%, Oscar BERGER Perdomo (PAN) 32%

Guernsey:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt.

Gen. Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000) and Bailiff De Vic G. CAREY

(since NA)

cabinet: Advisory and Finance Committee appointed by the Assembly

of the States

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor

appointed by the monarch; bailiff appointed by the monarch

Guinea:

chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military

government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Lamine SIDIME (since 8 March

1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected

president; election last held 14 December 1998 (next to be held NA

December 2003); the prime minister is appointed by the president

election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of

vote - Lansana CONTE (PUP) 56.1%, Mamadou Boye BA (UNR-PRP) 24.6%,

Alpha CONDE (RPG) 16.6%,

Guinea-Bissau:

chief of state: President Koumba YALLA (since 18

February 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Faustino IMBALI (since 20 March

2001)

cabinet: NA

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be

held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president after

consultation with party leaders in the legislature

election results: Koumba YALLA elected president; percent of vote,

second ballot - Koumba YALLA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%

Guyana:

chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August

1999); note - assumed presidency after resignation of President JAGAN

head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since NA December

1997)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president,

responsible to the legislature

elections: president elected by the majority party in the National

Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at

least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to

be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of

legislative vote - NA%

Haiti:

chief of state: President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7

February 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Marie CHERESTAL (since 9

February 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with

the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime

minister appointed by the president, ratified by the Congress

election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent

of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%

Holy See (Vatican City):

chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (since

16 October 1978)

head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO

(since 2 December 1990)

cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope

elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals;

election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death

of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope

election results: Karol WOJTYLA elected pope

Honduras:

chief of state: President Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse

(since 27 January 1998); note - the president is both the chief of

state and head of government; First Vice President William HANDAL

(since NA); Second Vice President Gladys CABALLERO de Arevalo (since

NA); Third Vice President Hector Vidal CERRATO Hernandez (since NA)

head of government: President Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (since

27 January 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state

and head of government; First Vice President William HANDAL (since

NA); Second Vice President Gladys CABALLERO de Arevalo (since NA);

Third Vice President Hector Vidal CERRATO Hernandez (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 30 November 1997 (next to be held 25 November

2001)

election results: Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse elected president;

percent of vote - Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (PL) 50%, Nora de

MELGAR (PN) 40%, other 10%

Hong Kong:

chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27

March 1993)

head of government: Chief Executive TUNG Chee-hwa (since 1 July

1997)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex-officio members and

10 appointed members; ex-officio members are: Chief Secretary Anson

CHAN (since 29 November 1993), Financial Secretary Donald TSANG

(since 7 March 1995), and Secretary of Justice Elsie LEUNG (since 1

July 1997)

elections: NA

Hungary:

chief of state: Ferenc MADL (since NA August 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 6 July 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on

the recommendation of the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a

five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by

June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the

recommendation of the president

election results: Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of

legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round

of voting); Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister; percent of

legislative vote - NA%

note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of

legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the

third round

Iceland:

chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1

August 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April

1991)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by

Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA June 2004);

President GRIMSSON ran unopposed in June 2000 so there were no

elections; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president;

President GRIMSSON ran unopposed

India:

chief of state: President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 25

July 1997); Vice President Krishnan KANT (since 21 August 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Atal Behari VAJPAYEE (since 19

March 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of

elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of

the states for a five-year term; election last held 14 July 1997

(next to be held NA July 2002); vice president elected by both

houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 16

August 1997 (next to be held NA August 2002); prime minister elected

by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative

elections; election last held NA October 1999 (next to be held NA

October 2004)

election results: Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN elected president;

percent of electoral college vote - NA%; Krishnan KANT elected vice

president; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; Atal Behari VAJPAYEE

elected prime minister; percent of vote - NA%

Indonesia:

chief of state: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20

October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21

October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October

1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21 October

1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected separately by the

700-member People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year

terms; election last held 20 and 21 October 1999 (next to be held by

NA 2004)

election results: Abdurrahman WAHID elected president, receiving

373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri; MEGAWATI

Sukarnoputri elected vice president, defeating Hamzah HAZ; vote

totals NA

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan

Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan

Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 200 indirectly selected members; it

meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and

to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Iran:

chief of state: Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah

Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)

head of government: President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani

(since 3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza

AREF-YAZDI (since NA August 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with

legislative approval

elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by

the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a

four-year term; election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held NA

2005)

election results: (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected

president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%

Iraq:

chief of state: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979);

Vice Presidents Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974) and

Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister SADDAM Husayn (since 29 May

1994); Deputy Prime Ministers Tariq Mikhail AZIZ (since NA 1979),

Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-AZZAWI (since 30 July 1999), Ahmad Husayn

al-KHUDAYIR (since NA July 2001), and Abd al-Tawab Mullah al-HUWAYSH

(since NA July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers; note - there is also a Revolutionary

Command Council or RCC (Chairman SADDAM Husayn, Vice Chairman Izzat

IBRAHIM al-Duri) which controls the ruling Ba'th Party, and is the

most powerful political entity in the country

elections: president and vice presidents elected by a two-thirds

majority of the Revolutionary Command Council; election last held 17

October 1995 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: SADDAM Husayn reelected president; percent of

vote - 99%; Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF and Taha Yasin RAMADAN elected

vice presidents; percent of vote - NA%

Ireland:

chief of state: President Mary MCALEESE (since 11 November

1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Bertie AHERN (since 26 June 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous

nomination by the prime minister and approval of the House of

Representatives

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 31 October 1997 (next to be held NA November

2004); prime minister nominated by the House of Representatives and

appointed by the president

election results: Mary MCALEESE elected president; percent of vote

- Mary MCALEESE 44.8%, Mary BANOTTI 29.6%

note: government coalition - Fianna Fail and the Progressive

Democrats

Israel:

chief of state: President Moshe KATSAV (since 31 July 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Ariel SHARON (since 2 March 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the

Knesset

elections: president elected by the Knesset for a five-year term;

election last held 31 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2005);

prime minister elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 6 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note -

in March 1992, the Knesset approved legislation, effective in 1996,

which allowed for the direct election of the prime minister, but in

2001 the Knesset voted to restore the previous method under which

the legislators will choose the next prime minister after the next

legislative elections in 2003

election results: Moshe KATSAV elected president by the 120-member

Knesset with a total of 60 votes, other candidate, Shimon PERES,

received 57 votes (there were three abstentions); Ariel SHARON

elected prime minister; percent of vote - Ariel SHARON 62.5%, Ehud

BARAK 37.4%; note - after the next legislative elections scheduled

for 2003, the prime minister will be elected by the Knesset

Italy:

chief of state: President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May

1999)

head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the

president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI (since 10

June 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and

approved by the president

elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of

both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a

seven-year term; election last held 13 May 1999 (next to be held NA

May 2006); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed

by parliament

election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president; percent

of electoral college vote - 70%

note: a 12-party government coalition; note - BERLUSCONI's

coalition includes Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian

Democratic Center, Christian Northern League

Jamaica:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since

1 August 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since

30 March 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA

1993)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime

minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the

governor general

Japan:

chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 24

April 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the Diet designates the

prime minister; the constitution requires that the prime minister

must command a parliamentary majority, therefore, following

legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of

a majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes

prime minister

note: following the resignation of Prime Minister Yoshiro MORI,

Junichiro KOIZUMI was elected as the new president of the majority

Liberal Democratic Party, and soon thereafter designated by the Diet

to become the next prime minister

Jersey:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air

Chief Marshall Sir John CHESHIRE (since 24 January 2001) and Bailiff

Philip Martin BAILHACHE (since NA February 1995)

cabinet: committees appointed by the Assembly of the States

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor and

bailiff appointed by the monarch

Jordan:

chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999);

Crown Prince HAMZAH (half brother of the monarch, born 29 March 1980)

head of government: Prime Minister Ali Abul RAGHEB (since 19 June

2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation

with the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

appointed by the monarch

Kazakhstan:

chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV

(chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected

president 1 December 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister Kazymzhomart TOKAYEV (since 2

