Cuestión, 38-46, 59, 60, 71-3. Mora, Obras, i, pp. vii, xcvii-cxviii,
ccxlvii; ii, 122-8. =261=Mémoire. Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 38,
94, 117-28. Humboldt, Polit. Essay (London, 1811), i, 231-2. México á
través, ii, 896; iii, 23; iv, 149, 447, 639. Zavala, Revoluciones, i,
37. Macgregor, Progress, i, 637, 642. Thompson, Recolls., 41, 53, 101-3,
169-74. =52=Poinsett, nos. 2, 12, 36, 55, 166 (May 28; Aug. 5,
1825; Feb. 18; Aug. 26, 1826; March 10, 1829). Consideraciones, 6, 7,
12, 26-30, 37, 39-42. =13=Ashburnham, Oct. 3, 1837; July 26, 1838.
Semmes, Service, 14-5, 21. =11=Martin, Feb. 1; July 20, 1827; Dec.
25, 1828. =11=Cochelet, June 6; Nov. 20, 1829. _Correspondant_,
April 15; July 15, 1846. Calderón, Life, i, 337, 408. =13=Hervey,
Description. _Picayune_, April 22, 1843. Bocanegra, Memorias, i, 32.
Tornel, Reseña, 19-21, 84. =11=Despatch to the French govt.,
about June, 1823 (anon.). =13=Morier, no. 13, Feb. 10, 1825.
=13=Morier and Ward, no. 1, April 10, 1825. =13=Ward, no. 37,
Apr. 29, 1826. =13=Pakenham, nos. 17, Jan. 30, 1830; 25, Feb. 26,
1841; 77, Aug. 29, 1842. =13=Bankhead, nos. 73, Aug. 29, 1844;
56, Apr. 29, 1846. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Dec., 1846. Richmond
_Enquirer_, Dec. 30, 1845. Mobile _Commerc. Register_, Aug. 9, 1845.
_Veracruzano Libre_, Dec. 27, 1845. _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844.
Memoria de ... Guerra, Nov. 7, 1823, 17, 18. Balbontín, Invasión, 75,
77. _Id._, Estado Militar, 58. =375=Perry to J. Y. Mason, Nov. 16,
1846. Búlnes, Grandes Mentiras, 182. Rivero, Méx. en 1842, 25, 137-9.
Ward, Mexico, i, 307-17, 330-40. London _Times_, Nov. 11, 1845.
According to Otero, an able editor and statesman, the income of the
Church represented in 1829 a capital of $127,000,000, besides the
buildings, etc., used for worship and for the housing of ecclesiastics;
and practically none of its property was taxed. Of its wealth, large
for any period but huge for that day, $18,000,000 were invested in city
and country real estate; and consequently there was an army of agents
looking after Church interests in all quarters, and a great number of
proprietors and financiers were closely associated with the clericals.
One may say, reported a French diplomatic agent, "that religion does not
exist [in Mexico], for its influence is nowhere felt"; and in truth, as
an ardent Roman Catholic said in _Le Correspondant_ of Paris in 1846,
that country needed to be evangelized anew. Trist: "The lazy, ignorant,
and stupid monks, whose views do not extend beyond the round of purely
animal enjoyments, and include no esprit de corps save pecuniary greed
mixed with an idol worship fanaticism" (=52=no. 18, Oct. 25,
1847). Ramírez, México, 219: Christianity merely gross idolatry here.
The Mexican church stood naturally in opposition to the government, for
both claimed the right of ecclesiastical patronage. The influence of the
Church was lessened by Leo XII, who exhorted the Mexicans to return to
Spain (México á través, iv, 149).
=350=Weber: "If the Mexican soldier has something to eat, he eats
it; if not, he goes without. That is all." _Diario_, May 20, 1847: The
army has been burdened with enough generals and field officers for the
army Napoleon led against Russia. (24,000 officers) Duflot de Mofras,
Explor., i, 20. ($21,000,000) =52=Slidell to Buchanan, Jan. 14,
1846. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 400. _Eco del Comercio_, Mar. 22,
1848. =11=Martin: The army belongs to the first who "gives it money
or promises it plunder" (Dec. 25, 1828). =13=Doyle, no. 81, Oct.
30, 1843. _Don Simplicio_, July 19, 1846. _Nacional_, Jan. 19, 1848.
