_Q. Ennius_, composes his annals about the commencement of the war with

Perseus, i, 23;

division of his work, 23;

accompanies M. Fulvius Nobilior into the Ætolian war, 24;

born in 513, and died 583, 24;

his vanity, 24;

fragments extant bespeak a poetical spirit, 24;

his history of the kings taken from Livy, 24;

his fragments collected by Hieronymus Columna, and Paul Merula, 25;

a Roman citizen, ii, 197;

friend of Scipio Fulvius Nobilior and the first men, 197;

his metres, 198;

introduces the hexameter, 198.

_Epagathus_, the ringleader of the mutiny against Ulpian, iii, 263.

_Ephesus_ falls to the lot of Syria, ii, 148;

the residence of Antiochus, 167.

_Epictetus_, a truly great man, iii, 239.

_Epicydes_, emissary to Hieronymus from Hannibal, ii, 114;

the chief power placed in his grasp, 116.

_Epidamnus_, dependent on the Romans, ii, 48.

_Epidaurus_, embassy to the temple of Æsculapius, i, 537;

snakes kept there, 537.

_Epidius Marcellus_, one of the tribunes, takes the diadem from the

statue of Cæsar, iii, 76.

_Epipolæ_, a quarter of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_Epirotes_, their conjunction with the Pelasgians, i, 96;

less skilled than the Greeks in steering their ships, 556.

_Epirus_, Pelasgian, but hellenized, i, 458;

the power of the kings very much limited, as in Lacedæmon, 552;

very likely fallen into the hands of Neoptolemus, a son of Alexander

the Molossian, 553;

the Æacidæ extirpated, ii, 151;

republic, 151;

revenge of the Romans against the Epirotes, 215.

Ἐπιτείχισις, i, 349.

_Epitaph_ of the Scipios, i, 91.

_Epitome_ of Livy, perhaps nothing more than a collection of the heads

which were written in the margin, i, 58;

bears the name of Florus, inappropriately, 58;

conf., iii, 323.

_Epos_, conditions of its success, iii, 132.

_Equestrian centuries_, i, 180.

_Equestrian order_, its census, i, 298.

_Equites_, the statement of their pay having been lowered improbable,

i, 435;

probably they got a fixed pay, 435;

bankers, 515.

_Era_ of the beginning of the consulship originates undeniably with

Gracchanus, i, 34.

_Eratosthenes_, ii, 199.

_Erbessus_, the arsenal of the Romans, ii, 11.

_Erinna_, poem on Rome, i, 110, note.

_Ernesti_, i, 73.

_Erythræ_, a free town, i, 183.

_Eryx_, (Monte San Giuliano,) ii, 9;

mastered by the Romans, 35;

by Hamilcar, 36.

_Etesian gales_, in the Mediterranean, blow from fifty to sixty days

until the dog days, iii, 64.

_Etruscans_ have two sorts of sæcula, i, 83;

monuments, 141;

an indigenous people, call themselves Rasena, 142;

traditions of Herodotus and Hellanicus concerning them, 142;

had an aristocratical constitution, 145;

came down from the Alps, 145;

part of them subject to the Romans, 186;

absurd to think that they were forced by the Gallic conquest to

retire from the plain into the Alps, 145;

are said to have taken three hundred Umbrian towns, 146;

have once inhabited Switzerland and the Tyrol, 146;

settle first in twelve towns in Lombardy, 147;

found or enlarge twelve towns in the Apennines, 147;

the extension of their sway belongs to the age of the last kings of

Rome (Olymp. 60 to 70), 148;

found Capua, 148;

decline in the beginning of the fourth century, 148;

their war against Cumæ is mythical, 150;

passage over the Tiber, 250–280, 150;

a king reigns in each of their towns, 151;

assembly of their towns near the temple of Voltumna, 151;

in common enterprises a king chosen, whose supremacy all the others

acknowledged, 151;

one city often usurped the leadership, 151;

the twelve cities send to Tarquinius Priscus the insignia of

leadership, some say, to Servius Tullius, 151;

they have all the distinguishing features of an immigrating people,

152;

the oligarchical form of government makes them powerless against

Rome, 152;

territorial aristocracy with vassals, 152;

unfavourable accounts of them in circulation among the Greeks, 153;

a people of priests, devoted to soothsaying, especially from

meteorological and astronomical phenomena, 153;

show themselves unwarlike, 154;

their luxury, 154;

their books dated too early, 192;

king of each town had a lictor, 221;

their naval power destroyed by the people of Cumæ, 342;

fighting against the Gauls, 390;

the Etruscan league dissolved, 390;

declare against Rome, 499;

the good faith with which they keep their truces, 505;

armed after the Greek fashion, 507;

take the Gauls in their pay, 526;

defeated near the lake Vadimo, 547;

probably get favourable conditions from Rome, when the latter is

threatened by Pyrrhus, 561;

have a law of their own, 572;

are during the Social war a short time under arms, ii, 350, 358;

get the franchise, 358;

their connection with the Romans, 358;

Sylla takes away from them the right of citizenship, 382.

_Etruscan fortifications_, i, 147.

_Etruscan inscriptions_ are all found in the interior of the country,

i, 144.

_Etruscan literature_, decidedly older than that of the Romans, i, 155;

the value of their books known only from the Veronese scholia on the

Æneid, 191.

_Etruscan language_, entirely different from Latin, i, 136;

explained in the most arbitrary manner, 142.

_Etruscan vases_, i, 134.

_Eubœa_, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145;

dependent on Macedon, 151;

a separate state, 163.

_Eucheir_ and _Eugrammos_ accompany Damaratus from Corinth, i, 135.

_Eucherius_, son of Stilicho, iii, 332.

_Eudamidas_, a son of his is nominal king of Sparta, ii, 145.

_Eudoxia_, wife of Valentinian, forced to marry Petronius, iii, 342;

invites Genseric to Rome, 342.

_Eudoxia_, daughter of Valentinian, iii, 341.

_Euganeans_, friendly to the Romans, ii, 56.

_Eugene_, Prince, reads the order, not to fight, after the battle only,

i, 508.

_Eugenius_, TRIBUNUS NOTARIORUM, Emperor, iii, 321.

_Eugrammos._ See Eucheir.

_Eumenes_, son of Attalus, ii, 163;

rules only over Pergamos and some Ionian and Mysian towns, 178;

becomes a great king, 183;

hostile to Philip, 203;

complains of Perseus to the Romans, 207;

comes to Rome, 207;

attacked by assassins at Delphi, 208;

espouses the interests of Perseus, 211;

his brother implores for him the mercy of the Romans, 221.

_Eunapius_, iii, 327.

_Eunuchs_, iii, 305.

_Eunus_, leader of the slaves in Sicily, ii, 265.

_Eutropius_ seems to have made an epitome of an abstract of Livy, i,

59;

iii, 323.

_Eutropius_, eunuch, iii, 329.

_Evander_, the founder of learning and civilization among the Italians,

i, 110;

inventor and teacher of the use of letters, 111;

has his palatium on the Palatine, 116.

_Excerpta de Legationibus, de Virtutibus et Vitiis, de Sententiis_, i,

65, 66.

_Exile_ is no punishment, does not imply the loss of citizenship, i,

305.

_Eximere diem_, i, 270.

_Extravagance_ of Titus’s times has something whimsical and repulsive

in it, iii, 208.

F

_Faber_, Tanaquil, i, 57.

_Fabian family_, very accomplished, i, 15.

_Fabii_, represent the Tities, i, 259;

reconciled to the plebeians, 262;

declare that the agrarian law must be granted to the plebeians, 262;

their settlement on the Cremera, 262;

their destruction, 262;

have a gentilician sacrum on the Quirinal, 264;

three Fabii sent as ambassadors to the Gauls, and afterwards chosen

as military tribunes, 373.

_Fabius, Cæso_, elected consul by the plebeians, i, 262.

_Fabius Dorso_, is said to have offered in the sight of the Gauls a

gentilician sacrifice on the Quirinal, i, 381.

_Q. Fabius Gurges_, son of Rullianus, i, 533.

_Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogricus_, ii, 308.

_Q. Fabius Maximus_, commander in the second Punic war, ii, 62;

his character, 67;

dictator, 94;

saves Minucius, 97;

Hannibal’s opinion of him, 110;

his opposition to Scipio, 132;

conf. 67.

_Fabius Maximus Rullianus_, seems to have written his own history, i,

15;

his character, 482;

conquers the Samnites, 483;

condemned to death by Papirius Cursor, 484;

victorious as consul, 485;

unfortunate in the battle of Latulæ, 494;

proclaims Papirius Cursor dictator, 501;

gains a victory near Allifæ, 501;

relieves Sutrium, 508;

march through the Ciminian forest, 509;

conquers the Etruscans at Perusia, 509;

combines the Libertini into four _tribus urbanæ_, 522;

takes from thence his surname Maximus, ii, 67;

conducts the war in Samnium, i, 525;

proceeds to Sentium, 529;

his strategy, 530;

obtains permission to go out as legate to his son, 534.

_Fabius Maximus Servilianus_, an annalist of note, i, 21.

_Fabius Pictor_, his history written in Greek, i, 15;

was ambassador to Delphi, 18;

wrote the history of the war of Hannibal, 19;

Polybius taxes him with partiality to the Romans, 19;

writes against Philinus, 19;

his work held in exceedingly high estimation, 19;

one of the sources of Ennius, 24, 518, ii, 199;

his work a summary of the two first Punic wars, 62;

wrote Ol. 148, 1 (565 A. U. C. according to Cato), i, 400;

statements in Appian, taken from Fabius, ii, 62.

_Fabius Pictor_, the painter, painted the temple of Salus, i, 18, 498;

must have been familiar with the Greek language and manners, 19;

his son ambassador to Alexandria, 19.

_Fabius Pictor_, Numerius, spoken of by Cicero, i, 21.

_Fabius Pictor_, Servius, mentioned by Cicero, i, 27;

probably ought to be Sextus Fabius Pictor, 28.

_Fabius Rusticus_, i, 58; iii, 186.

_Fabius Valens_, iii, 195, 196.

_C. Fabricius Luscinus_, the first instance of a Greek town (Thurii)

having raised a statue to a Roman, i, 546;

taken by the Samnites, 550;

friendship of Pyrrhus, 563;

consul, 565.

_Fabricius_, Fr., Life of Cicero, iii, 83.

_Fabricius_, POETÆ CHRISTIANI, iii, 325.

_Factio Barcina_, ii, 61.

_Factio forensis_, i, 516.

_Fadilla_, sister of Commodus, iii, 248.

Φαίσολα, ii, 353.

FÆSULÆ, ii, 383.

_Falerii_, a Tuscan town, i, 121;

destroyed, ii, 44.

_Faliscans_, come to the aid of the Vaientines, i, 348;

are Volscians, 361;

had a language of their own, 361;

war of the Romans against them, ii, 44.

_Families_, exclusive families become quickly extinct, i, 140.

_Family principles_ and characters hereditary, ii, 280.

_Family records_, i, 93.

_Family events_ noted in Bibles, i, 5.

_Family policy_, iii, 107.

_Famine_, breaks out in Rome, i, 337.

_Fannius_, i, 36;

his memoirs, ii, 309.

_C. Fannius_, ii, 271;

consul, 303.

_L. Fannius_, envoy of Sertorius to Mithridates, ii, 408.

_Fano_ (FANUM FORTUNÆ), defeat of the Germans, iii, 287.

_Farnese_, Pietro Luigi, i, 198.

_Fasti_, the Romans had an era, A REGIBUS EXACTIS, i, 5;

gap in them, 206;

interpolated, 206.

_Fasti Capitolini_, i, 9, 68, 69.

_Fasti triumphales_, i, 9.

_Fausta_, daughter of Maximian, wife of Constantine, iii, 298;

the report of her having been suffocated in a bath is untrue, 303.

_Faustina_, the daughter of Antoninus Pius, wife of M. Antoninus, iii,

240;

her share in the rebellion of Cassius a fiction, 244;

her letters, 244;

takes advantage of the weakness of M. Antoninus, 246.

_Faustulus_, i, 113.

_Fehmern_, law of inheritance there, i, 302.

_Female sex_, its degeneracy and profligacy in Rome, iii, 187.

_Fenestella_, i, 34.

_Feragosto_, iii, 115.

_Ferentarii_, i, 441.

_Ferentina_, her grove the place of assembly for Latin towns, i, 129.

_Ferentines_, seem to have declared for Hannibal, whilst on his march

to Capua, ii, 107.

_Ferentinum_, a place formerly Hernican, i, 344.

_Ferentum_, a Hernican town, i, 247.

_Ferguson_, not capable of any deep inquiry, i, 4, 72.

FERIÆ AUGUSTÆ, iii, 115.

_Feriæ Latinæ_ do not originate with a Tarquinius, but with the LATINI

PRISCI, i, 185;

afterwards an assembly of all the Latin nations, 196, 451;

the whole of the Roman magistracy present at the solemnity, ii, 351.

_Feronia_, feast of the Ausonian peoples at her temple, i, 350.

_Ferucci, Francesco_, his achievements at the siege of Florence by

Charles V., ii, 235.

_Festus_, very trustworthy on the subject of Roman antiquities, as he

makes extracts from Verrius Flaccus, i, 130; iii, 323.

_Fetiales_, form of their demand, i, 126;

their number twenty, 131

_Feudal system_, i, 252;

in the kingdom of Marbod, iii, 55.

_Fezzan_, under Trajan, was Roman, iii, 221.

_Ficanians_, i, 171.

_Ficulea_, i, 391.

_Fidenæ_, holds out against the Sabines, i, 121;

a Tyrrhenian town, expels the Roman COLONI, 347;

throws itself into the arms of Veii, 347;

destroyed, 348.

_Fidenæ_ and _Ficulea_ send out armies against Rome, i, 391.

_Fides_, a goddess of great importance among the Romans, i, 229.

FIDES PUNICA cannot be entirely denied, i, 579.

_Fiducia_, i, 522.

_Fimbria_, C. Flavius, legate to Valerius Flaccus in the Mithridatic

war, murders him, ii, 376;

destroys Ilium, 376;

takes away his own life, 377.

_Finance department_, its place in the Forum Ulpium, iii, 223.

_Fir-Bolgs_, in Ireland, not old Belgians, but a Danish colony, i, 99;

form the third immigration in Ireland, 99, note;

the Cyclopian walls in Ireland attributed to them, 99.

_Flaccus._ See Valerius.

_Flaccus_, Etruscan historian, i, 193.

_Flaccus_, M. Fulvius, chosen tribune, ii, 288;

appointed triumvir for the establishing of colonies, 301;

takes resolute steps, 305;

killed, 306.

_Flaccus_, M. Fulvius, consul, hinders Hannibal from surprising the

city, iii, 112;

his cruelty to Capua, 113.

_Flamininus_, L. Quinctius, brother of Titus, his cruelty, ii, 190;

Cato expels him from the senate, 190.

_Flamininus_, T. Quinctius, consul, marches against Philip, ii, 153;

well imbued with Greek learning, 154;

conquers by means of the treason of Charops near the _Fauces

Antigoneæ_, 154;

unites with the Ætolians, 155;

besieges Alatea, 155;

battle of Cynoscephalæ, 157;

is too irritable, 161;

peace with Philip, 161;

freedom granted to the Greeks at the Isthmian games, 162;

sullies his fame, 172;

lends himself to the office of demanding from Prusias the giving up

of Hannibal, 194.

_Flaminian_ highway lengthened, ii, 200.

_C. Flaminius_, tribune, his bill for the division of the _Ager

Gallicus Picenus_, ii, 50;

gains a battle against the Insubrians, for which he is unjustly

reproached with bad generalship, 56;

consul, 87;

his law concerning the owning of ships by senators and their sons,

88;

charges against him, 88;

battle of Trasimenus, 92;

falls, 93.

_Flamma._ See M. Calpurnius.

_Cn. Flavius_, Scriba, i, 516, 520;

inscribes the days on which _legi agi posset_, on a tablet of plaster

(ALBUM), 520;

publishes the FORMULÆ ACTIONUM, 521;

ædile, 521;

reconciles patricians and plebeians, 521.

_Flavius._ See Fimbria.

_Flavius._ See Sabinus.

_Fleury_, ecclesiastical history, iii, 309.

_Florence_, before the revolution in 12th century, there were hundred

BUONI UOMINI, i, 120;

has three times four and twenty houses, 161;

its seven old guilds, 168;

the guilds the ruling power in the thirteenth and fourteenth

centuries, 168;

the coat of arms of the city and of the commonalty placed side by

side, 168;

_Capitano di parte_ and _capitano del popolo_, 168;

the Guelphs and the Ghibellines fight against each other in the

streets, 237;

the freemen of the district of Florence before the year 1530, 448;

ORDINANZA DELLA GIUSTIZIA, 542;

very likely risen as a military colony out of old Fæsulæ, ii, 384;

besieged by Radagaise, iii, 331.

_Florianus_, brother of the emperor Tacitus, iii, 288, note.

_Florus_, Roman history, i, 58;

speaks of the earlier wars with derision, 349;

is a _homo umbraticus_, 331;

lives in the reign of Trajan, 227;

opinion of his works, 227.

_Flue_, Nicholas von der, i, 125.

FŒDERATI, iii, 344.

_Fœnus unciarium_, i, 388;

contradiction between Livy and Tacitus cleared up, 388.

_Fog_ during the battle of the Trasimene lake, ii, 92;

common there at that time of the year, 92.

_M._ [_C._] _Fonteius_, murdered in Asculum, ii, 351.

_Formiæ_, to be derived from ὅρμος, i, 110, 453;

severely punished by the Romans, 466.

FORTES and SANATES, the clause referring to them in the Twelve Tables

applies to Tibur, i, 279.

_Fortifications_ of two kinds in central Italy, i, 146.

_Fortunes_ in Rome, ii, 192.

FORTUNA MULIEBRIS, corresponds to the FORTUNA VIRILIS, her temple in

the _Via Latina_, i, 244;

belongs to an earlier period than that of Coriolanus, 287.

_Forum_, was originally a marsh, i, 188;

the province of a præfect called forum, 450.

_Forum Appii_, i, 518.

_Forum Nervæ_, more correctly Forum Augustum, iii, 148.

_Forum Olitorium_, lay low on marshy ground, i, 518.

_Forum Palladium_, built by Domitian, iii, 214.

_Forum Ulpium_, iii, 223.

_Fossa Quiritium_, i, 188.

_Fox_, negotiation with Napoleon in the year 1806, i, 565.

_Franchise_, the system of its being given to the lowest slaves, put a

stop to by Augustus, iii, 122;

not always attended with exemption from taxes, 162;

the right extends over millions in the East, 235.

_France_, time of prosperity under Henry IV., i, 345;

the right side in the Chamber of Deputies, 516;

the national development, which always renews itself from the time of

Julius Cæsar, never understood by the French, iii, 286.

_Frankish kings_, their power consisted of the comitatus, i, 204.

_Franks_, their origin, iii, 277;

break into the Roman territory, 279;

their kingdom on the Lower Rhine, 280;

Probus wages war against them, 288;

settled in Northern Brabant, 308;

acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 308;

dwell from Belgium to the Saone, 340.

_Freedmen_, in the tribes and the senate through Appius Claudius Cæcus,

i, 516;

combined by Fabius in the four _tribus urbanæ_, 522;

number of them, iii, 163;

had much to do with the demoralized state of the Roman world, 194;

very often mentioned in inscriptions until the middle of the third

century, 274.

_French army_ on its retreat from Russia, ii, 80;

that of 1812 inferior to that of 1807, 106.

_French literature_, difference between Paris and Geneva, iii, 234;

marked difference between the literatures of Northern and Southern

France, 287.

_French restoration_, state of feeling in France at its beginning, i,

308.

_Fregellæ_, colony, i, 456, 467;

importance of the place, 491;

in possession of the Samnites, 491;

conquered by the Romans, 496;

fortified by them, 497;

Pyrrhus takes it by storm, 562;

Roman colony, ii, 106;

the people very brave, 112;

destroyed, 291.

_Freinsheim_, John, his supplements to the books of Livy, i, 70;

to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, 70;

lives entirely in his books, ii, 347.

_Frederic II._, emperor, his will to be traced in his laws, i, 301.

_Frederic the Great_ after the battle of Kunersdorf, i, 560; iii, 278;

eight and twenty years old when he conquers Silesia, ii, 64;

has an aversion to sieges, 93;

writes his memoirs in French, 328;

has never served any military apprenticeship, iii, 30.

FRENA, the curbs and bits of the Romans exceedingly cruel, i, 484.

_Frentanians_, i, 419;

separate themselves from the Samnites, 476;

true to the Romans in the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

_Freret_, his scepticism, i, 4.

_Friesland_, the landed estates rated according to pounds, i, 179;

the seven maritime provinces, 110.

_Frisian tribes_, subdued under Tiberius, become afterwards free, iii,

216.

_Fritigern_, leader of the Visigoths, iii, 318.

_Fronto_, tutor of M. Antoninus, iii, 233, 245;

correspondence, 238;

importance of his letters, 245;

the year of his death, 247.

_Frusino_, a Hernican town, i, 247, 502;

receives a Roman provost to administer justice, 503.

_Fucinus_, Lake, called at present Celano, i, 103.

_Fuffetius Mettius_, general of the Albans, i, 127;

traitor to Rome, 128.

_Fulvia_, wife of M. Antonius, iii, 102;

withdraws to Asia, 103.

_Cn. Fulvius_, i, 528, 529.

_Cn. Pulvius_, proconsul, defeated by Hannibal near Herdonia, ii, 119.

_M. Fulvius Flaccus._ See Flaccus.

_Q. Fulvius Flaccus._ See Flaccus.

_C. Fundanius_, a Roman general, his deportment towards Hamilcar, ii,

37.

_Fundi_, i, 453;

joins with the Privernates against Rome, i, 466;

severely punished by Rome, 466.

_Furius Bibaculus_, iii, 129.

_Furius._ See Camillus.

G

_Gabii_, Tarquinius Superbus takes it by stratagem, i, 197;

alliance with Rome, 197;

devastated in Dionysius’ time, 275.

_Gabinius_, Cicero’s defence of him, a sacrifice made to the republic,

iii, 20;

consul, 35;

ἀλιτήριος, 35;

buys the province of Syria of Clodius, 35;

routed by Octavius, 59.

_Gades_, older than Carthage, ii, 1;

treated as a dependent, 5;

treachery against Mago, 128;

alliance with the Romans, 128.

GÆSATI, from _gæsum_, a javelin, ii, 55.

_Gaius_, his error, ii, 41; iii, 237.

_Galations_, i, 370;

called Gallo Grecians, ii, 181;

live in thirty free towns, 181;

defeated by Antiochus Soter, 182;

attacked and defeated by Attalus, 182;

besieged by Cn. Manlius, 182;

retain the Celtic language down to the time of Augustus, 182;

their origin, 322.

_Galba_, Sulpicius, his conduct towards the Lusitanians, ii, 224;

impeached by Cato, 224.

_Galba_, P. Sulpicius, devastates Dyme, Oreus, and Ægina, ii, 150;

consul, conducts the war against Philip, 150.

_Galba_, Servius Sulpicius, proclaimed emperor in Spain, iii, 193;

light thrown on Galba by Tacitus’ Historiæ, 194;

he was old and under the influence of unworthy people, 194;

marches against Gaul, 194;

his covetousness, 195;

adopts Pisa, 195;

murdered, 196.

_Galenus_, his name was, without doubt, Tiberius Claudius Galenus, iii,

193;

lived in the times of the Antonines, iii, 235, 237.

_Galeria Faustina_, sister of the elder Annius Verus, iii, 236.

_Galerius_, the Cæsar in the East, iii, 295;

his surname Armentarius, 295;

campaign against Persia, 296;

marches against Maxentius, 298.

_Galla_, sister of Valentinian the second, iii, 321.

_Galla Placidia._ See Placidia.

_Gallia Cisalpina_ appears too large on the maps, i, 371.

_Gallia Cispadana_, united by the _Lex Julia_ as to political rights

with Italy, ii, 165; iii, 52.

_Gallienus_, P. Licinius, son and colleague of Valerian, iii, 279;

a worthless prince, 281;

acknowledges the empire of Palmyra, 282.

_Gallo Grecians._ See Galatians.

_Gallus_, son of Julius Constantius, iii, 304;

holds the name of Constantius, and the dignity of Cæsar, 306;

prisoner in Cæsarea, educated, 306;

executed, 307.

_Gallus Ælius_, iii, 162.

_Gallus_, Cornelius, governor of Egypt, Virgil introduces his praise in

the fourth book of Georgics, iii, 138.

_Gallus Trebonianus._ See Trebonianus.

_Garamantes_, inhabitants of Garama in Fezzan, iii, 162.

_Gauda_, iii, 3.

_Gaudentius_, son of Ælius, iii, 341.

_Gaul_ dreadfully devastated by the Cimbri and Teutones, which accounts

for its weakened state in the time of Cæsar, ii, 324;

rebellion in Cæsar’s time, iii, 41;

an exhausted country, 42;

much money in circulation, 45;

Gallia Transpadana receives the franchise from Julius Cæsar, 87;

registration of land changed, 125;

their fine cavalry, 156;

the surname of Julius given to all who bore the Roman franchise, 192;

condition under the first emperors, 202;

abandoned by Constantius to the Alemanni and the Franks, 307;

literary importance, 326;

misery, 326;

Roman possessions in the north, 346.

_Gaul_, a Gaul and a Gallic woman, a Greek and a Greek woman

sacrificed, i, 150.

_Gauls_, Roman citizens, presented by the emperor Claudius with the

right of admission into the senate, i, 87;

Gauls and Ligurians less like than Gauls and Cymri, 99;

the Gallic migration in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, 364;

their friendly reception among the Ligurians, 364;

can only have passed the Little St. Bernard, or over the Simplon,

365;

the Cymri distinct from the Celts but of the same stock, 367;

their migrations, 368;

in the inmost recesses of the Adriatic, 369;

in Sirmium, 369;

origin of their war with Rome, 373;

their resemblance to the Highlanders of the present day, 374;

already changed in the time of Cæsar, 374;

their appalling cruelty, 374;

have the feudal system and a priestly government, 375;

the account of their wealth exaggerated, 375;

the whole army not in Rome, but some in the country, 381;

try to storm the capital, 381;

called back by an insurrection of the Alpine peoples into Lombardy,

382;

willing to withdraw on payment of a ransom, 382;

march into Apulia from Rome and offer aid to Dionysius, 384;

the Gallic conquest must be placed four years later than it has been,

400;

the Sennonian Gauls appear in the year 393, 408;

migrate as far as the Anio, 409;

wander even to Apulia, 409;

appear before the Colline gate, 411;

third invasion in the year 405, 414;

retire to the Alban hills, the Monte Cavo, 414;

must have gone more than once to Apulia, 468;

peace with Rome, 499;

peacefully settled in the Romagna, 526;

their impetuosity, 531;

the Sennonian Gauls defeat Metellus, 546;

their land devastated by Dolabella, 546;

the whole nation exterminated, 547;

their migrations no more turned against Italy but against Thrace and

Macedon, 547, 565;

fight in great masses, ii, 10;

the Sennonian territory, 50;

war with the Romans, 52;

conquer near Φαίσολα, 53;

their armour, 55;

conquered near Telamon, 55;

routed near Clastidium, 56;

leagued with Hannibal, 75;

rebellion of the Gauls, 83;

march to Thrace, 181;

in Asia, 181;

war in the Alps with Rome, 220;

the Cimbri not Gaels, but akin to the Cymri, 322.

_Gaurus_, a mountain near Nuceria not far from Cumæ and the promontory

of Misenum, i, 427;

Valerius encamps there, 429.

_Gela_, conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575;

destroyed, ii, 4.

_Gellius._ See Egnatius.

_A. Gellius_, a very clever man, enjoying the literature of the earlier

times, i, 32;

refutation of his errors, iii, 112;

his book must be dated from the reign of M. Antoninus, 233;

ignorance of his own age and of antiquity, 233;

writes after the death of Fronto, 247.

_Cn. Gellius_, a credulous, uncritical writer, should be placed in the

second half of the seventh century, i, 28, 117.

_Gelon_, in 262, at most only prince of Gela, i, 286;

comes to the throne of Syracuse after the battle of Salamis, ii, 3;

son of Hiero, 114.

_Genabum_, the present Orleans, iii, 47.

Γένη in Attica, their number 360 is in imitation of the solar year, i,

82.

_Geneva_, the heart of the town is the _cité_, the _bourg_ the suburbs,

its inhabitants _bourgeois_, i, 167;

its institutions, 437;

constitutional struggles, ii, 347.

_Genitives_ of _-um_, instead of _-orum_, come from an old contracted

nominative, i, 160;

in _-i_, of words of the third declension, 270, note.

_Genseric_, Gonderic’s brother, king of the Vandals, iii, 337;

faithless, 337;

conquers Rome, 342;

burns the Roman fleet at Carthagena, 344;

treachery, 344.

GENTES (γένη), national division with the ancients, i, 157, 158;

definition by Pollux, 159;

by Cicero, 159;

had lost much of their consequence in Cicero’s days, 159;

their number always fixed, 161;

all the families in it were not noble, 165;

send their representatives into the senate, 300.

GENTES MINORES, i, 162.

_Genthius_, king of Illyricum, ii, 211;

imprisoned, 215.

_Gentile names_, Etruscan in -na, ii, 403, note.

_Cn. Genucius_, a tribune of the people, arraigns the former consuls

and is murdered, i, 267;

his law, 517.

GENUS and GENS, the same word, i, 160.

_Geography_, mathematical geography flourishing, iii, 237.

_Gepidæ_, a tribe of the Goths, iii, 317;

in Illyricum, 329.

_Gergovia_ above Clermont, iii, 47.

_Germans_, the first mention of them doubtful, ii, 56;

mentioned in the Servile war among the rebellious slaves, 405;

had not, in earlier times, a geographical but personal distinction of

rights, i, 228;

in Phrygia, ii, 182, note;

confederation, 248;

style of literature at the time of the seven years’ war, 392;

extent of the nation, iii, 3;

cross the Rhine, 43;

probably had their dwellings as far as the Alps before the Gallic

conquest, 43;

wars in the time of Augustus, 152;

divisions, 154;

had no towns, 156;

their cavalry better than the Roman, 156;

conquered by Germanicus, 170;

Caligula’s enterprise, 179;

lose all longing for an offensive war after the time of Caligula,

198;

war against Domitian, 211;

tribes dwelling in Franconia, the Upper Palatinate, Hesse, and

Westphalia, 216;

in general commotion in the time of M. Antoninus, 242;

war of Maximian, 268;

war with Decius, 278;

their manners approaching those of the Romans, 288;

their tribes overrun Gaul, 331;

pay homage to Attila, 339.

_Germany_, general prosperity before the thirty years’ war, i, 345;

population and frontiers, 370.

GERMANIA SUPERIOR, Alsace and Suabia, iii, 213.

_Germanicus_, son of Drusus, sent against the Germans, iii, 159;

lives with Agrippina in domestic happiness, 160;

a first-rate general, 166;

puts down the mutiny of the troops on the Rhine, 169;

his wars in Germany, 170;

called back by Tiberius, 170;

meets with an enthusiastical reception from the Romans, 171;

dies, 171;

the paraphrase of the Phænomena of Aratus, ascribed to him, is by

Domitian, 209.

_Gerontius_, iii, 334.

_St. Gervais._ See Geneva.

_Gesner_, John Matth., i, 71.

_Geta_, second son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254;

murdered, 256.

_Getæ_ and Goths, often mistaken for the same people, i, 99, 369;

spread in Thrace, iii, 73, 212.

_Ghadames_, divided by a wall into two parts and connected by a gate,

i, 188.

_Gibbon_, iii, 285.

_Gisgo_, ii, 142.

_Glabrio_, M. Acilius, consul, appears in Thessaly;

battle near Thermopylæ, ii, 173;

turns against the Ætolians, encamps near Heraclea, 173.

_Glareanus_, startled at the contradictions in the old history, i, 3,

56;

examines Livy freely, 68.

_Glass manufacture_, iii, 237.

_Glass windows_, not used in old times, i, 154.

_Glaucia Servilius_, his wit, ii, 335, note;

killed, 340.

_Glaucias_, prince of the Taulantians, i, 553.

_Glosses_, collection of, iii, 234.

_Glycerius_, emperor, iii, 346.

_Goethe’s_ opinion of the murder of Cæsar, iii, 79;

his off-hand style, 140;

his remarks on the extravagant luxury of the Roman empire, 208.

_Gomphi_, iii, 60.

_Gonderic_, leads the Vandals, iii, 337.

_Gordianus I._ and _II._, rival emperors of Maximin, iii, 268;

both of them lose their lives, 268;

acknowledged by the senate, 269;

belong to the family of the Antonii, 270.

_Gordianus III._, Cæsar, iii, 270;

Augustus, 270;

defeats the Persians, 271;

murdered, 271.

_Gothinians_, spoke Gallic, i, 370.

_Goths_ migrated, according to some, from Scandinavia to the South,

according to others the reverse, i, 102;

under Vitigis they were cowards, 374, 468;

their devastations in the time of Belisarius, 519;

their slothfulness, ii, 182;

uncertainty on the subject of their migrations, iii, 277;

their empire in the beginning of the third century in the South-east

of Europe, 277;

they invade the Roman empire, 277;

conquests, 278;

besiege Nicopolis, 278;

take Philippopolis, 278;

combat with Decius, 278;

treaty with Gallus Trebonianus, 278;

break into the Roman empire, 279;

burst in by Propontis, destroy Cyzicus, 284;

appear in Macedon, 284;

met by Claudius, 284;

peace with Aurelian, 285;

Constantine’s war against them, 300;

invade the Roman empire under Hermanric, 317;

divided into three tribes, 317;

beseech the Romans to receive them into the empire, 317;

conf. _Getæ_, _Ostrogoths_, _Visigoths_.

_Governors_, their tyranny was far less under the emperors than it had

been in the times of the republic, iii, 188.

_Gracchanus_ takes his description of the constitution from the

_Commentarii Pontificum_, i, 15;

unlimited confidence may be placed in his history, 34.

_Gracchi_, family of the, their mildness and kindness, i, 270, 280.

_Gracchus_, C. Sempronius, his influence on younger men, i, 34;

many passages of his speeches quoted, ii, 291;

Cicero’s opinion of him as a writer, 292;

triumvir, 284, 292;

quæstor in Sardinia, 293;

goes without permission to Rome, 293;

tribune, 293;

his legislation, 294;

establishes a corn magazine, 296;

constructs high roads, 296;

founds a colony at Carthage, 301;

begs the consulship for C. Fannius, 303;

his death, 306;

unjustly called a demagogue, 320;

wrote prose in measured periods, 394.

_Gracchus_, Tiberius Sempronius, puts Hanno to the rout near

Beneventum, i, 110.

_Gracchus_, Tib. Sempronius, speech quoted by Livy, ii, 184;

wishes to have L. Scipio arrested, 185;

becomes consul and goes to Spain, 202;

son-in-law to Scipio, 202;

concludes a peace with the Celtiberians, 202.

_Gracchus_, Tib. Sempronius, at the head of the popular party, ii, 261;

saves the Roman army, 262;

opposes Great Phrygia’s being given to Mithridates, 268;

is the first to mount the wall of Carthage, 271;

becomes quæstor, concludes peace with Numantia, 271;

the first thought of amending the condition of Italy occurs to him in

Etruria, 275;

Cicero calls him _sanctissimus homo_, 276;

his laws, 277;

moves for the deposition of M. Octavius, 281;

sends the treasure of Attalus to Rome, 283;

declared a traitor, 286;

murdered, 287.

_Gradi_, Stefano, iii, 276.

_Granada_, in the possession of Carthage, ii, 5;

Phœnician settlement, 59.

GRASSATORES, iii, 122.

_Gratian_, son of Valentinian, iii, 316;

emperor, 316;

calls Theodosius in to be his colleague, 319;

sinks into inactivity, 321;

slain, 321.

_Grecian history_, even of the middle ages, free from fabrications

intended to disguise defeats, i, 223.

_Grecian inscriptions_ in Egypt barbarous, iii, 231.

_Grecian names_ to Latin places, i, 110.

_Grecian_ nationality established in the East, iii, 164.

_Grecian language_ in Southern Italy, Campania, Apulia, etc., i, 18;

common among the Romans in the eighth century, iii, 84;

kept itself more alive than Latin, 232.

_Greece_, a Roman province, ii, 256;

remains a wilderness to the time of Trajan, iii, 187.

_Greeks_, their constitution, i, 164;

their joining the Achæan league, the only instance of a nation

sacrificing its individual will to preserve its nationality, 422;

relations of Rome to them, 457;

not happy in agricultural pursuits, except the culture of the olive

and the vine;

the Greek a cheerful fisherman and capital sailor, 460;

the inhabitants of conquered towns not sold by them as slaves, 462;

intercourse with the Sabellian peoples, 489, note;

have a great contempt for the Opicans, 489;

their wars not interesting, 530;

ships of war furnished to the Romans by the Greek towns in Lower

Italy, 571;

Grecian literature dies at the time of the loss of the Piræeus, ii,

48, note;

Greeks in Carthage do not cease to be Greeks, 114;

their intellectual life fallen, 152;

very temperate, 189;

their literature not unknown to the Romans, 194;

decline of literature in the time of Augustus, iii, 142;

new era in their literature, 228.

_Greek fire_, ii, 176.

_Gröningen_, the district placed on the same footing as the town, i,

216.

_Gronovius_, John Fred., i, 56.

_Gross Görschen_, battle, i, 428.

_Grumentum_ taken and sacked, i, 406.

_Guilds_, the ruling power in Italy in the thirteenth century, in

Germany in the fourteenth, i, 168;

in Rome to be placed as far back as the time of Numa, 177.

_Guischard_, i, 440, note; ii, 325.

_Gulussa_, Masinissa’s youngest son faithless to Carthage, ii, 230;

suspicions of the Romans, 236, 307.

_Gundobald_, king of the Burgundians, iii, 346.

_Gustavus Adolphus_, ii, 66.

H

_Hadrianople_, the Greek language spoken there, iii, 267;

victory of Constantine, 300;

battle with the Visigoths, 319.

_Hadrian_, Emperor, his predilection for the Greeks, i, 160; iii, 233;

gives up the conquests of Trajan in the East, ii, 147; iii, 229;

restores the statue of Pompey, iii, 63;

adopted by Trajan, 221;

had little taste for the fine arts, 224;

under him, the Greek language again becomes prevalent, 228;

married to the daughter of Marciana, 229;

uncertain whether he should be reckoned among the good princes or the

bad, 229;

looks upon himself first as the emperor of the whole Roman empire,

229;

the first emperor that gives subsidies to the border nations, 229;

remission of taxes, 229;

travels over his empire, 230;

erects a wall in Britain, 230;

his love for Athens, 230;

invested with the dignity of Archon Eponymus, 230;

melancholical in the last years of his life, often cruel, 230;

adopts Ælius Verus, 231;

at his death chooses T. Antoninus Pius, 231;

his council of state, 231;

his preference for ancient literature, 232;

writers of his reign, 234;

his villa two miles from Tibur, 235;

fond of an artificial style of architecture, 275.

_Hagen_, Gottfried, his poem on the feud of the bishops, paraphrased in

prose in the chronicle of Cologne, i, 14.

_Haliartus_, burnt to ashes, ii, 210.

_Halycus_, river, boundary of the Carthaginian and Sicilian settlement

in Sicily, ii, 4.

_Hamilcar_, Barcas, almost greater than his son, ii, 35;

occupies Hercte, 36;

devastates the Italian coast, 36;

takes possession of the town Eryx, 36;

negociates a peace, 39;

rejects the demand to lay down arms, 39;

thwarted by a faction, 44;

the war of the mercenaries put down, 45;

to Spain, 58;

first introduces a system in working the mines of Spain, 59;

stays eight years there, 61.

_Hamilcar_, remains behind from Mago’s army, organizes the Ligurian and

Gallic forces, ii, 164.

_Hannibal_, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, posts himself

in Agrigentum, ii, 10;

makes a sally, 11.

_Hannibal_, son of Hamilcar Barcas, did not speak Latin in the

beginning of the second Punic war, i, 22;

marries a Spanish woman of Castulo, ii, 59;

the story of the oath rests on his own authority, 64;

born about 507, 64;

personal character, 65;

well acquainted with Grecian literature, 66;

the irresistible charm of his manners, 66;

his position to his army compared to that of Cæsar to his, 70;

his artifices to kindle the war, 71;

is wounded at the siege of Saguntum, 72;

passes the Ebro, 73;

probably sets out in May, 74;

tale of the demon, 75;

passage over the Pyrenees, 75;

mutiny in his army, 75;

in Gaul, 76;

passage over the Rhone, 76;

over the Alps, 77;

never let himself to be deceived, 79;

conquers Turin, 83;

battle at Ticinus, 83;

his tactics to go round the enemy and to cut off his retreat, 84;

strengthens his army, 85;

battle at the Trebia, 86;

makes the very most of his victories, 87;

resolves to go through the marshes, 89;

battle at the Lake of Trasimenus, 92;

changes the arms of his troops, 92;

generosity to the Italians, 93;

his aversion to sieges, 93;

why he did not besiege Rome, 94;

composition of his army, 95;

in Campania, 95;

the guide leads him to Casilinum instead of Casinum, 96;

his retreat cut off near Mount Callicula, 96;

defeats Minucius, 97;

battle of Cannæ, 99;

Maharbal calls upon Hannibal to follow him to Rome, 103;

in Capua, 103;

his troops become effeminate there, 105;

reckons upon support from Carthage, 106, 107;

driven back by Marcellus, near Nola, 107;

his object to gain a seaport, 107;

tries to relieve Capua, 109;

appears before the gates of Rome, 112;

his generosity to the Sicilians, 114;

negotiations with Hieronymus, 115;

keeps possession only of south-eastern Lucania and Bruttium, 134;

returns to Africa, 139;

tries to negotiate with Scipio, 140;

the battle of Zama, 140;

conduct to Gisgo, 142;

turns himself towards Antiochus, 166;

made suffete in Carthage, 168;

turns his attention to the financial abuses, 168;

the Romans demand that he should be given up to them, 168;

his advice to Antiochus, 169;

offers hospitality to Scipio, 170;

leads the fleet of Antiochus, 175;

sent by Antiochus to Pamphylia, 176;

his death, 193.

_Hannibalianus_, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.

_Hannibalianus_, son of Dalmatius, iii, 304.

_Hanno_, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, ii, 11;

goes to the aid of Hannibal near Agrigentum, 11;

conquered by the Romans, 11, 38;

his conduct after the war, 58.

_Hanno_, Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, routed near

Beneventum by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, ii, 109;

taken prisoner, 136.

_Haret_, king of the Nabathæan Arabs, iii, 11.

_Harvest_ in Thessaly, about the middle of June, ii, 157.

_Hasdrubal_, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, defeated by

Metellus near Palermo, ii, 27;

conquered, 28.

_Hasdrubal_, Hamilcar’s son-in-law, murdered after nine years’

administration, ii, 64.

_Hasdrubal_, brother of Hannibal, whether he is older than the latter

is doubtful, ii, 65;

his treaty with Rome, in which the Ebro is fixed upon as the

boundary, 69;

goes to Italy, 124;

defeated near Sena Gallica, 126.

_Hasdrubal_, Gisgo’s son, ii, 123;

his armies driven back to the Atlantic, 128;

goes over to Africa, 128;

meets with Scipio at the same banquet, 131.

_Hasdrubal_, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 230;

defeated by Masinissa, 230;

appointed general out of the town, 234.

HASTATI, i, 441.

_Heilbronn_, guilds in the fourteenth century, i, 168.

_Heineccius_, i, 387.

_Helena_, mother of Constantine, iii, 298.

_Helena_, wife of Julian, iii, 306.

_Helena_, see Illiberis.

_Heliogabalus_, see Elagabalus.

_Hellespont_, belongs to Egypt, ii, 145.

_Helvetians_, i, 370;

their inroads, iii, 41;

under the Romans, 151.

_Helvidius Priscus_, iii, 202;

a Stoic, his opposition to Vespasian, 206;

put to death, 206.

_Helvius_, see Pertinax.

_C. Helvius Cinna_, iii, 128.

_Hemsterhuys_, iii, 235.

_Heræa_, well-affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145.

_Heræan Mounts_, ii, 8.

_Heraclea_, attacked by the Lucanians, i, 463;

battle, 558;

treated with particular favour, 571.

_Heraclea_, in Sicily, ii, 11.

_Heraclea_, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belonging to Ætolia

Epictetus, ii, 174;

taken by storm, 174;

having isopolity with the Achæan league, 250.

_Heraclea_, in Thrace, battle, iii, 300.

_Hercte_, Monte Pellegrino, ii, 8, note;

must have been a state prison, 35;

Hamilcar gains possession of the height, 36.

_Herculanum_, its destruction, iii, 209.

_Herdonia_, battle, ii, 119.

_Herdonius_, Appius, attacks Rome at the head of four thousand Sabines,

i, 283.

_Hereditary governments_, not to be met with in Italy, i, 151.

_Hermæum_, headland over against Carthage, ii, 20.

_Hermann_, see Arminius.

_Hermann_, Gottfried, i, 73.

_Hermanric_, leader of the Goths, iii, 317;

whether belonging to the time in which Jornandes places him

uncertain, 317.

_T. Herminius_, i, 206, 210.

_Hermodorus_ of Ephesus, his advice said to have been asked by the

decemvirs, i, 296;

friend of Heraclitus, 297;

banished from Ephesus because he was too wise, 297, 461.

_Hermogenianus_, a mere compiler, iii, 275.

_Hermunduri_, peace with the Romans, iii, 242.

_Hernæ_, Sabine word for mountain, i, 247.

_Hernicans_, enter into isopolity with the Romans and Latins, i, 220,

246;

league with the Latins and Romans, 246;

dwell in five towns, 247;

are said to have sprung from the Marsians and Sabines, 247;

severed from Rome, 390;

union with Rome, 410;

take part with the Samnites, 501;

the prisoners treated as guilty of high treason by the Romans, 502;

receive the right of citizenship through the _Lex Julia_, ii, 354.

_Herod_, ii, 390;

his will, iii, 124.

_Herodes Atticus_, teacher of M. Antoninus, iii, 238.

_Herodian_, a stranger and a frivolous writer, iii, 250;

his account of the war of Alexander Severus borne out by its

intrinsic probability, 265;

in all that he really knows, a writer of much judgment, 266.

_Herodotus_, his superiority, i, 52.

_Hexameter_, introduced by Ennius into Roman literature, ii, 198;

those of Ennius clumsy and full of faults, 198;

of Ennius and Lucilius, 393;

of the Augustan era, iii, 129.

_Heyne_, i, 73, 251.

_Hiempsal_, son of Micipsa, ii, 310;

murdered by Jugurtha, 311.

_Hierarchy_, iii, 338.

_Hiero of Syracuse_, alliance with Rome, i, 574;

his origin, 577;

is said to have had Theocritus put to death on account of a satire,

578;

peace with Carthage, 578;

treachery to his mercenaries, 578;

undertakes a war against the Mamertines, 579;

beaten by the Romans, 581;

makes peace with Rome, 581;

assists the Romans at Agrigentum, ii, 11;

remains independent from the first Punic war, 41;

dies at the age of ninety, 114;

his whole family murdered, 116;

his assertion respecting the Romans, 354.

_Hieronymus_ of Cardia, one of the sources of Ennius, i, 24;

has written from Pyrrhus’ own memoirs, 564.

_Hieronymus_, grandson of Hiero, ii, 114;

conspiracy discovered, 115;

murdered, 115.

_Highroads_ paved with basalt, i, 518;

their excellent condition, iii, 197.

_Hilary_, Pope, the greatest Christian poet, iii, 326;

takes Lucretius for his pattern, 327.

_Hilary, St._, iii, 326.

_Hildebrand_ and Hadubrand, their song of more ancient date than

Charles the Great, i, 13.

_Himera_, the Carthaginian and Sicilian boundary in Sicily, ii, 4.

_Himera_, the battle cannot have been fought on the same day as the

battle of Salamis, ii, 3.

_Himilco_, commander of the Carthaginians at the siege of Lilybæum, ii,

30.

_Himilco_ conducts the Carthaginian fleet to Sicily in the second Punic

war, ii, 116;

makes himself master of Agrigentum, 116.

_Himilco_, Phameas, general of the Carthaginians in the third Punic

war, ii, 235;

his conduct at the end of the war, 235.

_Hippo_ rises against Carthage, ii, 45.

_Hippocrates_, emissary of Hannibal to Hieronymus, ii, 114;

obtains the dominion of Syracuse, 116;

dies there, 117.

_Hipponium_, i, 458.

_Hirpinians_, i, 419;

declare for Hannibal whilst on his march to Capua, ii, 107;

continue the Marsian war, 358;

their country laid waste by Sylla, 385.

_A. Hirtius_, a most accomplished man, author of the eighth book _de

bello Gallico_, and of the book _de bello Alexandrino_, iii, 40, 64;

advises Cæsar to be cautious, 80;

consul, 87;

the war of Mutina, 89;

his death, 89;

an elegant writer, 130.

_Hispania Bœtica_, quite Latinized, iii, 215.

HISPANICUS SENATUS, in the time of Sertorius, ii, 400.

_History_ has not the effect of weakening man’s belief in Providence,

ii, 49;

importance of Roman history, i, 78.

_Historical annals_, some existed before the burning by the Gauls, i,

5.

_Historical literature_ of the Germans, the oldest is written in

poetry, i, 16.

_Hoche_, general, ii, 14.

_Holidays_ of the senate during September and October, iii, 119.

_Holland_, after the peace of Münster there arose there a wild sort of

life and differences between William II. and the city of Amsterdam,

i, 308;

takes the lead among the seven Dutch provinces, 386;

the hereditary Stadtholder Captain General and High Admiral, iii,

119.

_Holstein_, bondage abolished, i, 251.

_Holy Scriptures_, books restored after the destruction of the temple,

i, 7.

_Homerides_, a genos in Chios, of no relationship to Homer, i, 159.

_Homoousians_, their persecutions, iii, 309, 315.

_Honoria_, Justa Grata, iii, 335.

_Honorius_, Emperor, iii, 322;

holds his court at Milan, 330;

hemmed in at Asti, 330;

flies across the Alps, 330;

triumphal arch, 330;

Stilicho’s son-in-law, 332;

his death, 335.

_Hooke_ not capable of deep enquiry, i, 4, 72; iii, 94.

_Horatii_ and _Curiatii_, their combat poetical, i, 81;

unknown which of them were Romans, and which Albans, 128.

_Horatii_ belong to the _gentes minores_, i, 206.

_M. Horatius_, elected in the place of Collatinus, i, 205.

_M. Horatius Barbatus_, requires the decemvirs to resign their power,

i, 308.

_Horatius Cocles_, i, 210.

_Q. Horatius Flaccus_, i, 277;

loving mention of his father, ii, 292;

ignorant of the history of his own people, 312;

not to be compared with Virgil in his knowledge of the Greek writers,

312;

turns up his nose at Lucilius, 393;

his part in the battle of Philippi, iii, 99;

his journey to Brundusium, 104;

his most poetical time, 104;

his sayings concerning Octavian, 112;

his father not foreign, but of Italian origin, 134;

his earlier history, 134;

does not deserve the reproach of being called a flatterer, 134;

chronology of his works, 135;

fictitious names, 135;

opinion of him, 135.

_Von Hormayr_, his work on the Tyrol, iii, 151.

_Horse_, of the equestrian statue of M. Antoninus, belongs to a race

which does not seem to us beautiful, iii, 275.

_Q. Hortensius_, dictator, i, 540.

_Q. Hortensius_, the orator, not free from envy, ii, 394;

ready to sell his convictions for money, 395; iii, 26;

his son put to death, iii, 99.

_Hostia_, mistress of Propertius, iii, 137.

_Hostilianus_, nephew or son of Decius, colleague of Gallus

Trebonianus, iii, 279.

_Hostilius_, Tullus, with him appears a new era in history, i, 126;

the legend of his death, 128;

one of the Ramnes, 131.

_Hostilius_, his cruelty to the Greeks, ii, 210.

_Hudson_ opposed to Bentley by the university of Oxford, i, 42.

_Hugo_, i, 387.

_Humbert_, Colonel, his excavations in Carthage, ii, 239, 310.

_Von Humboldt_, William, maintains that the Iberians were all of the

same stock, ii, 60;

believes the poem on the Cantabrian war to be genuine, iii, 150.

_Hume_, ii, 53.

_Huns_, a nomadic tribe of Mongolian race, iii, 317;

push on the Goths, 317;

their abodes, 338;

their wars, 339.

_Hyksos_, under them the old records must have been lost, i, 7;

their age forms the boundary of real history, 7.

_Hyrcanus_, king of Judæa, iii, 11.

I

_Iberians_, break into Spain from Africa, i, 367;

in Southern Spain, the Balearic Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, western

Sicily and Africa, 367;

driven by the Celts to the Garonne, 368;

send an embassy to Alexander the Great, 469;

their personal attachment to their princes, ii, 64.

_Iberians_, on the Caspian sea, brought into subjection by Sapor, iii,

313.

_Icelus_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Idumæi_, cohort of the, iii, 271.

_Ignominia_, i, 335.

_Ilia_, mother of Romulus, i, 111.

_Ilia_, name of Jerusalem according to the Arab writers, iii, 230.

_Ilium_, destroyed by C. Flavius Fimbria, ii, 373.

_Illiberis_, (also called Helena,) in Roussillon, iii, 305.

_Illiturgis_, near Cordova, ii, 120.

_Illyria_, as far as Scutari, a country of low hills, on the east it

has a high ridge of mountains, ii, 152.

_Illyrian empire_, its spread before the Peloponnesian war, ii, 47;

war with Rome, 47;

peace, 47;

second war, 57.

_Illyrians_, see Enchelians;

waste the coast of Greece, ii, 46.

_Illyricum_, extensively colonized, iii, 272;

there are still some pure descendants of the Goths there, 320.

_Imbrivium_, not Imbrinium, near Subiaco, i, 481.

_Imbros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Imperator_, surname of the Emperor, iii, 117.

IMPERIA MANLIANA, i, 343.

INCORPORALES RES, i, 179.

_Indibilis_, a Spanish prince, enters into an insurrection against

Scipio, ii, 130.

_Indictions_, iii, 301.

_Informers_, under Tiberius, iii, 173;

under Domitian, 213.

_Inghirami_, his forgeries, i, 141.

_Insanity_ of several princes, iii, 179;

no means were known in ancient times for its treatment, 179.

_Inscriptions_, under Hadrian, in barbarous Latin, iii, 231;

most of the sepulchral inscriptions are from the end of the first to

the beginning of the third century, P. C., 274;

written characters of a barbarous shape, 276.

_Instinct_ of substituting the fallen off members of political

organizations, i, 109.

_Insubrians_, in Italy, ii, 52;

conquered by Flaminius, 56;

ready for rebellion, 83;

declare for Hannibal, 87;

in arms against the Romans, 164;

submission after two campaigns, 164.

INSULA BATAVORUM, iii, 203.

_Interamnium_ built, i, 497;

Roman colony, ii, 106.

_Interdict_, possessory, i, 254.

_Interest_, it is forbidden in Rome to take interest, i, 541; ii, 192.

_Interreges_, were only patricians, i, 454.

_Invading peoples_ not to be found in scattered spots, i, 367.

_Ionia_, with the exception of some towns, comes into the possession of

Eumenes, i, 185.

_Ipsus_, battle, i, 553.

_Irak_ Ajemi, has in all probability preserved the language of the

Medes, iii, 264.

_Ireland_, after the peace of Limerick, under William the third, ii,

264;

the Roman Catholics sacrificed at the time of the Union, 283.

Ἰσηγορία, i, 279.

Ἰσονομία, i, 279.

_Isopolity_, i, 220.

_Issa_, delivered by the Romans, ii, 47.

_Isthmus_ of Corinth, Cæsar wishes to cut it through, iii, 74.

_Istrians_, subjected even before the war of Hannibal, ii, 57.

_Itali_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 97;

principle of the Italians, that the complaint of the breach of treaty

was to be made before the injured people, i, 266.

_Italia_, originally the country south of the Tiber or south of Latium,

iii, 97;

once bounded on the north by a line from the Garganus to Terracina,

97;

the name afterwards extended to a wider range, 97.

_Italian towns_, Rome exacts from them military service, i, 571.

_Italians_, begin in the fifteenth century to consider themselves the

heirs of the ancient Romans, i, 67, 222;

apply themselves to history, 68;

their different laws in the middle ages, 228;

their tillage, 234;

their peasantry worthy and respectable, the herdsmen and townspeople

good for nothing, 460; ii, 265;

unfit for a sea life, i, 460;

make beasts of themselves when they have an opportunity of feasting,

ii, 189.

_Italica._ See Corfinium.

_Italica_, in the neighbourhood of Seville, iii, 216;

birth place of Trajan and Hadrian, 216.

_Italy_ divided with reference to taxation, i, 573;

southern Italy takes the form of a province, owing to the war with

Hannibal, ii, 186;

the large estates there more profitable than the smaller ones, 272;

condition during the Servile war, 405;

divided into a number of regions, iii, 124;

aversion to military service, 159;

fields cultivated by slaves, and the population changed, 187;

free from the land-tax, 299;

the spirit of bravery died away, 330.

_Ituræi_, iii, 271, note.

_Itzig_, iii, 302.

J

_Jacobi_, F. H., compared with Cicero, iii, 26.

_Janiculum_, the existence of an old town there, i, 121;

probably Roman, whilst the territory on the other side of the Tiber

was Etruscan, 214.

_Janus_ and _Jana_ (Diana), the heavenly lights, i, 169.

_Janus_, two different ones on the Roman gates, i, 263, note.

_Janus_, his temple closed, iii, 151.

_Janus_, Quirini, i, 187.

_Janus’ head_, symbol of the double state.

_Jerome_, St., iii, 325;

his wit, 326.

_Jeremiah_, ii, 252.

_Jerusalem_, under Ezra and Nehemiah, i, 391;

conquered by Pompey, the temple plundered, iii, 11;

a military colony founded under the name of Ælia Capitolina, 230.

_Jews_, their last struggle with the Romans, ii, 252;

rebellion under Claudius, iii, 199;

under Hadrian, 230;

not allowed to approach Jerusalem, 230;

outbreak under Antoninus Pius, 236;

divided into Jews and Proselytes, the latter into two classes, the

Proselytes of Righteousness, and the Proselytes of the Gate, i,

164.

_Jewish_ tribes, i, 163.

_Johannes_, the first emperor with a Christian name, iii, 335.

_Johannes Saresberiensis_, quotes from Livy, i, 67.

_Josephus_, his notice against Apion from Phœnician chronicles, ii, 1;

his book one of the most interesting historical works, iii, 199;

throws light on the tactic of the Romans, 199;

is a Pharisee, 199.

_Jovian_, emperor, cedes a tract of country to the Persians, ii, 147;

becomes emperor, iii, 315;

concludes a peace with Persia, 315;

gives an edict for freedom of belief, 315;

his death, 315.

_Jovinus_, usurper, iii, 333.

_Juba_, ii, 322;

king of Mauritania, and client of Pompey, iii, 57;

presented by Augustus with the realm of Bocchus, 162.

_Dec. Jubellius_, leader of the Campanian legion at Rhegium, i, 573.

_Jubellius Taurea_, his death, ii, 113.

JUDICES equivalent to _centumviri_, i, 313;

delegated by a prætor, 404;

elected from the senate, 404.

_Jugera_, five hundred, as much as seventy rubbii now, ii, 277.

_Jugurtha_, son of Mastanabal, ii, 310;

sent to Spain, 310;

adopted by Micipsa, 311;

bribery in Rome, 311;

surrenders himself for appearance sake to the Romans, 314;

comes to Rome on the strength of Cassius’ word of honour, 315;

causes Massiva to be murdered in Rome, 315;

his behaviour towards Metellus, 317;

goes to Bocchus, 321;

given up to Marius, 321.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s aunt, married to Marius, iii, 83.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s daughter, married to Pompey, iii, 39.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s sister, wife of M. Atius Balbus, iii, 83.

_Julia_, Augustus’ daughter, first married to Marcellus, then to

Agrippa, iii, 143;

her shameful depravity, 146;

transported to Pandataria, 147.

_Julia Domna_, wife of Septimius Severus, iii, 252, 254, 259.

_Julia Emerita_ (Merida), a colony, iii, 150.

_Julian_, emperor, taken in by any one who called himself a

philosopher, iii, 245;

son of Julius Constantius, 304;

kept prisoner in Cæsarea, 306;

called by the Christian writers apostata, extolled by the Heathen

ones, 307;

Cæsar, 306;

marries Helena, 307;

proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, 308;

his ostentation, 309;

character, 309;

Misopogon, 311;

war against Persia, 311;

his death, 314.

_Julianus_, Claudius, Cæsar, his letter to Maximus and Balbinus, iii,

270.

_Julianus Didius_, Emperor, iii, 250;

character, 250;

put to death, 251.

_Julii_, an Alban clan, belonging to the _gentes minores_, iii, 29;

not to be found in the Fasti from the fourth to the seventh century,

29;

sided with the popular party, 29.

_July_, month, origin of its name, iii, 114.

_Julius._ See Cæsar.

_C. Julius_, decemvir, summons the people to pass judgment on one who

was not _reus manifestus_, i, 307.

JUNIORES, i, 180.

_Junius._ See Brutus.

_Junius._ See Pennus.

_C. Junius Bubulcus_, consul in the Samnite war, vows to Salus a

temple, i, 498.

_L. Junius_, consul, his fleet destroyed by a storm, ii, 34;

surprises Eryx, 35.

_Juno_, the worship of Juno on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Jupiter_, his worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Jurisdiction_ in Italy after the Lex Julia is obscure, iii, 255.

_Jurisprudence_, the study of, becomes the province of the French, i,

68;

revival in the eighteenth century, 73;

has two sides, 388;

history of the emperors indispensable for it, iii, 164;

foundation of its system under Hadrian, 231;

its progress under Antoninus Pius, 237.

_Jury_, in ancient Rome, instituted after the laws of Gracchus, ii,

297.

JUS AGRARIUM, i, 252;

the Romans stand alone with regard to it, 253.

JUS CÆRITUM EXULANDI, i, 210.

JUS FLAVIANUM, a sort of “Complete Lawyer,” i, 521.

JUS GENTIUM, had, perhaps originally a much wider meaning than is

generally believed, i, 161.

JUS PAPIRIANUM, i, 184, 226.

_Justina_, wife of Valentinian the first, iii, 321.

_Justin_, a careless writer, ii, 2.

_Justin_, the Martyr, iii, 235.

_Juthungi_, the reigning dynasty of the Lombards, iii, 280;

pass the Po, 287.

_Juvenal_, reproached with having in his writings chiefly described

depravity, iii, 178;

his opinion of Otho, 197;

one of the greatest minds, 210.

_P. Juventius Thalna_, beaten by Andriscus, ii, 247.

K

_Kant_ assails the eloquence and profession of advocate, iii, 21.

_Kent_, iii, 45.

_Kinburn_, iii, 71.

_Kinna_, a place now unknown, i, 495.

_Klopstock_, his hexameters, ii, 198.

_Kunersdorf_, battle, i, 560; iii, 278.

L

_Labeo._ See Atinius.

_Laberius_, ii, 16.

_Laberius, Dec._, composer of Mimes, iii, 129, 141.

_Labici._ See Lavici.

_Labienus_, in the battle of Munda, iii, 71;

his conduct, 106;

goes to the Parthians, 106.

_Lacedæmon_, one revolution follows another;

Machanidas seizes the government, ii, 145;

lose their ancient constitution, 151;

a separate state, 165.

_Lacedæmonians_, the general population of Sparta, ii, 249.

_Laco_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Lactantius_, his work a reproduction of Cicero, iii, 293, 325.

_Lælianus._ See Ælianus.

_Lælius_, supports Masinissa in his attack against Syphax, ii, 137.

_C. Lælius_, gets the surname of Sapiens, ii, 275;

fragment of a speech, 292, 394.

_Lænas._ See Popillius.

_Lætorius_, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

_Lætus Pomponius_ gives an impulse to the study of archæology, i, 67.

_Lætus_, _præfecto prætorio_ under Commodus, iii, 249.

_Lævians_, a people on the Ticinus, i, 365.

_Lævinus_, M. Valerius, restores Agrigentum, ii, 119;

takes out, as prætor, a fleet against Philip, 143;

his fleet a curse for Greece, 146.

_Lævinus_, P. Valerius, consul, against Pyrrhus, i, 558;

battle near Heracles, 558;

follows Pyrrhus on the Appian road, 562.

_Lamennais_, iii, 51.

_Lamia_, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belongs to Ætolia

Epictetus, ii, 174;

besieged by Philip, 174;

the siege given up, 174.

_Lampadius_, C. Octavius, divides Nævius’ history of the Punic war into

books, i, 17.

_Lamponius_ M., ii, 382.

_Land tax_, Savigny has done a great deal for its elucidation, iii,

229.

_Language_, Polish and Lithuanian, their relationship, i, 95;

that of a conquered people often becomes extinct, 144;

the Western part of the Roman empire preserves a kind of unity of

language, iii, 163.

_Languedoc_, ii, 308.

_Lanuvians_, full citizenship granted to them, i, 448.

_Lanuvium_ devastated by Marius, ii, 372.

_Lanzi_ supposes Etruscan to have been a sort of Greek, i, 142.

_Larinum_, ii, 126.

_Larissa_, a Pelasgian word signifying borough, i, 101.

_Lars_, probably signifies king or God in Etruscan, i, 136, 208, note.

_Sp. Lartius_, i, 206, 210.

_Latin language_, a medley of Oscan, and Siculo-Pelasgian, i, 105;

degenerates, iii, 232.

_Latin form_ of Greek proper names, ii, 194.

_Latins_, had a number of towns, from Tibur to the river Tiber, i, 101;

Latins and Sabines settle on the Aventine, 165;

the hegemony over them acquired by Tarquin the Proud, not by Servius

Tullus, 185;

the _feriæ Latinæ_ established on the Alban mount, 185;

the sacrifices on the Aventine offered in the temple of Diana,

afterwards in a grove near Aricia, 186;

bind themselves _ad majestatem populi Romani comiter colendam_, 195;

leagued under Octavius Mamilius with Porsena, 210;

break the alliance with Rome after the Etruscan calamity, 216;

peace concluded in the year 259, 219;

receive isopolity, 220;

league of Sp. Cassius in the year 261, 220;

receive isopolity _jus municipii_, 243;

league with the Romans and Hernicans, 246;

defeated by the Volscians and Æquians in the valley of Grotta

Ferrara, 276;

after the spread of the Volscians again subject to the Romans, 293;

free themselves after the Gallic calamity from the Roman rule, 386;

part of them unite with Velitræ and Antium in hostility against Rome,

390;

friendship with Rome restored, 410;

the new federation, 411;

has for its chiefs two prætors, 412;

continue the war against the Samnites alone, 436;

their constitution, 437;

proposals for a union with Rome, 437;

war with Rome, 438;

fight near Veseris, 439;

battle near Trifanum, 444;

conditions of their subjection, 444;

last insurrection, 445;

battle on the river Astura, 447;

the people are born husbandmen, 460;

revolt, 480;

opposed to the agrarian law of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 283;

C. Gracchus wishes to extend to them the full right of citizenship,

299;

meaning in the time of Livius Drusus, 346;

receive the full franchise by the Lex Julia, 354.

_Latini_, iii, 258.

_Latin fortifications_, i, 146.

_Latin towns_, thirty in number, i, 109;

have all of them a council of a Hundred, 120.

_Latium_ extends as far as Campania, i, 102;

suffers dreadfully in the war with Cinna, ii, 372.

_Latteen sails_ of the ancients, ii, 39.

LAUDATIONES FUNEBRES, i, 11;

owing to them falsifications creep into Roman history, 11;

a tissue of repetitions like the λόγοι ἐπιτάφιοι, 261.

_Laurentum_ alone retains the old fœdus, i, 451.

_Lautulæ_, insurrection, i, 430;

quelled by Valerius Corvus, 431;

battle, 494.

_Lavici_, not Labici, 344;

Roman colony, 345.

_Lavinium_ founded by thirty households, i, 109;

a general name for Latium, central point of the Prisci Latini, 109;

keeps faithful to Rome, 390.

_Lays_, historical, in Roman history, i, 88.

_Leagues_, a clause in those of the ancients, wherein the contracting

parties prescribed to each other the bounds of their intended

encroachments upon other nations, i, 412.

_Leave of absence_, purchased by the Roman soldiers, iii, 157.

LEGATI AUGUSTI, _pro consule, pro prætore_, &c., iii, 121.

LEGATI _pro prætore_ in the imperial provinces, often remained the

whole of their lives in the same province, iii, 244.

LEGES, the resolutions of the patricians, i, 241.

LEGES ANNALES, suspended during the second Punic war, ii, 132;

_lex Villia annalis_ rigorously observed, 239;

those in force in Cicero’s days, dated from the age of Sylla, 239.

_Leges Liciniæ_, (Licinian Rogations,) i, 205, 396;

violated in the year 412 for the last time, 425;

enlargement of it, 432.

LEGES POMPEIÆ, iii, 38.

LEGES PORCIÆ, iii, 35.

LEGES PUBLILIÆ, i, 447.

LEGES SACRATÆ, he who violated them was to be sold as a slave at the

temple of Ceres, i, 290.

LEGES SEMPRONIÆ, ii, 277, 294.

LEGES VALERIÆ, i, 207.

LEGIO MARTIA, iii, 89.

_Legion_, in the war of Hannibal, consisted of 4,200 men and 200 horse,

ii, 98.

_Legions_, the country and city, at the time of the Gallic calamity, i,

375;

the country legions armed with pikes, 376;

consisted half of Latins and half of Romans, 376;

three thousand men strong, 376;

their arrangement in the war against the Latins, 441;

their division in Cæsar’s time, ii, 326;

their time of service, iii, 126;

their camps on the frontiers in which they were stationed until

superannuated, 169;

outbreak in Illyricum and on the Rhine, 169;

their degeneracy in the East, 243.

_Legislations_, of old, did not only comprise civil and criminal law

and judicial procedure, but political law and transient measures

also, i, 278;

should be independent of magistracy, 278.

LEMBI, the lightest ships, ii, 17.

_Lentulus_, consul, prætor, accomplice of Catiline, iii, 22.

_Leo the Great_, iii, 327.

_Lepidus_, M. Æmilius, head of the democracy, ii, 395;

sets himself up as the avenger of Rome, 396;

dies in Sardinia, 397.

_Lepidus_, M. Æmilius, in Gaul, iii, 87;

triumvir, 91;

confined to Africa, 105;

Pontifex Maximus, 110, 118.

_Lepontians_, on the Lake of Como, of Etruscan race, i, 145;

stand against the immigrating Gauls, 368.

_Lerida in Catalonia_, battle, iii, 56.

_Lesbos_, allied with Chios and Byzantium, iii, 145.

_Lessing_, endowed with a most philological spirit, i, 73; ii, 245;

German literature reaches perfection through Lessing, iii, 127;

connecting link between two generations, 130;

has no equal among German prose writers, 226.

_Letronne_, ii, 78.

_Letters_, their use known in the earliest times among the Romans, i,

4;

a common use not to be thought of previous to the use of the Egyptian

papyrus, 4;

have a threefold root, 4, _note_;

of more ancient date in Europe than Homer, 4.

_Leuco-Syrians_, ii, 360.

_Levesque_, i, 73.

LEX ÆLIA ET FUFIA, ii, 225;

repealed by Clodius, 226.

LEX ÆLIA SENTIA, iii, 122, 163.

LEX AGRARIA of Sp. Cassius, i, 256;

probably accepted, 257;

_lex agraria_ TRIBUNICIA, 346.

LEX ATERNIA TARPEIA, i, 339.

LEX AURELIA _judiciaria_, iii, 4.

LEX CASSIA not to be regarded as an innovation, ii, 285.

LEX CORNELIA _de ambitu_, ii, 227.

LEX FLAMINIA, ii, 87.

LEX FURIA _testamentaria_ may be placed about the year 450, i, 303.

LEX DE GALLIA _Cisalpina_, ii, 165.

LEX GENUCIA, i, 517.

LEX HORTENSIA, i, 322, 542.

LEX DE IMPERIO, ii, 41.

LEX JULIA, i, 120, 172, 311;

unites Gallia Cispadana to Italy, ii, 165, 354.

LEX JULIA _de adulterio_, iii, 187.

LEX JULIA _de judiciis_, iii, 124.

LEX JULIA NORBANA, iii, 119.

LEX JUNIA, i, 280;

dated by Dionysius thirty years too early, 280.

LEX MÆNIA, made the confirmation by the curies a mere form, i, 406,

539.

LEX MENSIA, i, 173.

LEX MUCIA LICINIA, ii, 344.

LEX OGULNIA, i, 130, 523.

LEX OVINIA TRIBUNICIA, i, 335.

LEX PAPIA POPPÆA, iii, 163, 187.

LEX PEDIA, iii, 91.

LEX PUBLILIA, of the dictator, Q. Publilius Philo, i, 321.

LEX SERVILIA, ii, 345.

LEX TERENTILIA, i, 278.

LEX THORIA, ii, 290.

LEX TREBONIA, iii, 37.

LEX VALERIA, i, 235.

LEX VALERIA HORATIA, i, 320.

LEX VOCONIA, ii, 225.

_Leyden_ inhabited only about the centre, ii, 108.

_Libanius_ appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.

LIBERTINI and their descendants excluded from the _gentes_, i, 160. See

Freedmen.

_Library_ of Ptolemy Philadelphus burnt, iii, 64.

LIBRI AUGURALES, i, 11, 238.

LIBRI FATALES, of Etruscan origin, i, 151.

LIBRI LEGEM, i, 9.

LIBRI MAGISTRATUUM, i, 9.

LIBRI PONTIFICUM, i, 10.

LIBURNÆ, light ships, ii, 17.

_Liburnians_, the name of the earlier inhabitants of the North of

Italy, i, 98.

_Libyans_, oppressive neighbours of the Carthaginians, ii, 2;

mingle only gradually with the Phœnician settlers, 2, 4;

do not differ in their constitution from the inhabitants of Southern

Europe, 5;

the relation between the Libyans and Pœni analogous to that of the

Lettish and the Lithuanians to the Germans, 6;

take arms against Carthage, 44;

have an alphabet of their own, 310.

_Licinian family_, defends the rights of the plebeians, i, 402.

_Licinius’ laws_ are in fact only a repetition of former ones, ii, 402;

conf., ii, 270.

_Licinius._ See Crassus, Lucullus, etc.

_Licinius_, Augustus in Illyricum, iii, 298;

war with Maximinian Daza, 300;

war with Constantine, 300;

married to Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, 300;

conquered near Adrianople, executed, 300.

_P. Licinius Calvus_, plebeian senator, i, 340.

_C. Licinius Macer_, writes history from documents, i, 33;

one of Pliny’s sources, 33;

Cicero speaks unfavourably of him, 33.

_C. Licinius Stolo_, tribune of the people, i, 396;

accused of having evaded his own law, ii, 272.

_Lictors_, among the Tuscans the king of each town has a lictor, i,

221;

twelve Latin and twelve Roman lictors given to the common dictator,

221;

represent the curies, 539.

_Lightnings_, flashing forth from the earth, the fact already known to

the Etruscans, i, 154.

_Ligue_ sharpened the wit and quickened the mind of the people, ii,

395.

_Ligurians_ in South of France, Piedmont, and Lombardy, i, 368;

pushed on by the Iberians as far as Aix in Provence, 368;

a warlike race, 371;

war against Rome, ii, 51;

new war against Rome, 200;

did not extend beyond the borders of Provence, 200;

fifty thousand Ligurians led from their homes into Samnium, 200.

_Ligurian peoples_ in Piedmont, ii, 57.

_Lilybæum_, besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 566;

its fortifications one of the wonders of the ancient world, 567;

siege raised by Pyrrhus, 567;

the survivors of Motye become the founders of Lilybæum, 575;

besieged by the Romans, ii, 29;

etymology of its name, 29;

had a good harbour, 29;

Roman, 116.

LIMES, made road, iii, 157.

_Limigantes_, a Sarmatian colony, iii, 301.

_Linen manufactures_, iii, 237.

LINGUA RUSTICA, or _vulgaris_, iii, 232.

_Lipariotes_, the guardians of the Tyrrhenian sea against the pirates,

i, 428.

_Liparian isles_, sea fight, ii, 15.

_Lipsius_, Justus, i, 240;

does not distinguish between the different ages, 240.

LIS VINDICIÆ and _lis vindiciarum_, i, 123.

_Lista_, chief town of the Opicans, i, 103.

_Liternum_, a Latin colony, or _colonia maritima_, between Cumæ and

Minturnæ, ii, 185.

_Literature_, Christian, iii, 325.

_Literature_, Grecian, ruinous effects of the great fire at

Constantinople, iii, 190.

_Literature_, Roman, under Augustus, compared with that of the French

under Louis XIV., and the latter with that under Louis XV., i, 31;

the division into golden, silver, &c., ages very preposterous, iii,

185.

_Livia_, mother of M. Cato, iii, 76.

_Livia Drusilla_, wife of Augustus, iii, 143;

her sway over Augustus, 143;

accused of poisoning C. Cæsar, 148;

hatred to Germanicus 160;

daughter of Livius Drusus, 165;

Tiberius’ fear of her, 174;

her death, 174;

treated Claudius with particular harshness, 181.

_Livilla_, daughter of the elder Drusus, wife of the younger, iii, 175.

_Livius Andronicus_, ii, 195;

makes an abridgment of the Odyssey in the Italian measure, 196;

his tragedies, 196.

_M. Livius Drusus_, tries to undermine the popularity of C. Gracchus,

ii, 301;

founds twelve colonies, 302;

whether they were really founded, 302.

_M. Livius Drusus_, son of the former, tribune, ii, 344;

his probable aim, 345;

his legislation, 345;

goes over to the opposition, 348;

murdered, 349;

denounces the conspiracy of the Italians against the senate, 351.

_Livius Drusus_, father of Livia Drusilla, his real name Appius

Claudius Pulcher, iii, 165.

_T. Livius Patavinus_ (Livy), liable to the censure of having made the

earlier Roman history into disrepute, i, 4;

his statements concerning the booty, etc., are taken from the

Triumphal Fasti, 10;

his carelessness with regard to making use of historical records, 11;

took his description of the time of the kings from Ennius, 24, 80;

anachronism with regard to the Origines of Cato, 26;

in his first books borrowed many things from Valerius Antias 33;

began to write in 743, 45;

born in 693 at Patavium, died 772, 45;

grounds for fixing the period at which he began to compose his

history at so late a date, 45;

traces found in the last books of the first decade, that Livy had

known Dionysius, 45;

died before he had finished his work, 45;

the division in decades an original one, 47;

in the later decades he paraphrases Polybius, 47;

becomes prolix in his old age, 47;

the old grammarians reproach him with tautology and palilogy, 48;

the preface belongs to the worst parts of the work, 48;

was, when he commenced his work, entirely deficient in general

historical knowledge, 48;

dictated the whole of his work, 49;

always took one annalist as his ground work, 49;

his talent for description and narration, 50;

deficient in comprehensiveness of view, 50;

was in early life a Pompeian, 50; iii, 92;

reproach of Patavinity, i, 51;

the perfect correctness of his style, 51;

his amiable disposition, 52;

his influence on the later ages, 52;

all the MSS. of the first decade may be traced to a single one, 53;

missing books of Livy sought for in different parts of the world, 54;

fragments of the ninety-first book, 55;

condition of the text, 55;

commentaries and editions, 56;

no quotation from him since Priscian, during the whole of the middle

ages, except in Joannes Saresberensis, 67;

his account the most unadulterated source for the earlier times, 81;

not to be supposed that he had written from the old heroic poems, 92,

136;

gives his sources without understanding them, 216;

the account of the war of the Auruncians occurs twice in him, 222;

does not generally alter the materials which he finds, but merely

drops part of them, 241;

was, with all his genius, no more than a rhetorician, 327;

mistakes, in the second Punic war, a certain Heraclitus for the

philosopher of the same name, 329;

makes use of Dionysius, perhaps as early as in the fifth book, 364;

looks upon earlier Roman history with a sort of irony, 383;

wrote history not to give an account of facts, but for the sake of

the narrative, 397;

is very exact in his histories of the Fabian house, 507;

did not think of making any use of Hannibal’s memoirs, ii, 62;

the romantic in him may be traced to Cœlius Antipater, 63;

in his accounts of the war of Hannibal we may distinguish the

different sources, 63;

all the speeches of Hanno and others are rhetorical trifles, 68;

the description of the siege of Saguntum certainly from Cœlius, 72;

opinion on Cicero, iii, 92, 95;

literary character, 141;

takes pity on Claudius, and encourages him to write history, 182;

influence of the rhetoricians on him, 185;

whenever he wants to be argumentative he is infinitely harder than

Tacitus, 226;

stands forth as a great man in his age, 228.

_M. Livius Salinator_, near Ariminum, ii, 126.

_Lixæ_, i, 178.

_Loans_, earliest system of them, i, 387;

loan from the rich in Rome ii, 37.

_Locks_, known to the ancients, brought to perfection by the

Netherlanders in the fifteenth century, iii, 74.

_Locrians_, Ozolian, Ætolian, ii, 151.

_Locri_, i, 459;

taken by the Bruttians, ii, 107;

the first Greek town which declares for Hannibal, 107;

taken from Hannibal by Scipio, 133.

_Locris_, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145;

subject to the rule of the Macedonians, 151;

a separate state, 163.

LOCUPLETES, i, 182;

_locupletes testes_, 182.

_Logau’s_ poems at the end of the thirty years’ war, iii, 340.

_M. Lollius_, legate, defeated by the Bructeri, iii, 153.

_Lombards_, carried on the money trade in medieval Italy, i, 227.

_Lombards_, fearing rebellions, pulled down the walls of all the

conquered towns in Italy, ii, 20;

pass the Po, iii, 287;

see Juthungi.

_Lombardy_, the cold there not less severe than in Germany, ii, 86.

_Louis XIII._, conspires against one of his subjects, iii, 333.

_Louis XIV._, the devastation of the Palatinate under him is the last

war of horrors, ii, 119.

_Luca_, colony founded, ii, 165;

congress between Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, iii, 39.

_Lucanians_, sprung from the Sabine stock, i, 122;

not in a position of equality with the Œnotrians, 153;

war against them decided by a miraculous apparition, 219;

come from the Samnites, 419;

attack Heraclea and Metapontum, 463;

send ambassadors to Alexander the Great, 469;

hostile to the Greek, but partake of Greek civilization, 472;

called a Samnite colony, 478;

are Œnotrians become Samnites, 479;

never strong, 479;

union with Rome, 479;

independent, 505;

war with Tarentum, 510;

with the Samnites, 524;

again turn their arms against Rome, 544;

send ambassadors to Pyrrhus to Epirus, 557;

acknowledge the supremacy, 571;

in the service of Agathocles, 577;

fall away from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107;

not trustworthy, 111;

hardly dealt with after the war of Hannibal, 187;

revolt in the Social war against Rome, 352.

_Lucania_, nearly the whole country under Honorius was pastureland, ii,

264.

_Lucan_, the Pharsalia wretched, iii, 132;

immensely read during the middle ages, 186;

the Lucanian school, 186.

_Luceres_, _Lucertes_, the third tribe of the earliest Roman

population, i, 129;

in the same relation to the two older tribes, as Ireland was to Great

Britain to the year 1782, 130;

introduced into the senate by Tarquinius Priscus, 141;

are called factio regis, 194.

_Luceria_, originally a Samnite town, taken from them by Apulians,

besieged by the Samnites, i, 486;

the conquest happened very likely in the year 439, 493;

receives a colony, 497; ii, 106.

_Lucerne_ and Berne, insurrection in the year 1657, i, 237.

_Lucerum_, name of the town on the Cœlius, i, 129.

_Lucian’s_ Lexiphanes, iii, 234;

overrated for some time, 234;

his style calls forth our admiration, 234.

_Lucilius_, from Suessa Aurunca, his verses, ii, 393.

_Lucilla_, sister of Commodus, iii, 248.

_Lucretia_, ii, 198;

her marriage with Collatinus belongs to poetry alone, 204.

_Lucretius_, Roman prætor, particularly notorious by his cruel deeds

against the Greeks, ii, 209.

_T. Lucretius Carus_, his eminence, iii, 128.

_Q. Lucretius Ofella_, besieges Præneste, ii, 381.

_Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus_, belongs to the Ramnes, i, 200;

princeps Senatus, 201.

_Lucullus_, historian, i, 36.

_L. Lucullus_, general in Spain, ii, 223;

opinion of him, iii, 6;

outbreak against him, 8;

retreats to Cappadocia, 8;

recalled, 8.

_Lucumo_, joins Romulus in the war against the Sabines, i, 117;

title of an Etruscan king, 136.

_Lucus Petelinus_, place of assembly for the populus outside the town,

i, 269.

LUDI ROMANI, after the Licinian rogations a fourth day is added to them

for the plebeians, i, 405.

_Luneburg_, only one house left, i, 140.

_Lugdunensian tables_, i, 87, 190.

—LUS, adjective-termination, had a diminutive meaning given it at a

later period, i, 341.

_Lucitanians_, their dwelling-place, ii, 223;

Galba’s treachery to them, 224;

peace, 260.

_Lutatius._ See Catullus.

_Lycia_, civilised, even before it was hellenized, ii, 2;

under Egyptian rule, 147;

conquered by Syria, 148;

Rhodian, 183;

taken from the Rhodians by the Romans, 219; iii, 3.

_Lyciscus_, partisan of the Romans in Ætolia, ii, 209.

_Lycortas_, father of Polybius, ii, 209.

_Lydians_, under Atys emigrate to Tyrrhenia, i, 142;

after the destruction of Troy, they push forward nearer the coast and

subjugate the Meonians, 144.

_Lydia_, given to Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Lydus_, Joannes, makes use of excellent materials, i, 205;

was a heathen, iii, 335, note.

_Lygdamus_ is very likely not the name of the author of the poems in

the collection of Tibullus, iii, 137.

_Lysimachia_, destroyed by the Thracians, ii, 167;

fortified, 167;

its situation, 176.

_Lysimachus_, obtains the whole of Macedon after having shared it with

Pyrrhus, i, 554;

a curse on his house, 576.

M

_Maccabees_, iii, 2.

_Macedon_ abandons Antigonus Gonatas, proclaims Pyrrhus emperor, leaves

the latter again, and sides with Antigonus, i, 569;

extends in Philip’s times as far as the Nestus, ii, 161;

division of the country after the defeat of Perseus, 218;

province, 247;

favoured by Caracalla, iii, 238.

_Macedonians_, originally Pelasgians, i, 96, note;

their system of fighting in masses, 559;

their true home the mountains east of Illyria, ii, 152;

formerly under their own liege lords, then dependent on Philip, 153;

were no barbarians, 157.

_Macer._ See Licinius.

_Machanidas_ siezes upon the government of Sparta, ii, 145.

_Machares_, son of Mithridates, makes a separate peace with Pompey,

iii, 10.

_Macchiavell_, i, 251.

_Mack_, general, capitulates near Ulm, iii, 280.

_Macrianus_, Gessius, husband of Mamæa, iii, 260.

_M. Macrinus_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 259;

emperor, 259;

tries to restore discipline among the soldiers, 259;

rebellion, 259;

his death, 250;

was not, perhaps, of noble race, 266.

_Macro_, favourite of Tiberius, præfectus vigilum, iii, 176.

_Macrobius_, refuted, iii, 112;

flourished at end of the fourth century, 323.

_Mæcenas_, C. Cilnius, iii, 103, 134;

character, 154;

his ancestors on both sides seem to have been raised to the highest

magistracies at Arretium, 145.

_Sp. Mælius_ affords help during a famine, i, 337;

murdered by Servilius Ahala, 338.

_C. Mænius_, conquers on the river Astura, finishes the Latin war, i,

447;

prætor _rei gerendæ causa_, 496.

_Mæsa_, sister of Julia Domna, iii, 259;

forms a conspiracy against Macrinus, 260.

_Maestricht_, sacked in 1576, i, 577.

_Maffei_, proposes a union of the nobility of Venice and of the terra

firma, i, 512, 542.

_Magalia_, or Megara, suburb of Carthage, ii, 240.

_Magdeburg_, the number of its inhabitants, after its destruction,

reduced from thirty thousand to three thousand, i, 386, 500.

_Magister_, warden of the Vicus or pagus, i, 174; iii, 123.

_Magister equitum_, his office a continuation of the dignity of

tribunus celerum, i, 199;

not necessarily a patrician, 199.

_Magister populi_, i, 221.

_Dec. Magius_, allowed by Hannibal to leave Capua, ii, 67;

advises to remain true to the Romans, 105.

_Magnentius_, rebellion, iii, 305;

defeated by Constantine, 306.

_Magnesia_, constituted as an independent state, ii, 163.

_Magnesia_, on the Sipylus, battle, ii, 164, 178.

_Magnus_, surname of Caracalla, iii, 258.

_Mago_, brother of Hannibal, ii, 65, 123;

driven back to the Atlantic, 128;

goes to the Balearic isles, and from thence to Liguria, 128;

his progress in Italy, 139;

recalled, dies, 139.

_Maharbal_, commander of the Carthaginian cavalry, calls upon Hannibal

to follow him to Rome, ii, 103.

_Mai_, Angelo, his vanity, i, 40.

_Majorian_, emperor, iii, 343;

his high character, 344;

his undertakings and his death, 344.

_Malaga_, Phœnician settlement, ii, 59.

_Malchus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Malcus_ conquers Carthage, ii, 3.

_Cn. Mallius_, consul, his army destroyed by the Cimbri and Teutones,

ii, 325.

_Malta_, its evacuation demanded of the English after the peace of

Amiens, but not executed, i, 467.

_Maltese dialect_ still retains some Punic elements, ii, 5.

_Malthinus_, in Horace instead of Mæcenas, iii, 135.

_Mamæa_, younger daughter of Mœsa, iii, 260;

mother of Alexander Severus, 261;

her avarice, 262;

murdered, 267.

_Mamertines_, get possession of Messana by treachery, i, 566, 567;

common name for the Oscan mercenaries, 577;

apply to the Romans, 579;

independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

_Mamertus_, Claudius, iii, 326.

_L. Mancinus_, consul, ii, 237.

_Mancinus_, C. Hostilius, defeated by the inhabitants of Numantia, ii,

262;

delivered up to the Numantines, but not accepted, 262.

_Mandonius_, Spanish chief, joins an insurrection against Scipio, ii,

129.

_Manichæism_, iii, 316.

_M’. Manilius_, consul, ii, 232;

a highly distinguished jurist, ii, 234.

_Maniple_, i, 197.

_Manlius Capitolinus_, condemned to death not by the people, but by the

Curies, i, 94;

befriends the sufferers, 392;

condemned by the _concilium populi_, 395;

thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 395.

_Manlius_ drives back the Gauls, i, 382.

_C. Manlius Torquatus_, his duel with a Gaul seems to be historical, i,

409.

_C. Manlius_, general of Catiline in Etruria, iii, 23.

_Cn. Manlius_, killed in the Veientine war, i, 261.

_Cn. Manlius_, consul, his campaign against the Galatians, ii, 181;

conquers them, 183.

_L. Manlius_, consul, with Regulus to Africa, ii, 20;

recalled, 21.

_T. Manlius_, consul, his declaration against the Latins, i, 438;

has his son executed for disobedience, 440.

_Mannert’s_ work on ancient Italy can only receive very qualified

recommendation, i, 75.

_Mantua_, iii, 101.

_Manutius_, his commentary to Cicero’s epistles indispensable, i, 269,

_note_; iii, 94;

his researches on Roman jurisdiction, ii, 299.

_Maps_, disadvantage of the want of them, ii, 95.

_Marble_, its first introduction into Rome, ii, 394;

Carrara marble first brought into use by Augustus, iii, 149;

foreign, 222.

_Marbod_, his kingdom, iii, 154, 159.

_Marcellinus_, prince of Illyria, iii, 344.

_Marcellinus_, see Ammianus.

_C. Marcellus_, consul, iii, 49;

cancels the decree of Curio, 51.

_Marcellus_, M. Claudius, distinguished captain, slays Viridomarus, ii,

56;

gains a victory near Clastidium, 56;

drives Hannibal back near Nola, 107;

Hannibal’s opinion of him, 110;

conquers Syracuse, 117;

his alleged humanity, 118;

is the first to carry works of Grecian art in mass to Rome, 118;

enriches the temple of Virtus and Honor, 119;

defeated by Hannibal, dies of his wounds, 119.

_Marcellus_, M. Claudius, thrice consul, his generous conduct in Spain,

ii, 222, 257.

_Marcellus_, M. Claudius, general in the Cimbrian war, ii, 330.

_M. Marcellus_, consul, annoys and offends Cæsar, iii, 49, 78.

_M. Marcellus_, son of Octavia, iii, 143;

differences between him and Agrippa, 146;

dies, 146.

_Marcellus_, Sextus Valerius, husband of Soæmis, iii, 259.

_Marcia_, concubine of Commodus, iii, 248, 249.

_Marciana_, Trajan’s sister, iii, 217.

_Marcianopolis_, in the neighbourhood of Schumla, iii, 318.

_Marcius_, see Ancus, Philip.

_C. Marcius Rutilus_, first plebeian censor and dictator, i, 415.

_L. Marcius_, according to Livy retrieves the losses of the Romans, an

improbable story, ii, 121.

_L. Marcius Censorinus_, consul, 232.

_Marcomanni_, iii, 155, 211;

cross the Danube, 240;

mentioned for the last time, 242;

the war against them had two different epochs.

_Mardia_, battle, iii, 300.

_Marforio_, iii, 211, _note_.

_Maria_, daughter of Stilicho, wife of Honorius, iii, 332.

_Marinus_, proclaimed emperor, soon after murdered, iii, 272.

_C. Marius_, his descent, ii, 318;

the name is Oscan, 318;

must have made some money, 318;

superstitious, 319;

consul, 320;

demagogue, 320;

disdained the refinement of his age, 320;

a first-rate general, 320;

gets the chief command in Numidia, 321;

ends the war with Jugurtha, 321;

further consulships, 322, 325;

author of the great change in Roman tactics, 325;

takes every able-bodied man into the army, 326;

defeats the Ambrones, 329;

the Teutones, 330;

fifth consulship, 331;

victory near Vercellæ, 333;

sixth consulship, 333;

triumph, 333;

his weakness, 333;

his conduct at the legislation of Saturninus, 337;

declares against Saturninus and Glancia, 339;

distinguishes himself in the Social war, 356;

his relation to Sylla, 359;

sinks in his later days in moral worth, 365;

outlawed together with his son and partisans, 368;

hides himself in a marsh, 368;

escapes to Africa, 368;

recalled by Cinna, 371;

consul for the seventh time, 373;

dies, 374;

married to the sister of Cæsar’s father, iii, 29.

_C. Marius_, son or nephew of Marius, consul, ii, 380;

defeated by Sylla near Sacriportus, 381;

flies to Præneste, 381, 383.

_L. Marius_, ambassador of Sertorius to Mithridates, ii, 408.

_Marius_, armourer, emperor, iii, 283.

_Marius Gratidianus_, cousin of Marius, ii, 373.

_Markland_, Jeremy, the first who speaks without prejudice of Virgil,

iii, 133.

_Maronea_, Macedonian, ii, 203.

_Marrana_, canal, five miles from Rome, which carries the water of the

low ground at Grotta Ferrara into the Tiber, i, 289.

_Marrucinians_, of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;

side with the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109;

revolt against the Romans in the Social war, 352;

make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

_El Marsa_, the ancient Magalia, ii, 240.

_Marsala_, the ancient Lilybæum, ii, 30.

_Marsians_, of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;

allies of Romans, i, 505;

side with Romans after battle of Cannæ, ii, 109;

had a share in the Apulian pastures, ii, 282;

equal to the Romans in refinement, 352;

revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352;

had a language of their own, but Latin letters, 353;

make a separate peace with Rome, 357;

their relation to Rome, 358.

_Marshes_ near Pisa, ii, 89;

the Pontine marshes drained by Trajan, as far as they can be drained,

iii, 223.

MARSICUM BELLUM, ii, 365.

_Martha_, Syrian soothsayer, ii, 319.

_Martial_, his flatteries, iii, 211.

_Mascov_, i, 33; iii, 127.

_Masinissa_, prince of the Massylians, ii, 135;

goes over to the Romans, 136;

against Syphax, 136;

conquers Cirta, 137;

lays claim to Bysacene, 229;

war with Carthage, 230;

defeats Hasdrubal, 230;

his faithfulness to Rome wavers, 233;

makes Scipio executor of his will, 309.

_Massesyles_, ii, 5.

_Massilia_, transactions with Rome, probably on account of the

fisheries, i, 458;

besieged, iii, 36;

had always been a staunch ally to the Romans, 36.

_Massilians_, get from Rome a strip of country for protection against

the Ligurians, ii, 307.

_Massiva_, descendant of Masinissa, murdered by Jugurtha, ii, 315.

_Massylians_, people on the frontiers of what is now Tunis, ii, 135.

_Mastanabal_, son of Masinissa, ii, 309;

imbued with Greek learning, 309.

_Mastarna_, name of Servius Tullius in Etruscan annals, i, 88, 154,

190.

MASTRUCÆ, sheepskins of the Sardinians, ii, 5.

_Maternus_, iii, 213.

_Mausoleum_, iii, 148.

_Maxentius_, son of Maximian, Cæsar, iii, 297;

his conduct to his father, 299;

war with Constantine, 299;

the taxes raised, 299;

defeated near Turin, and then near Ponte Mollo, 299.

_Maximian_, colleague of Diocletian, iii, 293;

his coarseness, 294;

resigns his dignity, 295;

lives at Milan, 296;

returns to Rome, 296;

goes to Gaul, differences with Constantine, his death, 299.

_Maximin_, the first barbarian adventurer who rose to the imperial

throne, iii, 266;

born in Thrace, 266;

earlier history, 266;

did not even understand Greek, 267;

his son an amiable and well-bred young man, 267;

his cruelty, 267;

his wars, 268;

insurrection in Thysdrus, 268;

insurrection in Italy, 269;

murdered, 270;

chronology, 270.

_Maximinus Daza_, nephew of Galerius, Cæsar in the East, iii, 279;

Augustus, 298;

war with Licinius, death, 300.

_Maximus_, L. Appius, puts down the insurrection of Saturninus in

Germany, iii, 213.

_Maximus_, M. Clodius Pupienus, emperor, iii, 269;

murdered, 270.

_Maximus_, revolt in Britain, emperor, iii, 321;

marches against Valentinian II., 321;

defeated near Aquileia, 321.

_Maximus_, proclaimed emperor by Gerontius, iii, 335.

_Maxyes_, ii, 5.

_Mazzochi_, i, 68.

_Mecklenburgh_, the Vandal (Wendish) language vanished, i, 145.

_Medes_, have Persian language, iii, 264.

_Medicis_, Cosmo of, plots in his family, iii, 167.

_Media_, the king beseeches the protection of Antony, iii, 108;

Persian vassal kingdom, 253.

_Mediterranean_, the Sirocco increases in summer often into the most

dreadful hurricanes, ii, 25;

southern gales there are most dangerous, north winds harmless, 27;

north-easterly winds dangerous at the meeting of the currents of the

Adriatic and the Pontus, 27.

_Megara_, given up to Philip by the Achæans, ii, 155;

Achæan, 163.

_Megara._ See Megalia.

_Melas_, general, bungling and stupid, ii, 84.

_Melians_, among them the government placed in the hands of the men

above sixty, i, 181.

_Melpum_, in the country of the Insubrians, said to have been destroyed

on the same day with Veii, i, 364;

must have stood near the spot where Milan is now, 365.

_Melville_, general, his researches on the march of Hannibal over the

Alps, ii, 77.

_C. Memmius_, tribune of the people, moves for an inquiry against

Calpurnius Bestia, ii, 314;

opposes Saturninus, 335, 337;

consul, 339;

murdered, 339.

_Mena_, commander of S. Pompey, iii, 109.

_Menalcidas_, general of the Achæan league, ii, 249;

bribed by the Oropians, 249.

_Menander_, his tone compared to that of Horace, iii, 136.

_Menecrates_, commander of S. Pompey, iii, 109.

_Mentz_, devastated, iii, 308.

_Meonians_ are Tyrrhenians, distinguished from the Lydians, i, 144.

_Mercenaries_, war against Carthage, ii, 44;

rising in Sardinia against Carthage, 45.

_Mericus_, Spanish general of the mercenaries before Syracuse, bribed

by Marcellus, ii, 118.

_Merida_, down to the Arabian times a first-rate town, its foundation,

iii, 150.

_Merobaudes_, iii, 324, 325.

_Merovæus_, king of the Franks, iii, 340.

_Merula_, Paul, has perhaps committed a fraud in his edition of the

fragments of Ennius, i, 25.

_Merula_, L. Cornelius, chosen consul in Cinna’s stead, is again

deposed, ii, 373;

his death, 373.

_Mesomedes_, a lyric poet, had a pension from Hadrian, iii, 233.

_Mesopotamia_ under Roman supremacy, iii, 254.

_Messala_, Valerius, surnamed from Messana, i, 581.

_Messala_, M. Valerius, spoke Greek, iii, 84, 98;

prose writer, 130;

orator of about the same standing as Virgil, 130.

_Messana_, conquered by the Mamertines, i, 566;

massacre, 573, 577;

besieged by Hiero and the Carthaginians, 581.

_Messapians_, Grecian name for Sallentines, i, 46;

hellenized, ii, 355.

_Messenians_, separated from the Ætolians and Achæans, ii, 151;

independent, 163.

_Metapontum_, i, 459;

attacked by the Lucanians, 463;

taken by Cleonymus, 510;

goes over to Hannibal, ii, 110.

_Metellus_, tribune of the people, iii, 55.

_Metellus_, C. Cæcilius, prætor, against the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546;

defeated, 546.

_Metellus_, L. Cæcilius, besieged by Hasdrubal near Palermo, defeats

him, ii, 28.

_Q. Metellus Celer_ against Catiline, iii, 24.

_Q. Metellus Macedonicus_, conquers Andriscus, ii, 247;

scatters the Achæans near Scarphea, 253;

all his four sons consulars, 307.

_Metellus_, Q. Cæcilius Numidicus, ii, 307;

goes to Africa, 316;

character, 316;

war against Jugurtha, 317;

conduct towards Marius, 317;

opposes the laws moved for by Saturninus and goes into exile to

Rhodes, 338;

recalled, 340.

_Q. Metellus Pius_ ends the Nolan war, ii, 374;

in the Romagna, 380;

against Sertorius, 401.

Μετεωρία, iii, 1.

_Metres_, anapæsts of the modern Greeks, and those among the Sclavonic

nations, ii, 198.

_Mexicans_, their name transferred upon the Spaniards there, i, 143.

_Mezentius_, probably the Etruscan conqueror of Cære, and also of

Latium, i, 147.

_Micali_, i, 73.

_Micipsa_, son of Masinissa, ii, 309.

_Middleton_, life of Cicero, iii, 94.

_Miguel_, Dom, his most intimate confidant is his barber, iii, 183.

_Milan_, residence of Maximian, iii, 296.

_Military colonies_ of Sylla, ii, 384;

of Augustus, iii, 125.

_Military service_, the obligation for it lasted in Sparta until the

sixtieth year, i, 180;

regulated by general laws, 572.

_Military tribunes_, law, that he who had been military tribune should

no more become a centurion, i, 434;

appointed part of them by the tribes and part by the consuls, 434.

_Military tribunes with consular power_, i, 327;

inferior to the consuls, 329;

their number changes, 330;

their election seems to have passed from the centuries to the tribes,

331, 347, 416;

were almost without any exception patricians, 401.

_Milo_, general of Pyrrhus in Tarentum, i, 568;

character, 570;

sells Tarentum, 570,

_Milo_, T. Annius, iii, 38, and _note_;

insurrection, 65.

_Mimes_, consisted very much of improvisation, iii, 129, 141.

_Minerva_, her worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Minervina_, Constantine’s first wife, iii, 298.

_Minority_ decides in the constitution of Servius Tullius, i, 183.

_Minturnæ_, Roman fortress, i, 510.

_Minucius_, consul, surrounded by the Æquians on the Algidus, i, 282.

_Minucius_, magister equitum, defeated by Hannibal, ii, 97.

_L. Minucius Augurinus_, præfectus annonæ, i, 337.

_Misenum_, peace, iii, 105.

_Misitheus_, præfectus prætorio of young Gordian, iii, 270;

others call him Timesicles, or Timesitheus, 270, 271;

father-in-law of Gordian, 271;

is said to have owed his death to the arts of Philip, 271.

_Mithridates_ of Pontus, gets Great Phrygia, ii, 268;

by bribery, 268.

_Mithridates_, king of Pontus, descent, ii, 360;

his earlier history, 361;

outbreak of the war with Rome, 363;

conquers, 363;

brought up in the Greek manner, 364;

on his coins there is the sun and the moon, 364;

received with rapture in Greece, 364;

accepts the peace, 376;

second war, 407;

third war, 408; iii, 5;

extent of his empire, iii, 1;

overrated in history, 5;

besieges Cyzicus, 6;

flies to Tigranes, 7;

breaks into Cappadocia, 8;

conquered by Pompey, 10;

his death, 11.

_Mitylene_, free, ii, 151.

_Mnaseas_, pupil of Aristarchus, i, 100.

_Modena_, probably fortified after the battle of Clastidium, afterwards

lost again, ii, 57;

Roman colony, 165;

must have been of very great extent, iii, 89;

war of Mutina, 89.

_Mœsia_, war of Crassus, iii, 151.

_Möser_, Justus, i, 175;

his remark concerning the ancient Germans, iii, 154.

_Mohammed_, an inspired enthusiast, or a crafty impostor, ii, 123.

_Mohocks_, in the times of Queen Anne, i, 281.

MOLES HADRIANI, iii, 235;

the tower still existed in the middle ages, 235.

_Molossians_, their empire first rising from insignificance in the

Peloponnesian war, i, 552;

their princely race branches into two lines, that of Arymbas and that

of Neoptolemus, 552.

_Mons sacer_, i, 236.

_Montbeliard_, in its neighbourhood there are magnificent ruins of a

place, iii, 203.

_Monte Sasso di Castro_, i, 414, _note_.

_Monte Testaccio_, iii, 330.

_Montesquieu, sur les causes_, &c., a masterly work, i, 71, 186, 251;

mistaken with regard of the struggle of the _optimates_ and the

_equites_, ii, 341.

_Moors_, disturbances under Hadrian, iii, 229;

under Antoninus Pius, 236;

invade Spain under M. Antoninus, 268;

have never been quite subject to Roman rule, 268.

_Moreau_, was general of division already in his first campaign, iii,

30.

_Morelli_, abbate, i, 64, 279.

_Morgetians_ of the same stock as the Pelasgians, i, 116.

_Mortgage_, the Roman law of mortgage borrowed from the Athenian, i,

229.

_Mosaic_, its rise, iii, 275;

peculiar to the West, 327.

_Mosheim_, iii, 126.

_Motye_, conquered by Dionysius, i, 575;

Carthaginian, ii, 4;

Phœnician settlement, 4;

destroyed, 4.

_Movement_, trochaic or iambic, of native use among the Romans, ii,

198.

_Mucianus_, Licinius, in Parthia, against Vitellius, iii, 198;

of noble birth, 200;

character, 200.

_Mucias Scævola_, i, 211;

the Mucii Scævola plebeians, 211;

Mucius was, in the old poems, certainly called only C. Mucius, 211.

_P. Mucius_, a tribune, causes his nine colleagues to be burnt alive,

i, 294;

criticism on this statement, 294, 325.

_P. Mucius Scævola_, consul, ii, 279;

called upon by Scipio Nasica to take strong measures, 286;

a great lawyer, iii, 16.

_Q. Mucius Scævola_, in great danger of being condemned guiltless, ii,

342;

pontifex maximus, murdered, 381.

_Von Müller_, Johannes, i, 165, 214.

_Mulcta_, regulations concerning its amount, i, 339.

_Mummius_, _novus homo_, ii, 255;

takes Corinth, 255.

_Mummius_, tribune of the people, ii, 285.

_Munatia Plancina_, daughter of Munatius Plancus, wife of Piso, iii,

172.

_Munatius Plancus_, iii, 37;

in Gaul, 87;

a native of Tiber, a man of distinguished intellect, a Cæsarian, 107;

a flatterer, 117;

a skilful orator, 130.

_Municipia_, i, 449.

_Murcia_, dependent on Carthage, ii, 5.

_L. Murena_, general against Mithridates, ii, 407.

_Mursa_, the present Essek in Slavonia, iii, 306.

_Musicians_, i, 177.

_Mutina._ See Modena.

_Mutines_, a Numidian Captain, treacherously goes over to the Romans,

ii, 119.

_Mylæ_ (Milazzo), naval victory of Duilius, ii, 15;

battle, iii, 109.

_Myonnesus_, sea fight, ii, 175.

_Mysia_, in the possession of Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Mysians_, push forward after the destruction of Troy to the coast of

Asia Minor, i, 144.

N

_Nabis_, tyrant of Lacedæmon, ii, 151;

peace with Rome, 163;

slain in a riot, 163.

_Cn. Nævius_, his _bellum Punicum_ in Saturnian rhythm, i, 16; ii, 196;

the year in which he first brought out a play undecided, i, 16;

libellous verses against the Metelli, 17;

cannot have died in Utica, 18;

Varro places his death at a later period than others did, 18;

gives the legend of the Troian settlement, 105;

has himself served in the first Punic war, ii, 21;

has written tragedies and comedies, 196;

an eminent poet, 196.

_Names_, too great a stress should not be laid on their resemblance, i,

99;

those ending in _-ing_ and _-ung_, names of dynasties, iii, 280.

_Naples_, saying of Prince Canosa, ii, 298;

butchery of 1799, 306;

the dregs of the populace armed in 1799, 386.

_Napoleon_, negotiation between him and Fox in the year 1806, i, 565;

twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age when he undertook the

Italian campaign, ii, 64;

battle of Marengo, 84;

his plight after the battle of Borodino, 106;

in the Russian campaign the Italian troops suffered less than the

northern nations did, 330;

falls into the hands of an Austrian patrol, iii, 47;

his opinion of Tiberius, 174;

knew Roman military history very well, 174;

sometimes sick of war, 220;

charge of cowardice unfounded, deficient in moral courage, 294;

should have died at Waterloo, 294.

_Narbo_ acquires the Roman franchise by the lex Julia, ii, 354;

_colonia civium Romanorum_, 354.

_Narcissus_, iii, 183.

_Narni_, conf., Nequinum.

_Nasidienus_ in Horace, means Salvidienus, iii, 135.

_Nasos_, of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_National Convention_, iii, 173.

_Naupactus_, siege, ii, 174.

_Navius._ See Attus.

_Navigation laws_, first traces of them among the Romans, ii, 45.

_Neapolis_, founded, i, 470;

of Chalcidian origin, 470;

situation, 471;

receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472;

betrayed to the Romans, 473;

obtains a favourable alliance, 473.

_Neapolis_, suburb of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_Nebrodian_ mountains, ii, 8.

NEGOTIATORES, bankers, i, 515;

bloodsuckers in the provinces, ii, 297.

_Nemesian_, poem on the chase, iii, 292.

_Nemi_, its lake higher than that of Alba, i, 359;

aqueduct made by Augustus, iii, 149.

_Neniæ_, i, 91;

two of them still preserved in the tombs of the Scipios, 91.

_Neodamodes_ in Sparta, ii, 22.

_Neoptolemus_, prince of the Molossians, father of Olympias, i, 552.

_Nepet._ See Sutrium.

_Nepheris_, ii, 237.

_Nepos_, Julius, emperor, iii, 346.

_Nequinum_, Latin colony under the name of Narnia, i, 509, 524.

_Nero_, emperor, in his time the style of architecture first changed,

iii, 148;

son of Agrippina by her first marriage, 183;

adopted by Claudius, 183, 184;

mannerism of his writing, 186;

emperor, 188;

his parents, 188;

pupil of Seneca and Burrhus, 189;

his profligacy, 189;

uncertain whether he set Rome on fire, 190;

builds the golden palace, 190;

seems to have been insane, 192;

strolls about Greek towns, 192;

kills himself, 194.

_Nero_, C. Claudius, sent to Spain, ii, 122;

opposes Hannibal, 126;

his bold expedition against Hasdrubal before Sena Gallica, 126.

_Nero_, Ti. Claudius, husband of Livia, tries to get up an insurrection

in favour of the proscribed, iii, 99, 102;

compelled by Augustus to give up to him Livia, 142;

quæstor with Cæsar, 156;

flies to Naples, 156.

_Nerva_, M. Cocceius, his history imperfectly known, iii, 214;

character of his government, 215;

adopts Trajan, 215;

dies, 217.

_Nervians_, seems to have had no serfs, iii, 44.

_Nestor_, Russian chronicle of the eleventh century, i, 14.

_Netherlands_, their growing prosperity at the time of the thirty

years’ war, i, 459;

horrors of year 1576, 577;

constitution, ii, 248.

_New-Platonism_, iii, 293, 310.

_Newton_, Sir I., assigns seventeen years as an average to each king,

i, 83.

_Nexum_ and _Nexus_ i, 230;

done away with, 522.

_Niall_, the Great of Ireland, fabulous tales concerning him, i, 86.

_Nibelungen_, existing only in the form in which the poem was composed

in the thirteenth century, i, 13;

interpreted as an historical war of the Burgundians, 29;

historical characters appear in it, but nothing of the whole poem

belongs to history, 85;

it cannot be chronologically placed anywhere, 214;

originally Gothic, iii, 317.

_Nice_, council, iii, 303.

_Nicomedes_, king of Bithynia, ii, 181.

_Nicomedes_, son of Prusias, hostage in Rome, ii, 221;

his territory enlarged, 267.

_Nicomedes_, king of Bithynia, ii, 362;

leaves his kingdom to the Romans, iii, 1.

_Nicomedia_, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278;

residence of Diocletian, 296.

_Nicopolis_, besieged by the Goths, relieved by Decius, iii, 278.

_Niebuhr_, B. G., his attention directed to Roman history by political

affairs, i, 74;

relied too much on Varro’s authority, wherefore he arrived only late

at clear views, 103, _note_;

searches for the old churches in Rome, 122, _note_;

deemed at first Rome to be an Etruscan colony, 148;

first led to critical researches on Roman history by the _jus

agrarium_, 250;

his researches on Roman topography arisen from the discovery of the

spot of the Curia Hostilia, 270, _note_;

retracts his opinion, first expressed in the first edition of his

Roman history, that three envoys had been sent to Athens to

collect the Greek laws, 295;

understands the first Punic wars from the campaign of the English in

1812, ii, 9;

takes much trouble to become acquainted with farming in Italy, 273;

makes out the place on the Palatine where Cicero’s house stood, iii,

36;

puts up Cæsar’s Commentaries as subjects for a prize essay, 40;

intended to continue his Roman history down to the institution of the

Feriæ Augustæ, 115;

keeps the laurel from the grave of Virgil as a dear relic, 133;

lived in Rome beside the theatre of Marcellus, 149;

on Petronius, 276.

_Niebuhr_, Carsten, meets in Arabia with positive news of the seven

years’ war, i, 469;

conf. d’Anville.

_Night marches_, people always arrive later than is calculated, i, 568,

_P. Nigidius Ficulus_, iii, 127.

_Nisibis_, the ancient Zobah, iii, 8;

border fortress of the Romans against Persia, 8.

_Nissa_, on the borders of Bulgaria and Servia, battle, iii, 284.

_Nizza_, taken, ii, 220.

_Nobility_, ii, 268.

_Nola_, Samnite colony, i, 426;

hellenized, 472;

conquered by the Romans, 496;

taken by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355;

destroyed, 406.

NOLANUM BELLUM, ii, 365.

NOMEN DARE, ABNUERE, i, 233.

_Nomentans_, acquire the full right of Roman citizenship after the

Latin war, i, 448.

_A. Nonius_, elected tribune, murdered by the influence of Saturninus,

ii, 336.

_Nonius Asprenas_, iii, 158, 159.

_Nonius Marcellus_, iii, 323.

_Norba_, i, 344.

_C. Norbanus Balbus_, consul, democrat, ii, 378;

defeated by Sylla near Canusium and the Mount Tifata, 380.

_Noricans_, i, 369;

of Celtic descent, 370.

_Normandy_, the excavations there betoken towns of great extent, iii,

203.

_Normans_, gain settlements in Neustria, ii, 181;

devastations in the ninth and tenth centuries, iii, 280.

_North America_, hardly any homebred population, i, 163;

there are in the United States similar sentiments said to prevail as

in Carthage, ii, 7.

_Notarii_, see Scribæ.

NOTA CENSORIA, i, 336.

_Nubia_ becomes a Roman province under Trajan, iii, 221.

_Nuceria_, yields itself up to the Romans, but afterwards falls off

again, i, 479;

reconquered by the Romans, 504;

the story of the murder of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65;

conquered by Papius Mutilus, 355.

_Nuremberg_, the guilds crushed, i, 168.

_Numa Pompilius_, poetical account of him, i, 80;

born on the day of the foundation of Rome, 84;

first sæculum at Rome ends with his death, 84;

belongs, as husband of Egeria, to the cycle of the Gods, 85;

the account of his election merely a representation taken from the

books of rituals, 123;

compromises the dissension between the Romans and Sabines, 124;

doubles the number of augurs and pontiffs, 124;

all the spiritual law traced back to him, 156;

imagined to have been a Pythagorean, a truly Sabine tradition, 489,

_note_.

_Numantia_, town of the Arevaci, ii, 260;

situation, 260;

the peace with Pompey not approved by Rome, 261;

delivers up Mancinus out of regard for Ti. Gracchus, 262;

destruction by Scipio, 263.

_Numeri_, original meaning, i, 81.

_Numerian_, son of Carus, well educated, but unwarlike, iii, 290.

_Numerical systems_, two different ones in the Roman legends, i, 106.

_Numidia_, united with the province of Africa, most of it an

independent kingdom, ii, 321.

_Numidians_, ruthless and reckless, ii, 66;

excellent for foraging, reconnoitring, harassing the enemy, by no

means fitted to stand the shock of the battle, 101;

have an alphabet of their own, 310;

extent of their kingdom, 310.

_Numidian kings_ receive the Carthaginian library, ii, 310.

_Numidian horsemen_, the Cossacks of the ancients, ii, 11.

_Numitor_, prænomen, i, 112.

NUMMI RESTITUTI of Trajan, i, 403.

_Numonius Vala_, iii, 158.

_Nundines_ are no more to be the same as court-days, i, 520.

_Nursia_, Val di Norcia, constitution anterior to the French

revolution, ii, 397;

its inhabitants of the present day, 398;

in Cicero’s times, 398.

NURSINA DURITIES, ii, 397; iii, 200.

_Nymphius_, i, 473.

O

_Obrecht_, one of the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

OBSESSIO, i, 354.

OBTORTO COLLO, i, 267.

_Oceanus_, statue on the Forum Martium, iii, 211.

_Ocellus_, the Lucanian, has hardly written all the works attributed to

him, i, 18.

Ὄχλος, the mass of the poor, i, 169.

_Octavia_, half-sister of Octavian, widow of Marcellus, marries Antony,

iii, 104;

divorce, 110;

the most respectable of all the Roman matrons, 143.

_C. Octavianus_, (conf. C. Octavius,), makes particular advances to

Cicero, iii, 85;

gets prætorian power, 88;

the war of Mutina, 89;

suspected of having caused the death of Hirtius and Pansa, 90;

consul, 91;

triumvirate, 91;

battle of Philippi, 97;

accused of not having taken the least share in the battle, 98;

his cruelty after the war, 99;

the Perusian war, 103;

peace of Brundusium, 103;

receives the West, 104;

peace of Misenum, 105;

war against S. Pompey, defeated near Taurominium, 108;

his fleet, 111;

battle of Actium, 111;

to Egypt, 113;

conf. Augustus.

_C. Octavius_, grandson of the sister of Julius Cæsar, his heir _ex

dodrante_, iii, 83;

of the equestrian order, 84;

his age, 84;

sent to Apollonia, 84;

from Velitræ, 147;

conf. Octavian and Augustus.

_C. Octavius_, C. F., a worthy man, dies early, iii, 83.

_Cn. Octavius_, consul, colleague of Sylla, ii, 367, 368;

opposes Cinna, 370;

murdered, 373.

_M. Octavius_, tribune of the people. friend of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 281;

turns against Gracchus, 281;

deposed 281.

_M. Octavius_, Pompey’s best general, iii, 58, 59.

_Octavius Mamilius_, son-in-law of Tarquinius Superbus, i, 210, 216,

218.

_Odenathus_, king of Palmyra, justly reckoned among the great men of

the East, iii, 281;

princeps Saracenorum, 281.

_Odoachar_, iii, 347.

_Œnomaus_, leader in the servile war, ii, 406.

_Œnotrians_, earliest inhabitants of Southern Italy, i, 98.

_Œnotria_ proper, the present Basilicata and Calabria, i, 143.

_Ofella._ See Lucretius.

_Ofellus_ in Horace, ii, 396; iii, 134.

_Officers_, the class of officers one of the best things in the Roman

military system, i, 434.

_Olybrius_, emperor, iii, 345.

_Olympiads_, the reckoning by them very late among the Greeks, i, 149.

_Olympiëum_, iii, 230.

_Olympus_, Mount, ii, 212.

_Opicans_, crush the Siculians in Central Italy, i, 98;

in Samnium and Campania, 98;

held in great contempt by the Greeks, 489, note.

_L. Opimius_, prætor, destroys Fregellæ, ii, 292;

consul, 303;

persecutes the partisans of C. Gracchus, 305;

declares for Jugurtha, 311;

condemned, 316.

_Oppidum_, town wall, also a town surrounded by walls, i, 330, note.

_C. Oppius_, author of the book, _de bello Africano_, iii, 40;

Cæsar’s friend, 40.

_Sp. Oppius_, decemvir, president of the senate, i, 307;

becomes obnoxious, 308;

dies in prison, 316.

_Orbi_, _orbæque_, pay a tax for the equites, i, 351.

_Orchomenes_, in the power of Philip, ii, 155.

_Orchomenus_, in Arcadia, ii, 250.

_Orders_ in Cologne, i, 161.

ORDINANZA DELLA GIUSTIZIA in Florence, i, 542.

_Orestians_, well inclined to the Romans, ii, 153;

free, probably united with Thessaly, 163.

_Orestes._ See Aurelius.

_Orestes_, a patrician, iii, 346.

_Oreus_, taken by the Romans, ii, 146.

_Oricum_, situation, iii, 58.

_Origen_, addresses letters to the emperor Philip, iii, 272.

_Orkney_ islands, visited by Agricola, iii, 211.

_Orleans_, besieged by Attila, relieved by Aëtius, iii, 340;

conf. Genabum.

_Oropians_, quarrel with the Athenians, ii, 249.

_Orosius_ seems to have written from an abstract of Livy, but assigns

dates which clash with him, i, 59;

exaggerates, 553;

an unadulterated source for the history of the Cimbri and Teutones,

ii, 329.

_Osca_, (Huesca,) town in Northern Spain, academy there, ii, 400.

_Oscan_, histories of Italy, not written in the Oscan but in Greek, i,

18;

Oscan language distinguished from the Sabine by Varro, 99;

Oscan language still existing in some monuments, 105;

Oscan people receive isopolity, 572;

Oscans in the service of Agathocles, 577.

_Osroëne_, Persian vassal kingdom, iii, 253;

Roman province, 258.

_Ossaja_, the name does not refer to the battle of the Trasimene lake,

but was formerly called Orsaria, ii, 91.

_Ostia_, founded by Ancus, i, 132;

holds out against the Gauls, 381;

devastated, ii, 372;

the harbour bad, iii, 73;

filled with silt, 222.

_Ostrogoths_, iii, 317;

rush into the places left by the Visigoths, 318;

in Illyricum, 329.

_Otho_, M. Salvius, his person, iii, 195;

proclaimed emperor, 196;

war against Vitellius, 197;

battle near Bedriacum, 197;

puts an end to his life, 197;

character, 197.

_Otho_, emperor, makes a question rising out of the law of inheritance

to be decided by an appeal to the judgment of God, i, 132.

_Ottilienberg_ in Alsace, the heathen wall there evidently an Etruscan

work, i, 146.

_Ovid_, the greatest Roman poet after Catullus, iii, 139;

influence of his age on him, 140.

P

_Pacuvius_, nephew of Ennius, composes only in imitation of Æschylus

and Sophocles, ii, 199;

tragic writer, 392.

_Pacuvius_, tribune of the people, iii, 118.

_Padua_, see Patavium.

_Pæstum_, Roman colony, ii, 106;

conf. Posidonia.

_Pætus_, Thrasea, iii, 190.

_Paganism_, the attempt of Julian to revive it a downright absurdity,

iii, 310.

PAGI, subdivision of the tribes in the country, i, 174.

_Paix_ of Fexhe, i, 243.

_Palæopolis_, a Cuman colony, i, 470;

its situation, 471;

receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472;

betrayed by Rome, disappears from the face of the earth, 473.

_Palazzo Savelli_, iii, 149.

_Palatine_ and Aventine hostile to each other, i, 113;

Palatine, seat of the noblest patrician tribe, 115.

_Palestrina_, see Præneste.

_Pallas_, iii, 183.

_Palmerius_, see Paulmier.

_Palmyra_, makes head against Sapor, iii, 281;

the empire acknowledged by Gallienus, 282;

its extent, 283;

protects the eastern frontier, 284;

destroyed, 286.

_Pamphylia_, whether, after the peace of Antiochus with the Romans, it

remained under the rule of Antiochus, uncertain, ii, 180;

Roman, iii, 3.

_Panætius_, ii, 238.

_Panegyrists_, iii, 324.

_Pangæus_, gold mines, iii, 97.

_Pannonia_, subjected, iii, 151.

_Pannonians_, of Liburnian race, called by the Greeks Pæonians, had a

language of their own, iii, 151;

revolt, 155;

had Roman manner, 155.

_Panormus_, (Palermo,) Carthaginian, ii, 4;

taken by the Romans, 27;

a thoroughly Greek city, 29;

Roman, 116.

_Pansa_, a generous and wise man, iii, 80;

a commonplace soldier, 85;

consul, 87;

the war of Mutina, 89;

wounded, 89.

_Pantheon_ of Agrippa, the finest relic of ancient Rome, iii, 144, 148.

_Panvinius_, Onuphrius, elucidates the Roman antiquities, i, 68;

weak in Greek literature, 68.

_Paphlagonia_, ii, 376.

_Papinian_, murdered by Caracalla, iii, 263;

a great jurist, 275;

excellent with regard to language, 275.

_Papirius_, see Carbo.

_L. Papirius_, a written law attributed to him, i, 5.