October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously

scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's

previous term had been extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum

held 30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister

appointed by the president

election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president;

percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn

ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, other 1.5%

note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded his presidential powers by

decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and

dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his

discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities

Kenya:

chief of state: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since

14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state

and head of government

head of government: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14

October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote from among the members

of the National Assembly for a five-year term; in addition to

receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the

presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at

least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a

runoff; election last held 29 December 1997 (next to be held by

early 2003); vice president appointed by the president

election results: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI reelected;

percent of vote - Daniel T. arap MOI (KANU) 40.6%, Mwai KIBAKI (DP)

31.5%, Raila ODINGA (NDP) 11.1%, Michael WAMALWA (FORD-K) 8.4%,

Charity NGILU (SDP) 7.8%

Kiribati:

chief of state: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October

1994); Vice President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note

- the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994);

Vice President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members

of the House of Assembly, includes the president, vice president,

attorney general, and up to eight other ministers

elections: the House of Assembly chooses the presidential

candidates from among their members and then those candidates

compete in a general election; president is elected by popular vote

for a four-year term; election last held 27 November 1998 (next to

be held by NA November 2002); vice president appointed by the

president

election results: Teburoro TITO reelected president; percent of

vote - Teburoro TITO 52.3%, Dr. Harry TONG 45.8%, Amberoti NIKORA

1.9%, Taberannang TIMEON 0%

Korea, North:

chief of state: KIM Chong-il (since NA July 1994);

note - in September 1998, KIM Chong-il was reelected Chairman of the

National Defense Commission, a position accorded the nation's

"highest administrative authority"; KIM Yong-nam was named President

of the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium and given the

responsibility of representing the state and receiving diplomatic

credentials

head of government: Premier HONG Song-nam (since 5 September 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet (Naegak), members, except for the Minister of

People's Armed Forces, are appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly

elections: premier elected by the Supreme People's Assembly;

election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA)

election results: HONG Song-nam elected premier; percent of Supreme

People's Assembly vote - NA%

Korea, South:

chief of state: President KIM Dae-jung (since 25

February 1998)

head of government: Prime Minister YI Han-tong (since 23 May 2000)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime

minister's recommendation

elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year

term; election last held 18 December 1997 (next to be held by 18

December 2002); prime minister appointed by the president; deputy

prime ministers appointed by the president on the prime minister's

recommendation

election results: KIM Dae-jung elected president; percent of vote -

KIM Dae-jung (NCNP) 40.3% (with ULD partnership), YI Hoe-chang (GNP)

38.7%, YI In-che (NPP) 19.2%

Kuwait:

chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah

(since 31 December 1977)

head of government: Prime Minister and Crown Prince SAAD

al-Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah (since 8 February 1978); First Deputy

Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 17 October

1992); Deputy Prime Ministers JABIR MUBARAK al-Hamud Al Sabah (since

NA) and MUHAMMAD KHALID al-Hamed Al Sabah (since NA)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and

approved by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and

deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch

Kyrgyzstan:

chief of state: President Askar AKAYEV (since 28

October 1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIYEV (since 22

December 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year

term; elections last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held November

or December 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Askar AKAYEV reelected president; percent of vote

- Askar AKAYEV 74%, Omurbek TEKEBAYEV 14%, other candidates 12%;

note - election marred by serious irregularities

Laos:

chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 26

February 1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason

(since NA March 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since NA

March 2001); Deputy Prime Ministers THONGLOUN Sisolit (since NA

March 2001), SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved

by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a

five-year term; election last held 21 December 1997 (next to be held

NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president with the

approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term

election results: KHAMTAI Siphandon elected president; percent of

National Assembly vote - NA%

Latvia:

chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8

July 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Andris BERZINS (since 5 May 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and

appointed by the Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term;

election last held 17 June 1999 (next to be held by NA June 2003);

prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA elected as a compromise

candidate in second phase of balloting, second round (after five

rounds in first phase failed); percent of parliamentary vote - Vaira

VIKE-FREIBERGA 53%, Valdis BIRKAVS 20%, Ingrida UDRE 9%

Lebanon:

chief of state: President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November

1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 23 October

2000); Deputy Prime Minister Issam FARES (since 23 October 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with

the president and members of the National Assembly; the current

Cabinet was formed in 1998

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a

six-year term; election last held 15 October 1998 (next to be held

NA 2004); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the

president in consultation with the National Assembly; by custom, the

president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni

Muslim, and the speaker of the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim

election results: Emile LAHUD elected president; National Assembly

vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against, 10 abstentions

Lesotho:

chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996);

note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November

1990 to February 1995, while his father was in exile

head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May

1998)

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the

majority party in the assembly automatically becomes prime minister;

the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution

which came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is

a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative

powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to

determine who is next in the line of succession, who shall serve as

regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age, and may

even depose the monarch

Liberia:

chief of state: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2

August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2

August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and confirmed by the

Senate

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term

(renewable); election last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held NA

July 2003)

election results: Charles Ghankay TAYLOR elected president; percent

of vote - Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (NPP) 75.3%, Ellen Johnson SIRLEAF

(UP) 9.6%, Alhaji KROMAH (ALCOP) 4%, other 11.1%

Libya:

chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar

al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title,

but is de facto chief of state

head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee

(Premier) Mubarak al-SHAMEKH (since 2 March 2000)

cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General

People's Congress

elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of

people's committees; head of government elected by the General

People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held

NA)

election results: Mubarak al-SHAMEKH elected premier; percent of

General People's Congress vote - NA%

Liechtenstein:

chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13

November 1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir

Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968)

head of government: Head of Government Mario FRICK (since 15

December 1993) and Deputy Head of Government Michael RITTER (since 2

February 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Diet; confirmed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative

elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually

appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of

the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the

deputy head of government by the monarch

Lithuania:

chief of state: President Valdas ADAMKUS (since 26

February 1998)

head of government: Premier Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS (since 3 July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

nomination of the premier

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 21 December 1997 and 4 January 1998 (next to be

held NA 2002); premier appointed by the president on the approval of

the Parliament

election results: Valdas ADAMKUS elected president; percent of vote

- Valdas ADAMKUS 50.4%, Arturas PAULAUSKAS 49.6%

Luxembourg:

chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October

2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11

November 1981);

head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1

January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Lydie POLFER (since 7 August

1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and

appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and vice

prime minister appointed by the monarch, following popular election

to the Chamber of Deputies; they are responsible to the Chamber of

Deputies

note: government coalition - CSV and DP

Macau:

chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27

March 1993)

head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20

December 1999)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government

secretaries, three legislators, and two businessmen

elections: NA

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:

chief of state:

President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI (since 30

November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all

the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the

government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, LDP, and DPA

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October

2004); prime minister elected by parliament; election last held NA

November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on

second-round ballot; percent of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito

PETKOVSKI 46.2%

Madagascar:

chief of state: President Didier RATSIRAKA (since 10

February 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Tantely Rene Gabriot

ANDRIANARIVO (since NA 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 29 December 1996 (next to be held NA November

2001); prime minister appointed by the president from a list of

candidates nominated by the National Assembly

election results: Didier RATSIRAKA elected president; percent of

vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 50.7%, Albert ZAFY (AFFA) 49.3%

Malawi:

chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May

1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: 36-member Cabinet named by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of

vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD)

44.3%

Malaysia:

chief of state: Paramount Ruler Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN

Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah (since

26 April 1999); Deputy Paramount Ruler Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin

ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah

head of government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since

16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi

(since 8 January 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the

members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler

elections: paramount ruler and deputy paramount ruler elected by

and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year

terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA

2004); prime minister designated from among the members of the House

of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader of

the party that wins a plurality of seats in the House of

Representatives becomes prime minister

election results: Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni

Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah elected paramount ruler;

Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi

Billah Shah elected deputy paramount ruler

Maldives:

chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11

November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11

November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: appointed by the president; note - need not be members of

Majlis

elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then that

nomination must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51%

approval margin is required); president elected for a five-year

term; election last held 16 October 1998 (next to be held NA October

2003)

election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected; percent

of popular vote - Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM 90.9%

Mali:

chief of state: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June

1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Mande SIDIBE (since September

