_L. Papirius Cursor_, dictator, character, i, 482;

consul, 493;

appointed dictator by the consul Fabius, 501;

defeats the Samnites, 501.

_L. Papirius_, the younger, completes the reduction of the Samnites, i,

569;

takes Tarentum, 570.

_Papius Brutulus_, the life and soul of the Samnite campaign, i, 485;

makes away with his own life, 486;

the Samnites send his corpse to Rome, 486.

_C. Papius Mutilus_, a Sabine, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353,

355;

coins existing with his likeness, 354.

_Papus_, see Æmilius.

_Parætonium_ in Libya, iii, 113.

_Parentationes_, see Laudationes.

_Parma_, colony founded, ii, 165.

_Paros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Parthamasiris_, king of Armenia, pays homage to Trajan, iii, 219.

_Parthamaspates_, made king of the Parthians by Trajan, iii, 220.

_Parthians_, foundation of their empire, ii, 222;

spread, 267; iii, 2;

are not without Greek learning, ii, 310;

war against them, iii, 105;

commanded by Labienus, driven back by Ventidius, 107;

hostages of theirs among the Romans, 161;

expel a king given to them by Tiberius, 171;

war against them in Nero’s times, 191;

Trajan’s war against them, 219;

deserve but little our esteem, 220;

hostilities under Antoninus Pius, 236;

burst into Armenia, 240;

peace, 241;

had excellent cavalry, 244;

defeated by Avidius Cassius, 244;

war of Septimius Severus, 253;

of Caracalla, 259;

downfall of the Parthian dynasty, 263;

their light cavalry seldom spoken of in later times, 263;

vanish, 264;

the downfall of their empire commemorated by a bas relief and an

inscription, 264.

_Pasion_ in Athens, i, 227.

_Patavium_, (Padua,) capital of the Venetians, ii, 56;

destroyed by the Huns, iii, 341.

_Patres_, synonymous with the patricians, i, 224, _note_;

ambiguous use of the word, 330.

PATRES CONSCRIPTI, i, 104.

_Patricians_ are in the centuries, i, 174;

do not belong to the classes, i, 183;

were tenants _in capite_, not freeholders, 183;

forbidden by Servius Tullius to dwell on the Esquiline, 193;

their money trade, 227;

cannot have possessed such immense moneyed resources, 227;

had different civil rights from the plebeians, 227;

in cases of difficulty their clients or kinsmen had to step in, 231;

their proceedings, 236;

_usurpatores agri publici_, 255;

origin of this matter, 255;

go over to the plebes, 315;

in the tribes since the time of the second censors, 315;

connubium with the plebeians sanctioned by law, 326;

_coëunt ad interregem prodendum_, 340;

the appeal from the dictator to the curies open to them, 484;

relations to the plebeians in the fifth century of the city, 512;

in the times of Dionysius there are not more than fifty patrician

families left, ii, 268;

their number increased by Julius Cæsar, iii, 75.

_Patrician falsifications_ of history, i, 287.

_Patriots_, the so called, in the times of George I. and II., intrigue

and secretly correspond with the Pretender, i, 63.

_Paul_, Vincent de, iii, 24.

_Paullus_, not to be spoken of in the same breath with Papinian and

Ulpian, iii, 275.

_Paullus_, see Æmilius.

_Paulmier_ de Grentemesnil, (Palmerius,) his criticism on the end of

Regulus, ii, 25.

_St. Paul_, church of, built by Ricimer, iii, 347.

_Pausanias_ writes in the days of the Antonines, very useful and

important, iii, 235.

_Pavia_, was not Etruscan, i, 147.

_Pax Augusta_, (Badajoz,) founded, iii, 150.

_Pax Julia_, (Beja,) iii, 150.

_Pay_ of the soldiers raised by Cæsar and Augustus, iii, 126;

by Domitian, 210.

_Peace_ of the patricians and plebeians, i, 238.

_Peasants_, their landed property could not pass to the noblemen, i,

171.

_Peasants’ wars_ in Gaul, iii, 332.

_Pecuniary embarrassments_ of the plebeians only to be understood of

the mortgages which encumbered the landowners, i, 169.

_Q. Pedius_, iii, 91.

_Pelasgians_, dwell from Italy to Asia Minor, i, 96;

on the other hand as far as Liguria, Sardinia, and Corsica, 97;

vanish in the age of history, 97;

their migration, 98;

settle at the mouth of the Po at Spina, from whence they cross to

Etruria, 142;

their old abodes, 418.

_Pelasgus_, son of Palæchthon, rules in Argos, i, 143.

_Pelignians_, from Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;

faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109;

revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352;

make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

_Pella_, destroyed, ii, 247.

_Pella_, the real centre of the Jewish-Christians, ii, 272.

_Pennus_, M. Junius, tribune of the people, his decree concerning the

allies, ii, 290.

_Pentalides_ in Mitylene, i, 281.

_Pentameter_, the Roman poets have peculiarities in its construction,

iii, 129.

_Penteconters_, manned with fifty men, open, ii, 12, and note.

_Pentrians_, i, 419;

carry on the Marsian war, ii, 358.

PEREGRINI, may be received in the gentes, i, 160.

PEREGRINITAS, abolished, iii, 258.

_M. Perennis_, præfect under Commodus, iii, 247;

death, 248.

_Perinthus_, acquired by Syria, ii, 148.

_Peripatetics_, fallen to nothing in the times of the emperors, iii,

239.

_Perizonius_, Jacob, historical criticism, i, 3;

his _animadversiones historicæ_, a thoroughly classical work, 71;

a real genius for history, 71;

conf. 88, 111, 263, 282.

_M. Peperna_, defeats Aristonicus, ii, 267.

_M. Peperna_, an Italian, becomes consul and censor, ii, 343, and note.

_M. Peperna_, lieutenant of M. Lepidus, ii, 397;

conspires against Sertorius, 403;

conquered by Pompey, 404.

_Perrhæbia_, detached from Thessaly, ii, 163.

_Persepolis_, iii, 264.

_Persians_, insurrection against the Parthians, iii, 264;

Tadjicks (inhabitants of towns) of the Iran race, 264;

their later worship very different from the former one, 264;

war of Gordian, 271;

peace, 271;

burst into the Roman empire, 279;

defeat Valerian, and overrun Asia Minor and Syria, 280;

their relations with their eastern neighbours hidden from us, 281;

peace with Rome, 286;

war with Carus, 290;

campaign of Galerius, 296;

wars of Constantius, 305, 306;

war of Julian, 312;

peace, 315.

_Perseus_, son of Philip, ii, 205;

maddened against the Romans, 205;

character, 206;

wins the hearts of the Greeks, 206;

marries the daughter of Antiochus Epiphanes, 207;

war with Rome, 208;

defeats Crassus, 208;

allows himself to be taken in by Marcius Philippus, 210;

successful in the second and third years of the war, 210;

battle of Pydna, 213;

flies, 214;

made prisoner, 214;

declension of his name, 215, note;

a prisoner at Alba on the Lake Fucinus, 245;

his son becomes a clerk at Alba, 245.

_Persian_ families, seven noble, ii, 360.

PERSONA, in its legal meaning, i, 227.

_Pertinax_, Helvius, distinguished in the administration, iii, 247;

emperor, 249;

murdered, 249;

not of noble birth, 266.

_Perusia_, (Perugia,) concludes a peace with Rome, i, 509;

breaks it, 526;

fate of the town, iii, 103;

rebuilt as a Julian military colony under the name of Perusia

Augusta, 103.

_Perusian war_, iii, 103.

_Peruvians_, their name transferred upon the Spaniards, i, 143.

_Pescennius Niger_ in the East, iii, 246;

proclaimed emperor, 250;

defeated near Issus by Septimius Severus, 253.

_Pestilence_, in the Volscian war, i, 276;

after the Samnite wars, 536.

See _Plague_.

_Petelia_, i, 479;

the only place which remained faithful to the Romans after the battle

of Cannæ, ii, 109;

destroyed by the Carthaginians, and the other Lucanians, 109.

_Peteline grove_, i, 395, 435.

_Petilia_, battle, ii, 406.

_Petrarch_, read the war of Hannibal in Livy, and also Cæsar’s

Commentaries with passionate fondness, i, 67;

felt for the old Romans as an old Roman himself would have done, 79;

iii, 94.

_M. Petreius_, against Catiline, iii, 24;

general of Pompey in Spain, 54;

defeated near Lerida, 56;

in Africa, 66;

his death, 67.

_Petronius Arbiter_, witty but profligate, lived in the reign of

Alexander Severus and Gordian, iii, 276;

the greatest poetical genius of Rome since the days of Augustus, 276.

_Petronius Maximus_, emperor, iii, 342.

_Peucetians_ i, 98.

Φαίσολα in Polybius, must have been situated in the neighbourhood of

Aquapendente, ii, 54.

_Phalanx_, its meaning explained, i, 176;

was not one compact mass, but advanced by smaller divisions, 569,

note.

_Phameas._ See Himilco.

_Pharnaces_, son of Mithridates, iii, 11;

peace with Pompey, 11;

mixes himself up with the civil wars, 11, 65.

_Pharsalus_, battle, iii, 60.

_Pherecydes_, the philosopher, ii, 390.

_Philemon_, poet, legend of him, ii, 48, note.

_Philinus_ of Agrigentum wrote the first history of the first Punic

war, highly exasperated against the Romans, i, 19;

always represents the Carthaginians as generous, ii, 37.

_Philip II._ of Spain, ii, 390;

plots in his family, iii, 167.

_Philip_, son of Amyntas, had crossed the Hellespont even before

Alexander, ii, 176.

_Philip III._ of Macedon negotiates with Hannibal, ii, 111;

we read the treaty in Polybius, 143;

war with the Romans, 144;

his character, 144;

overcomes the Asintanians and Ardyæans, 146;

invades Ætolia, 147;

peace, 147;

peace with the Romans, 147;

allies himself with Antiochus the Great against Ptolemy Epiphanes,

147;

conquers the whole of the Thracian coast, 148;

applied to by Crete for his mediation, 148;

second war with Rome, 150;

defeated by Flaminius near the _fauces Antigoneæ_, 155;

flies, 155;

keeps Orchomenus, without asking leave of the Achæans, 155;

defeated near Cynoscephalæ, 160;

concludes peace with the Romans, 161;

a pretender opposed to him by Antiochus, 169;

seizes the fortress of Demetrias, 172;

must have had a secret treaty with the Romans, 172;

union with Rome, 173;

besieges Lamia, 174;

left in the lurch by the Romans, 174;

reduces the Athamanians and Dolopians, 174;

supports Scipio, and receives for his reward the towns on the

Thracian coast, 177;

extent of his empire, 203;

his death, 205.

_Philip_, M. Julius, emperor, præfectus prætorio under Gordian, murders

him, iii, 207;

from Bostra in Arabia Petræa, 207;

called an Arabian, 207;

peace with the Persians, 207;

is assumed to have been a Christian, 207;

his coins bear heathen emblems, 272;

tradition of his having done penance, 272;

rebellion in Pannonia, 272;

is killed in a fight near Verona, 273.

_Philippi_, battle, iii, 96.

_Philippus_, consul, enemy of Livius Drusus, ii, 348;

ὅρκος Φιλίππου, 348;

plot to murder him, 351.

_Philippus_, Q. Marcius, Roman general against Perseus, ii, 210;

crosses Olympus, 210.

_Philocles_, Macedonian governor of Corinth, takes Argos, ii, 156.

_Philology_, blighted in Germany by the Thirty Years’ war, i, 70;

grammatical, 73.

_Philopœmen_, ii, 156, 162, 209;

his hatred against Sparta, 248.

Φιλοστοργία, iii, 26.

_Phintias_, prince of Agrigentum, i, 576.

_Phlius_, Achæan, ii, 151.

_Phocæa_, free, ii, 183.

_Phocæans_, beaten by the Agyllæans and the Carthaginians in Corsica,

i, 147.

_Phocis_, during the war of Hannibal, well-affected to Hannibal, ii,

145;

dependent on Macedon, 151;

a separate state, 163, 256.

_Phœnicians_ had settlements on Cyprus, ii, 1;

may have frequently emigrated under the Persian to Carthage, 3;

subjected by Pompey, iii, 11;

did not fetch their tin from India, 45.

_Phœnician_ chronicles known to the Romans, after the destruction of

Carthage presented to the Numidian kings, ii, 1.

_Phraata_, town in Media, iii, 108.

_Phraortes_, king of the Parthians, iii, 108.

Φράτραι, i, 161.

_Phrygia_, on the Hellespont, and Great Phrygia (afterwards made one

under the kingdom of Asia) falls to Eumenes, ii, 183, 377.

_Phthiotis_, for the greater part Ætolian, ii, 151, 163.

_Phthiriasis_, ii, 390.

_Piali_, Stefano, iii, 148.

_Picenians_, from Sabine stock, i, 120.

_Picentians_, i, 418;

acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 571;

faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

_Picenum_, the commotion in the Social war fiercest there, ii, 351;

revolt against Rome, 352;

had to suffer most grievously, 356.

_Pictor_, mentioned in Cicero as a Latin annalist, i, 21;

_de jure pontificio_ in Macrobius, 21.

_Picts_, of Cimbrian stock, ii, 322.

_St. Pierre_, Bernardin de, iii, 186.

_Pighius_, Steph., historical criticism, i, 3;

his annals a chimerical undertaking, 69.

PILANI in the Roman army, ii, 326.

_Pillars_, colossal pillars, formerly thought to have been portions of

the temple of Jupiter Stator, belong to the Curia Julia, iii, 148.

_Pilum_, its practice not easy to learn, ii, 92.

_Pindar_ sings the achievements of Gelon and Theron, ii, 3.

_Pinnes_, son of Agron, ii, 47.

_Pinnes_, leader of the Pannonians, iii, 155;

treacherously given up to the Romans, 156.

_Pirates_, iii, 8;

encouraged by Mithridates to make prizes, 9;

land at Ostia, 9;

reduced by Pompey, 9.

_Pisa_, the valley there was at one time a great marsh, ii, 53;

is now inhabited only in the centre, 108.

_Pisidia_, Roman, iii, 3.

_Piso_, C. Calpurnius, conspiracy under Nero, iii, 192.

_Piso_, Cn. Calpurnius, his conduct to Germanicus, iii, 172;

will not give up Syria, 172.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, author of a work De continentia veterum

poëtarum, i, 25;

doubts on it, 25.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, Frugi Censorius tries to bring consistency into

the earliest history, i, 29;

historicises the birth of Romulus, 81; ii, 121.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, consul, ii, 237.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, consul, ἀλιτήριος, iii, 35;

buys the province of Macedonia from Clodius, 35;

Cæsar’s father-in-law 82;

not among his heirs, 83.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, _præfectus urbi_, iii, 123.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius adopted by Galba, iii, 195.

_Pitt_, after the loss of America, with redoubled courage undertakes

the task of infusing new strength into his country, ii, 58.

_Placentia_, Roman colony, ii, 57, 75;

destroyed by the Boians, 164;

colony or municipium, 385.

_Placidia_, sister of Honorius, married to Adolphus, iii, 334;

flies to Constantinople, 335.

_Plague_ in the Peloponnesian war, i, 176; iii, 241;

in Greece at the time of Antigonus Gonatas, i, 536; iii, 241;

epoch in literature owing to it, 241;

not in Africa, 246;

its intensity, 246, 284;

ceases, 289.

_Plancius_, quæstor, his conduct to Cicero when outlawed, iii, 36.

_Plania_, mistress of Tibullus, iii, 137.

_Platen_, count, his metrical art, ii, 198; iii, 24;

the tomb in Busento, 334.

_Plato_, his letters old but not genuine, i, 576;

attached to the uncle of his mother, iii, 29;

his Phædon does not give the faith of immortality, 69.

_Platonists_ had sunk into thaumaturgi and theurgi, iii, 239.

_Plautus_ and _Terence_, in their iambic and trochaic verses, observed

the rhythmical measure only, and not the quantity, i, 90;

P. is one of the greatest poetical geniuses of ancient times, ii,

196;

his irony, 196;

very poor, 197;

his metres by no means Greek, 197.