1.6. _Justice_, _education_, _the press_. Zavala, Revoluciones, i, 35,
396; ii, 393. Thompson, Recolls., 20-4, 147-52. London _Times_, Jan. 8,
1846. =13=Ward, no. 58, confid., April 18, 1827. =13=Pakenham,
nos. 39, May 27, 1836; 5, Jan. 25, 1841. =13=Bankhead, no. 54,
May 30, 1845. =13=O'Gorman to Pakenham, Jan. 19, 1835. Pakenham,
Nov. 23, 1834, separate; no. 8, March 8, 1835. =56=W. S. Parrott,
Oct. 11, 1845. =52=Jones, June 1, 1837; nos. 168, Oct. 30, 1838;
252, May 5, 1839. Leclerc in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, March 1, 1840, p.
638. =11=French vice-consul, Mex., Aug. 19, 1829; Feb. 3, 1830.
Tornel, Reseña, 288. Consideraciones, 6, 7, 12-4, 43, 48. Memorias de
... Relaciones, Jan., 1825; Feb., 1828; Jan., 1831; May, 1833; Dec,
1846. Memorias, min. of justice, 1833, 1835, 1845. Ward, Mexico, i,
337. =52=Poinsett, no. 166. Constit. Cong, of Mex., Address.
_Liberal Moderado_, Aug. 4, 1846. Mora, Obras, i, pp. clxxxviii-cxcvii.
Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 109-16. Lavalles, Etudes, 31-3. Villar,
Proyecto. Calderón, Life, i, 195, 340-2. Esparza, Informe. Memorias,
min. of treas., May, 1833; July, 1845. Memorias, min. of pub. instr.,
Jan., 1844; July, 1844; March, 1845. Macgregor, Progress, i, 637.
For a long time after 1821 only one slight attempt was made to improve
the old judicial methods, and that was a failure. =11=Vice-consul
of France, Aug. 19, 1829: "Justice is so venal, that with money one
could have the victim arrested and the criminal rewarded." In 1836 the
British minister reported the opinion of an able Mexican lawyer that
certain important court proceedings were nothing but "a conspiracy
authorized and supported by judicial formulas, one more illegal than
another." Mexican minister of justice, 1835: "On all sides is heard a
unanimous outcry against the bad administration of justice" (Memoria).
At a public meeting, Aug. 13, 1846, Pedro Zubieta said: "What have been
thus far the judiciary and the magistracy? A shameful market, in which
those august names have put Justice up at auction" (_Diario_, Sept. 19).
The gov. of Michoacán =76=wrote, Nov. 28, 1845: I am unable to
prevent some judges from favoring criminals. Alamán reported secretly to
Congress in 1830: The tribunals ensure impunity to criminals (Pakenham,
no. 25, Mar. 25, 1830). Ramírez, Mexico, 225: Our magistrates are
usually insignificant (_hombrecitos_), "vigorous to persecute, feeble
to command, and incapable of serving as models of a just and severe
impartiality." The reports of the American ministers and consuls were
full of similar complaints. Once when our consul reminded the minister
of foreign affairs that it was the constitutional duty of the Executive
to have the laws faithfully administered, the latter replied, "Yes,
but it is impossible." In 1838 France took strong ground against the
miscarriages of justice in the Mexican courts.
The Lancastrian system of pupil helpers was tried in the schools;
but it failed, for nobody understood it practically. The educational
authorities gave ear to bright young men who had merely picked up a few
ideas on the boulevards of Europe, and wasted their time in theorizing
and making projects. We have become, said a thoughtful writer in March,
1848, the most persistent of charlatans, glad to talk on any subject
without understanding it, and ready to try all sorts of theories, which
vanish like smoke as soon as put into practice.
1.7. _Industries_, _trade_, _means of communication_. _Revista
Económica_, Dec. 14, 31, 1843. Macgregor, Progress, i, 308, 670, 674.
Ward, Mexico, ii, 3-170. México á través, iii, 18. London _Times_,
Aug. 6; Nov. 11; Dec. 6, 1845. =52=Thompson, no. 4, July 30, 1842.
=13=Ward, nos. 45, 99 (May 20; Aug. 20, 1826). =261=Mémoire.
_Gazette d'Etat de Prusse_, Nov. 11, 1823. Consideraciones, 8-12, 14-8.