2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002); prime

minister appointed by the president

election results: Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president; percent

of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 95.9%, Mamadou DIABY 4.1%

Malta:

chief of state: President Guido DE MARCO (since 4 April 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Eddie FENECH ADAMI (since 6

September 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Lawrence GONZE (since 4 April

1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the

prime minister

elections: president elected by the House of Representatives for a

five-year term; election last held NA April 1999 (next to be held by

NA April 2004); following legislative elections, the leader of the

majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually

appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the

deputy prime minister is appointed by the president on the advice of

the prime minister

election results: Guido DE MARCO elected president; percent of

House of Representatives vote - 54%

Man, Isle of:

chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II

(since 6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor His

Excellency Sir Timothy DAUNT (since 27 October 1995)

head of government: Chief Minister Donald GELLING (since 3 December

1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed

by the monarch for a five-year term; the Chief Minister is elected

by the Tynwald; election last held 3 December 1996 (next to be held

NA 2001)

election results: Donald GELLING elected chief minister by the

Tynwald

Marshall Islands:

chief of state: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since

3 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 3 January

2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president from among the members

of Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament from among its own

members for a four-year term; election last held 15 November 1999

(next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: Kessai Hesa NOTE elected president; percent of

Parliament vote - 100%

Martinique:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France

(since 17 May 1995); Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA)

head of government: President of the General Council Claude LISE

(since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Alfred

MARIE-JEANNE (since NA March 1998)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the

advice of the French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the

General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those

councils

Mauritania:

chief of state: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed

TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

head of government: Prime Minister Cheik El Avia Ould Mohamed

KHOUNA (since 17 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 12 December 1997 (next to be held NA December

2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA

reelected with 90.9% of the vote

Mauritius:

chief of state: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July

1992) and Vice President Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR (since 28 June 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 17

September 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 17

September 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president and vice president elected by the National

Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 28 June 1997 (next

to be held NA 2002); prime minister and deputy prime minister

appointed by the president and are responsible to the National

Assembly

election results: Cassam UTEEM reelected president and Angidi

Verriah CHETTIAR elected vice president; percent of vote by the

National Assembly - NA%

Mayotte:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since

17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Pierre BAYLE (since 15 July

1998)

head of government: President of the General Council Younoussa

BAMANA (since NA 1977)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the

advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; president of the

General Council elected by the members of the General Council for a

six-year term

Mexico:

chief of state: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1

December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December

2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of

attorney general requires consent of the Senate

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2006)

election results: Vicente FOX Quesada elected president; percent of

vote - Vicente FOX Quesada (PAN) 42.52%, Francisco LABASTIDA Ochoa

(PRI) 36.1%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 16.64%, other 4.74%

Micronesia, Federated States of:

chief of state: President Leo A.

FALCAM (since 21 July 1999); Vice President Redley KILLION (since 21

July 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head

of government

head of government: President Leo A. FALCAM (since 21 July 1999);

Vice President Redley KILLION (since 21 July 1999); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from

among the four senators-at-large for four-year terms; election last

held NA May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2003)

election results: Leo A. FALCAM elected president; percent of

Congress vote - NA%; Redley KILLION elected vice president; percent

of Congress vote - NA%

Moldova:

chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April

2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April

2001), three Deputy Prime Ministers: Valerian CRISTEA, Andrei CUCU,

and Dmitri TODOROGLO (all since 19 April 2001)

cabinet: selected by prime minister, subject to approval of

Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term;

election last held 4 April 2001; presidential elections were

scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled

direct popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new

president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections

(moved up a year to February 2001); according to the Moldovan

constitution, the president, on consulting with Parliament, will

designate a candidate for the office of prime minister; within 15

days from designation, the prime minister-designate will request a

vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work

program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated on 15 April

2001, cabinet received vote of confidence on 19 April 2001

election results: Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary

votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA

3; Vasile TARLEV elected Prime Minister; parliamentary votes of

confidence - 75 of 101

Monaco:

chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949); Heir

Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch

(born 14 March 1958)

head of government: Minister of State Patrick LECLERQUE (since 5

January 2000)

cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; minister of state

appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national

candidates presented by the French Government

Mongolia:

chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20

June 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26

July 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation

with the president

elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural

and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held

20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative

elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is

usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election

last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent

of vote - NA%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote

in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3

Montserrat:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor Anthony John ABBOTT (since NA

September 1997)

head of government: Chief Minister David BRANDT (since 22 August

1997)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief

minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the

finance secretary

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the

monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority

party usually becomes chief minister; note - as a result of the last

election, a coalition party was formed between NPP, NDP, and one of

the independent candidates

Morocco:

chief of state: King MOHAMED VI (since 23 July 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Abderrahmane YOUSSOUFI (since 14

March 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

appointed by the monarch following legislative elections

Mozambique:

chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO

(since 6 November 1986); note - before being popularly elected,

CHISSANO was elected president by Frelimo's Central Committee 4

November 1986 (reelected by the Committee 30 July 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since NA

December 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004);

prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO reelected president;

percent of vote - Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO 52.29%, Afonso DHLAKAMA

47.71%

Namibia:

chief of state: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21

March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21 March

1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members

of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held NA

2004)

election results: Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA elected president; percent

of vote - Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA 77%

Nauru:

chief of state: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 19 April

2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 19 April

2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members

of Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a three-year term;

election last held 8 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: Bernard DOWIYOGO elected president by a vote in

Parliament of nine to eight

note: former President Rene HARRIS was deposed in a no-confidence

vote; this is the eighth change of government in Nauru since the

fall of the Lagumont HARRIS government in a no-confidence motion in

early November 1996; six of the last eight governments have resulted

because of parliamentary no-confidence motions

Nepal:

chief of state: King GYANENDRA Bir Bikram Shah (succeeded to

the throne 4 June 2001 following the death of his nephew King

DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah)

head of government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 22

March 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative

elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority

coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch

note: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev died in a bloody shooting

at the royal palace on 1 June 2001 that also claimed the lives of

most of the royal family; King BIRENDRA's son, Crown Price DIPENDRA,

is believed to have been responsible for the shootings before

fatally wounding himself; immediately following the shootings and

while still clinging to life, DIPENDRA was crowned king; he died

three days later and was succeeded by his uncle

Netherlands:

chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980);

Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the

monarch

head of government: Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 22 August 1994)

and Vice Prime Ministers Annemarie JORRITSMA (since 3 August 1998)

and Els BORST-EILERS (since 3 August 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following Second

Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a

majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the

monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch

note: government coalition - PvdA, VVD, and D'66; there is also a

Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and

councilors consulted by the executive on legislative and

administrative policy

Netherlands Antilles:

chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the

Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General

Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Miguel POURIER (since 8 November

1999); Deputy Prime Minister Susanne CAMELIA-ROMER (since NA)

note: Miguel POURIER assumed prime ministership following the

resignation of Susanne CAMELIA-ROMER

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by

the monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections,

the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister

by the Staten; election last held 30 January 1998 (next to be held

by NA 2002)

note: government coalition - PDB, DP-St. M, FOL, PLKP, PNP

New Caledonia:

chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC

(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner Thierry

LATASTE (since 19 July 1999)

head of government: President of the Government Jean LEQUES (since

28 May 1999)

cabinet: Consultative Committee

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president

on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the

government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress

New Zealand:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since

4 April 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 10 December

1999) and Deputy Prime Minister Jim ANDERTON (since 10 December 1999)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the

recommendation of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the

leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition

is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a

three-year term; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor

general

Nicaragua:

chief of state: President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since

10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October

2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10

January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October

2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20 October

1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001); note - in July 1995 the term

of the office of the president was amended to five years

election results: Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance - ruling

party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 51.03%, Daniel ORTEGA

Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%, Guillermo OSORNO (PCCN) 4.10%, Noel VIDAURRE