_Plebeians_, in the tribes, i, 174;

constitute a fourth order, 190;

oppressed by the patricians, 225;

had different civil rights from patricians, 227;

were no rabble, 234;

in possession of the Capitol, conquerors, after the downfall of the

decemvirs, 312;

connubium with the patricians, 326;

may become military tribunes, but the election always foiled, 330;

have a share in the senate, 334;

in the consulship, 397; ii, 269;

curule ædiles, i, 405;

prætors, 454;

add to their names those of their fathers and grandfathers, 513;

their distinguishing character is that of being landowners, 513.

_Plebs sincera_, 516;

sedition, 540;

two plebeians for the first time censors together, ii, 268.

_Plebeian forgeries_ of history, i, 226.

_Plebeity_, the notion of it changed, ii, 97.

_Plebes_, its origin, i, 133;

does not by any means consist of the poorest classes of the people,

169;

existed even before the reign of Ancus, 173;

_sciscit_, 269;

assembles in the forum, afterwards in the Area Capitolina, 269; ii,

285;

votes _tabellis_, i, 269;

plebs urbana distinguished from the tribes, ii, 295.

PLEBISCITA, rules at pleasure, i, 241;

had not at first any authority over the whole community, 241;

the spelling, _plebisscita_, incorrect, 270, note;

acquire general validity, 320;

_ut omnes Quirites tenerent_, 447;

there is no longer any mention made of them under Augustus, iii, 118.

PLEBISCITUM CANULEIUM, i, 326;

that a tribune could be elected two years running, ii, 293.

_Pleias_, Alexandrine tragedy, iii, 138.

_Pleminius_, his cruelty against Locri, i, 445.

_Pleuron_ in Ætolia has isopolity with the Achæans, ii, 250.

_Pliny_, the elder, mentions Licinius among his sources, i, 33;

his excerpta little weighed by him, 98;

has seen the treaty of Porsena, 212.

_Pliny_, the younger, mentioned along with Tacitus, iii, 226;

vain, 226;

his letters most instructive, 226;

striking likeness to the Parisian writers of the eighteenth century,

226.

_Plotina_, wife of Trajan, an excellent woman, iii, 217;

has perhaps only spread the report of Hadrian’s adoption, 221.

_Plutarch_, made, like Montaigne, for quiet and cheerful contemplation,

i, 59;

his lives most delightful reading, 59;

no critic, 59;

follows at one time one authority and at another time another, 60;

understood little Latin, 60;

conf. 175;

had a keen perception of individual character, ii, 191;

wrote the life of the Gracchi without any knowledge of the state of

affairs, 271;

very detailed on the Cimbric war, 329;

has made use of Sylla’s memoirs, 367;

his life of Cæsar is ἀκέφαλοι, iii, 29;

life of Antony, 108;

the only writer of eminence since Polybius from old Greece, 142;

his defects, 228;

character, 228.

_Plutei_, i, 354.

_Poetical traditions_, source of the early Roman history, i, 12.

_Poggius_, the letters to him most affecting, i, 67.

_Police_ in Rome, iii, 122.

Πόλις, its original meaning, i, 166.

Πολῖται, i, 166.

Πολιτεία, union of the clans and the community, i, 166.

_Political views_ hereditary in certain families, i, 401.

_Political delinquencies_, for many of them no penalty fixed, i, 318.

_Politorians_, i, 171.

_Pollentia_, in Montferrat, battle, iii, 330.

_Pollnumber_, the ancients never voted according to accidental

pollnumber, i, 421, and note.

_Polyaratus_, ii, 219.

_Polybius_, i, 36, 133;

a very good officer, 530;

does not mention the first misunderstanding between Rome and

Carthage, 574;

his list of the Roman reserve in the war with the Cisalpine Gauls

wrongly written, ii, 52;

has made use of a brass tablet of Hannibal in the temple of Juno

Lacinia, 62;

his work leaves nothing to desire, 62;

his account of the battle of Cannæ, 63;

two editions of his work, 69;

acquitted of the charge of partiality for the Romans, 71;

his clear exposition of the state of political affairs, 209;

taken to Rome, 217;

the second edition added the war against Corinth and the third Punic,

besides an introduction, 220;

tutor of Scipio, 238;

obtains fair conditions for his countrymen, 256;

his share in framing the constitution of Achaia, 256.

_Polybus_, or Polybius, very likely not as contemptible as he is

generally represented, iii, 183.

_Pomerania_, extinction of the Vandal (Wendish) language, i, 145.

_Pometia_, i, 222, 223.

_Pomœrium_ of Romulus, i, 187.

POMPÆ, in connexion with the prætextatæ, ii, 195.

_Pompædius_, (Poppædius,) Silo, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353.

_Pompeia_, wife of Julius Cæsar, iii, 27.

_Pompeii_, conquered by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355;

the so-called barracks there a _ludus gladiatorius_, 405;

destruction, iii, 209.

_Pompeian_ race, iii, 109.

_Cn. Pompeius Magnus_, (Pompey,) in Picenum, ii, 380;

character, 401;

held in particular esteem by Sylla, 402;

against Sertorius, 402;

ends the war, 403;

consul, 404;

reconciled with Crassus, 404;

restores the tribuneship, iii, 5;

war against the pirates, 9;

against Mithridates, 10;

had Mithridates buried with kingly pomp, 11;

against Tigranes, 11;

goes to Egypt, 11;

dismisses his army, 11;

his surname of Magnus conferred on him by Sylla, 12;

his indifference to Cicero, 25;

sets on Clodius against Cicero, 28;

falls out with Clodius and friend with Cicero, 37;

consul for the second time, 37;

his laws, 37;

congress at Lucca, 39;

marries Cæsar’s daughter, 39;

dangerously ill, 51;

receives the command in Italy, 52;

goes to Brundusium, 54;

tyranny of the Pompeians, 55;

betakes himself to Illyricum, 55;

defeats Cæsar near Dyrrachium, 59;

battle of Pharsalus, 60;

flies, 62;

goes to Egypt, 62;

murdered, 63;

his statue, 63.

_Cn. Pompeius_, Cn. F., a by far more able general than his father,

iii, 70;

cut down, 71.

_Cn._ and _Sex. Pompeius_ in Spain, iii, 70;

battle of Munda, 70.

_Cn. Pompeius Strabo_, father of Magnus, prætor with proconsular power,

is the first who had any brilliant success in the Social war, ii,

356;

victory near Ascalum, 356;

Cicero’s opinion of him, 369;

ambiguous, 372;

defeated by Sylla, 372;

dies of the plague, 372.

_Q. Pompeius_, A. F., consul, in Spain chief of the aristocracy, ii,

261;

brought to great straits by the Numantines, offers peace, 261;

hand and glove with Scipio Nasica, 279.

_Q. Pompeius_, Sylla’s colleague, receives the command in Italy against

Cinna, ii, 369;

murdered, 369.

_S. Pompey_, hides himself among the Celtiberians, iii, 71;

master of Sicily, 104;

peace of Misenum, 105;

_sermone barbarus_, 105;

war with Octavian, 109;

battles near Mylæ and Taurominium, 109;

murdered, 109.

_Pomponius_, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

_Pomponius_, see Atticus, Lætus.

_Pondemate_, (Pound-mead) i, 179.

_Ponte di Sanguinetto_, wrongly referred to the battle of the Trasimene

lake, ii, 91.

_Ponte Mollo_, iii, 300.

_Pontifex Maximus_, lived below in the town, i, 7.

_Pontifices_, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, two Tities, i,

124;

number at a later period, 130, 523;

their number is increased by Sylla from nine to fifteen, ii, 389;

their jurisdiction must have been done away with, iii, 27.

_Ti. Pontificius_, tribune of the people, puts a veto to the levy of

soldiers, i, 260.

_Pontian_ isles, Roman colony there, i, 489.

_Pontine_ marshes, Ap. Claudius cuts a canal through them, i, 517;

object of it, 517.

_C. Pontius_, general of the Samnites, one of the greatest men of

ancient times, i, 487;

victory in the Caudine passes, 488;

gives to the departing Romans beasts of burden for the wounded 490;

sends back the prisoners, 492;

the account of his having been conquered in Luceria, 493;

put to death, 534.

_Pontius_, Herennius, father of Caius, friend of Archytas, i, 489;

occurs as a speaking personage together with Archytas in a

philosophical dialogue of a Pythagorean, 489, _note_.

_Pontius Glaucus_, a poem written by Cicero in his youth, iii, 16.

_C. Pontius Telesinus_, ii, 353;

against Rome, 382;

battle at the Colline gate, 382.

_Pontus_, population, ii, 361.

_Poor_, the poor received corn in the temple of Ceres, ii, 259;

care taken by C. Gracchus for them, 259.

_M. Popillius_, ambassador of Rome to Antiochus Epiphanes, prevents him

from the conquest of Egypt, ii, 221.

_P. Popillius Lænas_, consul, persecution of the adherents of Gracchus,

ii, 287;

goes into exile, 294.

_Popillius Lænas_, iii, 93.

_Popolanti_, in the middle ages, no Romans but Albanians and Illyrians,

i, 236, note.

POPOLO, in Italian, union of the clans and the community, i, 168.

_Poppæa Sabina_, wife of Nero, iii, 189.

_Poppædius_, see Pompædius.

_Populonia_ destroyed, ii, 383.

POPULUS ROMANUS QUIRITES, i, 104, 123.

_Populus_, πολῖται, _citadini_, i, 166;

etymology, 166;

populus and plebes without a doubt in all the towns of Italy, and

also in the Greek colonies of Lower Italy and Sicily, 171;

assembles in the comitium and in the Lucus Petelinus, 269;

_jubet_, 269.

_Porcia_, wife of Brutus, iii, 77, 80.

_Porcius_, see Cato.

_Porsena_, Martial’s incorrect scansion of the name, i, 208, note;

his mausoleum at Clusium, 209;

his war is fabulous, 210;

his peace quite a different thing from what the Romans would make us

believe, 211;

acquires the _septem pagi agri Veientium_, 213;

seems to have failed against Aricia, 213;

his goods symbolically sold before every sale by auction, 213;

his war very likely happened ten years later than is generally

presumed, 215, 232.

_Porta Carmentalis_, i, 263, note.

_Portico_ of Octavia, the entrance still standing, iii, 149.

_Portogallo_, i, 384.

_Portugal_, down to the times of Pombal, had many negro slaves,

wherefore also many Mulattos there, ii, 274.

_Portus_ Julius, iii, 144.

_Posidonia_, i, 458;

see Pæstum.

_Posidonius_, i, 36;

not inferior to Polybius, 252;

history of the Gracchi, 252.

_Posidonius_, contemporary of Perseus, has described the war of

Perseus, ii, 214.

POSSESSIO and property distinguished, i, 254.

_Postumius_, see Albinus.

_Postumius Regillencis_, dictator in the battle at the Lake Regillus,

i, 217;

an interpolation, 219;

consul, according to some, 219.

_L. Postumius_, consul, given up to the Samnites, i, 492;

insults old Fabius, 543;

impeached by the tribunes, 543;

head of an embassy to Tarentum, 550;

mocked by the Tarentines, 550.

_A. Postumius Tubertus_, dictator, conquers the Æquians and Volscians,

i, 343.

_M. Postumius_, military tribune, slain by the soldiers, i, 346.

_C. Postumius Megillus_, ii, 272.

_Postumus_, M. Cassianus, (Cassianius) Latinius, severs Gaul, Spain,

Britain, from the Roman empire, iii, 282;

an eminent man, 282;

loses his life, 282.

_Pothinus_, eunuch, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63;

wishes to overpower Cæsar, 64.

_Potitii_, extinct in the times of Appius Claudius, i, 140.

_Pouilly_, i, 3.

_Pound_ of the Romans weighed about twenty-three half-ounces of

Cologne, i, 382.

PRÆFECTURA ANNONÆ, seems to have been a temporary magistracy, i, 337;

præfectura explained, 450;

præfectures with Cærite rights, ii, 185;

_præfectura ærarii_, iii, 123;

_præfectura Galliæ_, 282, 295.

PRÆFECTURA URBI, his office abolished during the decemvirate, i, 299;

has jurisdiction, and probably likewise the presidency in the senate,

330;

_Latinarum causa_, ii, 351;

under Augustus, iii, 123;

has since Hadrian a district of a hundred Italian miles round Rome,

255.

_Præneste_, disappears in the Volscian war, i, 275;

independent since the Gallic invasion, 384;

seems to have been united with Tibur, 390;

together with part of the Æquians hostile to Rome, 390, 451;

the citadel occupied by Pyrrhus, 562;

receives Roman citizenship by the Lex Julia, ii, 354;

declares for Marius, 372;

the present Palestrina is a part only of the ancient arx, 381;

reduced by hunger by Q. Lucretius Ofella, 381;

fate after the conquest, 383;

military colony, 385.

_Prærogativa_, decided by lot, i, 162; ii, 366.

_Prætextatæ_, native tragedies in Italy, ii, 195;

historical pieces in the manner of Shakspeare, 393.

PRÆTOR URBANUS, a new magistracy instead of the _præfectus urbi_,

patrician, i, 403;

is not so called merely in contradistinction to the _prætor

peregrinus_, 403;

his functions, 403;

was called _collega consulum_, six lictors, 404;

appointed by the centuries, 406;

the office accessible to the plebeians, 454;

the office of prætor peregrinus created, ii, 42;

the phrase is a barbarism, 42;

the prætor not limited to civil jurisdiction, 42;

their number raised from four to six, 186;

the patrician privilege done away with, 190;

their number increased by Sylla, 389;

raised to ten, and again to sixteen, iii, 74.

_Prætores_, the original name of the consules, i, 203.

_Prætorians_, their increase by Sejanus is the most momentous event in

the later Roman history, iii, 175;

their despotism, 179;

tale of their having offered the empire for sale, 249;

cowardly, 251;

transformed by Septimius Severus into a guard, 257;

accompany Severus and Caracalla in their expeditions, 257.

_Prætorian cohorts_, iii, 125.

_Prætura urbana_, honourable and lucrative, iii, 78.

_Priestly offices_, the nomination for them transferred upon the

smaller half of the tribes, ii, 342;

co-optation restored by Sylla, 388.

_Primus_, Antonius, tribune, excites the Mœsian legions to rebellion

against Vitellius, iii, 198;

is victorious near Cremona, 200;

conspires against Vespasian, and thereby loses his life, 206.

_Principes_, i, 441.

_Prisci_, name of the Cascans, i, 104.

PRISCI LATINI, i, 104.

PRISCUS, quaint, i, 104;

a common name with the Romans, 136.

_Priscus_, see Helvidius.

_Priscus_, Statius, iii, 240.

_Priscus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Privernum_, Volscian town, i, 353;

seems not to have entered into the league of the Latins, 444;

rises against Rome, 466;

receives the citizenship and constitutes the tribus Ufentina, 466.

_Privilegia_, laws against individuals abolished by the laws of the

Twelve Tables, i, 303.

_Probus_, emperor, iii, 288;

wars, 288;

his popularity, 289;

came from the neighbourhood of the Limes Illyricus, 289;

murdered, 289.

_Proconsular power_, its origin, i, 473.

_Proconsuls_, in the senatorial provinces, iii, 244.

_Procopius_, general of Julian, iii, 312.

_Proculeius_, an officer of Octavian, iii, 113.

_Procuratores Cæsaris_, iii, 125.

_Prodigality_ never became rife again among the Romans since Vespasian,

iii, 206.

_Profuturus_, Renatus, historian, iii, 325.

PROLETARII, i, 178;

paid no taxes, 182.

_Propertius_, mentions _patres pelliti_, i, 120;

his poems imitations of the Alexandrian school, iii, 139.

_Property tax_, ii, 37.

_Property_, different from possession, i, 254.

_Proscribed_, the sons of the proscribed by Sylla, persuaded by Cicero

to renounce recovering their honours, iii, 22;

the _jus honorum_ restored to them by Cæsar, 74.

_Proscriptions_, ii, 383; iii, 91.

_Prose_, in olden times always developed by oratory, iii, 130.

_Proselytes_ of the gate and of the temple, i, 164.

_Provence_, its inhabitants were during the whole of the middle ages in

possession of the coral fisheries of Africa, i, 458;

is called _Italia altera_, iii, 122.