Otero, Cuestión, 31-4, 46, 49, 50, 97-8. Pakenham, nos. 25, Mar. 25,
1830; 28, June 11, 1833; 61, July 8, 1841; 4, 49, 123, Jan. 6, June 2,
Dec. 25, 1842; 5, Jan. 24, 1843. =13=Ashburnham, no. 3, Jan. 31,
1838. =13=Bankhead, nos. 44, June 29, 1844; 6 Jan. 29, 1845; 8,
Jan. 30, 1846. =261=_a_Mémoire. =52=Poinsett, reply to Mexico
state (with his no. 176, Aug. 7, 1829). Memorias, Relaciones, Feb.,
1830; March, 1835; Dec, 1846. Memoria, min. of justice, March, 1845.
Mayer. War. 13. Poinsett, no. 166, March 10, 1829. Constituent Cong.,
Address, 1824. Thompson, Recolls., 35. _Journal des Débats_, March 16,
1844; Feb. 18, 1845; April 4; Sept. 9, 1847. Bocanegra, Memorias, ii,
162-3. =52=Dimond, no. 273, Nov. 4, 1845. =11=Martin, Feb. 1,
1827. Banco de Avío, Informe. Memoria, min. of interior, Jan., 1838.
Alamán, Memoria. Robertson, Remins., 88. =76=Mora y Villamil,
report from superior board of engineer corps, Nov. 15, 1845. McSherry,
El Puchero, 147. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 254. _Diario_, July 20-5, 1846
(report on the state of agriculture).
The American minister stated in 1829 that the cost of producing crops in
Mexico was double that in the United States and the expense of marketing
them fourfold. Besides, the farmers had suffered blow after blow during
the revolution and the succeeding commotions. The system of "forced
loans," so familiar in Mexico, consisted in assigning to corporations
and individuals--presumably according to their wealth--amounts that
they were required to hand over in exchange for promissory notes, which
the government did not expect to pay. The prohibition of many foreign
articles reduced the public revenues and promoted smuggling.
1.8. _Country and town: manners and mora's._ Thompson, Recolls., 39,
40, 82, 90, 93, 101-2, 115, 125-8, 132, 135, 160, 163, 217. Calderón,
Life, i, 80, 124, 127, 138, 140, 150-1, 162, 165, 175, 273, 314, 336,
340-5, 395; ii, 126 (Alamán), 137 (village), 237, 247. Ward, no. 52,
secret and confid., Nov. 10, 1825. =52=Thompson, no. 1, 1842.
=52=Poinsett, nos. 2, May 28, 1825; 94, July 8, 1827; 166, Mar.
10, 1829. =52=Butler, July 9, 1834. Arróniz, Manual, 109, 123,
131, 161. Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 36, 47-8, 59, 130, 133, 137, 140,
142, 147-9, 151-4, 159, 163-6, etc. Decaen, México, 22. Rivera, Los
Mexicanos Pintados. _Memorial Histórico_, Jan. 16, 20, 1846. México á
través, iv, 291. Rivera, Gobernantes, ii, 142. _Revue Independante_,
Apr. 25, 1845. _Revue de Paris_, Dec, 1844. _Diario_, Jan. 24, 1841.
Davis, Autobiog., 102. Mayer, War, 14. Bravo in _Boletín Oficial_, Apr.
30, 1846. Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 20, 25, 34-6, 39, 40, 44, 46, 59.
Robertson, Remins., 104-6, 116, 122. Mason, Pictures, i, 17, 19, 110,
201; ii, 23, etc. Vigneaux, Voyage, 286. Orbigny, Voyage, 413, 422,
425, 428. Robertson, Visit, ii, 50, 58, 61-2, 147. _Commerc. Review_,
ii, 165-76. =11=Cochelet, Sept. 29, Nov. 15, 1829. =13=Forbes
(Tepic), July 2, 1846. Kendall, Narrative (1844), ii, 145, 317, 335-6.
Tudor, Tour, ii, 266, 328. Stapp, Prisoners, 133-4. Valois, Le Mexique,
86-7. _Delta_, June 12; Nov. 6, 1847. Sierra, Evolution, _passim_.
=218=Henshaw narrative. (Apathy) Pakenham, no. 15, Mar. 21, 1834.
Morier and Ward, no. 6, Apr. 30, 1825 ("That extraordinary Compound of
Ignorance, Suspicion, and Fanaticism, which now forms the most striking
Feature of the National Character." "Alamán and Esteva represented
that we were dealing with Children, and must suit our Arguments to
their Capacity.") Ward, nos. 20, 60, July 12; Nov. 23, 1825. Zavala,
Revoluciones, ii, 152-3, 365. McSherry, El Puchero, 158.
A ministerial report submitted to Congress in Jan., 1844, showed how
a Mexican could regard himself: "If the present epoch begins to be
brilliant in Europe, Mexico finds herself still more advanced. She has
learned from the wise men of all the world but has contemned their
errors.... The virtues of the Mexican spring from a heart not withered
by the pleasures of sense, a heart still expanding with generous
enthusiasm. His soul rises to sublime regions; it knows how to feel; it
knows how to understand; it knows the celestial origin of virtue; and it
appreciates all that itself contains of spontaneity and magnanimity....
This delicious country breathes into our sentiments the suavity of its
climate; this ardent sun kindles the beautiful flame that makes men love
one another; and amid the sweetness of a natural world so magnificent
and sublime the germ of heroic merits is formed within us."
II. THE POLITICAL EDUCATION OF MEXICO
2.1. To sketch the political development of Mexico is by no means
easy. No scientific history of it exists, and all those who have written
on the subject with first-hand knowledge have been party men. The best
basis is the reports of the British ministers, for they were men of
ability near the heart of affairs, comparatively without prejudice, and
anxious to give a true account of what was taking place. With these
reports as a _prima facie_ standard, the author has felt able to use
intelligently the statements of other foreign agents--diplomatic and
consular--Mexican authors, the historical and political writers of
several nationalities and a great number of periodicals.
For the colonial régime he consulted the following sources. Humboldt,
Polit. Essay, i, _passim_. =52=Poinsett, nos. 94 of 1827; 166 of
1829. Cuevas, Porvenir, 15. Ward, Mexico, i, 91-120. Rivero, México,
24. =261=Mémoire. =11=Serrurier to "the Duke," Apr. 20,
1818. =11=Villevêque, Feb. 3, 1830. Mora, Obras, i, pp. cx-cxiii.
Macgregor, Progress, _passim_. Tornel, Breve Reseña, 4. Consideraciones,
50-1. =11=Mémoire submitted to the king by a Spaniard. Gage,
Voyages, i, 223. Amer. Antiq. Soc., Proceedings, New Series, xxi,
277-83. Latané, Diplom. Rels., 12-20. _Diario de México_, 1810.
_Pensador_, 1812, 45-6, 49, 51, 53. _Gaceta del Gob. de Méx._, 1810.
Priestley, José de Gálvez, chaps. i and ii. _Esperanza_, Mar. 5, 1846.
=296=Poinsett to the Prest., Apr. 26, 1827.
2.2. _The Revolution._ Cuevas, Porvenir, 15, 17. Ward, Mexico, i,
84, 96, 100, 116-8, 120, 135, 195-6. México á través, ii, pp. x-xiii,
507-8, 525; iii, pp. iv-ix, 30-5, 76, 85-127, 162, 188, 210, 226,
271, 283, 311, 323, 331, 339, 343, 405, 428, 450, 460, 487, 491-2,
656, 661-85, 735-56; iv, pp. iv, vii, 30, 199, 200, 316. Arrangóiz,
México, i, 33-5. Humboldt, Polit. Essay, i. =261=Mémoire. Tornel,
Reseña, 4-6, 162. Otero, Cuestión Social, 51-2. García, Plan. Itúrbide,
Mémoires. Poinsett, Notes, 91; app., 39. Zavala, Revoluciones, i, 65,
68, 78-9, 86, 104, 111, 272, 406. =13=Ward, nos. 37, 114 of 1826.
=52=Poinsett, no. 166 of 1829. Constituent Congress, Address, 1824.
Alamán, México, i-iv. =11=Martin, Feb. 1, 1827. Sierra, Evolution,
i, 126, 149. =13=Morier, no. 10 of 1825. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes,
ii, 229-30, 234, 245. Consideraciones, 43, 51-2. Memoria de ... Guerra,
1823, p. 9. Arróñiz, Orizaba. Liceaga, Adiciones, 378. Mora, Obras,
i, p. vii. Mateos, Hist. Parl., ii, 222. Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 293.
S. Anna, Manifiesto, 1823. Suárez y Navarro, Alegato. _Id._, Hist. de
Méx. y del ... S. Anna. Carreño, Jefes, 13. _Sol_, June 15, 24, 1823.
Rivera, Jalapa, ii, 107-26. _Gaceta del Gob. de Méx._, 1810, p. 867
(decree of the Inquisition summoning Hidalgo). Rivera, Gobernantes, ii,
1-72. Puga y Acal, Documentos, 20. Portrait of Itúrbide: City Hall,
Mexico.
2.3. _Itúrbide_, _the Triumvirate_, _and the Constitution_.
=13=Ward, secret and confid., July 14, 1825; no. 114 of 1826.
=52=Poinsett, nos. 94 of 1827; 166 of 1829. =11=Villevêque,
Feb. 3, 1830. =11=Martin, Feb. 1, 1827. =13=Morier, no. 10
of 1825. =11=Cipher despatch to French govt. about July, 1823.
=261=Mémoire. Cuevas, Porvenir, 14, 36, 140-2, 195-206, 211-5,
220-5, 231-3, 239, 245-51, 261, 277, 318-9, 358-9. Bocanegra, Memorias,
i, 13-4, 18, 31-3, 38-40, 49-57, 61-3, 76-82, 97-9, 111-25, 207, 215,
220-4, 226, 231, 241, 284-9, 328-9, 370, 374. Itúrbide, Mémoires.
Tornel, Reseña, 6-15, 18-22, 28, 37. Mora, Obras, i, pp. vii-viii, xii,
xiv. Zavala, Revoluciones, i, 113-23, 152, 173, 176, 211, 214-5, 254-62,
274, 294, 347; ii, 294. Ward, Mexico, i, 202-6, 260-82. Poinsett, Notes,
71. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 262. Negrete, México, xiii, 296; xiv,
239. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Dec., 1846. Casasus, Deuda. Romero in
_No. Amer. Review_, Jan. 1, 1896. Gutiérrez de Estrada, México. Mata,
Reflecciones. _Arco Iris_, Dec. 7, 1847. _Eco del Comercio_, Mar.
10, 1848. _Cosmopolita_, Aug. 22, 1838. Maza, Código, 263. Rivera,
Jalapa, ii, 225, 228. _Id._, Gobernantes, ii, 73-94. _Esperanza_, Mar.
5, 1846. =208=MS. of the man who proclaimed the empire. Tornel,
Discurso, 17. Alamán, México, v. Constituent Congress, Address, 1824.
Otero, Cuestión Social, 53-5, 75, 108-9. México á través, iv, pp. iv,
vii, 9-21, 26-37, 40-8, 50-9, 65-111, 115, 198, 200-9, 360. Sierra,
Evolution, i, 160-6, 169, 173, 316. F. J. P., Ligeras Reflecciones.
_Reforma_, Jan. 23, 1846. Consideraciones, 46. _Sol_, July 27, 1823.
Mayer, War, 27-8, 135. Richtofen, Zustände, 21. Dictamen of revol.
committee, June 12, 1835. Calderón, Life, i, 336. Löwenstern, Le
Mexique, 294. Thompson, Recolls., 58. Lacombe, Le Mexique, 31.
2.4. It has recently been denied that our Constitution was imitated,
but this was stated by Poinsett (no. 166, March 10, 1829), Bocanegra
(Mems., i, 329), Tornel (Reseña, 14), Otero (Cuestión Social, 121), and
=261=Mémoire; and the Congress itself, in an address to the nation,
said, "In all our proceedings, we have taken for a model the happy
Republic of the United States of the North." The Spanish constitution
of 1812 and that of the French Republic were also in view. There was
a supreme court, but it had no power to hold the balance between the
states and the central government.
2.5. _Victoria's administration._ Portrait in city hall, Mexico.
=52=Poinsett, nos. 12, 20, 24, 32, 55, 60, 92, 94, 96-7, 99,
105, 107, 110, 114, 153, 166, 192 (1825-29). =296=_Id._ to King,
May 16, 1826. =13=Hervey, Dec. 15, 1824. =13=Morier, nos.
10, 19, 1825. =13=Ward, nos. 15, 21, 34, 36, 44, 60, 64 and most
private and confid. (Sept. 30) of 1825; 32, 77, 85, 99, 107, 114, 128,
136, secret and most confid. (Oct. 22/25), and private (Oct. 26/27) of
1826; 3, 11, 15, 19, 24, 52, 58 of 1827. =13=Pakenham, nos. 62,
84, 90 of 1827, 1, 107 of 1828; 22, 32, 38 of 1829; 17, 30 of 1830;
and to Vaughan, Jan. 13, 1829. =11=Martin, Feb. 1; Mar. 30; Apr.
25, 1827; Aug. 25; Dec. 25, 1828. =11=Cochelet, Jan. 16, 1830.
=11=Villevêque, Feb. 3, 1830. =11=Paper submitted to the
French Cabinet, 1828. =11=Instructions of Bresson, 1828. Tornel,
Reseña, 16, 19, 24-5, 28-30, 34, 39, 43, 45-8, 80, 83, 85, 87, 129-30,
133-4, 163-4, 177-82, 200, 238. Bocanegra, Mems., i, 113, 231, 286,
374, 390, 444, 463, 467, 522. Zavala, Revoluciones, i, 149, 271, 343,
346-8, 351; ii, 35, 41, 44. México á través, iv, 103-4, 116, 121, 127-9,
131-3, 141, 144-5, 154-67, 170, 172, 193-4, 208-10. Mora, Obras, i, pp.
viii-xii, xiv-xvi. Calderón, Life, i, 42, 96. Richtofen, Zustände, 22.
Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 290. F. J. P., Ligeras Reflecciones. Cuevas,
Porvenir, 268-9, 353, 376, 406, 411-2. Sierra, Evolution, i, 183.
=52=Manifiesto of Vera Cruz legislature, June, 1827. Son Peores
los Gachupines. Ah, Traidores Gachupines. Crimenes de Zavala. Acta del
Pronunciamiento. _Revista Económica_, Dec. 31, 1843. _Cosmopolita_,
Feb. 14, 1838. _Anteojo_, Aug. 1, 1835; and other references in chap.
iii (Poinsett section). Dictamen of revol. committee, June 12, 1835.
=261=Mémoire. Otero, Cuestión Social, 60, 66. Poinsett, Notes, 20.
Rivera, Jalapa, ii, 364.
The following passage illustrates the pamphleteering of the day: "The
country is threatened; and by whom? The Gachupines. Persons in the
midst of us are working for our ruin; and who? The Gachupines. Persons
are laboring to sow discord among us; and who? The Gachupines. Persons
are looking for hostile troops to reduce us to slavery again; and who?
The Gachupines." The popular party, associated with Masonic lodges of
the York Rite, were commonly called Yorkinos, and the aristocratic
party, associated with the Scotch Rite, Escoceses (_i.e._ Scotch). A
particularly unfortunate fact was that under the Mexican constitution
the arbiter between the nation and the states was a political body,
Congress.
2.6. _Guerrero's rise and fall._ =52=Poinsett, nos. 60 of
1826; 105, 151-3, 155, 157-60 of 1828; 166, 173 of 1829, and Apr. 3,
15; Sept. 2; Nov. 20; Dec. 23, 1829. =13=Ward, Nov. 10, 1825.
=13=Pakenham, nos. 89, 99, 110, 122, 132, 143-4, 146, 151, 153
of 1828 ("totally unfit," Aug. 23); 2, 4, 8, 52, 79, 99, 108, 109
of 1829; 8, 17, 25 of 1830; 62 of 1833; to Vaughan, Jan. 13, 1829.
=11=Martin, June 30, 1827; Aug. 25; Sept. 26; Oct. 31; Dec. 1, 10,
19, 25, 31, 1828; Jan. 4, 13, 1829. =11=Cochelet, June 6; Oct.
20; Nov. 29; Dec. 26, 1829. =231=Butler to Jackson, June 6, 1834.
=52=Butler, Dec. 31, 1829; Jan. 5; Mar. 9, 1830. =52=Cameron,
Feb. 14, 1831. =261=Mémoire. =52=Zavala, Exposición to chamber
of deputies, Apr. 23, 1829. _Id._, Revoluciones, i, 146; ii, 47, 57-8,
77, 147, 150-2, 175, 221. Gaxiola, Invasión, 156. Lerdo de Tejada,
Apuntes, ii, 302-6, 336, 396. Cuevas, Porvenir, 285, 383, 413, 458,
475. Tornel, Reseña, 34-6, 45-6, 237, 309-13, 315-8, 323-4, 333-4,
338, 347-9, 383-6, 392, 407, 423-4. Bocanegra, Mems., i, 375, 473-4,
492, 494; ii, 7, 10-1, 25, 34, 57-9, 120, 135, 144, 150-9, 190, 657.
México á través, ii, 612; iv, 98, 102, 166, 177-94, 197, 209-12, 215,
217-37, 267. Sierra, Evolution, i, 177-8. Juicio Imparcial. El Pueblo
Pide Justicia. F. J. P., Ligeras Reflecciones. Mora, Obras, i, pp.
xvi-xx. Bustamante, Manifiesto, 1830. Derrota del Sr. Guerrero. Mateos,
Hist. Parl., iii, 256, 263. Memoria de ... Relaciones, 1830, 11, 13.
Poinsett in _Commerc. Review_, July, 1846, 34-9. =231=T. H. Ellis,
July 8, 1839. _Anteojo_, Aug. 1, 1835. =52=Guerrero to Poinsett,
Nov. 1, 1827. =11=_Id._, Address on becoming President. Rivera,
Gobernantes, ii, 164. Sosa, Biografías, 429, 1101. _American Sentinel_,
June 15, 1836. The Acordada was a conspicuous building at Mexico made
use of in Zavala's insurrection.
2.7. _Bustamante and the change of system._ Pakenham, nos. 88, 108
of 1829; 5, 17, 24-5, 31, 59, 62, 66-7 of 1830; 8 of 1831; 47, 54, 70,
81-3, 87, 96 of 1832; 10, 19, 35, 39, 44, 62, 67, 69, 82-3 of 1833; 15,
22-3, 29, 36, 42, 48, 51, 57, 64 of 1834; 25, 35, 40, 47 of 1835; 24
of 1837. Poinsett, no. 12 of 1825. =52=Butler, Jan. 5; Mar. 9;
June 29; Aug. 26, 1830; Feb. 19; Aug. 20; Oct. 5; Dec. 6, 1831; Jan.
10; Feb. 27; Mar. 22; July 25; Oct. 7; Dec. 12, 1832; Mar. 16; June
5, 1833; Mar. 2, 8, 28; June 2; July 1, 9; Sept. 1; Oct. 20, 1834;
Feb. 8, 1836. =52=Butler to Jackson, July 22, 1831; June 21; July
18; Aug. 30, 1832; Jan. 2, 1833; Feb. 6; July 9; Dec. 24, 1834; Feb.
26, 1835. =52=Ellis, nos. 2, 3, 1836. =52=Ellis to Jackson,
Aug. 26, 1836. =11=Cochelet, Nov. 21, 1829. =261=Mémoire.
=13=Morier, no. 10, 1825. =13=Ward, secret and confid.,
July 14; no. 40, Sept. 25, 1825. =13=Ashburnham, no. 70, 1838.
=52=Jones, no. 71, 1837. =52=W. S. Parrott, no. 15, 1835.
A. Bustamante to Congress, May 23, 1832. C. M. Bustamante, Gobierno,
275. Mora, Obras, i, pp. xx, xxi, xliii-xlvi, xlix, l, lvii, lxi, lxv,
lxxvi-xc, cxii-cxxviii, cxxxix, cxcvii, ccxiv-cclxxxi, cclxv. Lerdo
de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 393, 396-7, 399, 403, 414, 548. _Crepúsculo_,
May 8, 16, 1835. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 157-75, 195-202, 225-8. _Id._,
Gobernantes, ii, 151-3, 168-9, 173, 177-8. Tornel, Reseña, 25. Cuevas,
Porvenir, 342. Zavala, Revoluciones, i, 263; ii, 254, 269-70, 289, 365,
367, 369. Zamacois, México, xii, 24-5. Bocanegra, Mems., ii, 150-3,
157, 159, 190, 208, 329-31, 378-85, 417-8, 433-9, 445-60, 546-54, 598.
México á través, iv, 142, 201, 230-1, 235-7, 240, 246-7, 255, 258,
265, 267, 285-6, 289-93, 295, 298-311, 315-9, 321-7, 332-53, 355, 357,
359, 362-82, 386-8, 390-1. Calderón, Life, i, 96; ii, 126. Poinsett in
_Commerc. Review_, July, 1846, 34-9. Thompson, Recolls., 87-8. Sierra,
Evolution, i, 181-2, 184, 187; ii, 494. El Vil y Traidor S. Anna.
Juicio Imparcial. _Imparcial_, June 18, 1906. Búlnes, Grandes Mentiras,
208. Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 284, 287. Aviso á los Estados. S. Anna,
proclam., June 1, 1834.