(PCN) 2.26%, Benjamin LANZAS (PRONAL) 0.53%, other (18 other

candidates) 4.33%

Niger:

chief of state: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December

1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December

1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of

government; Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was

appointed by the president and shares some executive

responsibilities with the president

note: President Ibrahim BARE was assassinated on 9 April 1999;

subsequent elections were held under the nine-month provisional

government of Major Daouda Mallam WANKE

cabinet: 23-member cabinet appointed by President TANDJA

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Mamadou TANDJA elected president; percent of vote

- Mamadou TANDJA 59.9%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 40.1%

Nigeria:

chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May

1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May

1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Federal Executive Council

elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than

two four-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be

held NA 2003)

election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of

vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 62.8%, Olu FALAE (APP-AD) 37.2%

Niue:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

the UK and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High

Commissioner John BRYAN (since NA May 2000)

head of government: Premier Sani LAKATANI (since 1 April 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers

elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the

Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 19

March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2002)

election results: Sani LAKATANI elected premier; percent of

Legislative Assembly vote - NA%

Norfolk Island:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952); the UK and Australia are represented by

Administrator Anthony J. MESSNER (since 4 August 1997)

head of government: Assembly President and Chief Minister Ronald

Coane NOBBS (since 23 February 2000)

cabinet: Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members

of the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy

and acts as an advisor to the Administrator

elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by

the governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the

Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years;

election last held 23 February 2000 (next to be held by March 2003)

election results: Ronald Coane NOBBS elected chief minister;

percent of Legislative Assembly vote - NA%

Northern Mariana Islands:

chief of state: President George W. BUSH

of the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY

(since 20 January 2001)

head of government: Governor Pedro P. TENORIO (since NA January

1998) and Lieutenant Governor Jesus R. SABLAN (since NA January 1998)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same

ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected

on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election

last held in NA November 1997 (next to be held NA November 2001)

election results: Pedro P. TENORIO elected governor in a three-way

race; percent of vote - Pedro P. TENORIO (Republican Party) 47%

Norway:

chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir

Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20

July 1973)

head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 March

2000)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval

of the Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary

elections, the leader of the largest party or leader of a coalition

is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval

of the Parliament

Oman:

chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al

Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of

state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al

Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of

state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Pakistan:

note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999,

Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Committee, Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF suspended Pakistan's constitution

and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; exercising the

powers of the head of the government, he appointed an eight-member

National Security Council to function as Pakistan's supreme

governing body; President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR remains the

ceremonial chief of state; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court

unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF

executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup

date

chief of state: President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR (since 31 December

1997)

head of government: Chief Executive Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 12

October 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the chief executive

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;

election last held 31 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002);

following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or

leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by

the National Assembly; election last held 3 February 1997 (next to

be held NA); note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF overthrew the government

of Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF in the military takeover of

12 October 1999; in May 2000, the Supreme Court validated the

October 1999 coup and set a three-year limit in office for Chief

Executive MUSHARRAF

election results: Rafiq TARAR elected president; percent of

Parliament and provincial vote - NA%; results are for the last

election for prime minister prior to the military takeover of 12

October 1999 - Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF elected prime minister; percent

of National Assembly vote - NA%

Palau:

chief of state: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. (since

19 January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19

January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. (since 19

January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19

January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets

by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November

2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. elected president;

percent of vote - Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. 53%, Peter SUGIYAMA

46%; Sandra PIERANTOZZI elected vice president; percent of vote -

Sandra PIERANTOZZI 52%, Alan SEID 45%

Panama:

chief of state: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez

(since 1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises

VALLARINO (since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador

"Kaiser" Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note -

the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (since

1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises VALLARINO

(since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador "Kaiser"

Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 1999

(next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez elected president;

percent of vote - Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (PA) 44%, Martin

TORRIJOS (PRD) 37%

note: government coalition - PA, MOLIRENA, Democratic Change,

MORENA, PLN, PS

Papua New Guinea:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by Governor General Silas ATOPARE (since

13 November 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Mekere MORAUTA (since NA August

1999); Deputy Prime Minister Michael OGIO (since 3 November 2000)

cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor

general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the National Executive Council; prime minister and

deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general for up to

five years on the basis of majority support in National Parliament

Paraguay:

chief of state: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI (since 28

March 1999); vice president Julio Cesar FRANCO (since NA August

2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI (since 28 March

1999); vice president Julio Cesar FRANCO (since NA August 2000);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 10 May 1998

(next to be held NA May 2003)

election results: Raul CUBAS Grau elected president; percent of

vote - 55.3%; resigned 28 March 1999

note: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI, formerly president of the

Chamber of Senators, constitutionally succeeded President Raul CUBAS

Grau, who resigned after being impeached soon after the

assassination of Vice President Luis Maria ARGANA; the successor to

ARGANA was decided in an election held in August 2000

Peru:

chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July

2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the

Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July

2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July

2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the

Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July

2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

note: Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not

exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

special presidential election held 8 April 2001 with runoff election

3 June 2001); next to be held NA 2006

election results: President TOLEDO elected in runoff election;

percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%

Philippines:

chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO

(since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of

state and head of government

head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20

January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of the

Commission of Appointments

elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets

by popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 11 May 1998

(next to be held 16 May 2004)

election results: results of the last presidential election -

Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA elected president; percent of vote -

approximately 40%; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected vice president;

percent of vote - NA%; note - on 20 January 2001, Vice President

Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was sworn in as the constitutional successor

to President Joseph ESTRADA after the Supreme Court declared that

President ESTRADA was unable to rule in view of the mass

resignations from his government; according to the Constitution,

only in cases of death, permanent disability, removal from office,

or resignation of the president, can the vice president serve for

the unexpired term

Pitcairn Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand

and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Martin WILLIAMS

(since NA May 1998); Commissioner (nonresident) Leon SALT (since NA;

is the liaison person between the governor and the Island Council)

head of government: Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island

Council Jay WARREN (since NA)

cabinet: NA

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner and

commissioner appointed by the monarch; island magistrate elected

every three years in December by popular vote for a three-year term;

last election held NA December 1999 (next to be held NA December

2002)

election results: Lea BROWN elected island magistrate; percent of

vote - NA%

Poland:

chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23

December 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Jerzy BUZEK - Solidarity

Electoral Union - (since 31 October 1997), Deputy Prime Ministers

Janusz STEINHOFF (since 12 June 2000), Longin KOMOLOWSKI (since 19

October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and

the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and

the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election held 8 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005);

prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

and confirmed by the Sejm

election results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI reelected president;

percent of popular vote - Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzj

OLECHOWSKI 17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%, Lech WALESA 1%

Portugal:

chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March

1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Manuel de Oliviera

GUTERRES (since 28 October 1995)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the prime minister

note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative

body to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA January

2006); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority

party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime

minister by the president

election results: Jorge SAMPAIO re-elected president; percent of

vote - Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral

(Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Puerto Rico:

chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US

(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20

January 2001)

head of government: Governor Sila M. CALDERON (since NA January

2001)

cabinet: appointed by the governor with the consent of the

legislature

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same

ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a

four-year term; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held

NA November 2004)

election results: Sila M. CALDERON (PDP) elected governor; percent

of vote - 48.8%

Qatar:

chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (since 27

June 1995 when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA

bin Hamad Al Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince JASSIM bin

Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, third son of the monarch (selected crown

prince by the monarch 22 October 1996); note - Amir HAMAD also holds

the positions of minister of defense and commander-in-chief of the

armed forces

head of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa Al Thani,

brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); Deputy Prime

Minister MUHAMMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the monarch

(since 20 January 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

note: in March 1999 Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member

Central Municipal Council, which has consultative powers aimed at

improving the provision of municipal services

Reunion:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since

17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Robert POMMIES (since NA 1996)

head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc

POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council

Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the

advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the

General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those

councils

Romania:

chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December

2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29

December 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two

candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA

November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu

Vadim TUDOR 33.16%

Russia:

chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN

(acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)

head of government: Premier Mikhail Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7

May 2000); First Deputy Premier Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18

May 2000), Deputy Premiers Aleksey Vasilyevich GORDEYEV (since 20

May 2000), Viktor Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31 May 1999), Ilya

