THE STAGE AND THE ACTORS
Some idea of the crime of Ekaterinburg is now in the reader’s
possession; but, in dealing with the evidence in all its aspects, it is
necessary to give an account of conditions that prevailed in the country
then, and of the chief actors in the drama. The murder of the Tsar and
his family, even after his abdication, may not be regarded as a simple
act of vengeance or casual precaution.
In 1917, the Germans had sent Lenin with a horde of Jewish
revolutionaries to take possession of Russia. A Red Government, composed
of persons selected in Berlin, was now in power; but they were vassals.
Count Mirbach, representing the suzerain State, figured in Moscow as the
virtual ruler, before whom the apostles of Karl Marx bowed the knee. At
the period under review, the Reds had displayed no overt disposition to
throw off the German yoke. They conformed with all the humiliating
clauses of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, dutifully sending the tribute
gold to Berlin which had been demanded as “war indemnity,” plundering
the national Exchequer and resources by order of their German masters.
Apparently everything was going well with the German plan of “peaceful”
conquest, whatever secret hopes the Red leaders may have nurtured.
Instead of a redoubtable foe, Russia was now a willing handmaid.
Ludendorff has related frankly, disingenuously, how simple and wonderful
had been this operation.[3] Not only was Russia out of the war; the
foodstuffs obtained from the Ukraine had literally saved Germany and her
allies. Hetman Skoropadsky already ruled the Ukraine for Germany.
Krasnov, at the head of the Cossacks, and Alexeiev with the gallant
Volunteer army remained neutral. Ludendorff hoped to lure them into his
net--a radiant combination that assured dominion over Russia and her
vast resources. He explains why it was not realised. The German
Government was to blame, it appears. There was a divergence of views
between Berlin and G.H.Q. The latter considered that the Reds had “done
their work”; so the Reds “must go,” and Krasnov and Alexeiev be diverted
at once from their sympathies with the Entente in order to preclude any
possibility of a revival of the Eastern front. For this purpose it was
necessary to order the German divisions in the South of Russia to march
on Moscow. Ludendorff felt quite sure that even Alexeiev would not be
able to resist the temptation to join hands with the enemies of
Sovietdom. But the obstinate, slow-witted bureaucrats in Berlin could
not adapt themselves to these lightning changes. Ludendorff stormed at
them: Were they blind not to see that the Reds were hoodwinking them?
Did they want proofs? Were the Czech prisoners of war not proceeding
eastward with the avowed object of reinforcing the French army?
This concrete accusation could not be denied. Lenin’s organization had
promised Professor Masaryk to permit the Czecho-Slovaks to leave the
country by way of Siberia provided they went peacefully. It was an easy
riddance of possible enemies. The Czechs were proceeding quietly to
Vladivostok, carefully abstaining from violence even when sorely tried
by the impudence of local Soviets, giving up their arms to bribe the
Reds.
Mirbach received instructions to call his Red henchmen to account; at
the same time messages were conveyed from the two Kaisers to their
warriors imprisoned in Siberia, enjoining upon them the duty of
organising resistance to the “invaders.” How the German and Magyar
officers enrolled Russian convicts and flung themselves athwart the
Czech retreat with the energetic concurrence of the Soviets is a matter
of history. But the connection between this circumstance and all that
preceded and followed is less known. Ludendorff feared above all the
re-establishment of the Eastern front, yet it was Ludendorff and his
Government that brought about the very consequences that they least
wanted.
Had the Czechs been allowed to depart it is certain that there would
have been no military help from the Entente side, and the chances of
seducing the Russian anti-Bolshevist leaders might not have been
still-born. As it was, the whole edifice of guile, duplicity, and
deceit, raised with such labour and cost, fell to the ground. The murder
of Mirbach sounded the call of its collapse.
But at the time when the fate of the Tsar and his family hung in the
balance, Germany was absolute mistress of the situation, and, had there
been unity of method as well as of purpose between the German High
Command and Berlin, the fate of Russia and, perhaps, of the war would
have been changed. Berlin wanted to continue to rule Russia through the
Soviets under Mirbach; Ludendorff aimed at the overthrow of the Soviets
in order to enlist the support of the Cossacks and Volunteers. As might
be expected, the conflict between them resulted in a fatal
compromise--an attempt to run with the White hare and hunt with the Red
hounds.
Ludendorff’s plan was to substitute a more agreeable form of government
in the place of the Soviets and to modify suitably the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk. Here we have the key to the removal of Nicholas II. from
Tobolsk. But all that subsequently happened was conditional upon another
set of forces. Sovietdom asserted itself. The working and organization
of the Soviets fitted in admirably with German requirements, and
incidentally subserved the plans of the murderers. New names, devised to
appeal to the fancy of the mob, concealed familiar institutions. There
were three principal bodies--Sovnarkom, Tsik, and Chrezvychaika, these
names being abbreviations of _Soviet narodnykh kommisarov_ (Council of
People’s Commissaries), _Tsentralny ispolnitelny komitet_ (Central
Executive Committee), and _Chrezvychainaia komisia dlia borby z
kontr-revoliutsiei_ (Extraordinary Commission for Combating
Counter-revolution). Under the old _régime_ the Duma, the Council of
Ministers, and the Okhrana had occupied the same relative positions.
Instead of the former ranks and dignities there were _komisary_, all
supposed to be elected, but in reality appointed by an inner and occult
body. _Sovdeps_ (Councils of Deputies) and _Komitety bednoty_ (Poor
Commissions) took over the functions of the old zemstvos and
municipalities, grouped into regional communes, just as it had been
proposed to group the zemstvos according to separate _oblasti_
(regions). Sovietdom (in Russian _Sovdepia_) had invented no new forms.
It is still in the grip of the Red Okhrana.
As there was no apparent authority, the local bodies often acted
independently; indeed, Lenin encouraged this tendency. _Vlast na
mestakh_ (every place its own master) was his motto. Lenin did not rule;
the Soviet system was governed by other people, the fellow-passengers
who came with him under German auspices. Though he delivered impassioned
harangues before the Sovnarkom and received deputations from minor
soviets, the real power was elsewhere--in the Tsik and Chrezvychaika;
and, just as it had been in the Old Russia, the last word was always
with the Police-Okhrana organisation.
Mirbach received his daily report from the Chrezvychaika. He was
murdered by two men who said they came from that office. Lenin had as
little to do with his death as he had with the murders, a week later, of
the ex-Tsar and his family. The Red Okhrana and the inner circle of the
Tsik were the veritable authors of the crime of Ekaterinburg, and
probably of Mirbach’s assassination.
Nonentities, figureheads of the Sovnarkom, do not interest us. We are
concerned with great, if maleficent, personages in the Red world. Most
of them are still unknown outside the ranks of the professional
revolutionaries. A goodly proportion of the hundred Jews who came out of
Germany with Lenin, and the hundreds who came from Chicago, deserve to
be included in this gallery, for they undoubtedly held Russia under
their sway. To enumerate and describe them would require a small volume.
I need sketch only those who act prominently in the drama of
Ekaterinburg. The most important were:--Sverdlov, Safarov, Voikov, and
Goloshchekin, and the murderer-in-chief Yurovsky.
The names of Safarov and Voikov figure in the list of Lenin’s
fellow-passengers. Both are very powerful Bolshevists, holding high
places in the executive and police branches. Sverdlov is--I use the
present tense because all these persons continue to wield their
influence to the present day--the uncrowned Tsar of the Soviets. His
authority is really much higher than that of Lenin or even Trotsky. He
dominates the Tsik, and his creatures rule the Chrezvychaika. Sverdlov’s
name appears in the Bolshevist Government as approved by Germany. The
direct connection between Sverdlov and the murders of Ekaterinburg is
established beyond doubt.
Goloshchekin was the representative of the above-named conclave in the
regional soviet of the Urals and kept that rather recalcitrant body
under secret subjection to his chiefs. The Uralian Reds were
particularly self-willed and jealous of Moscow because the population
consisted almost entirely of miners and metal-workers--a very advanced
and independent class, having little in common with the peasant-farmer,
for whom they professed contempt. Goloshchekin did whatever Sverdlov
wished. A stratagem had given him absolute power. The president of the
regional soviet was a Russian named Beloborodov. He was arrested by the
Chrezvychaika and imprisoned on a charge of appropriating 30,000
roubles. The punishment would be death. Together with Safarov and
Voikov, Goloshchekin arranged to release him. Beloborodov resumed the
presidency of the regional soviet as if nothing had happened. Dishonesty
was so rampant among the Komisars that the transition surprised no one.
But after that, Beloborodov gave up all attempts to resist Moscow--if he
had ever done so. He was henceforth a mere man of straw, kept in his
place to deceive the obstreperous Uralian miners, who did not wish to be
ruled from Moscow, much less by Jews.
The closest personal bonds had existed for many years between
Goloshchekin and Sverdlov. They had been together in prison and exile.
Goloshchekin ranked as an internationalist of the most pronounced type.
He had been selected for the rulership of the Urals with an eye to other
than political activities. He was bloodthirsty in an abnormal degree,
even for a Red chieftain. People who knew him at Ekaterinburg describe
Goloshchekin as a homicidal sadist. He never attended executions, but
insisted upon hearing a detailed account of them. He huddled in bed
shivering and quaking till the executioner came with his report, and
would listen to his description of tortures with a frenzy of joy,
begging for further details, gloating over the expressions, gestures and
death-throes of the victims as they passed before his diseased vision.
Yurovsky had a humbler task; he was not one of the mighty ones of the
Soviet. When the German plan to restore Nicholas as a vassal sovereign
had failed, and the Jewish conclave in Moscow was free to carry out its
vengeful purpose, Yurovsky was installed as chief gaoler and tormentor
of the doomed family. The Russian commandant and guards were dismissed,
ostensibly because they were pilfering. Magyarised-German soldiers under
a Jewish commandant took their places and were able to rob wholesale the
unfortunates whom they were supposed to protect.
The origins of Yurovsky have been fully investigated. His parents and
relatives--all poor Jews--remained in Siberia after the murderer and his
chiefs and accomplices had fled from Ekaterinburg. He had been a
watchmaker at Tomsk, scarcely able to make ends meet. Naturally
ambitious, he despised the people around him. He was waiting for an
opportunity. It came suddenly and mysteriously. Yurovsky disappeared.
This was before the war. He is next heard of in Ekaterinburg as a
photographic dealer. It leaked out that he had been to Berlin and become
possessed of some capital. When war came, he evaded service in the
trenches by qualifying as a red-cross assistant (_feldsher_) and
remained in Ekaterinburg. When the Bolshevists seized the government,
Yurovsky became one of the local agents of the new power.
At a time when he was seeking any and every means of advancement,
Yorovsky had been baptised into the Lutheran church. He used to attend
prayers in Ipatiev’s house. He even chatted pleasantly with the sick boy
Alexis, whom, a few days later, he shot with his own hand.