Potocki, _Voyages_, p. 167, that the Ossetes, by their own traditions,
came from southeastern Russia, on the river Don. They are generally
blondes of the brachycephalic Slavonic type.
[111] Cf. Louis Rousselet, _Les Afghans_, in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_,
1888, p, 412.
[112] Sanscrit civilization extended throughout most of Farther India
and Malasia, and at one time had one of its chief seats in Cambodia,
where the ruins of magnificent palaces decorated with subjects from
the Ramayana attest its presence. See Abel Bergaigne, “Sur l’Histoire
Ancienne du Cambodge,” in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1885, p. 477, sq.
[113] A. F. Rittich, _Die Ethnographie Russlands_, p. 2. (4to, Gotha,
1878.)
[114] “Everything goes to prove,” writes de Quatrefages, “that the
Caucasus was not a center of _emigration_, but of _immigration_ by
various peoples at a comparatively late date.” (_Histoire Generale des
Races Humaines_, p. 475.) The researches of Rudolph Virchow result in
showing that these mountains were peopled at about the beginning of the
age of bronze.
[115] This is the result of the observations of Ernest Chantre, who
spent years in personal investigations throughout the Caucasus.
(_Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase_, quoted in _Revue d’
Anthropologie,_ 1888, p. 480.) Virchow reached the same conclusion from
his osteologic studies (_Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie_, 1887, p. 97.) It
is high time therefore to stop talking about the “Caucasian” race.
[116] For a full discussion of this subject consult de Quatrefages,
_Les Pygmées des anciens et de la science moderne_, Paris, 1886.
[117] See the very detailed observations of Emin Bey in the
_Zeitschrift fur Ethnologié_, 1886, s. 145. The hairy skin is also
mentioned by Du Chaillu.
[118] Dr. K. Schweinfurth, _The Heart of Africa_, vol. i., p. 139; and
Fritsch, _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1887, s
195.
[119] Leclerc, “Les Pygmées à Madagascar,” in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_,
1887, p. 323.
[120] Theodore Hahn, in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1887, P. 272.
[121] See M. Ploix, “Les Hottentots et leur Religion,” in _Revue d’
Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 271, sq.
[122] Dr. L. Tautain, “Sur l’ Ethnographie du Sénégal,” in _Revue d’
Ethnographie_, 1885, p. 61, sq.
[123] See Th. Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. II, ss. 476-8.
[124] See Dr. Frederich Müller, _Die Æquatoriale Sprach-Familie in
Central Afrika_, Wien, 1889.
[125] The word _bantu_ in that language means “people” or “men.” It is
preferable to “Caffres,” which is sometimes applied to the group, and
which is an Arabic term meaning “infidels.”
[126] These traditions are briefly presented by de Quatrefages, _Hist.
Gen. des Races Humaines_, pp. 371, sqq.
[127] Grandel, _Ethnography_, p. 335.
[128] These are found in Bechuana land at Zimbabye. See John Mackenzie,
_Austral Africa_, Vol. I., p. 35 (London, 1887.)
[129] Except the Bushman and Hottentots and Negrillos, all the African
tribes seem to have long known the working of iron. See Dr. F. Delisle,
“Sur la Fabrication du fer dans l’ Afrique Equatoriale,” in the _Revue
d’ Ethnographie_, 1884, p. 465.
[130] On the geographical domain of the Mandingoes, see a careful note
by Dr. Toutain in the _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1886, p. 515.
[131] Cf. A. R. Wallace, _Geographical Distribution of Animals_.
[132] This is Mantegazza’s opinion, _Archivio per l’Antropologia_,
1888, p. 121, sq.
[133] D’Escayrac de Lauture, _Memoires sur la Chine_, Religion, p. 64
(Paris, 1877).
[134] D’Escayrac de Lauture, _Memoires sur la Chine_, Religion, pp.
18-20 (Paris, 1877).
[135] A. F. Rittich, _Die Ethnographie Russlands_, ss. 20-24.
[136] Nicholas Seeland, “Les Kirghis,” in _Revue d’Anthropologie_,
1886, p. 27.
[137] The best recent authority is Dr. Heinrich Winkler, _Uralaltaische
Völker und Sprachen_. (Berlin, 1884.)
[138] _Note on the Lapps of Finmark_, p. 8. (Paris, 1886.)
[139] A. H. Keane, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol.
XV., p. 218.
[140] N. A. E. de Nordenskjold, in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1884, p.
402; also A. F. Rittich, _Die Ethnographie Russland_ s. 12 (Gotha,
1878).
[141] I have followed in this obscure subject W. H. Dall, “On the
so-called Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia” in the
_American Naturalist_, 1881, p. 857. Rittich says, erroneously, that
the Namollos are not related to the Chukchis. (_Die Ethnographie
Russland,_ s. 15.) The relationship of the Chukchi, Korak and
Kamschatkan is demonstrated by Heinrich Winkler, _Uralaltäische Völker
und Sprachen_, s. 120.
[142] J. Deniker, _Les Ghiliaks d’après les derniers Renseignements_,
pp. 5, 17. (Paris, 1884.)