Iosifovich KLEBANOV (since 31 May 1999), Valentina Ivanovna

MATVIYENKO (since 22 September 1998)

cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of

the premier and his deputies, ministers, and other agency heads; all

are appointed by the president

note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that

provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts

presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government

agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;

election last held 26 March 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); note -

no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise

his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the

premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a

new presidential election is held, which must be within three

months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the

Duma

election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN elected president;

percent of vote - PUTIN 52.9%, Gennadiy Aadreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%,

Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY 5.8%

Rwanda:

chief of state: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR)

(since 22 April 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March

2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: normally the president is elected by popular vote for a

five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of

the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000

(next national election to be held NA 2003); prime minister is

appointed by the president

election results: Paul KAGAME (FPR) elected president in a special

parliamentary/ministerial ballot receiving 81 of a possible 86 votes

Saint Helena:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952)

head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief David HOLLAMBY

(since NA June 1999)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio

officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed

by the monarch

Saint Kitts and Nevis:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by Governor General Perlette LOUISY

(since September 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July

1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultation

with the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is

appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the

leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is

usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy

prime minister appointed by the governor general

Saint Lucia:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952), represented by Governor General Dr. Perlette LOUISY (since

September 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Kenneth ANTHONY (since 24 May

1997) and Deputy Prime Minister Mario MICHEL (since 24 May 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is

appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the

leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is

usually appointed prime minister by the governor general

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC

of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Remi THUAU

(since NA)

head of government: President of the General Council Bernard LE

SOAVEC (since NA 1996)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; election last held 7 May 1995 (next to be held NA

May 2002); prefect appointed by the French president on the advice

of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the General Council

is elected by the members of the council

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH

II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David

JACK (since 29 September 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Ralph GONSALVES (since 29 March

2001)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is

appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the

leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by

the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the

governor general on the advice of the prime minister

Samoa:

chief of state: Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II (cochief

of state from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5

April 1963)

head of government: Prime Minister TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi

(since 24 November 1998); note - TUILA'EPA served as deputy prime

minister since 1992; he assumed the prime ministership in November

1998 when former Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana resigned in poor

health; the post of deputy prime minister is currently vacant

cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members, appointed by the chief of

state with the prime minister's advice

elections: upon the death of Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II, a

new chief of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly to

serve a five-year term; prime minister appointed by the chief of

state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly

San Marino:

chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Luigi

LONFERNINI and Captain Regent Fabio BERARDI (for the period 1 April

2001-30 September 2001)

head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political

Affairs Gabriele GATTI (since NA July 1986)

cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council

for a five-year term

elections: cochiefs of state (captain regents) elected by the Great

and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA

March 2001 (next to be held NA September 2001); secretary of state

for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General

Council for a five-year term; election last held NA June 1998 (next

to be held NA June 2003)

election results: Luigi LONFERNINI and Fabio BERARDI elected

captain regents; percent of legislative vote - NA; Gabriele GATTI

reelected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs;

percent of legislative vote - NA

note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council)

selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs

of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the

Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State) which

has ten other members, all selected by the Grand and General

Council; assisting the captains regent are three secretaries of

state - Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, and Finance - and several

additional secretaries; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs

has assumed many of the prerogatives of a prime minister

Sao Tome and Principe:

chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA

(since 4 April 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister Guilherma Posser da COSTA (since

30 December 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

proposal of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 30 June and 21 July 1996 (next to be held NA July

2001); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved

by the president

election results: Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome's

second multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - Miguel

TROVOADA 52.74%, Manuel Pinto da COSTA 47.26%

Saudi Arabia:

chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd

al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy

Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the

monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1

January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief

of state and head of government

head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al

Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime

Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the

monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1

January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief

of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and

includes many royal family members

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Senegal:

chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April

2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Madior BOYE (since 3 March 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in

consultation with the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held 27

February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote

in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou

DIOUF (PS) 41.51%

Seychelles:

chief of state: President France Albert RENE (since 5

June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head

of government

head of government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June

1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results: France Albert RENE reelected president; percent

of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 66.7%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO)

19.5%, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 13.8%

Sierra Leone:

chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since

29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is

both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March

1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the

chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the

approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible

to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election held 26-27 February and 15 March 1996 (next to be held NA

September 2001); note - president's tenure of office is limited to

two five-year terms

election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH elected president; percent of

vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 59.5%, John KAREFA-SMART (UNPP)

40.5%

Singapore:

chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN

(since 1 September 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November

1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November

1990) and Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to

Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005);

following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or

the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime

minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the

president

election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president

unopposed

Slovakia:

chief of state: President Rudolf SCHUSTER (since 15 June

1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30

October 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation

of the prime minister

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a five-year

term; election last held 29 May 1999 (next to be held NA May/June

2004); following National Council elections, the leader of the

majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually

appointed prime minister by the president

election results: Rudolf SCHUSTER elected president in the first

direct, popular election; percent of vote - Rudolf SCHUSTER 57%

note: government coalition - SDK, SDL, SMK, SOP, KDH

Slovenia:

chief of state: President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April

1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 15 October

2000);

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and

elected by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 24 November 1997 (next to be held NA 2002);

following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority

party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually nominated to

become prime minister by the president and elected by the National

Assembly; election last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA

October 2004)

election results: Milan KUCAN elected president; percent of vote -

Milan KUCAN 56.3%, Janez PODOBNIK 18%; Janez DRNOVSEK elected prime

minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA

Solomon Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952), represented by Governor General Father John LAPLI

(since NA 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE

(since 1 July 2000); Assistant Prime Minister Nathaniel WAENA (since

1 July 2000); Deputy Prime Minister Allan KEMAKEZA (since 1 July

2000); note - Prime Minister Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU was forced to

resign his position in June 2000 following the armed takeover of the

capital by elements supporting the opposition parties; Mannaseh

Damukana SOGAVARE, who had been opposition leader, was then elected

prime minister at a sitting of National Parliament on 30 June 2000

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of

the prime minister from among the members of Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general

appointed by the monarch on the advice of Parliament for up to five

years; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority

party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime

minister by Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the

governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the

members of Parliament

Somalia:

chief of state: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August

2000); note - Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a

three-year term by a 245-member National Assembly serving as a

transitional government; the present political situation is still

unstable, particularly in the south, with interclan fighting and

random banditry

head of government: ALI Khalifa Galaydh, appointed by the president

8 October 2000

cabinet: appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20 October

2000

election results: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of

an interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace

Conference on 26 August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali

clans that comprised a transitional National Assembly.

South Africa:

chief of state: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June

1999); Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);

Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999); note -

the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a

five-year term; election last held 2 June 1999 (next scheduled for

sometime between May and July 2004)

election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president; percent of

National Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)

note: ANC-IFP governing coalition

Spain:

chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);

Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968

head of government: President of the Government Jose Maria AZNAR

Lopez (since 5 May 1996); First Vice President Juan Jose LUCAS

(since 28 February 2000) and Second Vice President (and Minister of

Economy) Rodrigo RATO Figaredo (since 5 May 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president

note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme

consultative organ of the government

elections: the monarch is hereditary; president proposed by the

monarch and elected by the National Assembly following legislative

elections; election last held 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA

March 2004); vice presidents appointed by the monarch on proposal of

the president

election results: Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (PP) elected president;

percent of National Assembly vote - 44%

Sri Lanka:

chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike

KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ratnasiri

WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is the prime minister; in Sri

Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and

the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common

practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime

minister when both offices exist

head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA

(since 12 November 1994); note - Ratnasiri WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10

August 2000) is the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is

considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the

government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of

dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when

both offices exist

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with

the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December

2005)

election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected

president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (PA)

51%, Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (UNP) 42%, other 7%

Sudan:

chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad

al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman

Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses

MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the

chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR

(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad

TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR

(since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of

state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note -

the National Congress Party (front for the National Islamic Front or

NIF) dominates BASHIR's cabinet

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president;

percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed

NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received less than a combined

4% of the vote

note: BASHIR assumed supreme executive power in 1989 and retained

it through several transitional governments in the early and mid-90s

before being popularly elected for the first time in March 1996

Suriname:

chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since

12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12

August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12

August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12

August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and

head of government

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among

the members of the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected by the National

Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate

receives a constitutional majority vote in the National Assembly

after two votes, by the larger People's Assembly (869

representatives from the national, local, and regional councils),

for five-year terms; election last held 6 May 2000 (next to be held

NA May 2005)

note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to

the calling of elections a year early

election results: Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN elected president;

percent of legislative vote - 72.5; National Assembly elected the

president - Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (New Front) 37 votes, Rashied

DOEKHIE (NDP) 10 votes

Svalbard:

chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January

1991)

head of government: Governor Morten RUUD (since NA November 1998)

and Assistant Governor Odd Redar HUMLEGAARD (since NA)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant

governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of

Justice

Swaziland:

chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)

head of government: Prime Minister Sibusiso Barnabas DLAMINI (since

9 August 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by

the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

appointed by the monarch

Sweden:

chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September

1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,

daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)

head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March

1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; prime minister elected by the

Parliament; election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA

2002)

election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131

out of 349 votes

Switzerland:

chief of state: President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1

January 2001); Vice President Kaspar VILLIGER (since 1 January

2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January

2001); Vice President Kaspar VILLIGER (since 1 January 2001); note -

the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal

(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal

Assembly from among its own members for a four-year term

elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal

Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year

terms that run concurrently; election last held 6 December 2000

(next to be held NA December 2001)

election results: Moritz LEUENBERGER elected president; percent of

Federal Assembly vote - 76%; Kaspar VILLIGER elected vice president;

percent of legislative vote - 72%

Syria:

chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July

2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March

1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)

head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13

March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11

March 1984), Khalid RA'D (since 13 March 2000), Muhammad NAJI 'UTRI

(since 13 March 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of

President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held

NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister

and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote

- Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%

note: Hafiz al-ASAD died 10 June 2000; 20 June 2000 the Ba'th Party

nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the

People's Council 25 June 2000

Tajikistan:

chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6

November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19

November 1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January

1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved

by the Supreme Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;

election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime

minister appointed by the president

election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of

vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%

Tanzania:

chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since

23 November 1995); Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 23 November

1995); note - the president is both chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23

November 1995); Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 23 November

1995); note - the president is both chief of state and head of

government

note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for

matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that

office on 29 October 2000

cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are

appointed by the president from among the members of the National

Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October

2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by

the president

election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president;

percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna

LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2%

Thailand:

chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June

1946)

head of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since NA

January 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

note: there is also a Privy Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister

designated from among the members of the House of Representatives;

following a national election for the House of Representatives, the

leader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usually

becomes prime minister

Togo:

chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14

April 1967)

head of government: Prime Minister Agbeyome KODJO (since 29 August

2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the

prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime

minister appointed by the president

election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent

of vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%, Gilchrist OLYMPIO 34.12%, other

13.75%

Tokelau:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February

1952); the UK and New Zealand are represented by Administrator

Lindsay WATT (since NA March 1993)

head of government: Aliki Faipule FALIMATEAO (since NA 1997)

cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected

leaders, one from each atoll; functions as a cabinet

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed

by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the

head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves

a one-year term

Tonga:

chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December

1965)

head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA

(since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU

(since NA January 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch

and the Cabinet

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and

deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch

Trinidad and Tobago:

chief of state: President Arthur Napoleon

Raymond ROBINSON (since 19 March 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Basdeo PANDAY (since 9 November

1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament

elections: president elected by an electoral college, which

consists of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives,

for a five-year term; election last held 11 December 2000 (next to

be held by NA 2005); prime minister appointed from among the members

of Parliament; following legislative elections, the leader of the

majority party in the House of Representatives is usually appointed

prime minister

election results: Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON elected

president; percent of electoral college vote - 69%

Tunisia:

chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7

November 1987)

head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17

November 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime

minister appointed by the president

election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a

third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN

ALI nearly 100%

Turkey:

chief of state: President Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May

2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January

1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

nomination of the prime minister

note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an

advisory body to the president and the cabinet

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a

seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next scheduled to be

held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister

appointed by the president

election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third

ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%

note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National

Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third

ballot

Turkmenistan:

chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet

of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the

first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president

is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of

Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first

direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both

the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28

December 1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during a session of the

People's Council (Halk Maslahaty)

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 21 June 1992 (next scheduled to be held NA); note

- President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life

by the Assembly on 28 December 1999); deputy chairmen of the cabinet

of ministers are appointed by the president

election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without

opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%

Turks and Caicos Islands:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since

6 February 1953), represented by Governor Mervyn JONES (since 27

January 2000)

head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31

January 1995)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and

five appointed by the governor from among the members of the

Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by

the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor

Tuvalu:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),

represented by Governor General Sir Tomasi PUAPUA (since 26 June

1998)

head of government: Acting Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea)

TUILIMU (since 8 December 2000); note - TUILIMU took over after

Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA died suddenly of a heart attack on

8 December 2000

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the

recommendation of the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by

the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime

minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members

of Parliament; election last held 27 April 1999 (next to be held NA

2002)

election results: results of the last election for prime minister -

Ionatana IONATANA elected prime minister; percent of Parliament vote

- NA%; Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU elected deputy prime minister;

percent of Parliament vote - NA%; note - Deputy Prime Minister

Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU became acting prime minister following

the death of Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA on 8 December 2000

Uganda:

chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI

(since seizing power 29 January 1986); note - the president is both

chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI

(since seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo

NSIBAMBI (since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of

state and head of government; the prime minister assists the

president in the supervision of the cabinet

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected

legislators

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year

term; election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);

note - first popular election for president since independence in

1962 was held in 1996; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected

president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%,

Kizza BESIGYE 27.8%

Ukraine:

chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July

1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Anatoliy KINAKH (since 29 May

2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Oleh DUBYNA (since 29 May 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and

approved by the Supreme Council

note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC

originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but

significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; the

NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on

domestic and international matters and advising the president; a

Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and

provides policy support to the president; and a Council of Regions

that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in

September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kyyiv (Kiev) and

Sevastopol' municipalities and chairmen of the oblasti

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held

NA 2004); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the

president and approved by the Supreme Council

election results: Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president; percent of

vote - Leonid KUCHMA 57.7%, Petro SYMONENKO 38.8%

United Arab Emirates:

chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al

Nuhayyan (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)

(since 6 August 1966) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum

(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)

head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum

(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy Prime

Minister SULTAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) which is

composed of the seven emirate rulers; the council is the highest

constitutional authority in the UAE; establishes general policies

and sanctions federal legislation, Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy

(Dubai) rulers have effective veto power; meets four times a year

elections: president and vice president elected by the FSC (a group

of seven electors) for five-year terms; election last held NA

October 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001); prime minister and

deputy prime minister appointed by the president

election results: ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan reelected president;

percent of FSC vote - NA, but believed to be unanimous; MAKTUM bin

Rashid al-Maktum elected vice president; percent of FSC vote - NA%,

but believed to be unanimous

United Kingdom:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6

February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born

14 November 1948)

head of government: Prime Minister Anthony C. L. (Tony) BLAIR

(since 2 May 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the prime minister is

the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons (assuming

there is no majority party, a prime minister would have a majority

coalition or at least a coalition that was not rejected by the

majority)

United States:

chief of state: President George W. BUSH (since 20

January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January

2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January

2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each

state; president and vice president serve four-year terms; election

last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: George W. BUSH elected president; percent of

popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 48%, Albert A.

GORE, Jr. (Democratic Party) 48%, Ralph NADER (Green Party) 3%,

other 1%

Uruguay:

chief of state: President Jorge BATLLE (since 1 March

2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note -

the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Jorge BATLLE (since 1 March 2000) and

Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with

parliamentary approval

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October

1999 with run-off election on 28 November 1999 (next to be held NA

2004)

election results: Jorge BATLLE elected president; percent of vote -

Jorge BATLLE 52% in a runoff against Tabare VAZQUEZ 44%

Uzbekistan:

chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March

1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)

head of government: Prime Minister Otkir SULTONOV (since 21

December 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with

approval of the Supreme Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held NA January 2005);

note - extension of President KARIMOV's original term for an

additional five years overwhelmingly approved - 99.6% of total vote

in favor - by national referendum held 27 March 1995; prime minister

and deputy ministers appointed by the president

election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of

vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz DZHALALOV 4.2%

Vanuatu:

chief of state: President Father John BANI (since 25 March

1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Edward NATAPEI (since 16 April

2001); Deputy Prime Minister Serge VOHOR (since 16 April 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,

responsible to Parliament

elections: president elected for a four-year term by an electoral

college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional

councils for a five-year term; election for president last held 25

March 1999 (next to be held NA 2003); following legislative

elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is

usually elected prime minister by Parliament from among its members;

election for prime minister last held 16 April 2001 (next to be held

NA 2002)

election results: Father John BANI elected president; percent of

electoral college vote - NA%; Edward NATAPEI elected prime minister

by Parliament with a total of 27 out of 52 votes

note: the government of Prime Minister Barak SOPE was ousted in a

no confidence vote on 14 April 2001 and Edward NATAPEI was elected

the new prime minister by Parliament

Venezuela:

chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3

February 1999); Vice President Adina BASTIDAS Castillo; note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February

1999); Vice President Adina BASTIDAS Castillo; note - the president

is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias elected president; percent of

vote - 60%

note: government coalition - Patriotic Pole or Polo Patriotico

consists of MVR, MAS, and PPT

Vietnam:

chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24

September 1997) and Vice President Nguyen Thi BINH (since NA October

1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25

September 1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since

29 September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Nguyen Cong TAN (since 29

September 1997), Nguyen Manh CAM (since 29 September 1997), and Pham

Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the

prime minister and ratification of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among

its members for a five-year term; election last held 25 September

1997 (next to be held when National Assembly meets following

legislative elections in NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the

president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy

prime ministers appointed by the prime minister

election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of

National Assembly vote - NA%

Virgin Islands:

chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US

(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (Since 20

January 2001)

head of government: Governor Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (since 5

January 1999) and Lieutenant Governor Gererd LUZ James II (since 5

January 1999)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same

ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected

on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election

last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL elected governor;

percent of vote - Dr. Charles W. TURNBULL (Democrat) 58.9%, former

Governor Roy L. SCHNEIDER (ICM) 41.1%

Wallis and Futuna:

chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of

France (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Administrator

Christian DORS (since NA)

head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Soane

UHILA (since NA)

cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of three kings and three

members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the

Territorial Assembly

note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a

seven-year term; high administrator appointed by the French

president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the

presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial

Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly

Western Sahara:

none

Yemen:

chief of state: President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH

(since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed

office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President

Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4

April 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the

advice of the prime minister

elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a

five-year term (a new constitution amendment extends the term by two

years to a seven-year term); election last held 23 September 1999

(next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the

president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by

the president

election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of

vote: Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najeeb Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%

Yugoslavia:

chief of state: President Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7

October 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July

2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)

cabinet: Federal Executive Council

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for up to two,

four-year terms; election last held 24 September 2000 (next to be

held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected president; percent of

vote - Vojislav KOSTUNICA 55%, Slobodan MILOSEVIC 35%

Zambia:

chief of state: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2

November 1991); Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November

1991); Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001); note - the

president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members

of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;

election last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA October

2001); vice president appointed by the president

election results: Frederick CHILUBA reelected president; percent of

vote - Frederick CHILUBA 72.5%, Dean MUNGO'MBA 12.6%, Humphrey

MULEMBA 7%, Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4.7%, Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3.2%

Zimbabwe:

chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE

(since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA

(since 31 December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE

(since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA

(since 31 December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999);

note - the president is both the chief of state and head of

government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the

House of Assembly

elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination

paper signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from

each province) and elected by popular vote; election last held 16-17

March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002); co-vice presidents

appointed by the president

election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president;

percent of electoral college vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%,

Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%

Taiwan:

chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bien (20 May 2000) and

Vice President Annette LU (since 20 May 2000)

head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) CHANG

Chun-hsiung (since NA October 2000) and Vice Premier (Vice President

of the Executive Yuan) LAI In-jaw (since NA October 2000)

cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket

by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 18 March

2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); premier appointed by the

president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the

recommendation of the premier

election results: CHEN Shui-bien elected president; percent of vote

- CHEN Shui-bien (DPP) 39.3%, James SOONG (independent) 36.84%, LIEN

Chan (KMT) 23.1%, HSU Hsin-liang (independent) 0.63%, LEE Ao (CNP)

0.13%

======================================================================

@Exports

Afghanistan:

$80 million (does not include opium) (1996 est.)

Albania:

$310 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Algeria:

$19.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

American Samoa:

$500 million (1998)

Andorra:

$58 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Angola:

$7.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Anguilla:

$4.5 million (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda:

$38 million (1998)

Argentina:

$26.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Armenia:

$284 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Aruba:

$2.2 billion (including oil reexports) (2000 est.)

Australia:

$69 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Austria:

$63.2 billion (2000 est.)

Azerbaijan:

$1.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Bahamas, The:

$376.8 million (2000 est.)

Bahrain:

$5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Bangladesh:

$5.9 billion (2000)

Barbados:

$260 million (2000 est.)

Belarus:

$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Belgium:

$181.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Belize:

$235.7 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Benin:

$396 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Bermuda:

$56 million (2000 est.)

Bhutan:

$154 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Bolivia:

$1.26 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

$950 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Botswana:

$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Brazil:

$55.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

British Virgin Islands:

$6.2 million (2000 est.)

Brunei:

$2.55 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Bulgaria:

$4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Burkina Faso:

$220 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Burma:

$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Burundi:

$32 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Cambodia:

$942 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cameroon:

$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Canada:

$272.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cape Verde:

$40 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cayman Islands:

$1.5 million (1998)

Central African Republic:

$166 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Chad:

$172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Chile:

$18 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

China:

$232 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Christmas Island:

$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:

$NA

Colombia:

$14.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Comoros:

$7.9 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:

$960 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Congo, Republic of the:

$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Cook Islands:

$3 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Costa Rica:

$6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire:

$3.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Croatia:

$4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Cuba:

$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cyprus:

Greek Cypriot area: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.); Turkish

Cypriot area: $51.1 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Czech Republic:

$28.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Denmark:

$50.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Djibouti:

$260 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Dominica:

$60.7 million (2000 est.)

Dominican Republic:

$5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Ecuador:

$5.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Egypt:

$7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

El Salvador:

$2.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Equatorial Guinea:

$860 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Eritrea:

$26 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Estonia:

$3.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Ethiopia:

$460 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):

$7.6 million (1995)

Faroe Islands:

$471 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Fiji:

$537 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Finland:

$44.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

France:

$325 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

French Guiana:

$155 million (f.o.b., 1997)

French Polynesia:

$205 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Gabon:

$3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Gambia, The:

$125.8 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Gaza Strip:

$682 million (f.o.b., 1998 est.) (includes West Bank)

Georgia:

$372 million (2000 est.)

Germany:

$578 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Ghana:

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Gibraltar:

$81.1 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Greece:

$15.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Greenland:

$276 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Grenada:

$62.3 million (2000 est.)

Guadeloupe:

$140 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Guam:

$75.7 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Guatemala:

$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Guernsey:

$NA

Guinea:

$820 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Guinea-Bissau:

$80 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Guyana:

$570 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Haiti:

$186 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Honduras:

$2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Hong Kong:

$204 billion (including reexports; f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Hungary:

$25.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Iceland:

$2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

India:

$43.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Indonesia:

$64.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Iran:

$25 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Iraq:

$21.8 billion (2000 est.)

Ireland:

$73.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Israel:

$31.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Italy:

$241.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Jamaica:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Japan:

$450 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Jersey:

$NA

Jordan:

$2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kazakhstan:

$8.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kenya:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kiribati:

$6 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Korea, North:

$520 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Korea, South:

$172.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Kuwait:

$23.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kyrgyzstan:

$482 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Laos:

$323 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Latvia:

$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Lebanon:

$700 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Lesotho:

$175 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Liberia:

$55 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Libya:

$13.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Liechtenstein:

$2.47 billion (1996)

Lithuania:

$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Luxembourg:

$7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Macau:

$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:

$1.4 billion (f.o.b.,

2000 est.)

Madagascar:

$538 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Malawi:

$416 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Malaysia:

$97.9 billion (2000 est.)

Maldives:

$88 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Mali:

$480 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Malta:

$2 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Man, Isle of:

$NA

Marshall Islands:

$28 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)

Martinique:

$250 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Mauritania:

$333 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Mauritius:

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Mayotte:

$3.44 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Mexico:

$168 billion (f.o.b., 2000), includes in-bond industries

(assembly plant operations)

Micronesia, Federated States of:

$73 million (f.o.b., 1996 est.)

Moldova:

$500 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Monaco:

$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects

and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market

system through customs union with France

Mongolia:

$454.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Montserrat:

$1.5 million (1998)

Morocco:

$7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Mozambique:

$390 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Namibia:

$1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Nauru:

$25.3 million (f.o.b., 1991)

Nepal:

$485 million (f.o.b., 1998), but does not include unrecorded

border trade with India

Netherlands:

$210.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Netherlands Antilles:

$276 million (f.o.b., 2000)

New Caledonia:

$411 million (f.o.b., 1999)

New Zealand:

$14.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Nicaragua:

$631 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Niger:

$385 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Nigeria:

$22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Niue:

$117,500 (f.o.b., 1989)

Norfolk Island:

$1.5 million (f.o.b., FY91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands:

$NA

Norway:

$59.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Oman:

$11.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Pakistan:

$8.6 billion (f.o.b., FY99/00)

Palau:

$14.3 million (f.o.b., 1996)

Panama:

$5.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Papua New Guinea:

$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Paraguay:

$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Peru:

$7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Philippines:

$38 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Pitcairn Islands:

$NA

Poland:

$28.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Portugal:

$26.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Puerto Rico:

$38.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Qatar:

$9.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Reunion:

$214 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Romania:

$11.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Russia:

$105.1 billion (2000 est.)

Rwanda:

$68.4 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Saint Helena:

$704,000 (f.o.b., 1995)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:

$53.2 million (2000 est.)

Saint Lucia:

$68.3 million (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:

$12 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:

$53.7 million (2000 est.)

Samoa:

$17 million (f.o.b., 2000)

San Marino:

trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe:

$3.2 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Saudi Arabia:

$81.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Senegal:

$959 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Seychelles:

$111 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Sierra Leone:

$65 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Singapore:

$137 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Slovakia:

$12 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Slovenia:

$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Solomon Islands:

$165 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Somalia:

$186 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

South Africa:

$30.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Spain:

$120.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Sri Lanka:

$5.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Sudan:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Suriname:

$443 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Svalbard:

$NA

Swaziland:

$881 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Sweden:

$95.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Switzerland:

$91.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Syria:

$4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Tajikistan:

$761 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Tanzania:

$937 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Thailand:

$68.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Togo:

$336 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Tokelau:

$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)

Tonga:

$8 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Trinidad and Tobago:

$3.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Tunisia:

$6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Turkey:

$26.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:

$2.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands:

$4.7 million (1993)

Tuvalu:

$165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)

Uganda:

$500.1 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Ukraine:

$14.6 billion (2000 est.)

United Arab Emirates:

$46 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

United Kingdom:

$282 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

United States:

$776 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Uruguay:

$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Uzbekistan:

$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Vanuatu:

$25.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Venezuela:

$32.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Vietnam:

$14.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Virgin Islands:

$NA

Wallis and Futuna:

$250,000 (f.o.b., 1999)

West Bank:

$682 million (includes Gaza Strip) (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Western Sahara:

$NA

World:

$6 trillion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Yemen:

$4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Yugoslavia:

$1.5 billion (1999)

Zambia:

$928 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Zimbabwe:

$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Taiwan:

$148.38 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

======================================================================

@Exports - commodities

Afghanistan:

opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool,

cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems

Albania:

textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores,

crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Algeria:

petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97%

American Samoa:

canned tuna 93%

Andorra:

tobacco products, furniture

Angola:

crude oil 90%, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas,

coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton

Anguilla:

lobster, fish, livestock, salt

Antigua and Barbuda:

petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%,

machinery and transport equipment 17%, food and live animals 4%,

other 8%

Argentina:

edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor

vehicles

Armenia:

diamonds, scrap metal, machinery and equipment, brandy,

copper ore

Aruba:

live animals and animal products, art and collectibles,

machinery and electrical equipment, transport equipment

Australia:

coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat,

machinery and transport equipment

Austria:

machinery and equipment, paper and paperboard, metal goods,

chemicals, iron and steel; textiles, foodstuffs

Azerbaijan:

oil and gas 75%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs

Bahamas, The:

pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish, refined

petroleum products

Bahrain:

petroleum and petroleum products 61%, aluminum 7%

Bangladesh:

garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and

seafood

Barbados:

sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages,

chemicals, electrical components, clothing

Belarus:

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, textiles,

foodstuffs

Belgium:

machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and

metal products

Belize:

sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses,

wood

Benin:

cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa

Bermuda:

reexports of pharmaceuticals

Bhutan:

cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit,

electricity (to India), precious stones, spices

Bolivia:

soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

NA

Botswana:

diamonds 72%, vehicles, copper, nickel, meat (1998)

Brazil:

manufactures, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee

British Virgin Islands:

rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel,

sand

Brunei:

crude oil, natural gas, refined products

Bulgaria:

clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and

equipment, fuels

Burkina Faso:

cotton, animal products, gold

Burma:

apparel 36%, foodstuffs 22%, wood products 21%, precious

stones 5% (1999)

Burundi:

coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Cambodia:

timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish

Cameroon:

crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans,

aluminum, coffee, cotton

Canada:

motor vehicles and parts, newsprint, wood pulp, timber,

crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, aluminum,

telecommunications equipment, electricity

Cape Verde:

fuel, shoes, garments, fish, bananas, hides

Cayman Islands:

turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

Central African Republic:

diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco

Chad:

cotton, cattle, textiles

Chile:

copper, fish, fruits, paper and pulp, chemicals

China:

machinery and equipment; textiles and clothing, footwear,

toys and sporting goods; mineral fuels

Christmas Island:

phosphate

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:

copra

Colombia:

petroleum, coffee, coal, apparel, bananas, cut flowers

Comoros:

vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:

diamonds, copper, coffee, cobalt,

crude oil

Congo, Republic of the:

petroleum 50%, lumber, plywood, sugar,

cocoa, coffee, diamonds

Cook Islands:

copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee;

fish; pearls and pearl shells; clothing

Costa Rica:

coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic

components, medical equipment

Cote d'Ivoire:

cocoa 33%, coffee, tropical woods, petroleum, cotton,

bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton, fish (1999)

Croatia:

transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels

Cuba:

sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Cyprus:

Greek Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement,

clothing and shoes; Turkish Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, textiles

Czech Republic:

machinery and transport equipment 44%, other

manufactured goods 40%, chemicals 7%, raw materials and fuel 7%

(1999)

Denmark:

machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy

products, fish, chemicals, furniture, ships, windmills

Djibouti:

reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

Dominica:

bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

Dominican Republic:

ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa,

tobacco, meats

Ecuador:

petroleum, bananas, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, cut flowers, fish

Egypt:

crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal

products, chemicals

El Salvador:

offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, shrimp,

textiles, chemicals, electricity

Equatorial Guinea:

petroleum, timber, cocoa

Eritrea:

livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures

Estonia:

machinery and equipment 24%, wood products 20%, textiles

17%, food products 9%, metals, chemical products (1999)

Ethiopia:

coffee, gold, leather products, oilseeds, qat

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):

wool, hides, meat

Faroe Islands:

fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)

Fiji:

sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish

Finland:

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper,

pulp

France:

machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics,

chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages