Archæological Journal_, Vol. I., p. 68 sq.
[20] C. P. Tiele, _History of the Egyptian Religion_, pp. 93, 95, etc.
[21] The most valuable study upon it is that by the late Moriz Wagner,
printed in his volume _Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche
Sonderung_ (Basel, 1889).
[22] Some excellent remarks on this subject are offered by Elie
Reclus, in his discussion of marriage among the Australians, in _Revue
d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 20, sq.
[23] On the interesting questions of the recurrence of red hair and
albinos in various races, consult Richard Andree, _Ethnographische
Parallelen und Vergleiche_, ss. 238, 261. (Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889).
[24] The alleged examples are satisfactorily set aside by Dr. Wilhelm
Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, Bd. II., ss. 425, sqq. (Paderborn, 1886.)
[25] Much of this seeming violence is “ceremonial,” as I have already
observed (page 44); but what I wish now to emphasize is that the
marriage is without show of affection.
[26] D. G. Brinton, “The Conception of Love in some American
Languages,” in _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 410, sq. (Philadelphia,
1890.)
[27] For numerous examples, see Dr. Wilhelm Schneider’s work, _Die
Naturvölker_, Th. II., ss. 290, 294, etc.
[28] Our countryman, Lewis H. Morgan, was the first to place this
subject in its true light in his work _Ancient Society_ (New York,
1878). He doubtless carried the theory too far in certain directions,
but in others it has not yet been sufficiently appreciated by
historians.
[29] See M. Kulischer, “Der Dualismus der Ethik bei den primitiven
Völkern,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 105.
[30] See “The Earliest Form of Human Speech as revealed by American
Tongues,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 390. (Philadelphia,
1890).
[31] “On the Origin of Language,” in _Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc.
for the Adv. of Science_, 1887, p. 279.
[32] The proof of this is furnished by Gustav Roskof, _Das
Religionswesen der Rohesten Naturvölker_ (Leipzig, 1880), and Wilhelm
Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, II. Theil (Paderborn, 1886). The
assertions to the contrary by Herbert Spencer, Sir John Lubbock, and
various French writers, arise from a lack of study of the evidence, or
a misunderstanding of terms.
[33] I have endeavored to show this, so far as it applies to native
American religions, in my volume, _American Hero-Myths_ (Philadelphia,
1882).
[34] See my Essay, _The Cradle of the Semites_ (Philadelphia, 1890),
and Sir Daniel Wilson, “Trade and Commerce in the Stone Age,” in
_Trans. Royal Soc. Canada_, 1889.
[35] This is shown not only by the presence of artefacts and shells
from the Pacific in old graves on the Atlantic coast, but by the
well-preserved traditions of the Eastern tribes. See my _Essays of an
Americanist_, p. 188 (Philadelphia, 1890).
[36] Such at any rate is the opinion expressed last year (1889)
by the most celebrated living anthropologic anatomist, Professor
Virchow, in an address before the German Anthropological Association.
(_Correspondenz Blatt der Deutschen Anthrop. Gesell._, Sept., 1889, s.
96.) Except for the weight of his great name, I should hesitate to say
as much; and as it is, I entertain some doubts as to the accuracy of
the statement.
[37] This is the result of the most recent researches. See Prof. J.
N. Woldrich’s paper, “Ueber die palaeolithische Zeit Mittel-Europas,”
in the _Correspondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesell. für Anthropologie_,
1889, p. 110, sq. Also _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1884,
s. 530, for the absence of the old stone age in Siberia, a fact which
also tells heavily against the first peopling of America from that
region.
[38] G. de Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 120.
(Paris, 1883.) A. Gaudry, _Le Dryopithèque_ (Paris, 1890).
[39] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 155. (New York, 1883).
[40] For the details of these features, see the work of E. Suess, _Das
Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. I., s. 371, 768, etc. (Leipzig, 1885.)
[41] On the recent connection of North Africa with Europe, see A. R.
Wallace, _The Geographical Distribution of Animals_, Vol. I., pp. 38,
39; De Mortillet, _Le Prehistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 225.
“Even in post-tertiary times,” writes Huxley (_Physiography_, p. 308),
“Africa was united to Europe at the Straits of Gibraltar and across
by Malta and Sicily. The Sahara is an old sea bottom, which was below
water at a comparatively recent period.” “The Atlas mountains,” remarks
Suess, “belong to the intricate orographic system of Europe.” (_Das
Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. I., s. 462.)
[42] Emile Cartailhac _Les Ages Préhistoriques de l’Espagne et du
Portugal_, pp. 24-30 (Paris, 1886).
[43] Comp. Dr. Bleicher and Sir John Lubbock in the _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, Vol. X., p. 318; Dr. R. Collignon in
_Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 1886, p. 676, sq.
[44] See the article of C. Zittel, “Sur les silex taillés trouvës
dans le desert Libyque,” in _Congrès Internat. d’Anthropologie et
d’Archéologie_, 1874, pp. 78, etc.
[45] See W. D. Gooch, “The Stone Age of South Africa,” in _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, 1881, p. 173, sq., and various later
reports and discussions in the same periodical.
[46] This opinion was long ago expressed by the distinguished
geologist, d’ Omalius d’ Halloy: “Tout nous porte á croire que les
differences que presente le genre humain remontent á un ordre de choses
antérieur á l’état actuel du globe terrestre.” _Des Races Humaines_,
p. 11 (Paris, 1845). This is also the result of recent studies. See
Prof. Edward S. Morse, on “Man in the Tertiaries,” in the _American
Naturalist_, 1884, p. 1010.
[47] _Lectures on Physical Geography_, p. 273. (London, 1880.)
[48] See A. Bastian, _Zur Lehre von den Geographischen Provinzen_
(Berlin, 1886); A. De Quatrefages, _Histoire Generale des Races
Humaines_, p. 333, (Paris, 1889); Dr. Thomas Achelis, _Die Entwickelung
der Modernen Ethnologie_, s. 65, (Berlin, 1889). Agassiz was the first
to announce (in 1850) that the different races of man are distributed
over the world in the same zoölogical provinces as those inhabited by
distinct species and genera of mammals. This fact is coming more and
more to be the accepted axiom for the study of racial development.
(Compare Darwin, _Descent of Man_, p. 169).
[49] This calculation includes in Asia the Arabian peninsula, Syria,
the Iranic regions, most of Asia Minor and the Caucasus; but excludes
Hindostan, the occupation of which by the Aryans is within the historic
period. In Africa it embraces the tract from the Atlantic to the Red
Sea, and from the Mediterranean to the Sudan, nearly all of which was
held by the Hamitic peoples when we first learn about it. In Europe it
includes the whole continent south of a line drawn from the mouth of
the Volga, through St. Petersburg to the Atlantic.
[50] One of the leading European students of anatomical racial type is
Dr. J. Kollmann, of Basle. He claims that there are four fundamental
skull types in that continent:
1. Narrow faced, brachycephalic.
2. Narrow faced, dolichocephalic.
3. Broad faced, brachycephalic.
4. Broad faced, dolichocephalic.
These forms he believes have been steadily perpetuated and have
undergone no change, except by intermarrying; they bear no relation to
intellectual ability, and they recur in nations of the same language,
customs and history. “Ethnic unity in Europe rests not upon racial
identity, but racial (anatomical) diversity.” _Verhand. der Berliner
Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, s. 332.
[51] A more appropriate view was taken by Canon Isaac Taylor at the
meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in
1889. He defended the thesis that the human race originated in Europe
and bifurcated into the Asian and African branches. (See _Nature_,
1889, No. 40, p. 632.)
[52] For a recent summary of the evidence on this point consult Isaac
Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 129, sq. (London, 1890.)
[53] See Freidrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd.
III., s. 224-5; Sayce, _Science of Language_, Vol. II., page 178. The
latter uses the expression that between the old Egyptian, the Libyan,
and the Semitic tongues “the grammatical agreement is most striking.”
[54] On the Guanches, consult the various works of Sabin Berthelot,
Dr. Verneau, and later J. Harris Stone in _Proceedings of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1888, p. 851. The
last-mentioned dwells on the many similarities of their arts to those
of the Egyptians.
[55] Barth is of opinion that the Berbers conquered the Sahara, not
from blacks, but “from the sub-Libyan race, the Leucæthiopes of the
ancients, with whom they intermarried” (_Travels in Africa_, Vol. I.,
340). This is, I think, the correct opinion, and not that the Sahara
was occupied by the negroes.
[56] Ritter, _Erdkunde_, Bd. I., s. 561.
[57] Walter B. Harris, in _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical
Society_, 1889, p. 490.
[58] For numerous authorities, see Sabin Berthelot, _Bulletin de
la Société d’ Ethnologie_, 1845, p. 121, sq., and his _Antiquités
Canariennes_ (Paris, 1879).
[59] The early Greek geographer known as Scylax, also speaks of the
Libyan men as blondes, and very handsome. For a recent and able
discussion of this subject, consult F. Borsari, _Geografica Ethnologica
e Storica della Tripolitana_, p. 23, sq. (Naples, 1888). The French
writers Broca, Faidherbe, etc., have also written copiously on the
Libyan blondes.
[60] The _Tahennu_. Rawlinson, _History of Ancient Egypt_, Vol. II. p.
292.
[61] As distinguished from the Arab, Pruner Bey described the Kabyle as
“of higher stature, cerebral and facial cranium broader, forehead more
vertical, eyebrows less arched, jaws more orthognathic.” My own studies
in Algeria lead me to recognize the correctness of these distinctions.
Dr. R. Collignon describes what he thinks is the most ancient Tunisian
type as tall, dolichocephalic (73), mesorrhinic (75), narrow face,
forehead and chin retreating. He says of the blonde element in Tunisia
that it is “assez rare, mais un peu partout.” _Bull. de la Soc. d’
Anthropologie de Paris_, 1886, pp. 620, 621.
[62] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1888, s. 115.
[63] Yet Barth mentions that in the western Sahara one of the most
powerful of the Berber tribes was called _Aurághen_, the yellow, or the
gold-colored. _Travels in Africa_, vol. i, pp. 230, 339.
[64] See Broca, “Sur les blondes, et les monuments megalithiques de
l’Afrique du Nord,” in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1876; and Faidherbe,
_Collection Compléte d’ Inscriptions Numidiques_, Introduction. (Paris,
1870.)
[65] In offering this new derivation of the much discussed name
Berberi or Barbari, one must remember that it has always been the name
of a powerful tribe in Morocco, the Brebres; that it was what the
ancient Egyptians called them (Herodotus); and that it is to-day a
pure Libyan word. _Iberru_, is from the verbal root _ibra_, they are
free; _ibarbar_, they come forth (Newman, _Libyan Vocabulary_, pp.
40, 133). The plural in the Hamitic group was originally formed by
repetition (F. Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. III., s. 240). Hence
Berberi may mean either “those who came forth,” _i. e._, emigrants,
or those who go where they list, _i. e._, freemen. This is also the
meaning of _amóshagh_, the generic name of the Touaregs (Barth,
_Travels in Africa_, vol. v., page 555). Barth, a high authority,
believes that the same word _ber_ is the radical of the names Bernu,
Berdoa, Berauni, etc. The legendary ancestors of the Moroccan Berbers
(Brebres) was Ber, in which, says Barth, “we recognize the name Afer,”
the _f_ and _b_ being interchangeable in these dialects. From “Afer”
we have “Africa” (_Travels_, vol. i., p. 224). One of the principal
gods of ancient Libya and of the Guanches was Abŏra, or Ibru. See my
article “On Etruscan and Libyan Names” in _Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society_, Feb., 1890. One of the Pindaric fragments
recites a Libyan tradition to the effect that the first man, Iarbas,
sprang from the sun-heated soil, and chose for food the sweet acorns of
the tree (Lenormant, _The Beginnings of History_, p. 48). In “Iarbas”
we can scarcely fail in recognizing the same root _bar_, the change
being by the familiar process of reversal.
[66] Early in this century, Bory de St. Vincent maintained the identity
of the Iberians and Berbers (_Essai Geologique_, Paris, 1805). Humboldt
argued that there was but one language in old Spain beside the Celtic,
in spite of the direct assertion of Strabo to the contrary, and the
well-known fact that many Celtiberic inscriptions cannot be read either
in Celtic or Basque (_Prüfung der Untersuchungen_, etc., § 39).
The Roman geographer, Rufus Festus Avienus, offers the important
correction that the Iberi derived their name, not from the Ebro, as is
usually stated, but from a stream close to Gibraltar on the Atlantic
side.
“At Iberus inde manat amnis et locos
Fœcundat undã: plurimi ex ipso ferunt
Dictos Iberos, non ab illo flumine
Quod inquietos Vasconas prælabitur.”
--_Ora Maritima._
The two names show that it was a _nomen gentile_, and that the tribe so
known extended along the southern coast.
It has been recently asserted that many north African place-names occur
in Spain (_Revista de Anthropologia_, Madrid, 1876, quoted by Fligier).
[67] The Coptic word is _Na-pa-ut_, Bunsen, _Egypt’s Place in History_,
Vol. III, p. 137.
[68] This war is recorded in the celebrated “inscription of Menephtah,”
of the XIXth dynasty. See _Records of the Past_, Vol. IV; Brugsch
Bey, _History of Egypt_, Vol. II, p. 129, and the more recent studies
of these inscriptions by Dr. Max Müller, in the _Proceedings of the
Society for Biblical Archæology_, Vol. VI.
[69] As further showing the ancient culture of the Libyans, I may note
that they constructed stone dwellings before their conquest by the
Romans. For extracts showing this, see _Revue des deux Mondes_, Dec.,
1865.
[70] The evidence to this effect I have marshalled in two papers read
before the American Philosophical Society: “On the Ethnic Affinities of
the Ancient Etruscans” (_Proceedings of the Amer. Phil. Soc._, Oct.,
1889), and “A Comparison of Etruscan and Libyan Names” (_Ibid._, Feb.,
1890).
[71] The most scholarly analysis of this curious alphabet, called the
_tifinagh_ or _tifinar_, will be found in Prof. Halevy’s _Essai d’
Epigraphie Libyque_ (Paris, 1875).
[72] See Duveyrier, _Les Touaregs du Nord_, p. 339; H. Bissuell, _Les
Touaregs de l’ Ouest_, pp. 106, 115 (Alger., 1888), etc.
[73] Hooker and Ball, _Tour in Morocco_, p. 86.
[74] To Prof. A. H. Sayce is, I think, due the honor of showing that
the pre-Semitic white race of Palestine was of the Libyan stock. See
_Nature_, 1888, p. 321. He had previously pointed out that the two
forms of tenses of the Libyan verb “correspond most remarkably with
Assyrian forms” (_Introduction to the Science of Language_, Vol. II.,
p. 180). Rawlinson, in his _Story of Phenicia_ (N. Y., 1889), adopts
the view that the early Phenicians were Hamites. The epochal discovery
of Halevy, now accepted by Delitzsch and other Assyriologists, that the
“second” column of the cuneiform inscription is merely a Hamito-Semitic
dialect in another character, finally destroys the “Turanian”
hypothesis, and restores the ancient Assyrians to the Eurafrican race.
[75] Virchow, after close studies in Egypt, expressed himself very
positively that the affinities of the old Egyptian stock were “with
the Hamites, with the Berbers and Kabyles, the peoples who from the
remotest times have inhabited the regions of the Atlas.” See his
address in the _Correspondenz-Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für
Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1888, p. 110.
[76] On the stone age in Egypt, see General Pitt-Rivers, in _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, 1881, p. 387, sq.; and especially
the exhaustive article by Dr. Virchow in _Verhandlungen der Berliner
Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 345, sq. As early as 1881 Prof. Henry
W. Haynes of Boston announced his discovery of palæolithic stone
implements in Upper Egypt. (_Mems. of the Amer. Acad. of Arts and
Sciences_, Vol. X., p. 357.) The latest contribution to the subject is
by W. Reiss, _Funde aus der Steinzeit Aegyptens_ (Berlin, 1890).
[77] M. G. de Lapouge goes quite as far. He writes (_Revue
d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 308), “L’Egypte s’est civilisée pendant
notre quaternaire, et son plus grand developpement a coincidé avec
notre epoque néolithique.”
[78] “Jusqu’a cette heure,” writes A. L. Delattre, in the _Bulletin
des Antiquités Africaines_, 1885, p. 242, “les pieces archéologiques
de notre collection de Carthage, qui remontent incontestablement à la
période primitive de l’histoire de cette ville fameuse, ont toutes le
cachet egyptien prononcé.”
[79] Dr. L. Faurot, in _Revue d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 57.
[80] See my essay on this subject, _The Cradle of the Semites_
(Philadelphia, 1890); also the able paper of G. Bertin, “On the Origin
of the Semites,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
1882, p. 423, sq., and the speculations of R. G. Haliburton, in
_Proceedings of the British Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1887, p.
907. An excellent summary of the argument that the Semites came from
Africa will be found in Gifford Palgrave’s article on Arabia in the
_Encyclopedia Britannica_.
[81] The important Berber folk of the Mzabites in Southern Algiers
are said strongly to resemble Semites, presenting “a reunion of
the secondary characteristics of the Jews and Arabs.” _Revue d’
Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 353.
[82] The late investigations of E. Glaser in Southern Arabia have
brought many hundreds of these inscriptions to our knowledge.
[83] Doughty, _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, Vol. I., p. 102. About five
per cent. of the Arabs of the Peninsula of Sinai are pure blondes. See
_Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 351.
[84] The statistics in Central Europe show that among the Jews there,
about 15 per cent. are true blondes, 25 per cent. brunettes, and the
remainder intermediate. The blondes are generally dolichocephalic, the
brunettes brachycephalic or medium. See Dr. Fligier, “Zur Anthropologie
der Semiten,” in _Mitthiel. der Wiener Anthrop. Gesell._, Bd. IX., s.
155, sq.
[85] Compare Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 98, and Paul Broca,
_Sur l’Origine et la Repartition de la Langue Basque_, Paris (1875).
Broca recognized the autochthony of the Basque in Spain, and considered
their language the oldest in Europe.
[86] Called by the French craniologists _tête de lièvre_. De
Quatrefages identified certain skulls from kitchen-middens in Portugal
as of this form, indicating that the Euskaric peoples once extended
that far west. _Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines_, p. 478.
[87] See on this point the detailed comparisons in Heinrich Winkler’s
_Ural-altaische Völker und Sprachen_, ss. 155-167, and elsewhere. The
attempted identifications of Basques and Berbers by Dr. Tubino (_Los
Aborigines Ibericos_, Madrid, 1876) is therefore a failure.
[88] I should prefer the term “Celtindic” to either of the others.
“Aryan,” or Aryac, suggested by Prof. Max Müller from a Sanscrit root,
signifies “noble,” “superior.” It is open to several objections, but I
have adopted it on account of its popularity.
[89] The European bronze age, for instance, was not introduced by
the Indo-Aryac peoples, as their early art-forms in bronze are
quite distinct, and their alloy different, the Asian bronze being
a zinc, the European a tin alloy. See on this R. Virchow in the
_Correspondenz-Blatt der deutchen Gesell. für Anthropologie_, 1889, s.
94.
[90] See d’Halloy’s articles in the _Bulletins de l’Academie Royale
de Belgique_, beginning with Vol. VI (1839); especially in 1848 his
“Observations sur la Distribution ancienne des peuples de la race
blanche.” Dr. Latham first stated this view in an Appendix, dated
1859, to an article on “The original extent of the Slavonic area.”
See his _Opuscula_, pp. 127-28 (London, 1860). I observe that Dr.
John Beddoe, in his last address before the Anthropological Institute
of Great Britain this year, 1890, repeats the statement: “The first
anthropologist of note who took up the notion of the European origin
of the Aryans was Dr. Robert Latham” (_Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, 1890, p.
491). On the contrary, d’Halloy, in the “Observations” above quoted
(p. 9), urges that the “Indo-Germanic” languages point to a kinship of
those who speak them, and that they always have been in Europe, and did
not come from Asia.
[91] A. De Candolle, _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 265, sq. This
is ingeniously explained on the mechanical theory of mixing colors by
d’Halloy. _Obs. sur la Distrib. de la Race Blanche_, p. 11. (Bruxelles,
1848.) Compare also R. Virchow, _Die Verbreitung des blonden und des
brunetten Typus in Mitteleuropa_, who attributes the increase of
brunette’s to a reversion to “Celtic or pre-Celtic ancestry.”
[92] This opinion has also been defended by Fligier, _Zur
praehistorischen Ethnologie Italiens_, p. 55.
[93] Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 259.
[94] See his remarkable essay, published in 1821, entitled _Prüfung
der Untersuchungen über die Urbewohner Hispaniens vermittlest der
Vaskischen Sprache_, § 47.
[95] In his latest work, Dr. Abel avers that the old Egyptian
and Indo-European stocks have as many radicals in common as the
idioms of the latter have among themselves. _Ægyptisch-Europaeische
Sprachverwandtschaft_, s. 58 (Leipzig, 1890).
[96] See Karl Brugman, _Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic
Languages_, Vol. I., pp. 13, 14; Wharton, _Etyma Latina_, Introduction.
[97] See Dr. Fligier, _Zur praehistorischen Ethnologie Italiens_ (Wien
1877). There is a markedly brachycephalic type among the Albanians,
quite dissimilar from the Greek. I incline to believe it is Celtic.
See Dr. Raphael Zampa, “Anthropologie Illyrienne,” in the _Revue d’
Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 625, sq.
[98] See Max Duncker, _History of Greece_, Vol. I, p. 11.
[99] _Ibid._, pp. 13, 142.
[100] Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 98.
[101] The Phrygian was about as closely related to the Greek as Gothic
to middle High German. See Curtius, _History of Greece_, Vol. I, p. 43,
who acknowledges that the testimony of antiquity is in favor of the
easterly migration of the Hellenic peoples, but denies the fact because
it is in conflict with his Asiatic hypothesis.
[102] The Cypriote Greeks used a remarkable syllabic alphabet of great
antiquity. R. H. Lang, _Cyprus_, pp. 8, 12 (London, 1878).
[103] On this important subject see Max Duncker, _History of Greece_,
Vol. I, Chap. IV, “The Phenicians in Hellas;” and H. Schliemann,
_Tiryns_, pp. 28, 57, etc.
[104] Hovelacque et Hervé, _Precis d’Anthropologie_, p. 573.
[105] This is the opinion of Penka, Schrader, Taylor, etc.
[106] “The Lithuanian language has more antique features by far than
any other now spoken dialect of the whole great (Aryac) family.” W. D.
Whitney, _Oriental and Linguistic Studies_, Vol. II, p. 228.
[107] In North Germany the present percentage of blondes is 42; in the
German empire, 32; in Austria, 20; in Switzerland, 11. (Virchow, _Die
Verbreitung des blonden und des brunetten Typus in Mitteleuropa_.)
[108] On the extreme diversity of skull-forms among the modern Russians
see _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1889, p. 99. The race of the “Kurgans,”
or ancient tombs, which are supposed to date back to the ninth or tenth
century, had usually long skulls; but about 20 per cent. are short.
Hervé is quite right in his statement, “Il n’y a pas un type général
slave, il n’y a même pas un type slave du nord et un type slave du
sud.” _Précis d’ Anthropologie_, p. 564.
[109] Cf. Gesa Kuun, “L’ Origine des Nationalités de la Transylvanie,”
in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1888, pp. 232, sqq.