[143] The date of the foundation of the Japanese ecclesiastical empire
is put at 660 B.C. D’Escayrac de Lauture, _La Chine et les Chinois_,
Vol. I, p. 17.
[144] For details, see Hovelacque et Hervé, _Precis d’ Anthropologie_,
p. 468-470.
[145] An admirable analysis of the physical traits of the Japanese will
be found in the _Journal of Speculative Philosophy_, Vol. VI., written
by Benjamin Smith Lyman, long a resident among them.
[146] This subject has been presented with great amplitude of
illustration by the late Moritz Wagner. See _Die Entstehung der Arten
durch räumliche Sonderung_, Basel, 1889.
[147] Dr. Finsch, for instance, mentions that on the little island of
Tanna, in Melanesia, nearly every village has a dialect unintelligible
to its neighbors. _Anthrop. Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, s.
38. (Berlin, 1884.)
[148] This lost continent is sometimes called Gondwana land, from the
recurrence of the Gondwana formation in Hindostan, Madagascar, and the
east coast of Africa. See Suess, _Das Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. ii.
[149] The word _aëta_ is Malayan, and means “black.” There is some
doubt about the Semangs, as some of them are fair. See _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute,_ 1886, p. 429, and compare F. de Castelnau
in the _Revue de philologie et d’ ethnographie_, 1876, p. 174, sq.
[150] The Susians in the lower valley of the Euphrates show in color
and hair an infusion of Negro blood, but this is attributable to the
introduction of slaves into that region from Africa. (Cf. _Revue d’
Anthropologie_, 1888, p. 79.)
[151] For an excellent study of the Andaman islanders, see E. H.
Man, in _Journal of Anthropological Institute_, Vol. XII., etc. F.
Blumentritt describes the Negritos of the Philippines with head and
features thoroughly Negro like. (_Ethnographie der Philippinen_, s. 5,
Gotha, 1882.)
[152] Dr. J. Montano, in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 691; F.
Blumentritt, _Ethnographie der Philippinen_, s. 7. (Gotha, 1882.) The
description applies principally to the Negritos of these islands, where
they number about 10,000 persons.
[153] Flower, “On the Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of the
Andaman Islands,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
1880, p. 132. The same position is taken by James Dallas, in the
_Proceedings of the British Naturalists’ Society_, 1884. He argues that
the Negritos, Papuas and African Negroes belong to one family, the
“Melanochroic,” which in view of the continuity and isolation of the
region it occupies must originally have been a unit.
[154] See A. B. Meyer, in _Mittheilungen der Wiener Anthropologischen
Gesellschaft,_ 1874; and A. R. Wallace, Australasia, pp. 452-456. The
great diversity in color, hair, etc., is commented on by Dr. O. Finsch,
_Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, p. 34. The
difference is sometimes by villages, some being quite fair and called
“white Papuas,” though of pure blood ostensibly.
[155] See Rev. L. Ella, “A Comparison of the Malayan and Papuan Races
of Polynesia,” in _Proceedings of the Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science_, Vol. I. (1888), p. 484, sq. The author writes
from 26 years’ intercourse with the various islanders. He claims that
the Papuas “have distinctly African resemblances, habits, customs,
languages, and religions.”
[156] These singular facts are fully supported by the studies of Dr. O.
Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, s. 34,
sq.
[157] See Fr. Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Ab.
II., s. 160.
[158] Horatio Hale, _Ethnog. and Philol. of the U. S. Exploring
Exped._, p. 44.
[159] In the _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, s. 162.
[160] See Friedrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. I.,
Ab. II., s. 30; Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 160.
[161] M. O. Beauregard has compared 120 common words and numerals in
dialects from Madagascar to Easter Island, and proves that all are
affined to the pure Malay, though with many verbal admixtures from
other sources. _Bulletin de la Société d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, pp.
520-527.
[162] “On ne peut guère mettre en doute que les vrais Malais
appartiennent au groupe des races à petite taille et à tête plus ou
moins ronde de l’Asie.” Hovelacque et Hervé, _Précis d’ Anthropologie_,
p. 470.
[163] See Friedrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd.
II., Ab. II., s. 1-3.
[164] Compare Fr. Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_, Bd. II., s. 371. Dr. Hamy and
Mr. Keane have questioned the relationship of the Battaks.
[165] Dr. O. Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der
Sudsee_, s. 1. (Berlin, 1884.)
[166] A. Thompson, “On the Osteology of the Veddahs,” in _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, 1889. “Veddah” in Sanscrit means
“hunter.”
[167] On the inhabitants of Boru, see G. W. Earl, _Native races of the
Indian Archipelago_, p. 185.
[168] Other Hypotheses about the Polynesians are that they are an
autochthonous race developed in New Zealand (Lesson et Martinet, _Les
Polynésiens_, Paris, 1884); that they came from America; that they are
of Aryac descent (Fornander).
The migrations of the Polynesians have been closely studied by Horatio
Hale, _Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition_,
pp. 116-196 (1847). Many later writers have pursued the subject.
[169] The sacred legends and rites of the Polynesians have been
collected by Bastian, _Inselgruppen in Oceanien_ (Berlin, 1883), and
other writers.
[170] Dr. O. Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der
Sudsee_, s. 19.
[171] De Quatrefages found the Australian sub-type of skull reappearing
among the Dravidians, and he goes so far as to add, “The affinity of
the Australian and Dravidian languages is now universally admitted.”
_Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines_, p. 333. He quotes the authority of
Maury; but Fr. Müller thinks the analogies “too weak” to be convincing.
(_Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft._ Bd. II., s. 95-98.)
[172] Dr. Friedrich Ratzel acknowledges the probable inroads of
Malays in southern India, but condemns classing the Dravidas with the
Australians. _Völkerkunde_, Bd. III., s. 411 (Leipzig, 1888).
[173] Wake, “The Papuans and Polynesians,” in _Jour. of the Anthrop.
Institute_, Nov., 1882.
[174] This is the positive statement of Geo. W. Earl, who had seen
Tasmanians. (_Native Races of the Indian Archipelago_, p. 188. London,
1853.) It is contradicted by Dr. Hamy, in the _Crania Ethnica_, for no
other reason, apparently, than that it does not fit his theories.
[175] “The cast of the face is between the African and Malay types.” H.
Hale, _Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition_, p.
107. Mr. Hale describes their hair as “long, fine and wavy, like that
of Europeans,” the color usually a dark brown.
[176] Edwin N. Curr, _The Australian Race_, Vol. III., p. 675 (London,
1887).
[177] Elisée Reclus, “Contributions à la Sociologie des Australiens,”
in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1887.
[178] For abundant authorities see A. Bastian, _Inselgruppen in
Oceanien_, ss. 121, 122 (Berlin, 1883).
[179] Cf. A. T. Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimos,” in _American
Naturalist_, 1885, p. 473.
[180] E. Petitot, _Monographie des Déné Dindjié_, p. 24 (Paris, 1876).
[181] See F. Michel, _Dix huit ans chez les Sauvages_ (Paris, 1866),
and Petitot, ubi supra.
[182] See an article on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound
Builders,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 67 (Philadelphia, 1890).
[183] Dr. Ten Kate, in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1885, p. 122.
[184] _Life Among the Pi-Utes_, by Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins (Boston,
1883).
[185] Dr. A. Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_ (Jena, 1885).
[186] The tribes of British Columbia have been especially studied by
Dr. Franz Boas, who has published extensively upon them.
[187] See D. G. Brinton, _American Hero Myths_, Chap. III
(Philadelphia, 1882).
[188] The Tarascos have been studied with much care by Dr. Nicolas
Leon, of Michoacan, who has published a number of articles on their
antiquities and languages.
[189] S. Habel, _The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalhuapa_
(Washington, 1878). Bastian has also written a good account of them
(Berlin, 1882).
[190] D. G. Brinton, “On the Alaguilac Language of Guatemala,” in
_Proceedings of the American Philosoph. Soc._, 1887.
[191] D. G. Brinton, _The Güegüence, a comedy ballet in the Dialect of
Nicaragua_. Introduction, p. viii. (Philadelphia, 1883).
[192] C. H. Berendt, _Bull. of the Amer. Geog. Society_, 1876, p. 11.
[193] Karl von der Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, s. 308.
[194] On this complex question compare _Verhandlungen der Berliner
Anthrop. Gesell._, 1886, s. 703; 1887, s. 532, and elsewhere; Karl
von den Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, s. 295, and the work of
Von Martius, _Zur Ethnographie Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens_, Vol. I.
(Leipzig, 1867).
[195] The most careful analysis of the Peruvian government is given
by Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt-America’s_, pp. 369, sq.
(Cincinnati, 1887).
[196] Dr. J. Orgeas, _La Pathologie des Races Humaines_, p. 481 (Paris,
1886).
[197] Authorities in Hovelacque et Hervé, _Précis d’Anthropologie_,
214, sq.
[198] This is the opinion advocated by de Quatrefages. His arguments
will be found in the seventh chapter of his _Histoire Générale des
Races Humaines_ (Paris, 1889).
[199] Dr. J. Orgeas, _La Pathologie des Races Humaines_, p. 481.
[200] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 171 (New York, 1883).
[201] Dally, quoted in Hovelacque et Hervé, _Précis d’ Anthropologie_,
p. 218.
[202] See the question discussed by Waitz, _Anthropologie der
Naturvölker_, Bd. I, s. 188.
[203] Quoted in Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 182.
[204] S. N. Clark, _Circular of the Bureau of Education_, Washington,
1877; Garrick Mallery, in _Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Science_, 1877, p. 340.
[205] This is the statement of Dr. F. Nansen, the recent explorer of
Greenland, and many others.
[206] F. Blumentritt, _Die Ethnographie der Phillipinen_, s. 8 (Gotha,
1882).
[207] Fr. Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_, Bd. I, s. 628, who quotes the
authority of Du Chaillu.
[208] George Gerland, _Anthropologische Beiträge_, Bd. I., s. 5 (Halle,
1875).
[209] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 88.
[Transcriber’s Note:
Obvious printer errors corrected silently.
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]
End of Project Gutenberg's Races and Peoples, by Daniel Garrison Brinton