_Province_, explained, ii, 41;

Roman province in Gaul, 308;

senatorial and imperial, iii, 120;

proconsular and pro-prætorian, 121;

provinces less heavily oppressed than Italy, 257;

the difference between senatorial and imperial provinces done away

with, 274.

_Provinces_ distributed in the senate previous to the election of the

magistrates, ii, 300.

_Provincials_ of the west much sooner assimilated themselves to Roman

manners than those of the east, i, 61;

the ownership of the provincials not according to Roman but to

provincial law, ii, 41.

_Prudentius_, iii, 326.

_Prusa_ destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278.

_Prusias_, king of Bithynia, ii, 193;

marries Perseus’ sister, 207;

connexion with Perseus, 211;

goes to Rome, 221.

_Prussian army_ of 1762 much inferior to that of 1757, ii, 105.

_Pseudophilip_, ii, 237;

an impostor, 245;

given up by Demetrius to the Romans, 245;

routs the Macedonians, 246;

defeated by Scipio Nasica, 246;

beats P. Juventius Thalna, 247;

conquered by Q. Metellus, 247;

put to death, 247.

_Ptolemy Auletes_, driven from Alexandria, comes to Rome to be

reinstated, iii, 28;

restored by Gabinius, 62;

his death, 62.

_Ptolemy Epiphanes_, son of Ptolemy Philopator, against him Philip

III., Antiochus the Great united, ii, 147.

_Ptolemy Euergetes_, war against Seleucus Callinicus, ii, 182.

_Ptolemy Euergetes II._, (Physcon,) ii, 221;

receives Cyprus and Cyrene, 221.

_Ptolemy Ceraunus_, i, 556;

succumbs under the invasion of the Gauls in Macedonia, 546.

_Ptolemy Lagus_, historical writer, i, 470.

_Ptolemy Philadelphus_, in alliance with Rome, ii, 13, 50.

_Ptolemy Philometor_, ii, 221.

_Ptolemy Philopator_, an unworthy king, under him the empire falls into

utter decay, ii, 148.

_Ptolemy_, son of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62.

_Ptolemy Soter_, friendly with Seleucus, enemy to Cassander, quarrels

with both of them about the spoil of the battle of Ipsus, i, 553.

_Publicani_, farmers of revenue, i, 253; ii, 193.

_Public debt_ in Rome during the war of Hannibal, ii, 187.

_Public works_ in Rome done by contract, ii, 38.

_Publicius_, see Clivus.

PUBLICUM, chest of the patricians, i, 233;

after the Licinian laws very likely the general exchequer of the

country, 408.

_Q. Publilius Philo_, dictator, his laws, i, 445;

first plebeian prætor, 454;

conquers Naples as first proconsul, 473;

consul, 493.

_Vol. Publilius_, insult offered to him by the patricians, i, 268;

elected tribune, 268;

his rogations, 269.

_Pulcheria_, iii, 335.

_Pullani_, descendants of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, become

unwarlike, ii, 166.

PULSARE, to violate the law of nations, ii, 251.

_Punic_, spoken in the provincial towns of Africa, iii, 234.

_Punic wars_, periods of the first, ii, 9;

the ideas of the Romans quite changed by the taking of Agrigentum,

12;

peace, 39;

the first Punic war one of the causes of the degeneracy of the Roman

people, 42;

no war in ancient history to be compared to the second Punic, 61;

division, 68;

peace, 142;

the third Punic war, 227.

PUTEUS, cistern, i, 518.

_Puzzuoli_, dyke across the harbour, iii, 180.

_Pydna_, battle, ii, 213.

_Pyrgi_, Roman fortress, i, 571.

_Pyrrhus_, king of Epirus, i, 551;

compared to Charles XII., 552;

brought up by Glaucias, prince of the Taulantians, 553;

goes to the court of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and of Antigonus the

One-eyed, 553;

restored by Demetrius, king of the Molossians, 553;

in his service, 553;

sent to Ptolemy, 553;

marries Antigone, daughter of Berenice, 554;

acquires Ambracia, Amphilochia and the Epirote provinces, 554;

war with Demetrius Poliorcetes, 554;

unites with Lysimachus, and shares with him Macedon, 554;

a mighty master in the method of battle array, 555;

treaty with Tarentum, 555;

sails to Italy, 556;

raises a levy among the Tarentines, 556;

the only barbarian king fraught with the brilliancy of old Hellenism,

557;

offers his mediation between Rome and Tarentum, 558;

battle of Heraclea, 558;

advances against Rome, 560;

sends ambassadors, 561;

takes Fregellæ by storm, 562;

resolves upon turning back, 562;

embassy of the Romans to him, 562;

has left memoirs, 563;

gives leave to the prisoners to go to Rome to the Saturnalia, 563;

an enthusiastic admirer of the Romans, 563;

battle near Ascalum, 564;

always placed alternately an Italian moveable cohort and solid

battalion of the phalanx, 565;

the attempt at poisoning by his physician seems to have been a

preconcerted farce, 565;

exchange of prisoners, 566;

goes to Sicily, 566;

his son becomes king of Syracuse, 566;

drives out the Carthaginians from Sicily, except from Lilybæum, 566;

conquers the Mamertines, 566;

siege of Lilybæum, 567;

returns to Italy, lands near Locri, 567;

attacked by a Carthaginian fleet, 567;

battle of Taurasia, (Beneventum,) 567;

leaves Milo behind in Tarentum, 568;

returns to Epirus, 569;

proclaimed king of Macedonia, 569;

soon forsaken again, 569;

expedition against Sparta, 569;

marches to Argos, 569;

his death, 569.

_Pythagoras_, uncertain whether an historical person, i, 458;

the Pythagorean philosophy known at an early period to the Romans,

458;

to be sought for among the Pelasgians, 472.

_Pyxus_, i, 458.

Q

_Quadi_ cross the Danube, iii, 240, 242.

_Quadratum saxum_, flagstone, i, 518.

_Quadriremes_, ii, 12.

_Quadrigarius_, Q. Claudius, his history is brought down to about the

time of Cicero’s consulship, i, 31;

unwieldiness of his language, 31.

QUÆSTIONES PERPETUÆ, analogous to the modern jury courts, ii, 345;

assigned by Sylla to the prætors, 389;

gave the verdict of innocence or guilt, and also had the right of

pardoning, iii, 21.

_Quæstor_, his office ceases during the decemvirate, i, 298;

chosen by the centuries, 325;

_Quæstores parricidii_ and _Quæstores classici_ to be distinguished,

325;

_quæstores parricidii_ synonymous with the _duum viri perduellionis_,

325;

the office thrown open in the year of the town 346 to both orders,

335, 340;

quæstors appointed for Italy, 572;

their number increased to eight, 572;

by Sylla to twenty, ii, 389;

by Cæsar to forty, iii, 74.

_Quæstura Ostiensis_, ii, 335.

_Quatremere de Quincy_, i, 209.

_Quatuorviri_, i, 406.

_Quinctilian_, his saying on Cicero, iii, 94;

on Cornelius Gallus, 138;

restorer of good taste in Rome, 186, 228;

on Domitian, 210;

has a pension from him, 210.

_Quinctilis_, month, called July, iii, 114.

_Quinctilius_, brother of Claudius Gothicus, iii, 288, _note_.

_Quinctius_, see Cincinnatus, Crispinus.

_Quinctius_, Cæso, son of Cincinnatus, offers the most violent

resistance to the _lex Terentilia_, i, 280;

prosecuted on the _Lex Junia_, 281;

leaves the town, 281;

his death, 284.

_Quinqueremes_ in the Macedonian, Sicilian, and Punic fleets, ii, 12;

manned with three hundred rowers, and hundred and twenty marines, 13.

_Quirinal Hill_, iii, 223.

_Quirites_, the name wrongly adopted as a common one of the united

Romans and Sabines, i, 123.

_Quirium_, name of the Sabine town, i, 129.

R

_C. Rabirius_, iii, 106.

_Radagaise_ besieges Florence, iii, 331;

forced back by Stilicho into the Apennines, 331.

_Rafaelle_, iii, 299.

_Ramnes_, name of the Latin tribe, i, 124.

_Ranks_, their line of demarcation formed by landed or moneyed

property, iii, 4.

_Rape_ of the Sabines, i, 117;

their number, 117.

_Rasena_, original name of the Etruscans, i, 142, _note_.

_Rastadt_, murder of the French ambassadors, ii, 139.

_Raudii_, see Campi.

_Ravenna_, built on islands, iii, 333.

_Rea Silvia_, mother of Romulus, i, 112;

Rea is a cognomen, 112;

changed into a goddess, made the wife of the god Anio, 112.

_Rebellio_, instead of _rebellis_, iii, 245.

_Regifugium_, i, 198.

_Regillus_, battle, the account of it poetical, i, 218;

its date not fixed, 219.

_Regillus_, M. Æmilius, at the head of a fleet against Antiochus, ii,

175;

battle of Myonnesus, 175.

_Regions_ of Servius Tullius, i, 173.

_Regions_ of Rome, iii, 123;

of Italy, 124.

_Regulus_, M. Atilius, consul, goes to Africa, ii, 20;

battle of Adis, 21;

takes Tunis and encamps near the river Bagradas 21;

character, 21;

conquered by Xanthippus, 23;

legends concerning his death, 25;

seem to have been taken from Nævius, 26.

_Reichardt_, his map of Italy thoroughly bad, i, 77.

_Reimarus_, Herm. Sam. editor of Dio Cassius, i, 66; iii, 127.

_Reiske_, J. J., his qualities, i, 42;

his edition of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 42.

_Reiz_, F. W., i, 73.

_Remi_, the most distinguished people among the Belgians, iii, 44;

seem to have intrigued with the Romans, 44.

_Removal_, from the _tribus rusticæ_ to the _urbanæ_, a _nota

ignominiæ_, i, 174.

_Remuria_, a hill three miles south of Rome, i, 114;

town on that hill, 114;

Pelasgian, 116.

_Remus_, i, 113;

according to some on the Aventine, according to others on the

Remuria, 114;

his end, 115;

personification of the plebeians, 129.

_Reno_, river, iii, 91.

_Representation_, based on districts of towns, i, 157.

_Republic_, has the duty of providing for its members, ii, 295;

restored in Rome after Caligula’s death, iii, 180.

_Republics_, in confederate republics similarity of constitution has no

influence whatever on their mutual support, i, 237;

drawbacks, 259;

their forms sometimes a mere phantom, 279.

_Resolutions_ of the people were to be carried before sunset, i, 270.

_Responsa prudentum_, given in the name of the emperor acquire real

authority, iii, 231.

_Revenue_, tenths and fifths, i, 254.

_Rhætians_, of Etruscan race, i, 145, 370; iii, 151;

their abodes, 151;

stand their ground against the Gauls, i, 368.

_Rhegium_, i, 459;

occupied by a mutinous Campanian legion, 567, 572;

massacre, 573;

besieged by the Romans, 573;

conquered, 573.

_Rhetoricians_, Greek, their influence upon Roman literature, iii, 184,

227;

in the second century, 235.

_Rhianus_, in his poem on Messene, clashes with Pausanias and Tyrtæus,

i, 13.

_Rhine_, the population along its banks German, iii, 203.

_Rhodes_ free, friend of the Romans, ii, 145;

friend with Alexandria, 148;

defends Ptolemy Epiphanes, 148;

great and powerful, 151;

against Antiochus, 167;

their fleet defeated by the Syrians, 173;

has the best seamen of the age, 173;

its wealth, 183;

thoroughly respectable, 183;

tries to mediate between Rome and Perseus, 212;

peace with Rome, 219;

faithful to the Romans in the war of Mithridates, 364;

besieged by Mithridates, 364;

taken by Cassius, iii, 96;

earthquake, 237.

_Rhone_, has its mouth choked up with silt, iii, 327.

_Ricimer_, iii, 342;

a Sueve of royal race, 343;

treachery to Marjorian, 344;

conquers Rome, 346;

dies, 346.

_Rienzi_ is said to have read all the books of the ancients, i, 79.

_Right of community_, i, 165.

_Robespierre_, very likely had no purpose whatever, ii, 236.

_Roche Blanche_, ii, 78.

_Rollin’s_ Roman history, i, 72.

_Roma_, a small place on the Palatine, i, 110;

its name Greek, place of strength, 110;

Pelasgian, 116.

_Romances_ on Charlemagne, i, 87.

_Roman empire_, its extent at the end of the seventh century of the

town, iii, 1.

_Roman history_, existed from about the period of the secessio, i, 203;

its sources destroyed by the Gallic conquest, 202;

the same events very often recur again, 216;

becomes general history, ii, 251.

_Roman law_ distinctive with regard to the rights of persons and

things, i, 295.

_Romans_ by no means barbarians previous to the time when they learned

from the Greeks, i, 15;

unite with the Sabines, 118, 122;

pay tithe to the Etruscans, 212;

their laws not borrowed from those of Athens, 295;

their hypocrisy, 424;

their practice in sieges still in its very infancy, 473;

fight with the pilum and the sword, 507;

tactics, 530;

treat their allies with more honour than other peoples, 572;

never served in foreign armies, 577;

their perseverance, ii, 11;

build a fleet after the model of a Carthaginian quinquereme, 13, 38;

their fleet destroyed in the Mediterranean by storm, 25, 27;

always learn from their enemy, 30, _note_;

lose a large merchant fleet, 34;

embassy to the Achaians and Ætolians, 48;

to Athens, 48;

to Corinth, 48;

get a part in the Isthmian games, 48;

receive from the Athenians isopolity and admission to the Eleusinian

mysteries, 49;

awful liars when they want to lay the blame upon their enemies, 65;

show themselves unskilful at the beginning of every great war, 74;

in many respects slaves established usage, 82;

example of their discipline, 84;

their system of tactics the worst when the troops were not well

trained, the best with practised soldiers, 88;

would not ostensibly deviate from their principles, 118;

their religion was not mythology, but theology, 194;

universally hated, 204;

their policy truly Macchiavellian, 207;

their laws did not apply to the allies, 282;

their art of war in Cæsar’s time, 326;

conduct the Social war with troops of all nations, 353;

murdered in Asia Minor, 363.

_Rome_, sister town to Antium and Ardea, i, 116, 223;

the commemoration of the foundation of the city held in April, 117;

formerly supposed to have been an Etruscan colony, 148;

was under the last kings the capital of a mighty empire, 152;

consisted originally very likely of three tribes, of a hundred clans

each, 161;

all the primary agencies in nature and in the world of intellect

designated as male and female, 169;

the liberties of the old town extended about one German mile on the

road leading to Alba, 170;

the oldest town consists of about a thousand households, 175;

the boundary in the second period of the Volscian war on the other

side of Tusculum, 275;

census at the period of the Gallic calamity, 375;

conquest by the Gauls, and fire of the town, 380;

the summer in Rome pestilential, 380;

pays its ransom to the Gauls probably from the treasure on the

Capitol, 382;

advantages of its situation, 386;

tradition of the weakened state of Rome, 309;

census after the first Punic war, dispute about it between Hume and

Wallace, ii, 53;

difficulty of besieging Rome, 94;

unhealthy air, 94;

after the war of Hannibal freedmen received as citizens, 187;

standing army, 188;

language in Rome at the end of the Republic, iii, 106;

division in fourteen regions, 123;

fire under Nero, 190;

under Titus, 209;

literary opposition to Carthage, 234;

the thousandth anniversary of the city, 271;

a great number of Christians among the middle classes, 273;

fortified by Aurelian, the walls in a very bad state under Honorius,

330;

besieged by Alaric, 333;

laid in ashes, 334;

conquered by Genseric, 342;

taken by Ricimer, 345.

_Romulus_, his wondrous birth an historical impossibility, i, 81;

the same his removal from the earth during an eclipse of the sun, 81;

belongs, as son of Mars, to the cycle of the gods, 85;

a personification of Rome, 85;

legends, 111.

_Romulus Augustulus_, emperor, iii, 346.

_Rorarii_, i, 441.

_Rostra_ stood between the comitium and the forum, i, 270;

_vetera_ and _nova_, iii, 162.

_Royal races_, of the Greek are dissolved into γένη ἀρχικὰ, i, 204.

_Royalist party_ in Rome continued long time after the expulsion of the

Tarquinii, i, 225.

_Royal dignity_, its abolition decreed by a _Lex curiata_, i, 201.

_Rubicon_, very likely in the neighbourhood of Cesena, iii, 53.

_Q. Rubrius_, tribune, ii, 285;

very likely triumvir for the establishing of colonies, 301.

_Rufinus_, P. Cornelius, covetous, removed from the senate, i, 548.

_Rufinus_, præfectus prætorio, favourite of Theodosius, iii, 322;

receives the government of the East, 328;

murdered, 328.

_Rufus_, see Cælius.

_Rullus_, Servilius, moves for establishing a colony in Capua, iii, 34.

_P. Rupilius_, consul, puts an end to the servile war in Sicily, ii,

265.

_Russia_ and Persia make war against each other for a couple of months

every year on the frontiers of Georgia, i, 350.

_Rusticus_, Arulenus, writes the life of Pætus Thrasea, iii, 218.

_Rusticus_, see Fabius.

_Rusticus_, Junius, tutor of M. Antoninus, iii, 239.

_Rutilius_, i, 36.

_F. Rutilius_, legate of Metellus in Africa, ii, 321;

an honest man, but condemned by the evidence of false witnesses, 341.

_P. Rutilius Lupus_, general against Pompædius Silo, killed in battle,

ii, 356.

_Rutilus_, see Marcius.

_Ryckius_, Theodore, treatise on Æneas, i, 94.

S

_Sabellus_ and _Sabinus_, synonymous, except that according to usage

the name of Sabellians is given to the whole nation, and that of

Sabines to a small district, i, 341;

Sabines in the last half of the third century often seen as enemies

of the Romans, 342;

victory of Valerius and Horatius, 342;

isopolity established between them, 342;

emigration towards the South leaves off, 343;

take no active share in the contest of the Romans and Latines, 438;

isopolity, 572;

great part of them receive the full right of citizenship, ii, 185.

_Sabines_, call themselves aborigines, push on the Opicans, i, 98;

come according to Cato from Amiternum, 99;

unite with the Romans, 118, 122;

become one of the greatest peoples of Italy, 120;

very likely they came only at a later period into the country

afterwards occupied by them, 121;

leagued with Rome under Servius Tullius, 186;

allied with Rome under Sp. Cassius, 248;

war against them, 323;

declare for the Samnites, 534;

conquered, 535.

_Sabines_, rape of the S., poetical, i, 81.

_Sabine_ chapels on the Quirinal, i, 122.

_Sabine town_ on the Quirinal and Capitolinus, i, 121.

_Sabine_ element in the Roman worship, i, 122.

_Sabinus_, T. Flavius, brother of Vespasian, præfect of Rome, iii, 200.

_Sacchetti_, Francesco, novel, i, 67.

SACRA FAMILIARUM, unknown to the Romans, i, 161.

SACRA GENTILITIA, i, 161;

could only be offered in Rome, 263.

SACRAMENTUM, i, 317.

_Sacranians_, name of the conquering people at the popular migration in

Latium, i, 103;

the name explained, 103;

unite with the Siculians under the name of _Prisci Latini_, 104.

_Sacriportus_, battle, ii, 381.

_Sacrovir_, Julius, rising against Tiberius, iii, 202.

_Sæcula_ of the Etruscans, two sorts of them, i, 83;

astronomical ones of a hundred and ten years, 83;

nearly correspond to a hundred thirty years of ten months, 84;

physical sæculum, 84.

_Sagax_, his continuation of Eutropius, i, 66.

_Saguntum_, Livy fancies that it lay East of the Ebro, ii, 69;

Polybius knows nothing of the fact that it was to remain independent,

69;

its siege did not happen in the year 534, but in 533, 71;

was perhaps not purely Iberian, but Tyrrhenian, 71;

the derivation from Zacynthus probably originated only from its name,

71;

conquered, destroyed by the inhabitants themselves, 72.

_Sailors_, levied from the _capite censi_, ii, 33.

_Salapia_, an Apulian town, taken by Hannibal, recovered by the Romans,

ii, 120.

_Salarian gate_, iii, 334.

_Salassians_ may have been a Gallic people, i, 365;

Ligurians, 370; ii, 81; iii, 151.

_Salernum_, it is doubtful whether it was Roman after the second

Samnite war, i, 504.

_Salii_, brotherhoods on the Quirinal, i, 131.

_Salinator_, Julius, ii, 399, _note_.

_Sallentines_, war against the Romans, i, 511;

allied with the Romans against Cleonymus, 511;

acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571;

fall off after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107;

conf. Messapians.

_Sallust_, writes detached parts of Roman history, i, 36;

the histories begin from the time after Sylla’s death, 37;

had an uncommon acquaintance with the old constitution, 224;

his war of Jugurtha, ii, 307;

reproached with malignity, but he is not sinning against truth, 313;

_historiæ_, 391;

the number of the books of the histories uncertain, 397;

probably went down from the war of Lepidus to the end of the war of

Pompey in Asia, 397;

the _historiæ_ were his last, Catiline the first, of his works, 397;

has written the history of Catiline with great truthfulness, iii, 12;

ill-treated by the soldiers 66;

his style, 127;

considerably younger than Cicero, 127.

_Sallustius_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 314.

_Salluvians_ or _Salyans_, war against the Ligurians, ii, 307;

conf. Salyans.

_Salonius_, i, 434.

_Salvian_, iii, 326;

socialist views, 326;

description of Carthage, 338.

_Salvius_, see Otho.

_Salyans_, war against them, ii, 200;

see Salluvians.

_Samaritans_, iii, 230.

_Sambre_, battle, iii, 44.

_Samnites_, do not oppress the old Oscan people, but combine into one

whole with them, i, 153;

make conquests on the upper Liris, 410;

league with Rome, 412;

form a confederation of four peoples, Pentrians, Caudinians,

Hirpinians, and Frentanians, 419;

conquer Cumæ, 420;

constitution, 421;

their spread on the Liris was the cause which in 412 first engaged

the Romans and Samnites in a war together, 422;

attack the Sidicinians at Teanum, 423;

peace, 436;

allied with Rome in the battle of Veseris, 438;

embassy to Alexander the Great, 469;

friendly with the Greeks, 472;

division of the second Samnite war, 474;

had dependencies, 476;

defeated by Fabius in the neighbourhood of Subiaco, 481;

seek for peace, 485;

conquered by Fabius, 485;

again for peace, 485;

looked upon by the Greeks as a Spartan colony, 489, _note_;

ornament of their arms, 501;

very likely had subsidies from Tarentum, 502;

held Lucania in check, 502;

lead a guerilla war, 503;

the second war ended by the battle of Bovianum, 504;

peace, 505;

carry the war into Etruria, 526;

end of the war, 534;

peace, 534;

embassy to Pyrrhus in Epirus, 557;

their country laid waste, 560;

conquered by Sp. Carvilius and L. Papirius, 569;

peace, 569;

in the service of Agathocles, 577;

fall off from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107;

revolt in the Social war, 352;

the Oscan the prevailing language among them, 353;

end of the war, they receive the right of citizenship, 374;

all but exterminated by Sylla, 385, 394.

_Samnite people_ sprang from Sabine stock, i, 120;

tradition of the founding of their country, 121.

_Samos_ belonging to Egypt, ii, 145.

_Samothrace_, metropolis of Ilium, i, 96;

their mysteries a gathering point of many men, 96;

their worship akin to that of the Penates at Lavinium, ii, 214.

_Sanchoniathon_, his fragments genuine, ii, 1.

_Sancus_, Semo, his temple, i, 137.

_Sandwich-islanders_, their poetical traditions, i, 12, _note_.

_Sannio_, Pulcinella, earliest mention of this mask, ii, 352.

_Santafedists_ in Naples were Lazzaroni, i, 513.

_Sapor_, king of Persia, iii, 279, 305, 307, 309.

_Saracens_, etymology, iii, 281;

the name occurs long before Mohammed, 281.

_Saragossa_, founded, iii, 150.

_Sardinia_, subject to the rule of the Carthaginians, except the

highlands, ii, 5;

the way of living of the inhabitants the same to this day, 5;

on the coast the Punic language and manners spread, 16;

attack of the Romans, 16;

submits to the Romans, 46;

given up by the Carthaginians to the Romans, 46;

refuse obedience, 52.

_Sarmates_, i, 370;

break through the Roman frontier, iii, 242;

uncertain whether they dwelt on the middle, or the lower Danube, 268;

war of Maximin against them, 268;

that of Probus, 288;

their abodes, 300;

Constantine’s wars, 300.

_Sarmatian peoples_, great move among them on the Dniepr, ii, 204;

driven back over the Danube, iii, 151.

_Sarsinates_, acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, i, 571.

_Sarti_, i, 240.

_Saticula_, in the neighbourhood of Capua besieged by the Romans, i,

494;

fortified, 497.

_Satricum_, i, 494.

_Saturn_, with him the first step of civilization begins, i, 110;

Saturnus and Ops, deities of the generating powers, 169.

_Saturnia_, Siculian town on the Capitoline, i, 121.

_Saturnian verse_, i, 90;

examples of it in Charisius, 90, and _note_;

worked up in Plautus to a high degree of beauty, 90.

_Saturnian year_, consisted of thirty common years, i, 106;

hundred Saturnians a grand year, 106.

_Saturninus_, L. Antonius, rising against Domitian in Germania

Superior, iii, 213.

_Saturninus_, L. Apuleius, character, ii, 335;

deposed from the quæstorship, 335;

becomes a tribune of the people, 335;

behaves in the most savage manner, 335;

his legislation, 336;

flatters Marius, 336;

demands that the senate should swear to his _Lex agraria_, 337;

killed, 340;

his laws seem to have been repealed, 340.

_Saturninus_, Sentius, against Marbod, iii, 155.

_Savigny_, i, 73, _note_, 120;

on land-tax, iii, 229, 301.

_Saxo Grammaticus_, tries to change the Danish Saga into history, i,

13.

_Saxons_, according to Wittikind, come out of Britain into Germany,

according to the usual account from Germany to Britain, i, 102.

_Scævola_, interpreted, the left handed, means in the family of the

Scævola, amulet, i, 211.

_Scævola_, see Mucius.

_Scaliger_, Joseph, receives without any hesitation the details of

ancient history, i, 2, 38, 170;

great philologist, iii, 235.

_Scansion_, by long and short syllables is Greek, ii, 197.

_Scarphea_, defeat of the Achæans, ii, 253.

_Scaurus_, historian, i, 36.

_Scaurus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

_Scaurus_, M. Æmilius, ambassador to Jugurtha, his character, ii, 312;

Cicero holds him in great respect, 313;

becomes quæsitor in Africa, 316;

Cicero’s apostrophe to him, iii, 19.

_Schärtlin_ von Burtenbach, ii, 394.

_Schilhas_, ii, 5.

_Schiller_, the great characters in Mary Stuart reviled, i, 461;

struggles with the form, iii, 140.

_Schlegel_, Friedrich, iii, 339.

_Scholiast_ to the Ibis of Ovid, i, 578.

_Schoolmen_, iii, 348.

_Schools_, grammatical, existed in Rome until beyond the seventh

century, in Ravenna even down to the eleventh, i, 53.

_Schottus_, Andreas, finished the annals of Pighius, i, 69.

_Schrader_, i, 387.

_Von Schütz_ Major-General, a distinguished general, ii, 85.

_Schubert_, misled by Pighius, i, 69.

_Schulting_, i, 387.

_Schwytz_ had its government and its territory not according to its

subdivision, i, 157;

the country people divided into four quarters, afterwards into six,

173, _note_.

_Scepticism_ of the seventeenth century, i, 71.

SCINDERE VESTEM, i, 268.

_Cn. Scipio_, killed in Spain, ii, 121.

_Scipio_, L. Cornelius, brother of Africanus, consul, ii, 176;

most insignificant, 177;

conquers near Magnesia, 178;

impeached, 184;

found guilty, 185.

_Scipio_, L. Cornelius, consul, democrat, ii, 378.

_Scipio_, P. Cornelius, father of Africanus, consul, puts in at

Marseilles, ii, 76;

arrives at the Po whilst Hannibal was descending the Alps, 82;

battle on the Ticinus, 83;

wounded, 83;

joined by Sempronius, 83;

slain owing to the faithlessness of the Celtiberians, 121.

_Scipio_, P. Cornelius, Africanus, is the first to get a surname from a

place which he had conquered, i, 217;

not fully equal to Hannibal as a general, ii, 62;

his letter to Philip of Macedon on his achievements, 62, 199;

forgets himself after the victory, 66;

well acquainted with Greek literature, 66;

is said to have rescued his father from the battle on the Ticinus,

83;

offers to go to Spain, 122;

compels the young Romans after the rout of Cannæ to take an oath not

to go away, 122;

surnamed the Great, 122;

his character, 122;

takes Carthago nova, 123;

puts down an insurrection in his camp, 130;

goes over to Africa to visit Syphax, 131;

consul, 132;

is to be made consul and dictator for life, 133, and _note_;

receives Sicily as a province, 133;

supported by the Etruscan and Umbrian states, by the Sabines,

Picentines, and Marsians, and others, 133;

stays in Sicily, 134;

crosses over to Africa, 135;

gains, with the assistance of Masinissa, an advantage over the

Carthaginians, 136;

attacks the camp of Hasdrubal and Syphax, 136;

conditions on which he first proposes to conclude the peace with

Carthage, 138;

battle of Zama, 140;

opposes the demand for the extradition of Hannibal, 168;

sent to treat with Antiochus, 170;

conversation with Hannibal, 170;

legate of his brother, 177;

censor, 177;

sick in Elæa, 177;

his son taken prisoner, 177;

the year of his death uncertain, 184;

charges against him, 184;

goes to Liternum, 185;

his death, 193;

goes as Roman commissioner to Carthage, 229.

_Scipio_, P. Cornelius, Paulli F., ii, 236;

is not called Æmilianus, 237, _note_;

character, 237;

consul, 239;

destroys Carthage, 243;

against Numantia, 262;

his cruelty, 263;

declares against Tib. Gracchus, 289;

his death, 290.

_Scipio_, Q. Cornelius, Pompey’s father-in-law, iii, 66.

_Scipio Nasica_, has written the history of the war of Perseus, ii,

199;

son-in-law of Scipio Africanus, 213;

did not wish Carthage to be destroyed, 231;

is son of him who was called “the Best,” 231;

conquers Andriscus, 246.

_P. Scipio Nasica_, grandson of “the Best,” heads the coalition against

Tib. Gracchus, ii, 279;

encourages consul Mucius Scævola to take strong measures, 286.

_Scipio Serapio_, origin of his surname, ii, 336.

_Scipiones_, P. and Cn., _duo fulmina belli_, ii, 35, 121;

sent to Spain, 120;

establish themselves in Tarragona, 120.

_Scirians_, i, 371.

_Scordiscans_, overrun Greece, ii, 308;

their dwellings, iii, 3.

_Scotland_, sailed round by Agricola, iii, 211.

_Scribæ_, their class, i, 515;

do the work of the officials, 515;

minutes of the prætors kept by them, 515;

did services for the bankers, 515.

_Scribonia_, wife of Augustus, mother of Julia, iii, 143.

_Scriptores historiæ Augustæ_, iii, 236;

their incapacity, 245, 250;

it is impossible to separate the several vitæ, 245.

_Sculptures_, on the arch of Antonine far inferior to those of the time

of Trajan, 224.

SCUTA introduced, i, 352.

_Scutari_, (now Scodra,) residence of Genthius, ii, 211.

_Scyros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Scythed chariots_, an Asiatic invention, found among the Celts,

especially in Britain, ii, 179.

_Scythians_, i, 369.

_Sebastian_ of _Portugal_, one of them very likely the true king, ii,

245

_Sebastian_, Julian’s general, iii, 313.

Σεβαστός, translation of Augustus, iii, 117.

_Secessio_ of the Plebes, i, 236;

said to have lasted four months, but cannot have lasted longer than a

fortnight, 238;

its result by no means a decisive victory of the plebeians, 243;

under the rule of the decemvirs, according to some on the _Mons

Sacer_, according to others on the Aventine, 311.

_Secretaries_, imperial, the statutes detestably drawn up by them, iii,

276.

_Sedulius_, Cælius, iii, 326.

_Segestæans_, Pelasgian or Doric people at the foot of Mount Eryx in

Western Sicily, i, 575;

betake themselves to the Carthaginians as their refuge, 575;

boast of Troian descent, ii, 15;

relieved by the Romans, 15.

_Segida_ a town of the Celtiberians, ii, 222.

_Segur_, Marshal, his regulation, that only nobles were to hold

commissions, i, 543.

_Seius Strabo_, of Vulsinii, father of Sejanus, iii, 174.

_Sejanus_, Ælius, friend of Tiberius, iii, 174;

præfectus prætorio, 174;

his character, 174;

aims at supreme power and wishes to root out the whole of the

emperor’s family, 175;

his downfall, 176.

_Selden_, i, 164, _note_.

_Seleucia_, reduced by Trajan, iii, 220;

conquered by Avidius Cassius, 241.

_Seleucidæ_, poor in great men, Seleucus himself hardly deserves to be

so called, ii, 165.

_Seleucus Callinicus_, suffers shipwreck, ii, 25;

alliance with Rome, 50;

war against Ptolemy Euergetes, 182.

_Seleucus_, brother of Antiochus, ii, 166.

_Selinuntians_, an Ionic people, i, 575.

_Selinus_, in Cilicia, afterwards Trajanopolis, iii, 221.

_Selinus_, in Sicily, destroyed by the Carthaginians, ii, 4.

_Semo_, see Sancus.

_Sempronius_, see Gracchus.

_Ti. Sempronius Longus_, consul at the outbreak of the second Punic

war, ii, 73;

sent to Africa, 74;

lands at Malta, 83;

returns, 83;

dismisses his soldiers with orders to meet him again near Ariminum,

they march to the Trebia and join Scipio, 84.

_Ti. Sempronius Tuditanus_, concludes peace for the Romans with Philip,

ii, 147.

_Sena Gallica_, battle, ii, 126.

_Senarius_, may be Greek, iii, 198.

_Senate_, of one hundred persons, i, 118;

the senate of the third estate was not consulted until the other two

had voted, 163;

had no authority by itself to declare war, 232;

nothing could be taken to the Plebes direct from the senate, 269;

sets up a bust to the wisest Greek, 296;

becomes, towards the middle of the fourth century, an assembly chosen

by the people, 335;

its power increases, as that of the curies loses, 416;

changed into a sort of elective council, its vacancies supplied from

the quæstors, ii, 43;

conduct towards Scipio, 130;

had an unbounded power over the finances, 296;

reorganized by Sylla, 386;

enlarged, 389;

never to be looked upon as a representative body, 389;

its number increased by J. Cæsar, iii, 74, and _note_;

purified by Augustus, 119;

had its regular sittings three times a month, and holidays in the

months of September and October, 119;

is the supreme court to judge political crimes, 120;

only a condemning machine in the hand of the tyrant, 173;

was under Hadrian only a set of presumptuous people, 231;

the senatorial dignity hereditary, 231.

_Senators_, are judges in all the causes which do not concern quiritary

property, ii, 197;

their census, iii, 4;

no senator should be a general, which must have been different from

what is generally believed, 289.

_Senatus consultum de Bachanalibus_, ii, 197, _note_.

_Seneca_, M., his Suasoria, iii, 59;

Suasoria and Controversies, 185;

writes his Controversies when upwards of eighty, 185.

_Seneca_, L. Annæus, the philosopher, his historical work probably one

of the best, iii, 165;

humbles himself before Polybus, 183;

_Ludus de morte Claudii_, 184;

remarkable character, 185;

Dio Cassius’ opinion of him, 186;

the similarity of his style to that of Rousseau and Buffon, 186;

man of the world, Nero’s tutor, 189;

enemy of Agrippina, 189;

composes Nero’s speech after the murder of his mother, 190;

executed, 191.

_Seneca_, tragedies, iii, 139.

_Senecio_, Herennius, writes the life of Helvidius Priscus, iii, 213.

_Seniores_, limited to the defence of the walls only, i, 180;

had as many votes as the juniores, 181.

_Senonians_, make their appearance in Gaul, i, 376;

their territory, ii, 50.

_Sentinum_, battle, i, 529.

_Septimius_, see Severus.

_L. Septimius_, gives the advice to murder Pompey, iii, 63.

_Septimuleius_, from Anagnia fills the head of C. Gracchus with molten

lead, ii, 306.

_Sequani_ rise in Gaul, iii, 42.

_Serena_, niece of Theodosius, married to Stilicho, iii, 328;

condemned to death, 330.

_Serpent_ in the camp of Regulus, very likely borrowed from the Bellum

Punicum of Nævius, ii, 21.

_Serranus_, Attilius, dictator, the same story told of him as of

Cincinnatus, i, 282.

_De Serre_, friend of Niebuhr’s, i, 471.

_Q. Sertorius_, character, ii, 371;

induces Cinna to put a stop to the slaughter, 374;

breaks the armistice with Sylla, 380;

from Nursia, 397;

goes to Spain, 398;

takes to flight, 399;

places himself at the head of the Spaniards, 400;

his fanciful belief, 400;

war against Metellus, 400;

relieves _Caligurris_, 403;

sells the hostages, 403;

murdered, 404.

_Servile war_ in Italy, ii, 404.

_Servile war_ in Sicily, ii, 264.

_Servilia_, Cato’s half-sister, iii, 77.

_Servilius_, consul, i, 233.

_Servilius_, consul, brings reinforcements to Flaminius, ii, 93.

_Servilius Ahala_, stabs P. Mælius, i, 338;

impeached as a murderer, 338.

_Servilius Cæpio_, stepfather of Cato the younger, iii, 76.

_P. Servilius Isauricus_, iii, 3.

_Servilius Nonianus_, historian, iii, 165.

_Servilius_, see Cæpio, Glaucia, Rullus.

_Servius_, appears not to have read Nævius’ history on the Punic war,

i, 17; iii, 332.

_Servius_, a standing prenomen in the gens Sulpicia, iii, 193;

becomes almost a nomen, so that another prenomen is put before it,

193.

_Servius Tullius_, legends of him, i, 85, 155;

in the Tuscan annals called Mastarna, 88;

son of a man of rank at Corniculum, 155;

all the political law traced back to him, 156;

before him the country district was not yet united with the state,

171;

divides the town into four, and the country into twenty-six regions,

172;

intends to resign the throne and to have two consuls elected, 185;

war against the people of Cære, and of Tarquinii, 185;

his reign probably very short, 185;

alliance with the Latins, 186;

his great rampart, 190;

his legislation bears the impress of a Latin stamp, 191;

has to be carried through almost by force, 193;

attempts to murder him, 193;

murdered, 193.

_Sesterces_, done away with, iii, 302.

_Setia_, i, 344.

_Settlers_ and cultivators of the soil alone had a vote in the plebeian

tribes, i, 174.

_Seven-Years’-War_, compared to the second Punic war, ii, 61.

_Severus_, see Alexander.

_Severus_, Cæsar in the West, iii, 297;

Augustus, 298.

_Severus_, Cornelius, fragments of his, iii, 140.

_Severus_, Libius, emperor, iii, 344.

_Severus_, Septimius, general on the Illyrian frontier, iii, 246;

proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian and German legions, 250;

enters Rome, 251;

from Leptis, thoroughly Punic, 251;

a good writer both in Greek and Latin, 251;

writes his memoirs, 251;

leans to foreign religions, astrology, and soothsaying, 251;

gives protection to Christianity, 252;

his cruelty, 252;

war with Pescennius Niger, 252;

gains over Albinus, 253;

wars against the Parthians, 253;

in Britain, 254;

causes himself to be adopted as the son of M. Aurelius, 254;

his measures but little known, 255;

fine busts and statues from his age, 275.

_Sextilis_, month, receives the name of August, iii, 114.

_L. Sextius Lateranus_, tribune, i, 396;

first plebeian consul, 407.

_Sextus Empiricus_, iii, 237.

_Shaftesbury_, ii, 314.

_Shakespeare_, connects awful natural phenomena with frightful moral

ones, ii, 92.

_Shaw_, fixes with admirable precision the point where Scipio landed,

ii, 135.

_Sibylline books_, after the destruction in Sylla’s time, made up again

by collations, i, 7.

_L. Siccius_, the story of his assassination seems to be a poetical

figment, i, 309.

_Sicelus_ comes from Roma on the south to the Pelasgians, i, 116.

_Sicily_, its language was Greek and Arabic, which afterwards utterly

disappears, i, 145;

rent in factions owing to the death of Agathocles, 566;

natural features of the island, ii, 8;

mountains in the South of Italy belong geologically to Sicily, 8;

laid waste by the first Punic war, 40;

modern Sicilians, next to the Portuguese, rank lowest among the

nations of Europe, 40;

fates of the island, 40;

Roman province, 40;

condition after the Punic war, 264.

_Siculians_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, Sicily, and Epirus, i,

97.

_Siculio_, part of the town of Tibur, i, 100.

_Sicyon_, Ætolian, ii, 151.

_Sidicines_ of Teanum, sprung from the same stock as the Volscians, not

limited perhaps to that town, i, 423;

league against the Samnites, 436;

war of the Romans, 455.

_Sidonius Apollinaris_ iii, 325.

_Sieges_, sample of them, i, 354.

_Sigambri_, i, 46, 152;

reduced by Drusus, 153;

by Tiberius, 154;

rising under Vespasian, 242;

call themselves Franks, 277.

_Signia_, colony of Tarquin the Proud, i, 197, 344.

_Sigonius_ has not the least idea of historical criticism, i, 3, 56;

arranges the Roman Fasti, 68;

his works on Roman antiquities recommended, 269, _note_.

_Sigovesus_, general of the Gauls, i, 368.

_Silanus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

_Dec. Silanus_, iii, 23.

_Sila_, forest, half of it yielded by the Bruttians to the Romans, i,

571;

of great value for ship-building, 571.

SILEX, basalt, i, 518.

_Silius Italicus_, has paraphrased Livy, i, 53.

_Silva Ciminia_, i, 362.

_Simonides_ sings the achievements of Gelon and Theron, ii, 3.

_Singara_, battle, iii, 306;

taken by Sapor, 309.

_Singeric_, iii, 335.

_Sirmium_, Probus wishes to drain the fens in the neighbourhood, iii,

289.

_Sisenna_, his work extended from the time of Jugurtha to the consulate

of Lepidus, i, 37; ii, 389.

_Sismondi_, i, 175.

_P. Sitius_, of Nuceria, an adventurer, iii, 67.

_Slaves_, who gained their freedom, stood to their late masters in the

relation of clients, i, 170;

punished with death if they presumed to take to themselves the honour

of military service, iii, 159;

admitted into the army by Augustus, 159;

Greek, had a good education in Roman houses, 183;

black, in the American colonies, their language, 232.

_Slave-trade_, its extension after the Punic wars, ii, 265.

_Slave-market_ at Delos, ii, 265.

_Slavonic_ nations, their advance from the East sets the Germans in

motion, iii, 242.

_Smyrna_, free, ii, 183;

earthquake, iii, 237.

_Soæmis_, daughter of Mæsa, iii, 259.

_Social war_, scantiness of our information, ii, 350;

its division, 355.

_Socii_ and Latini opposed to the agrarian law of Gracchus, ii, 282;

afterwards sacrificed by the oligarchs, 283;

conspiracy of the Socii, 291;

C. Gracchus’ intentions with regard to them, 299;

armed in the Roman manner, true legions, iii, 43.

_Solois_, Carthaginian, ii, 4.

_Solon_, introduces the Attic law of mortgage, i, 229;

his legislation contained regulations concerning matters of momentary

interest, i, 278;

two of his laws met with in the Pandects, which does not prove that

the Roman law had sprung from the Attic, 295.

_Sonnino_, division of the landed property there, ii, 274.

_Sophonis_, _Sophonisbe_, daughter of Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo, marries

Syphax, ii, 135;

takes away her own life, when Scipio demands her extradition, 137.

_Sora_, i, 456;

taken by the Samnites by treachery, 494;

conquered by the Romans, 497;

restored, 497;

retaken by the Samnites, 501;

reconquered by the Romans, 504.

_Soranus_, Bareas, iii, 191.

_Sosilus_, wrote a history of the second Punic war, staid in the camp

with Hannibal, spoken of with censure by Polybius, ii, 62.

_Southern_ people are able to stand heat and frost better than others,

ii, 330.

_Spain_, the royalist volunteers belonged to the very lowest of the

people, i, 513;

southern S., its natural advantages, ii, 59;

population of the country, 59;

southern peoples have quite a different character from those of the

north, 60;

have an alphabet of their own, 60;

saying of an Arab general concerning them, 60;

several towns were republics, 71;

not barbarians, 71;

overpowered by the Romans, 128;

_citerior_ and _ulterior_, provinces, 186;

the Roman armies become quite domesticated there, 201;

union is wanting, 223;

wars with the Romans, 257;

character of the Spaniards, 259;

southern S. takes up arms for the sons of Pompey, iii, 70;

the country on the side of the Mediterranean subject to the Romans,

the southern provinces to the Western Goths, 340.

_Spaniards_, probably stood in _catervas_ and fought with small swords

and _in cetris_, ii, 10;

vanity of the present Spaniards, 160.

_Sparta_, the obligation to military service lasted until the sixtieth

year, i, 180;

unsuccessful attack of Pyrrhus, 569;

stunted, owing to her not making the Lacedæmonians equal to the

Spartans, ii, 23;

compelled to adopt Achæan νόμιμα, 248;

population, 248;

severed from the Achæan alliance, 248;

defeated in the war with Achaia, 250;

remains a _libera civitas_, 256;

conf. Lacedæmon.

_Spartacus_, a Thracian, breaks out of a barracks at Capua, ii, 404;

escapes to Mount Vesuvius, 405;

war, 405.

_Spartianus_, cannot be relied on, iii, 252.

_Speech_, art of, vanished from Greece, had sought a new home among the

Asiatic peoples, ii, 152.

_Spendius_, a slave from Campania heading the insurrection of the

mercenaries against Carthage, ii, 45.

_Spina_ on the mouth of the Po, i, 142.

_Spoletum_, Roman colony, faithful to Rome in Hannibal’s war, ii, 93.

_Sponsio_, i, 317.

_Stabiæ_, taken by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355.

_Standing armies_, ii, 201.

_Statianus_, legate of M. Antony, iii, 108.

_Statius_, Cæcilius, his comic skill praised by Cicero, ii, 392.

_Statius Gellius_, Samnite general, taken prisoner, i, 504.

_Statius Murcus_, commander of the fleet of Brutus and Cassius, iii,

96;

joins Sextus Pompey, 105.

_Statius_, his Silvæ agreeable, his Thebais a cold poem, iii, 210;

does not win with the Thebais the Capitoline prize, 210;

his poem, the Leptitani, 251.

_Stilicho_ pushes on the Eastern Goths under Radagaise to the Apennines

not far from Fiesole, i, 414; iii, 331, 322;

was not of Roman extraction, 328;

marries Serena, 328;

defeats Alaric, 329;

conquers Alaric near Pollentia, 330;

murdered, 333.

_Stipendium_ introduced, i, 351;

monthly, 351.

_Stoic philosophy_ particularly welcome to the Romans, ii, 271;

did not raise up any heroes among the Greeks, iii, 68;

republicanism in Rome, 206;

importance in the time of the emperors, 239.

_Stonians_ stand their ground against the Gauls, i, 368.

_Stories_, the same told in different ways which are entirely opposed

to each other, i, 102.

_Strabo_, judicious and excellent, mistaken in thinking of the marshes

near Parma as those through which Hannibal passed, ii, 89;

eminent for his practical turn for history, iii, 227.

_Strabo_, see Seius.

_Strasburg_, the guilds the ruling power there, i, 168.

_Stratonicea_, ii, 219.

_Styria_, out of two thousand noble families scarcely a dozen remain,

i, 140.

_Sucro_ in Spain, ii, 130.

_Suessa Aurunca_, fortified, i, 497, 510.

_Suessula_, i, 453.

_Suetonius’_ life of Cæsar ἀκέφαλος, iii, 29;

the dedication also wanting, 29;

life of Horace, 134;

criticism of the purpose of his work, 164;

is a writer who has little of the antique about him, 178;

tainted with the profligacy of his time, 179;

had no insight into character, 194;

not able to do much without books, 204;

his book must have been a work of his youth, 205.

_Suetonius Paullinus_ crushes the rebellion in Britain, iii, 191.

_Sueves_ invade Gaul, iii, 42;

defeated near Besançon, 43, 46, 211;

cross the Rhine, 331;

evacuate Gaul, 332;

in Spain, 332;

defeated by Adolphus, 334.

_Suffetes_, ii, 6;

heads of the state in peace, 168;

always called by the Greeks βασιλεῖς, 168, _note_.

_Sully_, i, 239, 398.

_Sulpicia_, iii, 138.

_Sulpician_ aims at the sovereignty, iii, 249.

_Sulpicius_, tribune, flies after the battle on the Alia to the Capitol

to defend it, i, 378.

_Sulpicius_, his fleet a curse for Greece, ii, 146;

does not succeed against Philip, 153;

his undertaking a complete failure, 153.

_P. Sulpicius_, tribune, brings forward a motion, that the command

against Mithridates should be transferred to Marius, ii, 365;

moreover, that the new citizens should be distributed in the old

tribes, 366;

Cicero’s opinion of him, 366; iii, 17;

outlawed, ii, 368;

killed, 368.

_Sulpicius Severus_, iii, 326.

_Sunnah_ corresponds in form to the _commentarii Pontificum_, i, 10.

SUPREMA TEMPESTAS, i, 270.

_Surnames_, taken from places, betoken a relation of patrons, i, 217.

_Susa_, iii, 264.

_Sussex_, iii, 45.

_Sutrium_ and _Nepete_, border fastnesses of Etruria against Rome, i,

392.

_Suwarow_, iii, 71.

_Swabia_ was not a German country, has become so only by the Alemanni,

iii, 152;

little war in the days of Nerva, 216.

_Swabians_, partly called Sueves, and partly Alemanni, dwell on the

Maine, iii, 277;

break through the _Limes_ and take possession of what is now Swabia,

280.

_Swinburne_ gives a satisfactory description of the ground of the

battle of Cannæ, ii, 100.

_Switzerland_, whenever danger threatened from abroad the

aristocratical cantons mild to their country districts, otherwise

harsh and cruel to them, i, 225;

growing prosperity at the time of the Thirty Years’ war, 459;

the office of Bailiff sold in the smaller cantons, ii, 7.

_Syagrius_, iii, 347.

_Sylburg’s_ edition of Dionysius excellent, i, 41;

not inferior to any philologer of the first renown, 41.

_Sylla_, L. Cornelius, promotes proletarians into the senate, i, 516;

treats with Bocchus about the delivering up of Jugurtha, ii, 321,

distinguishes himself in the Social War with the main army, 356;

consul, 359;

character, 359;

appointed general by the senate against Mithridates, 360;

marches against Rome, 367;

conquers near Chæronea, 375;

greatness of his character, 378;

his return to Italy, 378;

confirms all the rights of the new citizens, 379;

defeats Norbanus near the Mount Tifata, 380;

trace, 380;

conquers the younger Marius near Sacriportus, 381;

marches upon Rome, 381;

goes to Etruria, 382;

battle of the Colline gate, 382;

has eight thousand Samnites put to death, 383;

conduct towards Præneste, 383;

proscriptions, 383;

his fantastic activity, 385;

reorganizes the senate, 385;

regulates the consulate and tribunate, 387;

deprives the children of the proscribed of their rights as citizens,

387;

gives back the administration of justice to the senators, 388;

further changes, 388;

dictatorship, 390;

his disease, 390;

death, 391;

was not false, 407.

_Symmachus_, iii, 324.

_Symplegades_, according to one legend in the eastern, and according to

others in the western sea, i, 102.

_Sympolity_, synonymous to _connubium_ and _commercium_, i, 503.

_Syngraphæ_, i, 388.

_Syphax_, king of the Massæsylians, ii, 131;

makes overtures to the Romans, 131;

marries Sophonisbe, 135;

wishes to act as mediator between Rome and Carthage, 136;

defeated by Masinissa, led in the triumph of Scipio, dies at Alba,

136;

his statues common, 136.

_Syracuse_ besieged under Agathocles by the Carthaginians, ii, 4;

the cradle of mechanical art, 12;

falls off from Rome, 114;

proclaims the republic, 115;

revolution by the mercenaries, 116;

conquered, 117;

acknowledged by Timæus as the first of Greek towns, 118.

_Syria_ at war with Egypt, ii, 145;

wins the northern fortresses of Phœnicia, 145;

Roman province, iii, 11;

one of the finest and richest countries in the world, 12;

overrun by the Persians, 280.

_P. Syrus_, iii, 141.

T

TABELLIONES under the emperors, i, 515.

TABULÆ NOVÆ, cancelling of debts, i, 540.

_Tacitus_, his loving memory of his father-in-law, ii, 292;

the excellent _dialogus de Oratoribus_, iii, 130, 185;

has not described the time of Nerva, 214;

has written from the death of Augustus down to Trajan, 164;

the Annales were very likely twenty books, 164;

throws in the beginning of his _Historiæ_ some light on Galba, 194;

his opinion of Otho’s end, 198;

his Agricola one of the greatest masterpieces of biography, 211;

character of his writings, 224, 225;

first edition of Agricola, 224;

the _Historiæ_ comprised thirty books, 225;

his age did not acknowledge his eminence, 225.

_Tacitus_, princeps Senatus, emperor, iii, 287;

the statement of his advanced age deserves little credit, 288;

carries on the war against the Alans, 288;

dies, 288.

_Tactics_ of the Romans, great light thrown on it by Cæsar’s

commentaries and by Josephus, iii, 199.

_Tadjiks_, inhabitants of towns, iii, 264.

_Tænarus_, the gathering place of men without a home, i, 462; ii, 23.

_Talents_ in Appian are not Attic, but Egyptian, i. e., copper talents,

iii, 72.

_Talmud_, corresponds in form to the _Commentarii pontificum_, i, 10.

_Tamphilus_, see Bæbius.

_Tanaquil_, lives to see the death of Servius, must at that time have

been a hundred and fifteen years old, i, 81, 155;

every woman, who is stated to have been Etruscan, is called by the

Romans Tanaquil, 137.

_Tarchon_, i, 192.

_Tarentum_ waxes great by the immigration of the Greeks from the other

states, i, 459;

state of its affairs, 460;

constitution, 460;

the blame heaped upon it is unjust, 460;

calls in Archidamus of Sparta, 461;

then Alexander of Epirus, 461;

wool dying manufactories, 478;

its share in the second Samnite war, 497;

calls in Cleonymus against the Lucanians, 510;

very likely throughout the Samnite war hostile to Rome, 511;

treaty with Rome, 511, 544;

excites the people far and near against the Romans, 544, 548;

destroys the Roman ships, 549;

the citadel given up to Cineas, 556;

sold by Milo, 570;

garrison of the Romans there, ii, 50;

goes over to Hannibal, 110;

the citadel remains to the Romans, 110;

fallen into the hands of Hannibal owing to treachery, again betrayed

to the Romans, 120;

colony sent thither by C. Gracchus, 120;

loses all its rights, 186.

_Tarpeia_, a Sabine heroine, i, 29.

_Tarquinians_, after their expulsion reside at Laurentum, i, 136;

_gens Tarquinia_, 137;

treated at first with forbearance, then exiled, 204.

_Tarquinii_, an important town, its connexion with Corinth not to be

mistaken, i, 134;

its people carry on war against the Romans, 390;

threaten Rome, 408;

war of them, 413;

routed by C. Martius, 413.

_Tarquinius Priscus_, legends of him, i, 81, 185;

is a Latin, not an Etruscan, 136;

his wife in the old legend a Latin woman, Caia Cæcilia, 137;

in all likelihood belongs to the Luceres, 137;

his time seems to be parted from the former by a great gulf, 137;

_Cloaca maxima_, 138;

wishes to double the Romulean _Tribus_, 139.

_Tarquinius Superbus_, stated by Piso to have been the grandson of

Tarquinius Priscus, i, 29;

at least fifty years of age when he kills Servius, 81;

forbids the plebeian Sacra, 173;

destroys the laws of Servius Tullius, 184, 194;

undertakes immense works, uses the plebeians as bondmen, 194;

subjects Latium, 195;

presides at the sacrifices of the _Feriæ Latinæ_, 197;

said to have founded colonies at Signia and Circeii, 197;

Gabii taken by stratagem, 197;

his statue remained on the Capitol, 199;

goes to Cære, Tarquinii, Veii, 208;

his death, 219.

_Sex. Tarquinius_, his outrage against Lucretia, i, 189.

_L. Tarquitius_, master of the horse of Cincinnatus, i, 282.

_Tarraco_, in the beginning of the second Punic war, in possession of

the Romans, ii, 69.

_T. Tatius_, dies in the fourth year of the town, i, 84, _note_;

gains, by means of treason, a settlement on the Tarpeian Hill, 118;

slain at the sacrifice in Laurentum, 118, 121;

his memory hated, 121;

called by Ennius a tyrant, 121;

refuses to the people of Lavinium to give up their kinsmen, 266.

_Taurasia_, battle, i, 567.

_Taurea_, see Jubellius.

_Taurinians_ were Ligurians, i, 370.

_Tauris_, capital of Armenia, iii, 296.

_Tauriscans_ are among the tribes in arms in the war of the Cisalpine

Gauls, otherwise only in Carniola, ii, 52;

their dwellings, iii, 3.

_Taurominium_, allied with Syracuse, i, 578;

opens its gates to the Romans, 581;

independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

_Taxes_ among the ancients were mostly on land, ii, 183;

made superfluous in Rome by the Macedonian booty after the defeat of

Perseus, 219; iii, 301.

_Taxiles_, general of Mithridates, ii, 375.

_Tectosages_, tribe of the Galatians, ii, 81.

_Telamon_, near Populonia, battle of the Romans and the Cisalpine

Gauls, ii, 55.

_Tellenians_, i, 171.

_Tellus_ and _Tellumo_, deities of the earth, i, 169;

temple of Tellus on the Carinæ, 257.

_Telmissus_ comes to Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Temple_ of Penates, falsely called the temple of Romulus, at the foot

the Velia, i, 206;

that of Venus and of Roma is _summa Velia_, 206;

of Virtus and Honos, dedicated by Marcellus, thoroughly stripped in

the time of Livy, ii, 119;

the temple of Jerusalem plundered by Pompey, iii, 11;

of the temple of Apollo on the Palatine nothing is left, 149;

the temple of peace built by Vespasian, 207;

of Mars Ultor, all the columns of marble, 222;

the temples of Venus and Roma erected under Hadrian, 224.

_Tenchteri_, Cæsar’s conduct to them, iii, 44.

_Terentia_, Cicero’s wife, her influence over him, iii, 18.

_C. Terentilius Harsa_ appoints five men to draw up a law, declaring

the limits of consular authority, i, 277.

_P. Terentius Afer_ (Terence), ii, 392;

conf. Plautus.

_Terentius Culleo_, ii, 185.

_C. Terentius Varro_, consul, son of a butcher, ii, 97;

seems unjustly to have been condemned by historians, 98;

in the account of Appian, taken from Fabius Pictor, he is far from

being so blameable as Livy and Polybius want to make him out, 99.

_M. Terentius Varro_, descendant of C. Terentius Varro, dates the death

of Nævius later than others do, i, 18;

not a learned philologist in the modern sense of the term, 99;

has read an immense deal, but is confused, 103;

belongs to the aristocratical party, ii, 98; iii, 56;

does not at all write like one who lived in the same age with Cicero,

127;

by far less learned in Greek things than in Roman, 127.

_Terina_, i, 458.

_Termantia_, or Termessia, town of the Celtiberians, ii, 260.

_Terni_, origin of the cascade, i, 538;

conf. Amiternum.

_Terra di Lecce_ and _Terra di Otranto_, the Greek language extinct

there, i, 145.

_Terracina_, Tyrrhenian, called formerly Τραχεινή, i, 110;

afterwards Volscian, called Anxur, 223;

conf. Anxur.

_Tertullian_, a man of the highest talent, iii, 234;

his book against the theatre, 235;

should be read much more generally by philologists, 235.

_Tetricus_, C. Pesuvius, emperor in the West, iii, 283, 284;

goes over to Aurelian, 286.

_Teuta_, Queen of Illyria, ii, 47.

_Teutoburg Forest_, battle, iii, 157.

_Teutones_, of German stock, ii, 323;

may have been chased out of the East by the advance of the

Sarmatians, 323;

conquered by Marius, 329.

_Teutonic Knights_ at Königsberg, had a book with stories from the O.

T., and from the heroic age of Rome, i, 79.

_Thalna_, see Juventius.

_Thapsus_, peninsula with a fortified town, iii, 67.

_Tharyps_, king of the Molossians, i, 552.

_Thasus_, the Phœnician settlement there later than that of Cyprus, ii,

1.

_Theatres_, Greek, had most of them a view of the sea, i, 549;

in them the people used to assemble, 549;

of Marcellus, iii, 149.

_Thebes_, destroyed, ii, 255.

_Theocritus_, said to have been put to death by Hiero on account of a

Satire, i, 578;

his idyll Χάριτες, 578;

his shepherds are Siculian, not Greek, iii, 131.

_Theodora_, stepdaughter of Maximian, wife of Constantine, iii, 298.

_Theodoric_, king of the Western Goths, iii, 340;

his classical knowledge, 343.

_Theodorius_, emperor, colleague of Gratian, iii, 319;

native of Spain, 319;

character, 320;

conquers the Goths, 320;

defeats Maximus near Aquileia, 321;

against Eugenius, 321;

does penance, 322.

_Theodosius_, iii, 335.

_Theology_, of the Romans Etruscan, i, 148;

a knowledge of the imperial history indispensable for it, iii, 164.

_Theophilus_, his mistake, ii, 41.

_Theophrastus_, did not yet reckon by Olympiads, i, 149.

_Thera_, rises out of a clod of earth, i, 102.

_Thermantia_, Stilicho’s daughter, Honorius’ wife, iii, 332.

_Thermometer_, its height much less in old times than now, i, 357, and

_note_.

_Thermopylæ_, Ætolian, ii, 151;

battle, 173.

_Thesmophoriæ_, celebrated by women only, iii, 27.

_Thessalians_, are connected with the Pelasgians, i, 96.

_Thessalonica_, besieged by the Goths, iii, 284.

_Thessaly_, country of Cineas, has produced no other distinguished man,

i, 555;

well affected to Macedon, ii, 145;

part of it Ætolian, 151;

blended with Macedon, 151;

forms with Phthiotis the Thessalian republic, 163;

quite unable to take care of its own affairs, 171.

_Thirty Years’ War_, did nothing but destroy in literature, ii, 395;

in the latter years of it the French, Swedish, and imperial armies

were equally bad, iii, 201.

_Thrace_, the towns on the southern coast belonged to Egypt, ii, 145;

conquered by Philip, 148;

a kingdom, iii, 121.

_Thracians_, surprise the Roman army, ii, 204;

are not without Greek learning, 309;

speak Wallachian, iii, 267;

only the seaports and the larger inland towns, Greek, 267.

_Thrasea_, see Pætus.

_Thucydides_ mentions natural phenomena, ii, 92;

no other historian of the same spirit rose up after him, iii, 275.

_Thurii_, i, 459;

conquered by the Lucanians, 551;

by Rome, 551;

destroyed, ii, 406.

_Thurinians_, supported by the Romans against the Lucanians, i, 545;

erect a statue to Fabricius, 546;

the protection of Tarentum withdrawn from them, 551.

_Thysdrus_, provincial town in Africa, iii, 268;

insurrection against Maximian, 268.

_Tiberius_, Claudius Nero, a very able ruler, iii, 126;

compelled to marry Julia, 147;

proud of high birth, 147;

goes to Rhodes, 147;

adopted by Augustus, heir presumptive, 148;

looked upon with gloomy forebodings, 149;

campaign against the Dalmatians, 149;

suspected of having caused the death of Drusus, 153;

receives the command in Gaul, 153;

subdues the Sigambri, Bructeri and Cherusci, 154;

against Marbod, 155;

to Gaul, 159;

speaks the funeral oration of Augustus, 161;

was in danger of life even when still an infant, 165;

has the _quæstura Ostiensis_, 166;

goes to Armenia, 166;

character, 166;

a first-rate general, 166;

heir of two-thirds of Augustus’ property, 168;

dissimulation, 168;

his apparent refusal to undertake the government, 168;

did all for peace, 170;

hoards treasures, 173;

his dread of Livia, 174;

gives himself up to the most infamous lusts, 174;

Napoleon’s opinion of him, 174;

withdraws to Capreæ, 175;

declares against Sejanus, 176;

poisoned, 177;

knew Caligula as the monster he really was, 177.

_Tibullus_, his fortune had suffered in the stormy times in which he

was placed, iii, 137;

genuineness of his poems, 137.

_Tibur_ seems to have formed a distinct state, hostile to the Romans,

i, 413;

receives the full franchise by the Lex Julia, ii, 354;

declares for Marius, 370;

conf. Præneste, Tivoli.

_Tiburtines_, attached to the party of Cinna, iii, 107.

_Ticida_, iii, 129.

_Ticinus_, battle, probably near Pavia, ii, 83.

_Tifata_, Mount, battle, ii, 380.

_Tigellinus_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 192.

_Tigranes_, king of Armenia, iii, 2;

extent of his empire, 2;

buys the peace with Rome, 11.

_Tigranocerta_, iii, 7;

taken by Lucullus, 7.

_Tigurini_, in Helvetia, of Gallic stock, join the Cimbrians, ii, 324;

revenge of the Romans, iii, 41.

_Timæus_, source of Ennius, i, 24;

statement from him, 98;

is the first who reckons by Olympiads, 149;

his history of the Samnite wars merely an introduction to that of

Pyrrhus, 493;

his history of the war of Pyrrhus, 562; ii, 1;

lived in Athens, ii, 118.

_Timesicles_, see Misitheus.

_Timesitheus_, see Misitheus.

Τιμηταί of the Greek towns, i, 332.

_Timoleon_ checks the spread of the Carthaginians in Sicily, i, 457;

pacifies Sicily, 575; ii, 4.

_Tin_, of great value to the ancients for making copper fusible, ii,

58;

even now found principally in England and the East Indies, iii, 45;

very great quantities used in ancient times, 45;

channels of its trade, 45.

_Tin mines_ in Cornwall, iii, 45.

_Tiridates_ receives Armenia as a fief from Nero, iii, 191;

mention of him in the _Mirabilia Romæ_, 192.

_Tiridates_, prince of Armenia, iii, 313.

_Tities_, name of the Sabine tribe, i, 124.

_Titthi_, tribe of the Celtiberians, ii, 260.

_L. Titurius_, his legion annihilated by the Eburones, iii, 46.

_Titus_, son of Vespasian, remains behind in Judæa, iii, 201;

carries on the government, 207;

very unpopular before his father’s death, 207;

his generosity, 208;

præfectus prætorio, 208.

_Tivoli_ had in the 15th century fifty times more owners of the soil

than now, i, 228;

destroyed places in its neighbourhood, 409 and _note_;

constitution in modern times, ii, 398;

conf. Tibur.

_Toga_, its form, i, 267.

_Toichographies_ of the Greeks, i, 5.

_Tolistoboii_, tribe of the Galatians, ii, 181.

_Lars Tolumnius_, king of Veii, i, 347.

_Tomi_ (Kustendji), lay outside the contiguous Roman empire, iii, 161.

_Tongres_, burnt to ashes, iii, 308.

_Town-house_ in America, i, 450.

_Trajan_, fond of transporting himself into the past, i, 403;

has written his memoirs, iii, 214;

adopted by Nerva, 215;

his descent, 216;

goes to Germany, 216;

comes to Rome only a year after his accession, 217;

his energy, 217;

gets the finances into excellent order, 217;

the first Dacian war, 218;

conquers, 218;

second war, 219;

successfully ended, 219;

war against the Parthians 219;

reduces Seleucia and Ctesiphon, 220;

makes peace, 220;

makes Arabia a Roman province, 220;

dies at Selinus, 221;

adopts Hadrian, 221;

his buildings, 221.

_Trajanopolis_, formerly Selinus, iii, 221.

_Trajan’s pillar_, iii, 212, 223.

TRANSITIO AD PLEBEM, i, 200; iii, 28.

_Trapani_, the Drepana of old, ii, 29.

_Trasimenus_, battle, ii, 91;

has great resemblance to the battle of Auerstedt, 91.

_Travertino_, is fire proof, i, 380.

_Treasury_ of Rome during the time of the Social War, ii, 296;

well filled at the death of Antoninus Pius, iii, 248.

_Trebia_, locality of the battle, ii, 84;

battle of Macdonald against Suwarow in 1799, 86.

_Trebonianus_, Gallus, emperor, iii, 278;

concludes a treaty with the Goths, 278;

falls, defeated by Æmilianus, 279.

_Trebonius_, a Lucanian name, iii, 37.

_C. Trebonius_, general of Cæsar, takes a part in the conspiracy

against him, iii, 79.

_Trent_, a Lombard colony, i, 103.

_Treves_, seat of the Gallic government, iii, 283;

_Porta nigra_, 283;

destroyed, 308.

TRIARII, i, 441.

_Triballians_, make their appearance in Thrace nine (twelve) years

after the taking of Rome, i, 365, 369.

_Tribuneship_, brought back by Sylla to what it was before the

Publilian law, ii, 387;

no one, after having been tribune, is to have any office, which led

to the senate, 387;

restored by Pompey, iii, 5.

TRIBUNI ÆRARII, iii, 4.

TRIBUNI CELERUM, not one but four of them, i, 199.

TRIBUNI MILITARES, their number, i, 192;

in the army, when complete, there are twenty-four of them, 488.

TRIBUNI PLEBIS, entered upon office on the tenth of December, i, 237;

institution of the office, 239;

elected by the whole of the community, 239;

inviolable, 340;

chosen _auxilii ferendi causa_, 340;

looked upon like the ambassador of a foreign state, to protect the

subjects of his sovereign, 241;

their houses open by day and night, not allowed to absent themselves

from the city, 241;

elected by the centuries, 242;

confirmed by the curies, 242;

their number at first two, afterwards five, 242;

were anything but mutinous, 256;

their character changes under Pontificius, 260;

no longer confirmed by the curies, 261;

impeach the consuls, probably before the curies, 265;

after that before the Plebes, 265;

their procedure in their motions before the people, 270;

receive by the Publilian rogations the initiative, 271;

their office not abolished under the first decemvirate, only under

the second, 298;

ten elected under the presidency of the _Pontifex Maximus_, 312;

after the downfall of the decemvirs they enter upon their office in

December, 312;

the protest of one might paralyze the influence of the whole body,

314;

representatives of their order, 314;

seem also to have taken auspices, 314;

patricians among them, 314, 326;

their college divided, 328;

their power limited by the _Lex Ælia_ and _Fusina_, ii, 226;

arrest consuls, 226;

change of the character of the tribuneship, 269;

can only check each other, 280;

belong to the first families, 281;

merely commissioned to bring motions before the people, 281;

enter upon office on the ninth of December, 284;

take part in the discussions of the senate, 284.

TRIBUNUS, head of a tribe, i, 174.

TRIBUNUS NOTARIORUM, cabinet councillor, iii, 321.

_Tribes_, the names of the oldest Roman tribes Etruscan, i, 148;

of Servius Tullius, i, 173;

had common Sacra, 173;

names of the country tribes taken from heroes, 173;

plebeians only received into them, 174;

_tribus urbanæ_ were _minus honestæ_, especially the Esquilina, the

Crustumina standing higher, 336, 522;

there seems to have been discussion allowed in them, 184;

their privileges, 184;

an appeal to them granted by Servius Tullius, 184;

their number reduced from thirty to twenty by the peace of Porsena,

212;

tribus Crustumina added as the twenty-first, 212;

consist of two decuries, 239;

were allowed only to transact business on the Nundines, 269;

a curulian magistrate not allowed to be present at their assemblies,

269;

mode of voting, 260;

become a general national division, 304;

might assemble every day, 322;

decide on war, 415;

after the first Punic war there are thirty-five of them, ii, 185;

new tribes formed in the Social war, 357;

conjectures on their number, 357, _note_;

done away with, 374.

_Tribus Æmilia_, ii, 374.

_Tribus Pupinia_, i, 448.

_Tribus Quirina_, ii, 185.

_Tribus Sergia_, ii, 374.

_Tribus Tarquinia_, i, 204.

_Tribus Ufentina_, i, 466.

_Tribus Velina_, ii, 185.

_Tribute_ of the conquered countries to Rome, iii, 12.

_Trierarchies_ in Rome, i, 405.

_Trifanum_ on the Liris, battle, i, 444.

_Trinundinum_ or _Trinum nundinum_, i, 269, 270.

_Triremes_ of the Athenians had from two hundred to two hundred and

twenty men, partly rowers, partly marines, ii, 12;

of the Romans and Antiates, ii, 13.

_Triumph_ on the Alban mount, i, 411, _note_.

_Triumphal Fasti_, see Fasti.

_Triumphal arches_ at the entrances of the Forum Ulpium, iii, 224, on

that of Severus the falling of the art is to be seen, 224.

TRIUMVIRI, more correctly _tresviri_, i, 544.

TRIUMVIRI AGRORUM _dividendorum_, ii, 284;

were not _sacrosancti_, 284.

TRIUMVIRI CAPITALES were perhaps an offshoot of the ædilieian power, i,

406, 543;

their offices, 544.

TRIUMVIRI MONETALES, established after the _Lex Hortensia_, i, 406.

_Triumviri reipublicæ constituendæ_, i, 407; iii, 92.

_Trocmi_, tribe of the Galatians, ii, 181.

_Trogus Pompeius_, born near Massilia, used native chronicles, i, 364;

of Ligurian extraction, ii, 49.

_Trojans_ to be looked upon as Pelasgians, i, 96.

_Trojan_ immigration in Italy quite unauthenticated, i, 105;

mentioned by Nævius, 105.

_Tuarics_ have an alphabet quite distinct from the Arabic, ii, 310.

_Tubero_, Q. Ælius, writes the Roman annals anew, i, 35;

no longer knew the old style of language, nor did he see the

difference between the institutions of his own day and those of

primitive times, 35;

made use of documents, 35.

_Tuditanus_, consul, ii, 288.

TULLIA GENS, an Alban clan on the Cœlius, i, 156.

_Tullus_, see Attius, Hostilius.

_Tunes_, _Tunis_, its territory subject to Carthage, ii, 4;

the dialect probably still contains Punic and Latin elements, 5; iii,

234;

conquered by Regulus, ii, 21.

_Turditanians_, according to the ancients of different race from the

Cantabrians, according to Humboldt of the same, ii, 60.

_Turin_, battle, iii, 299.

_Turini_, ancient form for Tyrrheni, i, 102.

_Turnus_, synonymous with Turinus, Tyrrhenus, i, 109.

_Turnus Herdonius_, the tale of him has a highly poetical colouring, i,

195.

_Tuscanica signa_ prized at Rome, i, 153.

_Tuscany_, the grand duke Peter Leopold divided his subjects, and

thereby made them bad, i, 451.

_Tusci_, synonymous with Tyrrheni, i, 144.

_Tusculans_, become full citizens after the Latin war, i, 448;

put into the Tribus Pupinia, 448;

the most renowned Roman families were Tusculan, 448;

rising, 480.

_Tusculum_ remains faithful to Rome, i, 390;

the theatre there presupposes the performance of native and Greek

pieces, ii, 195.

_Twelve Tables_, the laws of the, introduce one uniform civil law for

patricians and plebeians, i, 228, 230;

their origin, 297;

the laws hostile to the liberty of the plebeians were on the two

last, 298;

constitution after them, 300, 303;

the laws were not entirely new, 301;

give unlimited right to dispose by will, 301;

forbid the enactment of any _privilegia_, 303.

_Tycha_, part of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_Tyndaris_, on the northern coast of Sicily, sea fight, ii, 16.

_Tyrants_, thirty, iii, 281.

_Tyre_, by its connexion with Persia becomes the port for the whole of

Asia, ii, 3.

_Tyrrhenians_, old name of the Pelasgian population of Latium, i, 98;

among the Greeks the Pelasgian inhabitants of the whole western coast

of Italy, 102;

go from Meonia to Italy, 102;

the name transferred by the Greeks to the Etruscans, 148;

dwelt, according to Thucydides, near Athos, and in Lemnos, according

to Herodotus, in Attica, near the Hymettus, 143;

the national hatred of the Greeks against them in Pindar to be

understood of the Etruscans, 151;

make their appearance before Cumæ, 214.

U

_Ulixes_, Latin form for Odysseus, ii, 194;

Siculian, 194, _note_.

_Ulm_, the guilds the ruling power there, i, 168.

_Ulphilas_, iii, 317.

_Ulpianus_, Domitius, chief of Septimius Severus, iii, 262;

of Tyrian origin, but not born in Tyre, 262;

murdered, 263;

a great jurist, 275;

excellent with regard to language, 275.

_Ulster_, it is problematical whether any Cymri had dwelt there, ii,

322.

_Umbrians_, belong to the same stock as the Opicans, i, 99;

their language has some resemblance to Latin, 142;

Umbria, a district in Tuscany, 146;

become tributary to the Gauls, 372;

connexion with the Romans, 509;

acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571;

under arms during the Social War, ii, 352, 358;

get the Roman franchise, 358.

_Umbro_, river in Tuscany, i, 146.

_Unction_ often applied as a remedy, iii, 252.

_Uri_, the _Beisassen_, a subjugated community, i, 167;

the canton oligarchical, 437.

_Usipetes_, Cæsar’s conduct against them, iii, 44.

_Utica_, older colony of Tyre than Carthage, ii, 1;

rises against Carthage, 45;

throws itself into the arms of Rome, 232;

saved by Cato, iii, 69.

V

_Vaccæans_, their subjection, ii, 202;

war against them, 231.

_Vadimo_, lake, i, 547.

_Valais_, iii, 43.

_Valckenaer_, iii, 235.

_Valencia_, province, Latinized, ii, 257.

_Valencia_, town, founded, ii, 260.

_Valenciennes_, excavations, iii, 203.

_Valens_, see Fabius.

_Valens_, brother and colleague of Valentinian the First, iii, 315;

cruel and cowardly, a fanatical Arian, 316;

battle of Adrianople, 319.

_Valentinian_, emperor, an Illyrian, iii, 315;

character, 315.

_Valentinian II._, son of Valentinian the First, iii, 316;

flies before Maximus to Thessalonica, 321;

murdered by Arbogastes, 321.

_Valentinian III._, Placidus, iii, 335;

emperor, 335;

conspires against Aëtius, 342;

murdered, 342.

_Valeriani_, ii, 377; iii, 5.

_Valerianus_ defeats Æmilianus, emperor, iii, 279;

censor, 279;

his history very obscure, 279;

war with the Persians, capitulates and becomes a prisoner, 280;

dies in captivity, 281.

_Valerian laws_ restore those of Servius, i, 207.

_Valerius_, see Messalla.

_Valerius_ and _Horatius_, consuls after the downfall of the decemvirs,

i, 342;

conquer the Sabines, 342.

_L. Valerius_, _duumvir navalis_, sent with his squadron to Tarentum,

i, 549;

killed, 549.

_M. Valerius_, dictator, i, 235.

_Valerius_, Volesus, and the several contemporary Valerii, i, 200,

_note_, 218;

belong to the Tities, 200.

_Valerius Antias_, the most untrue of all the Roman historians, i, 32;

does not belong to the gens of the patrician Valerii, 32;

Livy has repeatedly taken from him, 33, 117.

_M. Valerius Corvus_, character, i, 425, 481;

conquers near the Mount Gaurus, 427;

a second time, 429;

puts down the insurrection near Lautulæ, 431;

lives to an advanced age, 547;

six times consul, ii, 333.

_Q. Valerius Falto_, prætor, conquers near the Ægatian isles, ii, 38.

_L. Valerius Flaccus_, friend of Cato, ii, 173, 192.

_L. Valerius Flaccus_, head of the democracy, ii, 369;

gets the command against Mithridates, 375;

murdered by his quæstor or legatus Fimbria, 376.

_Valerius Flaccus_, prætor, iii, 23;

Cicero’s oration for him, 37.

_Valerius Maximus_, one of the most wretched of writers, i, 66;

during the middle ages the mirror of virtue, 79;

no historical authority, 466.

_Valerius Poplicola_, præfectus urbi, i, 202;

generally mentioned as the successor of Collatinus, 205;

the accounts of him are fabulous, 206;

said to have been chosen into the senate, 334.

_L. Valerius Potitus_, requires the decemvirs to resign their power, i,

308.

_C. Valerius Triarius_, iii, 8.

_Valesius_, Hadrian, iii, 276.

_Valgius_, iii, 129, 141.

_Valla_, Laurentius, his grave discovered by Niebuhr, i, 3;

startled at the contradictions of ancient history, 3, 56.

_Vandals_, fearing rebellions, pull down the walls of the conquered

towns, ii, 20;

make their appearance, iii, 284;

threaten Rome, 287;

cross the Rhine, 332;

evacuate Gaul, 332;

in Spain, 332;

conquered by Adolphus, 334;

invited to Africa by Boniface, 337;

truce and peace, 337;

pillage Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the coast of Italy, 338.

_Q. Vargunteius_, has reviewed, not divided the books of Ennius, i, 24.

_Q. Varius_, tribune, his law, ii, 349.

_Varius_, ranked by the ancients among the greatest of that age, iii,

138;

his tragedy of Thyestes, 138;

composed very likely after Alexandrinian tragedy, 138.

_Varro_, see Terentius.

_Varro Atacinus_, translator of Apollonius Rhodius, iii, 129.

_Varus_, general of Pompey in Africa, iii, 56.

_Varus_, Martius, iii, 241.

_Varus Quinctilius_, iii, 156.

_Vases_, Etruscan, near Tarquinii, perfectly similar to the oldest

Greek ones, i, 134;

Arretinian, 134.

_Vatinius_, Cicero’s charge and defence, iii, 20;

causes, as tribune of the people, Cisalpine Gaul to be given to Cæsar

for five years, 34.

_Vaudoncourt_, general, asserts, that the Italian, Spanish, and African

nations, fought in phalanx, i, 476;

his notions with regard to the battle on the Trebia inconceivable,

ii, 84.

_Vegetation_ in southern countries always springing up about walls, i,

382.

_Veientine_ war of Tarquin mythical, i, 208.

_Veii_, extent of the town, i, 261;

war with Rome, 261;

conquer the stronghold of the Fabii at the Cremera, 264;

attack against Rome, 264;

truce, 265;

last war with Rome, 352;

parallel to that of Troy, 354;

conquered, 359;

occupied by patricians, and partly also by plebeians, 360;

the Etruscans try to reconquer it, but are repulsed by the Romans

under Cædicius, 381;

proposition to inhabit Veii instead of Rome, 386;

destroyed by the orders of the senate, 387;

restored as military colony under Augustus, 387.

_Velabrum_, i, 189;

lay low on marshy ground, 518.

_Velia summa, infima_, i, 206.

_Velinus_, lake, its draining, i, 538.

_Velitræ_, originally Latin, i, 445;

afterwards a Volscian town, 344, 345;

Roman colony, 345;

separated from Rome, 390;

fate after the Latin war, 450.

_Velleius Paterculus_, writes as far as 783, independent of Livy, i,

57;

character, 58; ii, 357;

hits off many characters with masterly touches, iii, 146;

has much of the mannerism of the French writers of the eighteenth

century, 165.

_Venafrum_, got Roman franchise perhaps by the Lex Julia, ii, 354.

_Venantius Fortunatus_, iii, 154.

_Vendeans_ in the year 1793, i, 526.

_Veneti_, near the mouth of the Loire, conquered by Cæsar, iii, 45.

_Venetians_, friends to the Romans, ii, 56;

their chief town Patavium, 56;

different from the Tuscans, probably of Liburno-Pelasgian descent,

56;

their residences, 56;

dependent, 58.

_Venice_, position of the nobili, i, 131, 512;

in the concilio grande every one was equal to his neighbour, 174;

wishes for peace after the battle of Ghiera d’Adda, 475;

the places were sold, ii, 7;

fought in its most brilliant times only with small ships, 18;

senate, iii, 288;

foundation, 341.

_Vennonius_, an annalist, i, 28.

_Venusia_, colony, i, 534, 560; ii, 106; iii, 133;

probably besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 564;

takes part in the Social war, ii, 352, 355;

military colony, iii, 133.

VER SACRUM, i, 104.

_Vercelli_, battle, iii, 332.

_Vercingetorix_, insurrection against the Romans, iii, 46;

gives himself up to the Romans, 48.

_Verrius Flaccus_, i, 130, 136; iii, 323.

_Verses_, old German, their construction, i, 90;

Arabic, 90;

Persian, 90;

Spanish _coblas de art mayor_, 90.

VERSURAM FACERE, to add the interest to the principal, i, 388.

_Verulæ_, Hernican town, i, 247.

_Verus_, Ælius, adopted by Hadrian, iii, 231.

_Verus_, L., adopted by T. Antonius, iii, 237;

wallowed in luxury, 240;

sent against Parthia, 240.

_Vescia_, Ausonian town, very likely the present S. Agata di Goti, i,

443.

_Veseris_, battle, i, 439, 443.

_Vespasian_ from Nursia, ii, 397; iii, 199;

has the golden house of Nero destroyed, iii, 190;

in Syria against Vitellius, 198;

_instaurator reipublicæ_, 199;

of low birth, 199;

a distinguished officer, 200;

comes late to Rome, 201;

character, 204;

avarice, 206;

his saying concerning the wants of the Roman state, 206;

his buildings, 207;

dies, 207.

_Vesta_, see Vulcanus.

_Vestales_, their number reduced to six by Tarquin the Proud, i, 130.

_Vestinians_ of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;

friends to the Samnites, 476;

fall off from Rome in the Social War, ii, 352;

make peace with Rome, 356.

_Vesuvius_, quite burnt out at the time of Spartacus, ii, 405;

quiet since the time of the Greek settlements, begins to throw up

fire under Titus, iii, 209.

_Veterans_, of Scipio’s army, rewarded by a special grant of land, ii,

187, 273;

veterans form settlements where they have been encamped, iii, 152;

colonies of them founded by Cæsar, 74.

_Vetranio_, iii, 306.

_Vetrius Messius_, i, 344.

VIA APPIA, i, 518;

paved with basalt as far as Brundusium, iii, 222;

see Appian road.

VIA SETINA, i, 518.

_Vibenna_, see Cæles.

_Vibius Virrius_, head of the Carthaginian party in Capua resolves to

die, ii, 113.

VICI, a certain number assigned to each region, i, 172; iii, 123.

_Victor_, the _Origo gentis Romanæ_, a forgery of modern times, i, 34;

iii, 323.

_Victoriensis_, Neu Wied, iii, 283.

_Victories_, invented after defeats, i, 222.

_Victorinus_, M. Piavvonius, emperor, iii, 282.

_Victorinus_, Marius, rhetorician, iii, 324.

VICUS, _septem viarum_, i, 188;

_sceleratus_, 194.

VIDEANT _consules, ne quid detrimenti capiat res publica_, i, 277; ii,

304, and _note_.

_Vienna_, siege by Soliman, ii, 280.

_Vienne_, capital of the Allobroges, ii, 78.

VIGILES, iii, 123.

_Villani_, Giovanni, i, 120;

Matteo, iii, 292.

VILLE, original meaning, i, 167.

_Villius_, consul, only a short time against Philip, ii, 154;

stationed at Antigonea, 154.

_Viminalis_, first brought within the precincts of the city by the wall

of Servius Tullius, i, 190.

VINCULA PETRI, iii, 114.

VINCULUM FIDEI, i, 230.

_Vindelicians_, are of Liburnian stock, i, 370; iii, 151.

_Vindex_, Julius, an Aquitanian of rank, insurrection under Nero, iii,

192;

had the rank of a Roman senator, 193;

slain, 193;

a Gallic national feeling manifested in his rebellion, 202.

VINDICIÆ _contra libertatem, secundum libertatem_, i, 309.

_Vinius_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Virgil_, changes the old legend of the settlement of Æneas in Latium,

i, 116;

_Gensque virum truncis et duro robore creti_, i, 110;

_recens horrebat regia culmo_, 120;

his life in danger, iii, 101;

his fourth eclogue, 103;

may be called the contemporary of Asinius, 130;

never has any obsolete phrases but in the Æneid, 131;

opinion of him, 131;

lyric poetry his true calling, 132;

wishes to burn the Iliad, 133;

deserves the reproach of flattery far more than Horace, 134;

follows in the track of the poets of Alexandria and Pergamus, 139;

Virgilian school in the middle ages, 186.

_Virgin_, her image washed in the river Almo, iii, 115.

_Virginia_, daughter of the centurion L. Virginius, i, 309;

crime of Ap. Claudius against her, 309.

_Virginius_, father of Virginia, not Aulus, as Livy has it, i, 309.

_T. Virginius Rufus_, commander of the German troops, iii, 193;

truce with Vindex, 193;

refuses to be emperor, 193;

declares himself for Galba, 194.

_Viriathus_, ii, 224, 257;

his peace with the Romans, 258;

murdered, 259.

_Viridomarus_, Gallic chief slain by M. Claudius Marcellus, ii, 56.

_Visigoths_, iii, 317;

their national civilization, 317;

received into the Roman empire, insurrection at Marcianopolis, 318;

overrun Mœsia and Thrace, 318;

besiege Adrianople, 319;

disarmed by Theodosius, 320;

defeated in Greece by Stilicho, 329;

conf. Alaric and Adolphus.

_Vitellius_, proclaimed emperor by the troops on the German frontier,

iii, 196;

his character, 196;

his father, 196;

marches against Italy, 197;

battle near Bedriacum, 197;

takes possession of Rome, 198;

murdered, 201.

_Vitruvius Vaccus_, i, 466.

_Vituli_ or _Vitelli_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 79.

_Vodostor_, Carthaginian commander, ii, 37.

_Volaterra_, destroyed, ii, 383.

_Volcano_, on Ischia, an eruption, i, 536.

_Volnius_ i, 148.

_Vologæsus_, iii, 391.

_Volones_, ii, 110.

_Volscians_, are Opicans, i, 98, 223;

periods of the wars against them, 246;

advance against Rome from the sea-side, 275;

very likely those of Ecetræ had a friendly alliance with Rome, 285;

get isopolity, 285, 292;

the Volscians of Ecetræ crushed by Postumius Tubertus, 344;

split into several states, 410;

their land Roman, 504;

peace, ii, 147.

_Volscius_, who informs against Cæso Quinctius, banished by

Cincinnatus, i, 284;

his surname of Fictor, 284.

_Voltumna_, temple, i, 151;

festivals of the Etruscans there, 350.

_Volumnius_, consul, carries on the war in Samnium, i, 525;

goes to Etruria, where Ap. Claudius wants not to admit him, 527.

_Voss_, J. II., the truth of his remarks on Tibullus not admitted owing

to party spirit, iii, 137.

_Vossius_, Ger. John, i, 38;

misled by Pighius, 69.

_Vulcanus_ and _Vesta_, deities of fire, i, 169.

_Vulsinii_, the insurrection there betokens the condition of a

vanquished people, i, 152;

war with Rome, 361, 390, 509.

_Vulturnum_, another name for Capua, i, 343.

W

_Walch’s_ emendations on Livy, i, 57.

_Wall_ of Servius Tullus, i, 190;

that which is called after Trajan, probably built by Augustus, iii,

61.

_Wallace_, ii, 53.

_Wallachia_, language of the country, iii, 219.

_Wallia_, iii, 345.

_Walpole_, i, 464.

_Warnefrid_, Paul, Eutropius continued by him, i, 66.

_War_, a different notion of waging war has come into vogue since the

end of the seventeenth century, ii, 119.

_War_, declaration of war by the Fetiales, its formula in Livy, i, 104.

_War_, art of war was of a far higher order in the Seven-Years’ war

than it is now, ii, 17.

_Wars_ in the French revolution conducted with sluggishness and want of

design on the part of the enemy, ii, 82.

_Waterloo_, battle, i, 560.

_Wattignies_, battle, turning point of the modern history of warfare,

ii, 14.

_Well_, on the Capitol, i, 378.

_Wendes_, in Germany, have most of them adopted the German language

without colonization, i, 367.

_Western Asia_, ruled over by Syrian kings, ii, 145.

_Western Goths_, see Visigoths.

_Westerwald_, iii, 46.

_Wieland_, his commentary on Horace, iii, 134.

_Will_, double form of it, i, 301;

_in procinctu_, 301;

auguries requisite for it, 302;

the free disposition of property gave rise to the most shameful

abuse, 303.

WINKELMANN, i, 73;

led astray by Dempster, 141;

belongs from his style to the period before Lessing, iii, 127.

_Winter_, severe, in Rome, i, 357.

_Wittekind_, of Corvey, in his time all memory of the Roman wars

entirely vanished, iii, 150.

_Wolf_, F. A., i, 73, 251.

X

_Xanthippus_, not a Spartan, but a Neodamode, ii, 22;

becomes general of the Carthaginians, 23;

defeats Regulus, 24;

leaves Carthage, 24.

_Xanthus_, in Lycia, iii, 96.

_Xanthus_, of Lydia, his work unjustly suspected of not being genuine,

i, 143.

_Xenagoras_, i, 223.

_Xiphilinus_, extracts from Dio Cassius, i, 64.

Y

_Year_, the oldest year of the Romans had ten months, i, 84, 387;

that of the Etruscans likewise, 387.

_Yellow fever_, in Cadix in 1800, i, 276.

_Yemen_, etymology, iii, 281.

Z

_Zama_, battle, ii, 140.

_Zanclæans_, their curse on Messana, i, 577.

_Zarmizegethusa_, capital of Dacia, Roman colony under the name of

Colonia Ulpia, iii, 219.

_Zeno_, iii, 68;

by far inferior to Plato and Aristotle, 239.

_Zenobia_, widow of Odenathus, iii, 282;

war with Aurelian, 286;

must have had bad infantry, 286;

taken prisoner, 286.

_Zeuxis_, ambassador of Antiochus to Scipio, ii, 179.

_Zonaras_, follows in the track of Dio Cassius, i, 20;

his extract from it has a slight admixture from Plutarch, 64;

character of his work, 64;

statements of his of a marked character are taken from Fabius, ii,

62.

_Zorndorf_, battle, 531.

_Zurich_, the guilds the ruling power there in the fourteenth century,

i, 168.

-----

Footnote 1:

Ad Cornelianam p. 78. Ps. Asconius ad Cic. Divin. Verr: p. 103. Or.

and in other places, see Orellii Onom. Ind. Leg. p. 142.—German

Edition.

Footnote 2:

Ch. viii. 3.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 3:

1749.

Footnote 4:

There is a story that Cicero, when going to Rhodes, consulted the

Delphian oracle concerning his life, and that the Pythia replied, that

he ought not to trouble himself about the opinion of others but always

to follow his own. If this be an invention, it was devised by a man of

profound penetration; if the Pythia said it, it is one of those cases

in which one feels tempted to believe in her inspiration.

Footnote 5:

Lydus de Magistr. II, 6.—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 6:

Lucan, Pharsal. I, 125.

Footnote 7:

It is remarkable, that of Cæsar not one witty saying indeed is

recorded, whilst of Cicero an immense number are known, all of which

have a particular stamp, so that their genuineness is not to be

doubted.

Footnote 8:

This unaccountable expression is found in the MSS., and therefore I

did not choose to suppress it. Milo was, as is well known, from

Lanuvium, and had been adopted into the family of the Annii; but in

fact he was sprung from the _gens Papia_. The epithet _Syllanian_

seems to refer to his marriage with Fausta, the daughter of the

dictator Sylla.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 9:

Servius on Virg. Æn. XI, 743.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 10:

This view is contradicted by Bunsen in his Description of the City of

Rome,—Vol. III, 2d div., p. 110.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 11: