_Abdera_, subject to Macedon, ii, 203.
_Abdera_, Phœnician settlement in Spain, ii, 59.
_Abgarus of Osroëne_, iii, 258.
_Ablavius, præfectus prætorio_, iii, 304.
Ἀβλεψία, iii, 181.
ABORIGINES, the same people as the Siculians, i, 101;
the nominative singular must have been _aboriginus_, 101;
emigrate from Achaia to Latium, 101;
Varro’s opinion of them, 103;
their villages were scattered on hills, 110.
_Abyssinian Annals_, from the thirteenth century, contain a piece of
contemporary narrative, i, 125.
_Acarnanians_ apply to Rome for help against the Ætolians, ii, 49;
call upon Philip for help against the Athenians, 149;
part of them Ætolian, 150;
united with Macedon, 151;
a separate state, 163;
become Roman, 175.
ACCENSI, i, 441;
are armed in the battle of Veseris, 442.
_Accius._ See Attius.
_Acerræ_ reduced by the Romans, ii, 56;
the story of the extermination of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65;
taken by Hannibal, 107;
conquered by the Romans, as periœcians of Capua, 114.
_Achæans_ sink into utter insignificance owing to the treason of
Aratus, ii, 145;
undertake a war against the Ætolians, in conjunction with Philip,
145;
dependent on their allies, 145;
the extent of their rule, 151;
unwarlike, 151;
bitterness against Rome, 172;
three factions among them, 206;
outrages of the Roman party after the victory over Perseus, 217;
more than a thousand Achæans sent to Rome, 217;
the state of its affairs at the time of the third Punic war, 248;
they defeat the Lacedæmonians, 250;
extent of their power, 250;
oppose the unjust demands of the Romans, 252;
scattered near Scarphea, 254;
their country changed into a Roman province, 256;
their constitution, 256;
conf. _Ætolians_.
_Achæan towns_, twelve of them, i, 111.
_Achaia_, belonging to the Achæan league, ii, 151;
plundered by the Goths, iii, 280.
_Achillas_, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63.
_Achradina_, a quarter of Syracuse, ii, 117.
_C. Acilius_, a Roman senator, writes Roman annals, down to the war
with Antiochus, i, 23;
his work translated into Latin by a certain Claudius, 23, and ii,
121, 199.
_Acrocorinth_ occupied by the Romans, ii, 162;
evacuated, 172.
ACTA DIURNA, a sort of town gazette, which also contained the acts of
the senate, i, 9.
ACTA MARTYRUM, spurious, felt quite a particular pleasure in devising
and relating the most horrible tortures, ii, 26.
ACTIONES REPETUNDARUM, for which formerly special _quæsitores_ were
appointed, are from the seventh century to be judged according to
the common course of law, ii, 297.
_Actium_, battle of, iii, 111.
_Actius._ See Attius.
_Addiction_, i, 229, 523.
_Aderbidjan_ given up by Persia to Armenia, iii, 296;
wrested from the latter by Sapor, 313.
_Adherbal_, general of the Carthaginians, ii, 32.
_Adherbal_, son of Micipsa, ii, 310;
taken by the Romans under their protection, 311;
beset by Jugurtha in Cirta, 311;
murdered, 312.
_Adiabene_, the country east of the Tigris, iii, 253;
subject to the supremacy of the Romans, 254.
_Adige_ had fords in it, ii, 331.
_Adis_ (Adin), ii, 21.
_Administrative offices_, no other kind of knowledge was requisite in
Rome for holding them, but the _artes liberales_.
_Adolphus_, Alaric’s brother-in-law, commander of the Visigoths, iii,
334;
reigns on both sides of the Pyrenees, 334;
married to Placidia, 334.
_Adoption_ by will, first known example of it, iii, 84.
_Aduatici_, Cimbrian tribe on the Lower Rhine, ii, 333.
_Æacidas_, father of Pyrrhus, i, 352;
attached to Olympias, 352;
driven out of his kingdom by Alexander, 352;
expelled from Epirus by Cassander, 553.
_Ædiles_, a plebeian magistracy, i, 241;
a general Latin magistracy, 241 and 405;
are charged with all the police matters in Rome, iii, 123.
ÆDILES CEREALES limited to the plebs, iii, 75.
ÆDILES CURULES elected in the place of the old _quæstores parricidii_,
i, 405;
their office is held by plebeians also, 405;
it becomes a _liturgy_ in the Greek acceptation of the word, 405;
their attributes, 405;
they are chosen by the _comitia tributa_, 406;
they take upon themselves the burden of the public festivals, ii, 43;
the holding of the ædileship in turns by the two orders done away
with, 269.
_Ædui_ get the hegemony in Gaul, iii, 42;
brothers and friends of the Roman people, 42;
rising against Tiberius under Julius Sacrovir, 202.
_Ægation islands_, victory of the Romans over the Carthaginian fleet,
ii, 38.
_Ægidius_, _magister militum_ in Gaul and Spain, iii, 344.
_Ægina_ taken by the Romans, ii, 146;
sold by the Ætolians to Attalus, 146;
given up to Eumenes, 163.
_Ælia Capitolina_, iii, 230;
the name has been kept up to this day 230.
_Ælianus_, (Lælianus), emperor, conquered by Postumus in Mentz, iii,
282.
_Æmilianus_, governor of Illyricum, proclaimed emperor, defeats Gallus
Trebonianus on the borders of Umbria, iii, 279;
murdered, 279.
_Æmilianus._ See Scipio.
_Æmilius._ See Lepidus.
_L. Æmilius_, consul in the war of the Cisalpine Gauls, ii, 52.
_Mam. Æmilius_, said to have limited the censorial power to eighteen
months, i, 336.
_Q. Æmilius_, general against the Etruscans, i, 506;
relieves Sutrium, 507.
_L. Æmilius Barbula_, consul against Tarentum, i, 551.
_Q. Æmilius Papus_, i, 548.
_Q. Æmilius Paullus_, reduces the Illyrians, ii, 57;
μισόδημος, having been wrongfully accused after the Illyrian
campaign, 98;
mortally wounded in the battle of Cannæ, 102.
_L. Æmilius Paullus_, son of the former, brings in Greeks for the
education of his children, ii, 199;
consul, 212;
defeats Perseus in the battle of Pydna, 213;
is not to be ranked among the great men, 216;
his triumph, 218.
_L. Æmilius Paullus_, consul, iii, 49;
bought over by Cæsar, 50;
builds the Basilica Æmilia, 50.
_Æneas_, according to Nævius, arrives with on ship only, i, 106;
earliest traditions concerning him, 106.
_Ænianians_, subjected to the Ætolians, ii, 151.
_Ænos_, Macedonian, ii, 203.
_Æquians_, are Opicans, i, 98;
_gens magna_, 275;
march from the Anio against Rome, 275;
war of them in the year 323, 343;
their power broken by Postumius Tubertus, 344;
receive their deathblow from the Gauls, 384;
in the first Samnite war allied to the Latins 436;
conquered, receive the right of Roman citizenship, 505.
_Æqui Falisci_, i, 361.
_Æquimælium_, the place where the house of Sp. Mælius had stood, i,
338.
_Ærarii_, i, 180, 333;
had very likely to pay a war-tax for the _pedites_ to carry on
trades, 515.
_Ærarium_, the chest of the plebeians, i, 233;
of the senate and of the emperor, iii, 121.
_Æschines_, i, 248.
_Æsculetum_, place of meeting of the _populus_ outside the town, i,
269.
_Æsernia_, colony, i, 535; ii, 106;
conquered, by the Samnites, 356;
seat of the Italian government, 358.
_Aëtius_, iii, 336;
from Lower Mœsia, 336;
with the Huns, 340;
his achievements, 340;
against Attila, 340;
defeats Attila, 341;
his death, 341;
his title is _Patricius_ and _Dux Romanorum_, 341.
_Ætna_, eruption in the year 354, i, 357.
_Ætolians_ and Achæans united against Demetrius, ii, 48;
divide Acarnania with Alexander of Epirus, 49;
treat the embassy of the Romans with scorn, 49;
war of Philip and the Achæans against them, 145;
they are humbled by it, 145;
free, 145;
alliance with the Romans, 146;
deserve praise after the Lamian war, 146;
they sink afterwards into a state of barbarism, 146;
attacked by Philip, they conclude a very disadvantageous peace, 147;
hostile to Macedon, 150;
extent of their possessions, 150;
they have isopolity with many places in Elis and Messene, 151;
misunderstanding with Rome, 152;
dissensions between them and the Romans after the battle of
Cynoscephalæ, 160;
their vanity, 160;
side with Antiochus, 167;
defend Ambracia, 174;
peace, 175;
outrages of the Roman party after the defeat of Perseus, 216.
_Ætolian_ cavalry is bad, i, 440.
_Afranius_, Pompey’s general in Spain a commonplace man, iii, 54;
defeated near Lerida, 56;
in Africa, 67.
_Africa_, numerous and zealous church there, iii, 273.
_African school_, iii, 234;
has no peculiar dialect, 234;
its origin unknown, 234.
_Agathias_, his history is most authentic, iii, 263.
_Agathocles_ employed by the Tarentines, i, 461;
his character, 575;
shows the weakness of the Carthaginians in Africa, ii, 17.
_Agathyrsians_, i, 369.
AGER LIMITATUS, its law on the _tabula Heracleensis_, seems to have
been similar to that which was in force at Rome, i, 269.
_Ager publicus_, i, 243; ii, 270;
one instance only of any thing like it in Greece, i, 253;
occupation of it, 253;
_agrum locare_ and _agrum vendere_ are synonymous, 254.
_Agis_, PROXENUS of the Romans at Tarentum, i, 551.
_Agon Capitolinus_ instituted by Domitian, iii, 210.
_Agrarian law_, i, 250;
peculiar to the Romans, 253.
_Agricola Julius_, from Forum Julii, may have sprung from Gallic
ancestors, iii, 193;
completes the conquest of Britain, 211.
_Agrigentum_ laid waste by the Carthaginians, i, 576;
independent, 576;
destroyed by the Carthaginians, ii, 4;
condition at the outbreak of the Punic wars, 10;
sacked, 12;
taken by the Romans, 119;
its several devastations, 119;
afterwards restored, 119.
_C. Agrippa_, iii, 147;
adopted by Augustus, 147;
sent to Armenia, 147;
Velleius’ character of him, 147;
murdered there, 148.
_L. Agrippa_ adopted by Augustus, iii, 147;
sent to Gaul and Spain, 147;
his death, 148.
_M. Agrippa_ Octavian’s adviser, iii, 85;
conducts the war against Sextus Pompey, 109;
victory near Mylæ, 109;
marries Julia, 143, 146;
his influence on Augustus, 144;
his buildings, 144;
Augustus gives him his ring, 146;
differences between him and Marcellus, 146;
Velleius’ saying of him, 146;
withdraws to Mitylene, 146;
his death, 146.
_Agrippa Postumus_ adopted by Augustus, iii, 148.
_Agrippina_, Agrippa’s daughter, wife of Germanicus, iii, 146;
her virtue, 146, 160;
banished by Sejanus, 176.
_Agrippina_, wife of the Emperor Claudius, her character, iii, 183;
daughter of Germanicus, 188;
mother of Nero, 189;
murdered, 189.
_Agron_, king of the Illyrians, ii, 47.
_Agylla_ receives the worship of Greek heroes, i, 147;
is called Cære by the Etruscans, 147;
Conf. Cære.
_Ahenobarbus._ See Domitius.
_Aisne_, battle, iii, 44.
_Alans_, iii, 288;
cross the Rhine, 331;
withdraw from Gaul, 332;
conquered by Adolphus, 334;
treachery towards Aëtius, 341.
_Alaric_, king of the Visigoths, iii, 329;
defeated by Stilicho, 329;
appointed _magister militum_, 329;
appears in the West, 330;
defeated near Pollentia, 330;
withdraws from Italy, 330;
blockades Rome twice, 333;
dies in Cosenza, 334.
_Alaric_, the younger, his classical knowledge, iii, 343.
_Alatrum_, town of the Hernicans, i, 247.
_Alba_, on the Alban lake, capital of the ruling conquerors, i, 107;
its historical existence, 108;
shares with the thirty towns the flesh of the sacrifices on the Alban
Mount, 108;
religious reference of Roman _gentes_ to Alba, 113;
its destruction is historical, 125;
not the least connexion between it and Rome, 126;
its destruction by the Latins is most probable, 128.
_Alba_ on the Lake Fucinus, from thence the Sacranians issued, i, 107;
Roman colony, 505;
Syphax dies there as an exile, ii, 137;
Perseus and his sons live there in captivity, 245;
and likewise Bituitus, king of the Allobroges, 308.
_Albans_ had the dominion over Latium, i, 108;
their reception into Rome is probably historical, 125
_Albanian_, the modern Albanian language is like the ancient Illyrian,
ii, 57.
_Alban kings_, their chronology is a forgery of L. Cornelius Alexander,
i, 107.
_Alban lake_ drained, i, 356–359.
_Albenses_ (_Populi_), in Pliny, i, 107.
_Albinovanus_ makes his peace with Sylla, ii, 282.
_Albinovanus_ Pedo, iii, 140.
_A. Albinus_, surrounded in Africa, ii, 315.
_Albinus Clodius_, the title of Cæsar offered to him by Commodus, iii,
250;
proclaimed emperor by the British and Gallic legions, 250;
his descent, 253;
overreached by Septimius Severus, 253;
defeated near Lyons, his death, 253.
_Sp. Albinus_, consul, ii, 315.
_Album_, explanation of the term, i, 6.
_Alcæus of Messene_, epigrams of his, ii, 160.
_Alcibiades_, the bravest Athenian, i, 296.
_Alemanni_, iii, 277;
break into the Roman empire, 279;
must have undertaken an expedition as far as Spain, 282;
pass the Po, 287;
war of Probus against them, 288;
on both banks of the Rhine, 310;
force the passage across the Rhine, 331.
_Aleppo_, famine there, i, 338.
_Alesia_, between Autun and Langres, iii, 47.
_Alexander VI._, Pope, lays down a division of countries in the new
world between Spain and Portugal, i, 413.
_Alexander_, L. Cornelius, a freedman of Sylla, i, 107.
_Alexander_, king of Epirus, the treaty with him is the first connexion
between Greece and Rome, i, 458;
family connexions, 463;
unites the Greek towns of Lower Italy in a confederacy, 464;
quarrels with the Tarentines, after which he carries on the war as an
adventurer, 464;
is slain near Pandosia, 465;
treaty with the Romans, 465;
usurps the kingdom of Æacidas, 552.
_Alexander the Great_, the embassy of the Romans to him seems not to be
a fiction, i, 469;
embassy of the Samnites and Lucanians, 469;
of the Iberians, 469;
whether the Romans knew of him, 469;
has done little in comparison with Hannibal, ii, 67.
_Alexander_, son of Pyrrhus, ii, 49 and 50.
_Alexander Severus_, formerly called Alexianus, adopted by Elagabalus,
iii, 261;
his character, 261;
the authors seem to have written a sort of Cyropædia on him, 262;
weak to Mamæa, 262;
Ulpianus his minister, 262;
displays great firmness on many occasions, 262;
his war against the Persians, 265;
contradictions concerning it, 265;
goes to the Rhine, 266;
mutiny of the troops, 266;
murdered, 267.
_Alexandria_, its population, iii, 64;
massacre under Caracalla, 257;
seat of wit, 257;
many Christians there, 273;
reduced by Diocletian, 296.
_Alexandrines_, drive Ptolemy Auletes away, iii, 28.
_Alexandrine literature_ must be deemed to end with the death of
Eratosthenes, iii, 228.
_Alexianus._ See Alexander Severus.
_Alexo_, an Achæan, discovers a plot in the Carthaginian camp before
Lilybæum, ii, 30.
_Alfatarians_, i, 419.
_Algidus_, a cold rugged height, its situation, i, 277.
_Aliens_ were better treated in the Germanic states, than in the
ancient world and in France, i, 167.
_Alia_, battle on the, was fought July 16th, i, 373;
an historical event, 376;
site of the river uncertain, 376;
description of the battle, 377.
_Aliphera_ during the war of Hannibal well affected to Macedon, ii,
145.
_Aliso_ on the Lippe, very likely in the neighbourhood of Hamm, iii,
157.
_Allobroges_, are pure Celts, i, 370;
their country at the time of Hannibal, ii, 79;
their abodes, 308;
acknowledge the _majestas populi Romani_, 79;
Roman citizens, iii, 23;
their envoys at the conspiracy of Catiline, 23;
call for Cæsar’s protection against the Helvetians, 41.
_Alps_, their extent in Polybius, ii, 77.
_Alpine tribes_, their treachery to Hannibal, ii, 78.
_Alumentus_, Latin form for Laomedon, ii, 194.
_Alva_, Duke of —’s cruelty in the Netherlands, iii, 297.
_Amazirgh_, ii, 5.
_Ambiorix_, leader of the Eburones, iii, 46.
_Ambitio Campi_, iii, 118.
_Ambitus_, laws against it, ii, 227, 318; iii, 13, 38.
_Ambracia_ yielded to Pyrrhus by the son of Cassander, i, 554;
residence of Pyrrhus, 555;
siege, ii, 174;
given up to the Romans, 175.
_Ambrones_ join the Cimbrians, ii, 324;
they are most likely Ligurians, 324;
defeated by Marius, 329.
_Ambrose_, iii, 325.
_America_, state of things before the constitution of Washington, ii,
248.
_Americans_, beat the English fleets by means of masses, ii, 14.
_Amida_ taken by Sapor, iii, 309.
_Amiternum_, leagued with the Samnites, taken in the third Samnite war,
i, 535.
_Ammianus Marcellinus_, an ingenious writer, iii, 323;
a native of Antioch, 324.
_Ammonius_, iii, 293.
_Amphilochia_ yielded by the son of Cassander to Pyrrhus, i, 554.
_Amphipolitans_ receive the Chalcidians and drive out the old Athenian
colony, i, 419.
_Amulet_, iii, 355.
_Amulius_, i, 112.
_Amynander_ drives the Macedonian garrisons from Athamania, ii, 203.
_Anagnia_, town of the Hernicans, i, 247;
loses its political existence, 503;
becomes a municipal town of the second class, 503;
receives a provost from Rome to administer justice, 503.
_Anaitis_, her temple in Comana plundered, ii, 407.
_Ancient literature_ revived, iii, 232.
_Ancona_, the March of, a country with a very temperate climate, and
exceedingly healthy, ii, 94;
its constitution in recent times, 398;
its mole and harbour built by Trajan, iii, 223.
_Ancus Marcius_, his conquest very credible, i, 125;
he is a Sabine, 131;
establishes Latins on the Aventine, 131;
founds the colony of Ostia, 132.
_Andalusia_, the Latin language, forbidden there by punishment of
death, dies away within a hundred years, i, 145;
Latinized, ii, 258.
_S. Andreas_ IN BUSTA GALLICA, church in Rome, i, 384.
_Andriscus._ See Pseudophilip.
_Andronidas_, ii, 248.
_Q. Anicius_, a Prænestine, plebeian ædile, i, 495, 521.
ANNALES BERTINIANI, FULDENSES, etc., their arrangement, i, 5.
ANNALES MAXIMI _or_ PONTIFICUM, i, 5;
for the earlier times restored afterwards, 6;
according to Servius divided into eighty books, 8;
Cicero’s opinion on them, 8;
one may form an idea of them from the passages which Livy quotes from
them at the end of the tenth book, 8;
Livy’s copy began with the year 460, 8;
according to Diomedes they were still continued in his time, 9;
the probable cause of their having ceased in the times of P. Mucius
is the publication of the _acta diurna_, 9;
destroyed in the burning of the town by the Gauls, 83.
_Annius of Viterbo_, his forgeries, i, 141.
_Antagoras_, ii, 198.
_Anthemius_, emperor, iii, 345.
_Antibes_ (Antipolis) conquered, ii, 220.
_Antigonea_, founded by Pyrrhus, the present Argyrocastro, ii, 153;
_fauces Antigoneæ_, 153;
victory of Flaminius, 155.
_Antigonus Doson_ (Epitropus), guardian of Philip, i, 144;
in the last years of his guardianship the Macedonian empire recovers,
145.
_Antigonus the One-eyed_, killed in the battle Ipsus, i, 553.
_Antigonus Gonatas_, abandoned by his troops, i, 569;
again appointed king, 569;
marches to Argos, 569;
decay of the Macedonian empire during the later years of his reign,
ii, 144.
_Antioch_, the seat of wit, iii, 257;
many Christians there, 273;
sacked by the Persians, 280;
battle, 286.
_Antioch_, the people of, their frivolity and luxury, iii, 311;
rouse the wrath of Theodosius, 322.
_Antiochus Epiphanes_, his character correctly described in the book of
the Maccabees, ii, 207;
his connexion with Perseus, 211;
war against Egypt, 220;
his last disease, 390.
_Antiochus the Great_ of Syria, allies himself with Philip III. against
Ptolemy Epiphanes, ii, 147;
conquers Perinthus, Ephesus, and Lycia, 148;
bears unjustly the surname of the Great, 165;
better than the princes of his house who had the same name, 166;
extent of his rule, 166;
negociations of the Romans with him, 167;
rejects Hannibal’s advice, 170;
lands in Greece, 171;
battle of Thermopylæ, 173;
returns to Asia, 173;
his fleet commanded by Hannibal, 175;
conquered near Myonnesus, 175;
evacuates the Chersonesus, 176;
falls back into Lydia, 176;
offers to conclude a peace, 177;
battle of Magnesia, 178;
peace, 179.
_Antiochus Hierax_ war against Ptolemy Euergetes, ii, 182.
_Antiochus Soter_, ii, 166.
_Antiochus Theos_, an utterly infamous prince, ii, 166.
_Antipater_ L. Cœlius. See Cœlius.
_Antiquities_, the study of Roman antiquities makes rapid progress in
the beginning of the 16th century, i, 68.
_Antium_, at first Tyrrhenian, afterwards Volscian, i, 223;
sprung from the same stock with Rome and Ardea, 223;
conquered in 286 by the Romans, 274;
receives a Volscian colony, 274;
opposition; the old citizens call in the Romans, 274;
receives a colony of Romans, Latins, and Hernicans, 274;
_Antiates mille milites_, 274;
restored to the Volscians, 286;
severed from Rome, 390;
a marine colony, 450;
its fate after the Latin war, 450;
laid waste, ii, 372.
_Antonia_, daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia, Drusus’ wife, iii, 104;
mother of the emperor Claudius, 181.
_M. Antoninus_ marries one of his daughters to Pompeian, a Greek, i,
62;
in his reign, there remains only the art of casting in bronze, iii,
224;
his real name Annius Verus, 236;
called by Hadrian, Verissimus, 236;
different accounts concerning his adoption, 237;
his beauty, 238;
character, 238;
meditations, 238;
correspondence with Fronto, 238;
stoicism, 239;
love of his subjects, 239;
his monumental column very much damaged, 242;
goes to the East, 245;
_dialogista_, 245;
Avidius Cassius’ opinion on him, 245;
his death, 246;
he sells the valuable things of his palace, 248;
his equestrian statue, a noble work, 275;
writes very good Greek, 324.
_M. Antoninus Magnus_, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254;
see Caracalla.
_T. Antoninus Pius_, grandson of Arrius Antoninus, adopted by Hadrian,
iii, 231;
emperor, 236;
married to Galeria Faustina, 236;
a native of Nemausus, 236;
his history little known to us, 236;
his surname _Pius_, 236;
his wars, 236;
his character, 237.
_Antoninus Diadumenianus_, son of Macrinus, iii, 260.
_Antonius._ See Primus.
_C. Antonius_, consul, Cicero’s colleague, iii, 24.
_C. Antonius_, brother of the triumvir, receives the province of
Macedon, iii, 86;
executed by Brutus, 96.
_L. Antonius_, brother of the triumvir, places himself at the head of
the malcontents against Octavian, iii, 102;
the Perusian war, 103;
makes up with Octavian, 103.
_M. Antonius_, consul, ii, 339;
orator, 349, 373.
_M. Antony_, tribune of the people, iii, 52;
makes his passage to Illyricum, 59;
quarrels with Dolabella; both of them equally bad, 70;
offers to Cæsar the diadem, 76;
his behaviour after Cæsar’s murder, 82;
delivers a funeral oration for Cæsar, 83;
is not among his heirs, 83;
administers Cæsar’s property, 84;
makes away with the greatest part of the money, 85;
chooses Cisalpine Gaul for his province, 86;
shows himself friendly to the _optimates_, 86;
although a bad man he might be gained over, 86;
incensed against Cicero, 87;
besieges Dec. Brutus in Mutina, 87;
goes to Gaul, 90;
imperator, 90;
triumvirate, 91;
battle of Philippi, 97;
his moderation after the war, 99;
falls into the nets of Cleopatra, 101;
peace of Brundusium, 103;
marries Octavia, 104;
gets the empire of the east, 104;
unsuccessful attempt against Sicily, 105;
of Misenum, 105;
campaign in Media, 108;
divorce from Octavia, 110;
marries Cleopatra, 110;
his fleet, 111;
battle of Actium, 111;
his death, 113.
_Antonius Musa_, physician of Augustus, iii, 146.
_Antrodoco_, the defiles of —, disgracefully abandoned by the
Neapolitans in 1821, i, 477.
_d’Anville_, his maps of Italy to be recommended, i, 76;
characteristics, 76;
C. Niebuhr always spoke of him in the highest terms of
acknowledgment, 77.
_Anxur_, i, 344;
conf. Terracina.
_Aous_, river, ii, 153.
_Apennines_, geologically different from the mountain ranges of
Southern Italy, ii, 8;
ways leading through them to Italy, 52;
roads through them, 89.
_Aper._ See Arrius.
_Apollodorus of Damascus_, his likeness is the most ancient of an
artist which we have, i, 61; iii, 221;
architect of Trajan, iii, 221.
_Apollonia_, dependent on the Romans, ii, 48, 153; iii, 58, 84.
_Appeal_ to the people, done away with, ii, 297;
it had only been allowed for _judicium publicum_, 297;
source of the modern appeal, iii, 117.
_Appia Aqua_, i, 518.
_Appian_ has borrowed from Fabius, i, 20;
closely follows the track of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 20;
his sources, 252;
a jurist from Alexandria, lives in Rome during the reigns of Hadrian
and Antoninus Pius, greatly befriended by Fronto, 60; iii, 237;
his history arranged after the _Origines_ of Cato, i, 60;
he knew well how to choose his sources, 60;
his ignorance particularly of geography, 61;
editions, 61;
on the _ager publicus_, 252;
the groundwork of his history of the second Punic war, is taken from
Fabius, ii, 62;
is the only source for the third Punic war, 240;
has copied from Polybius, 240;
otherwise below criticism, 240.
_Appian_ road built, i, 517, 518.
_Apuleius._ See Saturninus.
_Apuleius_, to be placed among the first geniuses of his age, iii, 234;
shows talent wherever he has a subject, 235.
_Apulia_, description of the country, i, 477;
clothed in winter with fine and excellent grass, 478;
joins Pyrrhus, 557;
a mild, sunny district, ii, 95;
a breeze rises there every afternoon from the east, (the sea), 102;
part of it falls away from the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, 107;
under arms in the Social war, but without having any share in the
Italian state, 352.
_Apulians_ of the same stock as the Opicans, i, 99.
_Aqua Appia._ See Appia.
_Aqua Claudia_, the finest Roman aqueduct, iii, 189.
_Aqua Marcia_, ii, 339.
_Aqua Marrana_, i, 188.
_Aquæ Sextiæ_, first Roman colony beyond the Alps, ii, 308;
gets the Roman franchise in virtue of the _lex Julia_, 354.
_Aqueducts_ of the emperors are of brick, with a cast of mortar in the
middle, i, 138;
of the Romans, 518;
of Appius, 518.
_Aquila_, town in Latium, founded in the middle ages, i, 77.
_Aquileia_, besieged by Maximin, ii, 269;
battles, 321;
destroyed, 341.
_Aquitanians_ are pure Hispanians, i, 367;
of the Iberian race, in Guienne, iii, 42;
conquered by Crassus, 46.
_Arabia_, vassal kingdom of Persia, iii, 253;
Arabia Petræa, made a Roman province by Trajan, 220.
_Aræ Flaviæ_, on the military road from the Main to Augsburg, iii, 216
_Aratus_ sacrifices Corinth and the liberty of Greece, not to let
Cleomenes have the authority which was due to him, ii, 145.
_Aratus_, the poet, ii, 199;
the paraphrase of the phænomena is by Domitian, 209.
_Arbiter_, one only was needed in criminal causes, ii, 297.
_Arbogastes_, a Frank general, commander of the army of Valentinian
II., rises against him, iii, 321.
_Arcadians_, an essentially Pelasgian people, i, 96.
_Arcadia_, its position completely changed, i, 390;
Achæan, ii, 151.
_Arcadius_, iii, 328.
_Archelaus_, commander of the army of Mithridates in Greece, ii, 369;
defends himself in the Piræeus, 375.
_Archidamus_ of Sparta employed by the Tarentines, i, 461;
killed on the day of the battle of Chæronea, 463.
_Archimedes_ builds a ship for Hiero, which is sent by the latter to
Alexandria, ii, 17;
defends Syracuse, 117.
_Architecture_, its different stages of development, iii, 222;
its decline under Hadrian, 275.
_Archytas_, the Leibnitz of his age, i, 461;
seven times called to the office of general, 461.
_Ardaburius_, iii, 336.
_Ardaschir_, son of Babek, of the race of Sassan, king of the Persians,
iii, 264;
restores the old fire-worship, 264;
sets up monuments in Persepolis, 264;
is called by the Greeks Artaxerxes, 265;
war against the Romans, 265.
_Ardea_, the war of Tarquin the Proud against Ardea is fabulous, i,
198;
is of the same stock with Rome and Antium, 223;
insurrection, 343;
make head against the Gauls, 381.
_Ardeates_, the decision between them and the people of Aricia was
pronounced by the Curies, i, 94.
_Ardyæans_ in northern Illyricum, are under the protection of Rome, ii,
146;
overcome by Philip, 146;
their country ceded to him by the Romans, 147.
_Arevaci_, a Spanish people, ii, 220;
a tribe of the Celtiberians, 260.
_Argolis_ Archæan, ii, 151, 163.
_Argos_, a Pelasgian word, probably meaning town, i, 101;
synonymous with Peloponnesus, 101;
also for Thessaly, 101;
the republican party calls in Pyrrhus against the aristocrats, 569;
the latter summon Antigonus to their aid, 569;
devastated by the Goths, iii, 280.
_Argyrocastro_, very important pass, ii, 147;
the old Antigonea, 153.
_Aricia_, in a grove before its gates, was the sanctuary of the Latins,
i, 186;
Porsena defeated there, 213;
after the Latin war it does not receive the franchise, but becomes an
independent municipium, 448;
laid waste by Marius, 372.
_Ariminum_, colony of, ii, 50;
opens its gates to Cæsar, iii, 53.
_Ariobarzanes_, Persian governor of Pontus, ii, 360;
king of Cappadocia, 363, 407.
_Ariovistus_, ii, 43;
acknowledged by the Romans as a sovereign king, 43;
defeated near Besançon, 43.
_Aristænus_, Achæan strategus, ii, 156.
_Aristæus_, a Pelasgian hero from Arcadia, i, 96.
_Aristarchus_, the period from him to Dio Chrysostomus is an
intermediate one, which has no distinct character, iii, 228.
_Aristides_, Ælius, a most disagreeable writer, iii, 235;
his declamation on the battle of Leuctra, 235.
_Aristion_, sophist, tyrant of Athens, ii, 364.
_Aristippus_, tyrant of Argos, i, 569.
_Aristobulus_, historian, i, 470.
_Aristobulus_, pretender to the crown of Judæa, made prisoner by
Pompey and led in his triumph, iii, 11.
_Aristocracy_, as it was in the earliest times in Rome, i, 164.
_Aristocrats_, their hypocrisy, ii, 87.
_Aristonicus_, a bastard son of Eumenes, usurps the throne of Pergamus,
ii, 266;
defeats Crassus, 267;
overcome by Peperna, 267.
_Aristotle_, ii, 6;
the text of his Politics is derived from a single MS. of the
fourteenth century, 6.
_Armenia_, nature of the country, iii, 7;
acknowledges the _majestas populi Romani_, 161;
vassal kingdom of the Romans and Parthians, 240;
recognised as a tributary dependency of Rome, 296.
_Armenians_, Gibbon’s remark on the change in their character, iii, 7;
slight Tiberius, 170;
their princes are Arsacidæ and Christians, 313.
_Arminius_, iii, 156;
a Roman knight, 157.
_Arnobius_, his erudition is of great value to us, iii, 293.
_Arpi_, chief town of Apulia, i, 477;
returns to the side of the Romans, ii, 110;
taken by Hannibal, 120.
_Arpinum_ conquered by the Samnites, i, 501;
reconquered by the Romans, 504;
municipal town, large and important; a Cyclopian town; birthplace of
Marius and Cicero, iii, 15.
_Arretinian_ vessels of baked red clay, i, 135.
_Arretinus_, Leonardus, i, 67.
_Arretium_ makes peace with Rome, i, 509;
governed by the Cilnians; besieged by the Gauls, 546;
razed to the ground, ii, 383;
military colony, 385.
_Arria_, wife of Thrasea Pætus, iii, 191.
_Arrian_, a distinguished man, iii, 239.
_Arrius Aper_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 290.
_Arsacidæ_, the younger branch of them on the Parthian throne in
Armenia, iii, 191.
_Arsia_, the forest of, the battle there is purely mythical, i, 208.
_Arsinoë_, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62.
_Artabanus_, king of the Parthians, iii, 258.
_Artavasdes_, king of Armenia, iii, 107.
_Artaxata_ conquered, iii, 191.
_Artillery_, its masses mark the decline of intellectual spirit and
humanity in warfare, ii, 17.
_Art_ in Rome, i, 498;
its decline in the third century, iii, 295.
_Arulenus._ See Rusticus.
_Aruns_, a common Etruscan name, i, 136.
_Arvernians_, have the _principatus Galliæ_ at time of the second Punic
war, ii, 125;
defeated by the Romans, 308;
they never raise their head again, iii, 42.
_Arx_ of Rome climbed by the Gauls, i, 383.
_Arymbas_, prince of the Molossians, i, 552.
_As_, is worth one stiver and a half (²⁵³⁄₄₀₀ penny sterling), i, 181.
_Asconius Pedianus_, a writer of first-rate historical learning, ii,
385.
_Asculum_, battle, i, 564;
massacre of the Romans, ii, 352;
victory of the Romans, 356.
_Asiatics_ were merely archers, i, 176.
_Asia_, kingdom of, ii, 183;
province, 267;
its division in the seventh century, 361;
chastised by Sylla, 377;
the name of Tiberius Claudius a general prænomen there, iii, 193.
_Asinii_ are Marrucinians, ii, 300.
_Asinius_, Herius, father or grandfather of Asinius Pollio, iii, 107.
_Asinius Pollio_ taxes Livy with Patavinity, i, 51;
is said to have still been living after C. Cæsar’s death, 52; iii,
37, 60;
in Spain, 87;
his frankness, 92;
his opinion on Cicero, 95;
does not declare for Antony, though in his heart he is for him, 93;
protects Virgil, 93;
enemy to Sextus Pompey, 104;
united with Domitius Ahenobarbus, 105;
the motives his conduct, 107;
his style very unequal, 129;
forms the connecting link between two generations, 130;
historian, 130;
his opinion of Livy may have arisen from party spirit, 141.
_Asclepieum_, a hallowed place in Carthage, ii, 243.
_Aspar_, iii, 336.
_Aspis_, town in Africa, ii, 20;
conf. Clupea.
_Assignatio_, i, 256.
_Associations_ in the states of the ancients, i, 160.
_Astapa_ rising against Rome, ii, 129.
_Astronomy_, flourishes, iii, 237.
_Astura_, river, the position of which is not known; battle, i, 447.
_Asylum_ on the Capitol, i, 116;
the old tradition of the asylum has reference to the clientship, 170.
_Atella_, i, 453;
as periœcians of Capua conquered by Rome, ii, 114.
_Atellan plays_, ii, 194;
extemporised, 194.
_Athamania_, Macedonian, ii, 203;
the Macedonian garrisons driven off by Amynander, 203.
_Athanasius_, bishop, iii, 309.
_Athens_, the registers of mortgages very prolix there, i, 333;
pay of the soldiers since Pericles, 351;
alone raises itself to general Greek patriotism, 461;
wishes for peace in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, ii, 475;
its relations to its allies change about Ol. 100, after the battle of
Naxos, 248;
the character of the _Demos_ much changed in the Peloponnesian war,
514;
unfortunate expedition to Sicily, 574;
had in the Peloponnesian war and immediately after no other ships but
penteconters, triremes and _lembi_, ii, 12;
fallen to the lowest ebb, 48;
keeps aloof from all political activity, 146;
alliance with Rome; isopolity, 148;
cenotaphs, very likely referring to the second Illyrian war, 149;
involved in hostilities with Philip, 149;
temples pulled down, tombs demolished, 149;
applies to its allies, especially to Rome, 149;
has still some schools, but poesy and even the art of speech dead,
152;
a separate state, 163;
treated by the Romans, down to the times of Sylla, with particular
favour, 163;
receives Scyros, Delos, Imbros, Paros, 164;
quarrels with the Oropians, 249;
remains a _libera civitas_, 256;
opens its gates to Mithridates, 364;
the communication with the Piræeus seems not to have been free since
the times of Antigonus Gonatas, 376;
a small hamlet in the time of Pausanias, 376;
anarchy, iii, 13;
adorned by Hadrian, iii, 230;
receives a theatre and an entire new town, 230;
burned and sacked by the Goths, 280.
_Athenagoras_, iii, 235.
_Atia_, married to C. Octavius, iii, 83.
_Atilius._ See Regulus, Serranus.
_C. Atilius_, consul, goes to Sardinia, ii, 52;
lands at Pisa, 54;
killed near Telamon, 55.
_A. Atilius Calatinus_, ii, 16.
_Atina_, conquered by the Romans, i, 496;
probably gets the rights of citizenship by the _Lex Julia_, ii, 354.
_C. Atinius Labeo_, Trib. Pleb., ii, 269.
_Atintanians_ conquered by Philip, ii, 145;
their country given up by the Romans, 147.
_M. Atius Balbus_ married to a sister of Cæsar, iii, 83.
_Attalus_ of Pergamus conquers Lydia, ii, 146;
allied with Egypt, 148;
his fleet combined with that of the Romans, 155;
defeats the Galatians, 182.
_Attalus_, brother of Eumenes, ii, 221.
_Attalus_, præfectus prætorio, proclaimed emperor by Alaric, iii, 383.
_Attalus Philometor_ of Pergamus, ii, 266;
bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans, 266;
leaves a treasure, 283.
_Atticus_, T. Pomponius, his annals were only tables, i, 35;
is also called Cæcilius, 39;
friend of Cicero, iii, 18.
_Attila_, son of Rugilas, iii, 339;
the main strength of his empire is in German tribes, 339;
devastates the Eastern empire, 339;
goes to Gaul, 340;
lays siege to Orleans, 340;
battle in the _Campi Catalaunici_, 340;
in Italy, 341.
_Attic law_ belongs to a later time when the forms were already very
polished, i, 296.
_L. Attius_, author of _prætextatæ_, ii, 195;
of tragedies, 393;
form of his poems, 393;
is not called Accius or Actius, 393.
_Attius Navius_, augur, i, 139.
_Attius Tullius_ in Antiam, ii, 288.
_Auerstedt_, battle, ii, 91.
_Cn. Aufidius_, a contemporary of Cicero in his youth, wrote history in
Greek, i, 23.
_Aufidius Bassus_, iii, 185.
_Aufidus_, river near Cannæ, ii, 99.
Αὐγούστειοι, iii, 130.
_Augsburgh_, the guilds are there the ruling power in the fourteenth
century, i, 168;
of fifty-one houses, thirty-eight become extinct in one hundred
years, 446;
the chambers (_Stuben_); the meetings of the houses, 539;
founded, iii, 152.
_Augural system_, i, 256.
_Augural divinations_, an inheritance of the Sabellian peoples, i, 154.
_Augurs_, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, and two Tities, i,
124;
are to represent the three tribes, 130;
later number, 130.
_August_, month of, its name, iii, 114.
_Augustan_ age, not Augustean, iii, 130.
_St. Augustine_, one of the greatest minds, i, 224;
exaggerates, 535;
the Punic language is his mother tongue, ii, 5;
as writer, iii, 325;
his eloquence, 326.
_Augustinus_, Antonius, i, 312.
_Augustus_ assigned to every region a certain number of _vici_ without
counting how many there were of them, i, 172;
was an actor in all he did, iii, 32, 86;
named, 115;
his consulships, 116;
wants to lay down his power as dictator, 116;
_Imperator_ as _prænomen_, 117;
not altogether free from superstition, 117;
proconsular power over the whole of the Roman empire given him, 117;
censor, 117;
tribune, 117;
pontifex maximus, 118;
purifies the senate, 119;
_princeps senatus_, 119;
has the control over the finances of the whole empire, 120;
assigns fixed appointments to the governors of the provinces, 121;
_legati Augusti, pro consule, pro prætore_, 121;
new division of the city, 123;
his division of Italy, 124;
his private fortune, 124;
his power absolute in the provinces, 125;
founds military colonies, 125;
his susceptibility towards Horace, 135;
an uncommonly fine man;
there are many busts and statues extant of him, 142;
a remarkable man, 142;
his courage, 142;
a bad general, 142;
his good qualities, 142;
his domestic relations, 143;
a thorough profligate, 143;
Livia’s influence on him, 143;
his physical constitution, 146;
incensed against Tiberius, 147;
his buildings, 148;
campaign against the Dalmatians, 149;
against the Cantabrians, 149;
his memoirs little notice taken of, 150;
poetry, letters, 150;
shuts the temple of Janus, 151;
German wars, 152;
the defeat of Varus puts him utterly beside himself, 160;
his death, 160;
his burial, 161;
not a close-fisted manager, 173.
_Aurei_, iii, 302.
_Aurelian_, emperor, yields Dacia to the Goths, ii, 147;
general of Claudius Gothicus by whom he is recommended as emperor,
iii, 284;
obscurity of his history, 285;
peace with the Goths, 285;
war against Zenobia, 286;
against the soldiers of Tetricus, 286;
defeats the Germans near Fano, 287;
murdered, 287;
insurrection of a master of the mint, 302;
fortifies Rome, 330.
_C. Aurelius Orestes_, Roman commissioner in Achaia, ii, 249.
_M. Aurelius Antoninus._ See Elagabalus.
_Aureolus_, pretender, iii, 284.
_Auruncians_, their invasion twice told by Livy, i, 222;
Auruncians and Ausonians are the same, 223;
advance as far as Latium, 224;
subjected, 435;
their cities destroyed by the Romans, 494.
_Ausonius_, tutor of Gratian, iii, 316;
a bad poet, 323.
_Auspices_ are valid for the plebes only in later times, i, 270;
were taken for the centuries and curies only, 406.
_Austerlitz_, battle, false reports concerning it, i, 222, 531.
_Autun_ lies in ruins until the reign of Diocletian, iii, 282.
_Auxilia_, iii, 125.
_Aventine_ and Palatine hostile, i, 113;
the city of the plebeians, 115;
Latin settlement there under Ancus, 132;
always occupied by the plebeians, 311;
a sort of suburb of Rome, iii, 123.
_Aventinus_, John, quotes some verses from the Nibelungen (Waltharius),
i, 13.
_Avidius Cassius_, iii, 241;
his descent, 243;
restores discipline, 244;
victorious against the Parthians, 244;
proclaimed emperor, 244;
murdered, 244;
his son murdered without the knowledge of M. Antoninus, 245;
his letters, 245.
_Avitus._ See Elagabalus.
_Avitus_, Flavius Mæcilius, emperor, iii, 343;
takes possession of the see of Placentia, 343.
B
_Badajoz_, founded, iii, 150;
conf. Pax.
_Bagaudæ_, iii, 332.
_Bagradas_, river in Africa, iii, 21.
_Bahram_, king of the Persians, iii, 290.
_Balearic isles_ subject to the Carthaginians, ii, 5;
subdued by the Romans, 307.
_Ballistæ_ invented at Syracuse, i, 354.
_Barbarians_ never fought in dense masses, i, 176.
_Barbatus._ See Horatius.
_Barbié du Bocage_, i, 76.
_Barbula._ See Æmilius.
_Barkochba_, iii, 230.
_Bardylis_ creates in the days of Philip an empire in Illyria, ii, 46.
_Barka_, meaning lightning, the Syriac form, ii, 35.
_Bartholomæus_, i, 67.
_Basbretons_ belong to the race of the Cymri, ii, 322.
_Basilicæ_, ii, 190;
Basilica Æmilia, iii, 50.
_Basiliscus_, general of the eastern empire against Carthage, iii, 345.
_Basques_ are still dwelling north of the Pyrenees, i, 367.
_Basque poem_ on the Cantabrian war, iii, 150.
_Basreliefs_, the art of Basreliefs is at its height under Trajan, iii,
274;
thoroughly bad on the triumphal arch of Severus, 275.
_M. Bassianus_, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254.
See Caracalla.
_Bassianus._ See Elagabalus.
_Bassus._ See Aufidius.
_Bastarnians_, i, 369;
their abodes, ii, 204;
their movements, 211.
_Bastulans_ in Spain, Μιξοφοίνικες, ii, 59.
_Bato_, two men of this name leaders of the Dalmatians, iii, 155;
one of them treacherously gives up Pinnes to the Romans, 156.
_Battle_, oblique line of, ii, 101;
order of, i, 441.
_Bautzen_, battle, i, 428.
_Bayle_, i, 3, 70.
_Beaufort_, i, 3;
his work on the Roman antiquities recommended, 72, 269, footnote;
his _Dissertation sur l’incertitude des quatre premiers siècles de
l’histoire Romaine_, 72;
the war of Porsena and the time of Camillus beautifully handled by
him, 211;
shows that the peace of Porsena is quite a different thing from what
the Romans would make us believe, 211;
on Camillus, 382;
on the Licinian laws, 396;
on Regulus’ death, ii, 25.
_Ul. Becker’s_ treatise on the history of the war of Hannibal is a
valuable work, ii, 64.
_Bedriacum_, in the neighbourhood of Cremona, battle, iii, 197.
_Beja_ founded, iii, 150;
conf. Pax.
_Belgians_, not unmingled with Gaels, ii, 322;
war against the Romans, iii, 44;
they had no free population, 44;
defeated in two battles, 44;
conf. Cymri.
_Belli_, name of a tribe of the Celtiberians, ii, 261.
_Bellovaci_, iii, 48.
_Bellovesus_, leader of the Gauls, i, 368.
_Benedict_ of Soracte, chronicle, i, 9;
gives a detailed account of an expedition of Charlemagne to
Jerusalem, 86.
_Beneventum_, battle, i, 568;
Roman colony, ii, 106.
_Beni Tai_ are ten thousand families who cannot all descend from Edid
Tai, i, 159.
_Bentley_ ran down at Oxford, i, 42, 71.
_Bergamo_, a Rhætian town, ii, 32.
_Bern._ See Lucerne.
_St. Bernard_, the great, there is everlasting snow on it, ii, 78.
_St. Bernard_, the little, is the mountain over which Hannibal passed,
ii, 78;
has no glaciers, 78;
is in summer a green Alp, 78.
_Bernard_, the holy, iii, 94.
_Berosus_, is genuine, ii, 1.
_Besançon_, battle, iii, 43.
_Besieging_, Greek art of, first applied by the Romans at Lilybæum, ii,
30.
_Bestia._ See Calpurnius.
_Bibulus_, Cæsar’s colleague, commander of Pompey’s fleet, iii, 58.
_Biondo_ of Forli, iii, 114.
_Bithyas_, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 241.
_Bithynia_, ii, 181, 377;
the monarchy broken up, iii, 1.
_Bituitus_, king of the Arvernians, ii, 308.
_Bledes_, (Bledel,) son of Rugilas, iii, 339.
_Blemmyans_ in Dongola, Trajan’s expedition against them, iii, 162.
_C. Blossius_, teacher of the Gracchi, ii, 270;
author of Rhintonian comedies, 270 (conf. the footnote);
anecdote of him, 287.
_Boardingbridges_, ii, 14, 17.
_Bocchus_, king of the Mauritanians, ii, 321.
_Bochart_, one of the last highly gifted French philologists, i, 94;
his hypothesis concerning the influence of the Phœnicians is carried
too far, 95.
_Bœcler_ is to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.
_Bœotians_, independent in appearance only, under the supremacy of
Macedon, ii, 151;
drawn by Flaminius into a league with Rome, 156;
a separate state, 163;
kill the leader of the Macedonian party among them, 172;
join the Achæans in their war against the Romans, 253;
pay a tribute to Rome, 256.
_Boëthius_, iii, 348.
_Bogud_, king of Mauritania, iii, 67.
_Bohemund_, his conduct in the crusades, ii, 65, footnote.
_Boians_, defeated near the lake Vadimo, i, 547;
in Italy, ii, 51;
submit to the Romans, 56;
beat a Roman legion and keep the survivors shut up in Modena, 83;
extent of their territory, 83;
they seize three Romans of rank, 83;
send ambassadors to meet Hannibal, 83;
defend themselves against the Romans with distinguished bravery, 164;
destroy Placentia and Cremona, 165;
are probably exterminated, 165;
_desertum Boiorum_, 165;
are said to have had a hundred and twelve cantons in Italy, 165;
independent, iii, 3.
_Bolæ_ or _Bola_, i, 344.
_Bolingbroke_, Lord, i, 281.
_Bolivar_, ii, 369.
_Bologna_ has a _palatium civium_ and a _palatium communis_, i, 168;
conf. Bononia.
_Bona Dea_, her festival is only celebrated by women, iii, 27.
_Boniface_, iii, 336;
seems to have been an Italian, 336;
recalled from Africa by the influence of Aëtius, 336;
calls the Vandals into Africa, 337.
_Bononia_, the colony has the obligation to serve in war, ii, 384;
conf. Bologna.
_Bononia_ (Boulogne sur Mer), iii, 296.
_Bosporus_, kingdom of the, conquered by the Goths, iii, 278.
_Bosporus_, Thracian, lay open since the destruction of Byzantium, iii,
278.
_Bostra_, in Arabia Petræa, iii, 271;
_colonia Romana_, 271;
in the neighbourhood of Pella, 272.
_Boudicea_, (Bunduica), queen of the Britons, iii, 191.
_Bourg_, i, 167.
_Bourgeois_, i, 167.
_Bourges_, taken by Cæsar, iii, 47.
_Bovianum_, the most thriving town of the Samnites, taken by the
Romans, i, 500;
in Strabo’s time a small place, 500;
battle, 504.
_Bozra_ (Βύρσα), original name of Carthage, ii, 2.
_Brabant_, the towns there neutral in the war between Spain and the
Netherlands, i, 391.
_Brandenburg_, the Vandal (Wendish) tongue forbidden on pain of death,
i, 145.
_Brandy_, there was none except in Egypt;
the process of distillation depicted on the walls of Thebes, ii, 86.
_Brass_ is only of late invention, iii, 45.
_Bremen_, duchy of, the equestrian body there dwindled within fifty
years to half its number, i, 140.
_Brenin_ means in Welsh and Bas Breton a King, i, 366.
_Brescia_, Rhætian town, ii, 52.
_Bretagne_, the immigration from Britain in the fifth century is
fabulous, iii, 42.
BRITAIN, is according to a tradition one of the most ancient seats of
the Celts, i, 366;
thought inaccessible, iii, 45;
neither gold nor silver found there, 45;
Claudius’ expedition, 134;
province, 134;
insurrection under Nero, 191;
wall against the Caledonians erected by Hadrian, 230;
the two elements of the population preserved, 230;
rising under Antoninus Pius, 236;
war of Septimius Severus, 254;
revolt of Carausius, 296;
casts itself off from the Roman empire, 331;
the usurper Constantine, 334.
_Britannicus_, son of Claudius of his first marriage, iii, 183.
_Britomaris_, chieftain of the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546.
_Britons_, their name transferred to the English, i, 143.
_Bronze_ is met with in the temple of Solomon, and even in the
tabernacle of Moses, iii, 45.
_Bructeri_ reduced by Drusus, iii, 153;
defeat the legate M. Lollius, 153;
subdued by Tiberius, 154;
rising under Vespasian, 242.
_Brundusium_, Roman fortress, i, 571;
Roman colony, ii, 106;
faithful to the Syllanian interest, iii, 55;
peace, 103.
_Bruttians_, the Oscan part of them sprung from the Sabine stock, i,
120;
their insurrection, 153;
their origin, 419;
league themselves with the enemies of Rome, 545;
acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571;
fall off again, ii, 107;
gain over Locri, 107;
are deprived of their constitution, 186;
nearly the whole country under Honorius was pasture land, 264.
_Dec. Brutus_, general of Cæsar, conspires against him, iii, 79;
entices him into the curia, 80;
withdraws to Cisalpine Gaul, 83;
besieged in Mutina, 89;
the war of Mutina, 89;
murdered, 91.
_Brutus_, Dec. Junius Callaicus, peace with the Lusitanians, ii, 260.
_Brutus_, L. Junius, legends concerning him, i, 82, 198;
the name is Oscan, 198;
given him because he was a plebeian, 199;
_Tribunus Celerum_, 199;
plebeian, 200;
the statement that plebeians had been introduced by him into the
senate, 334.
_Brutus_, M. Junius, the father, brings forward a motion concerning the
colony of Capua, iii, 34.
_Brutus_, M. Junius, i, 200;
beloved by Cicero, iii, 26;
prætor, 76;
prætor urbanus, 78;
nephew of Cato, 76;
marries Cato’s daughter, 77;
introduced by him into the Stoic philosophy, 77;
his character, 77;
fights at Pharsalus, 78;
is intrusted by Cæsar with the government of Cisalpine Gaul, 78;
goes to Greece, 88;
outlawed, 91;
makes himself master of Macedonia, 95;
battle of Philippi, 97;
sees the vision, 95;
victory of his fleet, 98;
defeated; takes his own life, 99;
his age, 99.
_M. Brutus_ carries on the business of a sycophant, iii, 77.
_Bubulcus._ See Junius.
_Bunduica._ See Boudicea.
_Burgundians_ cross the Rhine, iii, 331;
remain in Gaul under Roman supremacy, 332.
_Burning glasses_, the destruction of the Roman fleet by means of them,
doubtful, ii, 117.
_Burrhus_, Nero’s tutor, præfectus prætorio, iii, 189.
_Busta Gallica_ near the Carinæ were still shown in Cæsar’s times, i,
384.
_Busts_, after the time of Caracalla no busts were made, iii, 275.
_Buxentum_, it is uncertain whether it became Roman after the Samnite
war, i, 505;
conf. Pyxus.
_Byng_, admiral, shot by the English, ii, 109.
_Bysacene_ belonged to Carthage as early as in the days of the Roman
kings, ii, 229.
_Byzantines_, fought in their most brilliant days with very small
ships, ii, 17.
_Byzantium_ allied with Chios and Lesbos, ii, 145, 151;
with Egypt, 148;
destroyed by Septimius Severus, iii, 252;
conf. Constantinople.
C
_Caia Cæcilia_, wife of Tarquinius Priscus, i, 37;
her image in the temple of Semo Sancus, 37;
filings from the girdle of her brazen image were used as remedies,
37.
_Cæcilius_ mentioned by Strabo is very likely Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, i, 39.
_Cæcilius_, see Atticus, Metellus, Statius.
_Cæcina_, Etruscan historian, i, 191.
_Cæcina_ is a gentile name, ii, 403, footnote.
_Cæcina_, iii, 195, 197;
killed by the order of Titus, 208.
_Cæculus_, founder of Præneste, i, 137.
_Cædicius_, iii, 158.
_Q. Cæditius_, ii, 16.
_Cæles Vibenna_, i, 88, 118, 129;
_condottiere_, 155;
an historical person, 191.
_Cælius_ joins Romulus in his war against the Sabines, i, 117.
_Cælius_, Mount, foundation of the town on it, i, 129.
_Cælius Antipater._ See Cœlius.
_Cælius Rufus_, judicious, ii, 379;
beloved by Cicero, iii, 26;
his insurrection, 65;
his language like that of Cicero for excellence, 127.
_Cæpio_, proconsul, ii, 259.
_Cæpio_, proconsul, his army destroyed by the Teutones and the Cimbri,
ii, 325.
_Cæpio_, Q. Servilius, proconsul, murdered at Asculum, ii, 351.
_Cære_, formerly called Agylla, i, 147;
gets isopolity, 152.
_Cærites_, according to Diodorus, conquer the Gauls, i, 383;
give up part of their territory to Rome, 416.
_Cærite citizenship_ (sympolity), i, 535.
_Cæsar_, C. Julius, his fondness for Marius, ii, 327;
his consulship to be looked upon as the beginning of the civil wars,
iii, 28;
married to the daughter of Cinna, 29;
does not stoop to Sylla, 29;
the greatest general of his age, 30;
declares for Marius’ party, 30;
consul, 31;
his character, 31, 58;
had no military schooling, 31;
his work on analogy, 32;
his style, 33;
not one witty saying of him is recorded, 33;
gets Gaul as a province, 34;
founds a colony in Capua, 34;
estrangement between him and Cicero, 34;
his province belonged to him for five years, 37;
congress at Lucca, 39;
his commentaries, 39;
much to be expected from the MSS. for his _bellum Gallicum_, 40;
the MSS. _de bello civili_ to be traced to one single family, not so
those _de bello Gallico_, 40;
the other books, 40;
war with the Helvetians, 41;
against Ariovistus, 43;
victory near Besançon, 43;
conquers the Belgians, 44;
his conduct to the Usipetes and Tenchteri, 44;
victorious against the Veneti, 45;
goes to Britain, 45;
second expedition thither, 46;
crosses the Rhine twice, 46;
puts down the insurrection of Vercingetorix, 46;
made prisoner by the Gauls, 47;
has Vercingetorix put to death, 48;
is required to lay down the _imperium_, 51;
crosses the Rubicon, 53;
reaches Rome, 54;
to Brundusium, 55;
acts in Rome as a sovereign, 55;
goes to Spain, 56;
siege of Massilia, 56;
defeats Afranius and Petreius near Lerida, 56;
dictator, 57;
his law of debts, 57;
goes to Illyria, 58;
fails in his attempt against Dyrrachium, 58;
his bold march to Gomphi, 60;
battle of Pharsalus, 61;
the numbers which he gives are exaggerated, 61;
buries Pompey, 63;
the Alexandrine war, 64;
enslaved by Cleopatra, 65;
marches against Pharnaces, 65;
returns to Rome, 65;
meeting of the troops, 66;
surrounded in Thapsus, 67;
his victory, 67;
his Anti-Cato, 68;
goes to Spain, 70;
battle of Munda, 70;
his triumphs, 71;
regulates the calendar, 72;
plans a war against the Parthians, 73;
other plans, 73;
his places of honour, 74;
aspires to the title of king, 76;
want of courtesy to the senate, 76;
loves Brutus, 77;
pardons almost all his enemies, 78;
murdered, 80;
divine honours conferred upon him, 82;
his will, 83;
the finish of his style to be attributed to Cicero, 127;
his aim as a law-giver, 162.
_C. Cæsar._ See C. Agrippa.
_C. Cæsar_, called _Caligula_, son of Germanicus, conspires against
Tiberius, iii, 177;
not born on the banks of the Rhine, but at Antium, 177;
his madness, 177;
favourable reception from the Romans, 178;
the name of Caligula is not to be met with among the ancient writers,
but was only given him by the soldiers when a child, 178;
his sleeplessness, 179;
his waste, 179;
his war against the Germans, 179;
murdered, 180.
_Cæsar_, L. Julius, consul, author of the _lex Julia_ concerning the
franchise of the Italians, ii, 354.
_Q. Cæsar._ See L. Agrippa.
_Cæsar augusta_ (Saragossa), colony founded, iii, 150.
_Cæsarea_, a bashaw there forbids to speak Greek, i, 145;
destroyed by the Persians after a noble defence, iii, 281.
_Cæsetius Flavus_, tribune of the people, takes the diadem from Cæsar’s
statue, iii, 76.
_Calabria_, nearly the whole of it under Honorius is pasture land, ii,
265.
_Calagurris_, siege of, ii, 403.
_Calatinus._ See Atilius.
_Calendar_ in Cæsar’s times, more than eighty days behind hand, ii,
344; iii, 23;
regulated, 72.
_Cales_, colony, i, 455; ii, 106;
occupied by the Romans, i, 497.
_Caligula._ See C. Cæsar.
_Callicrates_, Roman party-leader in Achaia, ii, 209, 216.
_Callimachus_, ii, 198.
_Callicula_, mount, ii, 96.
CALONES, i, 178.
_Calpurnius_, his eclogues, iii, 292.
_L. Calpurnius Bestia_, ii, 314;
condemned, 316.
_M. Calpurnius Flamma_, ii, 16.
_Calpurnius._ See Piso.
_Camarina_ conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575;
destroyed, ii, 4.
_Calvus_, C. Licinius, poet and orator;
Quinctilian’s and Tacitus’s opinion of him, iii, 127;
conf. Licinius.
_Cameria_, a _colonia Romana_, forms a separate community, i, 279.
_Camers_, treaty with Rome, i, 509;
Umbrian name of Clusium, 528.
_Camillus_, L. Furius, compelled by the Curies to go into exile, i, 94;
fictitious victory of his, 222;
his alleged condemnation by the tribes, 304;
appointed dictator, 356;
general against the Faliscans, 361;
accused of having enriched himself from the Veientine booty, 362;
goes to Ardea, 363;
probably condemned by the centuries, 363;
dictator, 380;
his appearance in Rome whilst the money was weighed to the Gauls,
fictitious, 382;
a second Romulus, 385;
dictator, to counteract Manlius Capitolinus, 394;
at the age of eighty appointed dictator against the Licinian
rogations, 402;
makes a vow to build a temple to _Concordia_, 402.
_Campanians_, their people is formed, i, 343;
Campanian legion at Rhegium, 573;
overpowered, 574;
properly speaking, in rank equal to the Romans, 572.
See Capua.
_Campania_, extent of the country, i, 424;
has a large _ager publicus_, ii, 282.
CAMPANUS, CAMPAS, appellatives derived from Capua, i, 161, 424.
_Campbells_, five thousand of them looked upon the Duke of Argyle as
their cousin, i, 159.
CAMPI CATALAUNICI, Champagne, not Chalons, iii, 340.
CAMPI RAUDII, battle, ii, 332.
_Camunians_, are of Etruscan race, i, 145;
stand their ground against the Gauls, 369.
CANDIDATI CÆSARIS, iii, 118.
_Candidus_, historian, iii, 327.
_Canidius_, lieutenant of Antony in the battle of Actium, iii, 112.
_Cannæ_ in Apulia, destroyed by earthquake, ii, 92;
battle, 99;
seems to have been fought before the second of August, 99;
the first satisfactory description given by Swinburne, 100;
fifty to sixty German miles distant from Rome, 103;
the surviving soldiers have to stay a long time in Sicily, 377.
_Canosa_, Prince of, witty but eccentric, ii, 298.
_Cantabrians_, are according to the ancients of different race from the
Turdetanians, according to Humboldt of the same, ii, 60;
a free nation, iii, 1;
Augustus’ war against them, 149.
_Canusium_, chief town of Apulia, i, 477.
_Canvassing_, for the first time met with under the second decemvirate,
i, 299.
_Capellianus_, lieutenant of Maximin in Mauritania, iii, 268.
_Capena_, its situation, i, 348, footnote;
disappears entirely, 362.
_Capenates_, hasten to the help of the Fidenates, i, 347.
_Capital punishment_, i, 316.
CAPITE SENSI, i, 178.
CAPITIS DEMINUTIO, i, 177.
_Capitol_, i, 378;
burned to ashes under Sylla, under Vitellius, iii, 201.
_Cappadocia_, kingdom of, ii, 361; iii, 121;
quarrels about the succession decided by Mithridates, ii, 360, 362;
given up by Mithridates, 377;
not completely surrendered, 407;
kingdom under Roman supremacy, iii, 161.
_Capreæ_, the most paradise like spot in the world, iii, 160.
_Capua_, founded in the year 283 by the Etruscans, i, 148, 342, 419;
history of the Etruscan colony, 420;
the Campanians ask for the help of the Romans, 420;
_equites Campani_, 420, 453;
shuts its gates from Pyrrhus, 560;
Hannibal master of it, ii, 104;
enjoys isopolity with Rome, under its own government, 104;
wealthy, 104;
_effeminate_, 104;
separates from Rome and forms a league with Hannibal, 104;
three hundred Campanians serve with the Romans in Sicily, 104;
put the Romans to death in overheated bath rooms, 105;
besieged by the Romans, 111;
taken, 113;
colony founded by Jul. Cæsar, iii, 34.
_Caput_, the place where the liver is grown to the midriff, in Italian
_capo_, i, 440.
_Caracalla_, eldest son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254;
this appellation is so generally bestowed on him only by the moderns,
in the _Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ_ it is Caracallus, 254;
emperor, 256;
murders his brother, 256;
his cruelty, 256;
travels through the provinces, 257;
massacre at Alexandria, 257;
grants the right of citizenship to all the subjects of the Roman
empire, 257;
his taste for gladiatorial arts, 258;
war against the Parthians, 258;
his fondness for Alexander the Great, 258;
murdered, 259;
fine busts of his age, 275.
_Carausius_, revolts against Diocletian, iii, 296.
_Carbo_, E. Papirius, an unworthy disciple of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 288;
his character, 288;
leaves his party, 306;
consul, 306;
takes away his own life, 306.
_Carbo_, Cn. Papirius, consul, defeated near Noreia by the Cimbrians,
ii, 324.
_Carbo_, Cn. Papirius, joins Sylla, ii, 371;
consul, tyrant, 375;
consul, 380;
war in Etruria, 382;
flies to Africa, 383.
_Carchedon_, ii, 2.
_Caria_, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145;
to the Rhodians, 183;
taken from the latter by the Romans, 219.
_Carians_, after the destruction of Troy, push forward from the
interior country to the coast of Asia Minor, i, 144;
had attained to a considerable degree of civilization, even before
they were hellenized, ii, 2.
_Carinus_, son of Carus, profligate, iii, 290.
_Carmen_, formula, i, 93.
_Carmentalis Porta_, i, 263, footnote.
_Carnians_, i, 369;
attacked in Noricum by the Cimbrians, ii, 323.
_Carnot_, opposes masses to the thin lines of the enemy, ii, 14.
_Caroline_, Queen of Naples, iii, 102.
_Carpenters_, i, 177.
_Carseoli_, Roman colony, i, 505.
_Carthage_, _Carthaginians_, oldest alliance with Rome, i, 195;
renewed several times, 573; ii, 3;
spreads in Sicily, i, 566;
inclined to conclude peace with Pyrrhus, 566;
attack Pyrrhus on his passage to Italy, 567;
alliance with Rome, 574;
fleet of one hundred and twenty ships before Ostia, 574;
fleet appears in the roadstead of Tarentum, 574;
conquer Gela, Camarina, and other towns, and encamp before Syracuse,
575;
peace with Dionysius, 575;
is a colony of Tyre, ii, 1;
date of its foundation, 1;
origin of the legend of the bullock’s hide, 2;
was originally called Kartha chadta, new town, 2;
dependence upon the Libyan peoples and Tyre, 2;
makes its first appearance as a power about the middle of the third
century of Rome;
conquered by Malcus, 3;
against Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum, 3;
chronological objections to this statement, 3;
confined in Sicily to Motye, Panormus, and Solois, 4;
after the defeat of the Athenians, Carthaginians send a considerable
army over to Sicily, 4;
besiege Syracuse under Agathocles, 4;
peace on the basis of the river Himera forming the boundary, 4;
extent of their rule in the beginning of the first Punic war, 4;
factories on the coast of Algiers, 5;
constitution, 5;
the Hundred and Four, 6, 168;
mode of taxation of the subjects, 7;
they keep mercenaries, and have only a cavalry of their own, 7;
they were probably drawn up in a phalanx, just like the Greeks 10;
they had family-names and bye-names, 10;
their generals are very bad at the beginning of the war, 11;
reverse near the Liparian isles, 15;
had pulled down the walls of all the towns from fear of rebellions,
20;
treatment of the subjects, 20;
never employed their citizens as soldiers, but only as officers, 30;
try to get a loan from Ptolemy, 35;
their distress after the first Punic war, 44;
war of the mercenaries, 44;
new peace with Rome, 46;
their rule deeply hated in Africa, very easy in Spain, 59;
their weakness is this, that they have no national army of their own,
59;
their empire in Spain, 61;
their generals not only keep their office for life, but they also
bequeath it at their death to others as an heir-loom, 61;
are at the beginning of the second Punic war in possession of
Andalusia and the greater part of Valencia, 70;
boundaries of their empire there, 70;
their fleet makes its appearance off the coast of Etruria, 70;
have commissaries in the camp of Hannibal, 73;
have no fleet of any importance in the beginning of Hannibal’s war,
73;
their army encamps in the neighbourhood of Syracuse, to relieve it,
but is destroyed by the unwholesome air, 117;
they make proposals of peace, 137;
take a Roman fleet during the truce, 139;
the democratical element is considerably on the increase after the
second Punic war, 168;
Ordo judicum, the Hundred and Four to be compared with the
state-inquisition of Venice, 168;
war with Masinissa, 229;
extent of territory, 230;
their arms given up to Rome, 233;
last demands previous to the third Punic war, 233;
despair, 233;
topography, 234, 239;
siege, 241;
they build a new fleet, 241;
conquest of the town, 243;
colony of C. Gracchus, 301;
their library given to the Numidian kings, 310;
conf. _Hamilcar_, _Hannibal_, etc.
_Carthage_, Roman, its situation, ii, 240;
colony established by Cæsar, iii, 74;
the second city of the Western Empire, 234, 338;
literary opposition to Rome, 234;
many Christians there, 273;
profligacy of the people, 338.
_Carthagena_, _Carthago nova_, founded by Hamilcar or Hasdrubal on
account of the silver mines, ii, 59;
important place of arms, 124;
taken, 124.
_Carthalo_, Carthaginian ambassador not received by Rome, ii, 106.
_Carus_, _præfectus prætorio_, raised to the throne, iii, 289;
descent, 289;
war against the Persians, 290;
his death, 290.
_Carvilius_, Sp., completes the reduction of Samnium, i, 569.
_Carvilius_, Sp., brings forward a motion during the war of Hannibal,
to complete the Roman senate, i, 342.
_Casca_, iii, 80.
_Cascans_, name of the conquering people in Italy, i, 104;
_cascus_, quaint, 105.
_Casilinum._ See Casinum.
_Casinum_, town of the Samnites, i, 480;
fortified, 497;
confounded with Casilinum, ii, 96;
Roman colony, 106.
_Casperius_, præfect, iii, 215.
_Cassander_ expels Æacidas from his kingdom, 553.
_Cassius_, prætor, iii, 76;
his character, 78;
quarrel between him and Brutus, 78;
demands the death of Antony, 81;
spoke Greek, 84;
goes to Greece, 88;
outlawed, 91;
in possession of Syria, 95;
battle of Philippi, 97;
death, 98.
_Cassius, Dio._ See Dio.
_C. Cassius Hemina_ wrote a history of Rome, i, 26.
_C. Cassius Longinus_, honoured as the justest man, goes as
commissioner of inquiry to Africa, ii, 314;
patrician, 315.
_L. Cassius Longinus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.
_Sp. Cassius_, his league with the Latins, i, 220, 246, 248;
his agrarian law, 256;
executed for high treason, 257;
question of his guilt or innocence, 257;
his family goes over to the Plebs, 258;
a son or grandson of his is tribune of the people, 325.
_Cassius of Parma_, one of the murderers of Jul. Cæsar, iii, 113.
_Cassius Severus_, his opinion on Cicero, iii, 95.
_Cassubians_ are Sclavonians, speak Wendish to this day, i, 367.
_Castes_ in the ancient states remained always exclusive, i, 158.
CASTRA CORNELIA, ii, 135.
CASTRUM PRÆTORIANUM, iii, 125, 175.
_Catalaunici._ See Campi.
_Catamitus_, Latin form instead of Ganymedes, ii, 194.
_Catana_, an ally of Carthage, i, 578;
opens its gates to the Romans, 581;
Roman, ii, 116.
_Catapults_ invented in Syracuse for Dionysius, i, 354.
_Catiline_, become a popular character, iii, 12;
his character, 13;
his object, 13;
Cicero’s saying of him, 14;
an action _repetundarum_ brought against him, 14;
Cicero’s attack on him in the senate, 22;
he leaves Rome, 22;
in Etruria, 22;
his death, 24.
_Cato_, M. Porcius, Censorius, his _Origines_, i, 26;
treated the Roman history ethnographically, 26;
plan of his work, 26;
fragment _de sumtu suo_, ii, 190;
his character, 191;
conquers the heights which command the Thermopylæ, 173;
carries on wars in Spain, 201;
his cunning, 201;
interests himself for the Rhodians, 219;
brings an impeachment against Galba, 224;
urges in the senate that Carthage should be destroyed, 231;
learned Greek only late in life, 191.
_Cato_, M. Porcius, of Utica, his vote in Catiline’s affair, iii, 23,
68;
dreams of olden times, 32;
votes for having Cæsar given up to the Germans, 45;
leaves Sicily where he was prætor, 56;
in Africa, 66;
takes the command of Utica, 66;
his character, 67;
death, 69.
_Cato_, Valerius, his Diræ are very doubtful, iii, 129.
_Catullus_ means by _gens Romulique Ancique_ the _Populus_ and the
Plebes, i, 171;
Cicero’s kindness to him, iii, 26;
is the greatest poet Rome ever had, 128, 136;
his superiority not acknowledged until the end of the eighteenth
century, 133;
in independent circumstances, 139.
_Catulus_, Q. Lutatius, consul, defeats the Carthaginians near the
Ægatian islands, thereby putting an end to the first Punic war, ii,
39.
_Catulus_, Q. Lutatius, consul, a fair author, left memoirs in Greek,
ii, 328;
falls back upon the Po, 331;
victory near Vercelli, 332;
death, 373.
_Catulus_, Q. Lutatius, head of the aristocracy, ii, 395;
an honest man, 396;
wants to have steps taken against Cæsar, iii, 30.
_Cavalry_, always the worst part of the Roman army, i, 440, 559;
Thessalian cavalry excellent, 559;
the Roman was in the battle of Zama superior to that of the
Carthaginians, ii, 141.
_Cavalry service_, the terms belonging to it of Celtic origin, iii,
156.
_Cauca_, its horrible fate, ii, 223.
_Caudinians_, sprung from Sabine stock, i, 120;
seem to have declared for Hannibal, whilst he was still on his march
to Capua, ii, 107;
carry on the Marsian war, 358.
_Caudium_, i, 421;
the capital of the Caudine Samnites, 487;
battle in the Caudine passes, 488;
what the yoke was, 490;
the peace ratified in Rome, 490;
broken, 491;
the town razed to the ground, 534.
_Caulonia_, i, 458.
_Celer_ slays Remus, i, 115.
_Celeres_, the patrician knights, i, 199.
_Celtiberians_, mixture of Celts and Iberians, i, 367;
a brave people, ii, 60;
their country, 202;
peace of Gracchus, 60;
won over by Viriathus, 258;
war with the Romans, 260;
their tribes, 260;
seem to have had republican institutions, 260;
oppose the Cimbrians, 325.
_Celtiberian_ war, ii, 223.
_Celts_, some of their tribes keep their ground in Spain longer than
others, i, 146;
had Greek letters, 366;
according to tradition, Britain one of their most ancient seats, 366;
met with in Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, 366;
possessed once the whole of Spain with the exception of Andalusia,
besides southern France, Ireland, and part of England, 367;
driven by the Iberians across the Pyrenees into Aquitain, ii, 60;
barbarians, 71;
destroyed south of the Po, 164.
_Cenis_, (Mount,) there was, in times of old, no road over it, ii, 77.
_Cenomanians_, place themselves under the protection of the Romans, ii,
52;
between the Adda and the Lago di Garda, 55.
_Censors_ would place a plebeian in the equestrian body as a mark of
distinction, i, 179;
are already elected in conformity with the law of the twelve tables,
328;
the first censors are not mentioned as consuls either in the _Fasti_
or the _libri magistratuum_, but only in one of the _libri
lintei_, 328;
have jurisdiction, 332;
the consuls are said to have formerly had their functions, 332;
their office, 333;
their registers are double, 333;
deprived of their arbitrary sway, 335;
their power had no reference to the patricians, 335;
they had also a moral control, 336;
two plebeians are censors, ii, 266.
_Censorinus._ See Marcius.
_Censorship_ established, i, 328;
plebeians first entitled by law to hold it, 446.
_Census_ in Rome required very extensive book-keeping, i, 4;
affected realized property only, 179;
was not a property-tax, but a land-tax, 179;
before the Gallic calamity, 375;
the Attic census was a real property-tax, 179;
the census disturbed, ii, 344;
the _census senatori_ is raised to a million sesterces, iii, 119.
_Centenius_, ii, 93.
CENTESIMÆ, i, 388.
_Centoripa_, independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.
_Centumcellæ_, (Civitavecchia,) harbour built, iii, 222;
baths at the hot springs, 223.
CENTUMVIRI, judges in questions of MEUM and TUUM, i, 404;
plebeian judges to decide in all cases concerning Quiritary property,
313.
_Centuria_, a square in assignations, i, 256.
_Centuries_ and tribes, originally the same thing, i, 140;
the centuries of Servius Tullius, 174;
they could not vote on any subject which had not been laid before
them by the senate, 184;
no one could get up and speak in them, 184;
could legally transact business on the _dies comitiales_ only, 269;
a grand national court of justice, 303;
decrees of the senate are laid before them, as late as in Tiberius’
times, iii, 119.
_Centurions_, non-commissioned officers, i, 434.
_Cephalenia_, laid waste by the Romans, i, 175.
_Ceraunian_ rocks, sudden squalls there, i, 556.
_Ceres_, bread distributed at her temple, i, 183; ii, 295.
_Ceremonial_ of the East, transplanted by Diocletian into the Roman
court, iii, 295.
_Cerinthus_, iii, 138.
_Cethegus_, P. Cornelius, ii, 200;
outlawed with Marius, surrenders to Sylla, ii, 382.
_Cetræ_, linen coats of mail, ii, 10.
_Chæreas_ writes a history of the first Punic war, spoken of with
censure by Polybius, ii, 62.
_Chæronea_, the battle there, and the downfall of the Latins takes
place in the same year, i, 457;
battle in which Sylla defeats the Asiatics, 375.
_Chalcedon_, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278;
oracle concerning its foundation, 296.
_Chalcis_, pillaged, ii, 155;
evacuated by the Romans, 163;
joins the Achæans in the war against Rome, 253;
destroyed, 255.
_Chalcis_, name of Cleopatra’s empire in Asia, ii, 108.
_Champagne_, has calcareous soil, ii, 99.
_Charilaus_, i, 473.
_Charisius_, encyclopedist, iii, 323.
_Charles_, Archduke of Austria, his military talent, i, 553.
_Charles_ XII., his march to Pultawa, iii, 60.
_Charlemagne_, fabulous accounts of his expedition to Jerusalem, across
the Alps, and others, in the chronicles, i, 86;
is stated to have driven all the Lombards out of Italy, 222;
in his laws the period is fixed, during which the people are bound to
service, 350.
_Charops_, a chieftain of the Epirote republic, betrays Philip, ii,
154;
brought up in Rome, 209.
_Chateaubriand_ neither more nor less than a bad Lucan, iii, 186.
_Chatti_, in the country about the Mayne, Domitian’s expedition against
them, iii, 211;
defensive war of the Romans, 242.
_Chauci_, iii, 156.
_Chersonesus_, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145;
fortified by the Romans, ii, 167;
situation, 176;
abandoned by Antiochus, 176.
_Cherusci_ reduced by Drusus, iii, 153;
by Tiberius, 154.
_China_, the old books are destroyed, but restored from the memory of
old men and the supplements of the astronomers, i, 7
_Chios_, in confederacy with Byzantium, ii, 145;
allied with Egypt, 148;
sea fight, 148;
free, 151;
in a league with Attalus, 152.
_Choiseul_, Duc de, iii, 72.
_Christian_ VII. of Denmark, his insanity shown by his sleeplessness,
iii, 179.
_Christian literature_, iii, 325.
_Christian religion_ taken up by many like any other theurgy, iii, 251.
_Christians_, persecution of, iii, 273;
by Diocletian, 297.
_Christianity_, its spread unjustly reproached with having driven out
the fine arts, iii, 224;
Severus’ reign favourable to it, 252;
increase of the number of Christians, 273;
in the west in towns only, not in the country, 273;
in the east in minority, but with life and energy, 312;
its working, 338.
_Chronographies_ of the Greeks, i, 5.
_Chronology_ of the earliest Roman history made according to a system
of numbers, i, 84;
in the first thirty years of the republic there are wanting in Livy
three pairs of consuls, given by Dionysius, 306;
the war of Porsena is to be dated ten years later than is generally
stated, 215;
no fixed date for the battle at the Regillus, 219;
the story of Coriolanus placed in a wrong time, 244;
irregularity in the Fasti at the tribuneship of Lucinius and Sextius,
399;
the conquest of Rome by the Gauls is thought by the ancients to have
happened under Archon Pyrgion (Ol. 98, 1), 400;
chronology is very unsettled towards the end of the fourth century on
account of the uncertain change of the magistrates, 407;
Cato’s chronology is followed by Livy, 407;
and likewise by Polybius, 533;
that of Cato to be preferred to that of Varro, 533;
a perfectly satisfactory Roman chronology possible only from the time
of the first Punic war, 533;
according to Cato the birth of Christ happens in the year 752, 546.
_Chrysogonus_, ii, 390; iii, 17.
_Chrysostomus_, Dio, see Dio.
_St. Chrysostom_ appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.
_Cibalis_, battle, iii, 300.
_Cicero_, M. Tullius, the MSS. of the books _de legibus_ have all of
them, in the fifteenth century, been copied from one single MS, i,
8;
the books _de Divinatione_ exist only in bad MSS, 21;
little versed in Roman history, 21;
incorrect sometimes with regard to the prænomens, 21;
the books de _Oratore_ and _Brutus_ are corrupted in many little
passages, 28;
the MSS. of Brutus do not date higher than 1430, 28;
speaks unfavourably of Licinius Macer, 33;
was unsuited for the task of writing history, 36;
a revolution in literature has been brought about by him, 172;
seems to have seen the tablets of Sp. Cassius, 220;
the old writers not to his taste, ii, 196;
the introduction of the _Somnium Scipionis_ not historical, 239;
taken in by the hypocrisy of those in power with regard to the affair
of the Gracchi, 283;
is to be blamed as the author of erroneous opinions on many subjects,
285;
explanation of the _duodecim coloniæ_ in the oration _pro Cæcina_,
302;
as a youth of seventeen introduced by his father into the presence of
the statesmen of the age, 313;
mistaken with regard to L. Opimius, 316;
his love for Marius, 327;
does not allow himself to be overawed, 337;
oration _de imperio Cn. Pompeii_, not _pro lege Manilia_, iii, 9;
defended Catiline before a court of justice, 14;
his youth, 15;
had in poetry all his life long the old Roman tinge, 16;
unwarlike, 16;
his knowledge of the law, 16;
the inward struggle of his mind, 17;
orations _pro Roscio Comædo_, _pro Quinctio_, _pro Roscio Amerino_,
and others, 17;
goes to Rhodes, 17;
defects of his education, 17;
his wit, 18, 33;
his friendship with Atticus sprung up only in later years, 18;
his marriage, 18,
the source of his boastfulness, 19;
accusation of Verres, 19;
orations for and against Vatinius, for Gabinius, for Rabirius
Postumus, 20;
answer of the Delphian oracle on him, 21, footnote;
consul, 21;
orations against Rullus, 21;
his sensibility, 24;
oration for Murena, 26;
attaches young men to himself, 26;
not a weak character, 26;
against Clodius, 27;
tacks between the two parties, 32;
speaks against a colony in Capua, 34;
estranged from Cæsar, 34;
leaves Rome, 36;
his house pulled down, rebuilt by the emperor Claudius, burnt down
again in Nero’s fire, 36;
recalled, 36;
oration for Flaccus, 37;
speaks for the assignment of the provinces to Pompey, Crassus, and
Cæsar, 37;
loses his presence of mind in pleading for Milo, 38;
proconsul of Cilicia, 39;
tries to mediate the peace between Cæsar and Pompey, 39;
in his books, _de Republica_, his conviction of the want of a king
distinctly to be remarked, 75;
his affection for Brutus, 77;
for Virgil, 77;
slander against him, 79;
his Greek has a foreign air about it, 84;
allows himself to be entrapped by Octavian, 85;
_de Officiis_, _de Divinatione_, _de Fato_, _Topica_, _de Gloria_,
85;
stops at Rhegium, 86;
opposition against Antony, 86;
second Philippic, 87;
the question of the letters to Brutus being genuine or forged, 88;
oration _pro Marcello_, 88;
his death, 94;
his literary character, 94;
his oration _pro Cælio_, 95.
_Cicero_, M. Tullius, the son, iii, 94.
_Cicero_, Q. Tullius, a worthless man, iii, 18;
with Cæsar in Spain, 35;
nearly destroyed by the Eburones, 46.
_Ciceroniani_, iii, 94.
_Cid_, the romances of him have more historical matter in them than
many others, i, 85.
_Cilicia_, iii, 8;
well suited for pirates, 9;
hardly the rudiments of Greek learning to be met there, 69.
_Cilnii_, iii, 144.
_Cimber_, C. Tillius, iii, 80.
_Cimbrians_ did not come from Jutland, but from the East, i, 370;
their first appearance in the Roman empire, ii, 308.
_Cimbri_ and _Teutones_ on the frontiers of Italy, ii, 322;
their descent, 322;
on the middle of the Danube, 323;
march into Gaul, 324;
defeat the Romans, 324;
turn towards Spain, 325;
go round the northern range of the Alps, 328;
burst upon Italy, 330;
remarks on their passage over the Adige, 331;
defeated at Vercelli, 332;
destroyed, 333.
_Ciminia silva_, i, 506, 508.
_Cincinnatus_ L. Quinctius, alleged cause of his poverty, i, 281;
the poem on his dictatorship, 282;
brings about the condemnation of Volscius, 284;
dictator, 338.
_C. Cincius Alimentus_ wrote Roman history in Greek, i, 22;
made prisoner in the second Punic war, 22;
had from Hannibal an account of his passage over the Alps, 22;
called _maximus auctor_ by Livy, 22;
wrote _de Potestate Consulum_, and on the Roman Calendar in Latin,
22;
made researches on the monuments of ancient times, 108;
the second Punic war formed the exclusive substance of its work, ii,
62;
excellent, 63.
_Cineas_ goes to Tarentum, i, 555;
his character, 555;
how far he might be called a pupil of Demosthenes, 555;
comes to Rome, 561;
his uncommon tact and extraordinary memory, 561.
_Cinna_, L. Cornelius, consul, attached to Marius, ii, 369;
heads the democracy, 369;
aims at absolute power, 370;
at the head of the Italians, 370;
deprived of his consulship, 370;
returns to Rome with Sertorius, 371;
defeats Cn. Pompeius, 372;
consul for the second time, 373;
killed by his soldiers, 375.
_Cinna._ See Helvius.
_Circeii_, colony of Tarquin the Proud, i, 197;
at the time of Sp. Cassius still a Latin town, 246, 344;
the colony restored, 345.
_Circus Flaminius_ was for the plebeians what the Circus Maximus was
for the patricians, i, 312.
_Circus Maximus._ See Circus Flaminius.
_Cirta_, capital of Syphax, ii, 131.
_Cité_, i, 167.
_Cities_, large cities are always a proof of immigration, i, 103;
spring up in Germany, particularly after the tenth century, 167.
_Citizens sine suffragio_ were not received in plebeian tribes, i, 174.
_Citizenship_, its rights and obligations probably ceased at the
sixtieth year, i, 181.
_Cittadini_, corresponding to _Populus_, i, 166.
_Civilis_, rebellion, iii, 204.
CIVITAS SINE SUFFRAGIO, i, 448.
CIVITATES FŒDERATÆ, in the provinces, ii, 41.
CIVITATES LIBERÆ, in the provinces, ii, 41.
_Clans_ of the Highlanders are called after individuals, i, 159.
_Clapperton and Denham_ hear, in the interior of Soudan, of the
insurrection in Greece, i, 469;
meet among the Tuarics with an alphabet which is quite distinct from
the Arabic, ii, 310.
_Classes_ in the Lombard towns, i, 161.
_Classis_, a host of heavy armed men, i, 177, footnote.
_Clastidium_, battle, ii, 56;
between Piacenza and Alessandria, 57.
_Claudian_ of Alexandria, a true poetical genius, iii, 324.
_Claudian family_, the character for insolence hereditary in it, ii,
34.
_Ap. Claudius_, consul, 233;
his opposition against the Plebes, 272.
_Ap. Claudius_, the decemvir president of the senate, i, 307;
his crime against Virginia, 309;
dies in prison, 316.
_Ap. Claudius_, goes over to Sicily, i, 580.
_Ap. Claudius_, proconsul, his forbearance at Capua, ii, 113;
prætor, negotiates with the Syracusans, 115.
_Ap. Claudius_, father-in-law of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 279.
_Ap. Claudius Cæcus_, the grammarians still knew his moral maxims, i,
16;
Cicero read a speech of his against Pyrrhus, 16;
his character, 512;
places freedmen in a mass among the tribes, 514;
enters them on the rolls of the senate, 516;
his list was never made use of, 517;
claims the censorship during five years, 517;
makes the Appian road, 517;
cuts a canal through the Pontine marshes, 517;
brings an aqueduct to Rome, 518;
is said to have undertaken his works without any authority from the
senate, 519;
opposes Volumnius, 527;
turns the scales with regard to the proposals of Cineas, 561.
_Claudius_, Emperor, writes history, i, 87;
fragment of a speech of his on the Lugdunensian tablets, 87;
his stupidity, 88;
honest, 191;
without any sort of criticism, 192;
hides himself, iii, 180,
brother of Germanicus, 180;
character, 181;
writes memoirs of Augustus, 182;
consul, 182;
unfortunate in marriage, 182;
ruled by slaves and freedmen, 183;
his buildings, 183;
expedition against Britain, 184;
his death, 184.
_M. Claudius Glycia_, son of a freedman, appointed dictator by P.
Claudius, ii, 33;
resigns his dignity, 34.
_P. Claudius_, son (grandson?) of Claudius Cæcus, leads reinforcements
to the Romans in Sicily, ii, 31;
his defeat near Drepana, 32;
is condemned to severe punishment for having appointed the son of a
freedman dictator, 33;
his sister condemned, 34.
_Q. Claudius._ See Quadrigarius.
_Claudius_, M. Aurelius Gothicus, emperor, a great man, iii, 284;
defeats the Goths, 284;
his death, 284.
_Clavus_ knocked in by the dictator on the Ides of September, i, 237.
_Cleanthes_, iii, 68.
_Clement_ of Alexandria, iii, 235.
_Cleomenes_, ii, 145;
destroys Megalopolis, 248.
_Cleonymus_, in the pay of Tarentum, i, 461;
forces the Lucanians to make peace, 510;
taken into pay by one of the Sicilian parties against Agathocles of
Syracuse, 511;
seizes upon Corcyra, 511;
marches to Venetia and against Padua, 511;
dies in Sparta at an advanced age, 511.
_Cleopatra_, sister of Ptolemy Philometor, ii, 221.
_Cleopatra_, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62;
flies to Syria, 63;
declared Queen by Cæsar, 65;
goes to Cilicia to join Antony, 101;
receives Cœlesyria, Judæa, and Cyprus, from Antony, 108;
married to Antony, 110;
takes to flight in the battle of Actium, 111;
tries to gain over Octavian, 113;
her death, 114.
_Clientes_ (_cluentes_), from _cluere_, to hear, i, 170.
_Clientship_, earliest origin of it, i, 117;
its nature, 263;
different causes of its origin, 170;
its dangerous character, ii, 42.
_Clients_, are in the curies, i, 226;
enter into the tribes, 304;
appear in the centuries, 327.
_Clisthenes_, takes the _Ager Atticus_ as the basis for the division of
the Athenian people, i, 172.
_Clitarchus_, historian, i, 469; ii, 392.
_Clivus Publicius_, leads from the Circus to the Aventine, i, 305.
CLOACA MAXIMA, i, 138;
equal in extent and bulk to the pyramids, 138;
of hewn Alban freestone, 138;
uncertain whether built by Tarquinius Priscus, or by his son
Superbus, 138;
described, 188.
_Clockius_, i, 55.
_Clodia_, Antonius’ stepdaughter, betrothed to Augustus, iii, 143.
_Clodius._ See Albinus.
_P. Clodius_, brother-in-law of Lucullus, plays the mutineer against
him, iii, 8;
his descent, 27;
his profligacy, 27;
adopted by a plebeian and made tribune, 28;
sells the government of the provinces, 35;
impeaches Cicero, 35;
slain, 38.
_Clœlia_, her flight, i, 214.
_Clovis_ not allowed to appropriate to himself any exclusive share in
the booty, i, 204.
_Cluilia Fossa_, i, 108, 127.
_Cluilius_, general of the Albans, i, 127.
_Clupea_ (Aspis), town in Africa, ii, 20;
taken by the Romans, 20;
rises against Carthage, 44.
_Clusium_, in the war of Porsena, the chief town of the Etruscans, i,
131;
Gauls before the town, 372;
destroyed, ii, 383.
_Cluver_, Philip, his _Italia Antiqua_ and _Sicilia_, i, 75.
_Cocceius_, iii, 103.
_Cœlesyria_ detached from Egypt, ii, 221.
_Cœlius._ See Cælius.
_L. Cœlius Antipater_, i, 36;
lived in the middle of the seventh century, many things in Livy,
particularly the romantic accounts to be traced to him, ii, 63;
Cicero speaks slightingly of him, 63, 308.
COHORTES URBANÆ, iii, 123.
_Coins_, of Sybaris preserved, i, 4;
are very good guides of history since the time of Hadrian, iii, 242.
_Cologne_, there were there three orders, each of fifteen houses, i,
161;
the second and third order were admitted to offices later than the
first, 162;
seat of the government of Gaul, iii, 283;
devastated, 308;
chronicle of Cologne excellent, i, 13, 125, 202.
_Collatinus_, chronological impossibility of the accounts of him, i,
81;
goes to Lavinium, 136;
patrician consul, 202.
_Collin_, battle, the employment of the oblique line of battle
dangerous, ii, 101.
_Colline gate_, its locality, i, 411;
battle, ii, 382.
_Colonia Ulpia_, iii, 219.
_Coloniæ Romanæ_, exclusively Roman colonies, i, 346;
in southern Italy, ii, 106.
_Colonial system_ of the Romans, i, 417;
of the Greeks, 417;
of the Samnites, 418;
of the Spaniards in Mexico, 420;
development of the Roman system, iii, 274.
_Colonies_, Latin, i, 104;
their history, ii, 384;
conf. i, 452;
twelve out of thirty had furnished no contingent during the
expedition of Hannibal, ii, 187;
south of the Po, 200;
twelve of M. Livius Drusus, 302;
Julian, iii, 101.
_Colonies_ sent into conquered towns, how it was done, i, 250.
_Colosseum_ built by Vespasian, iii, 207;
its dedication celebrated by Titus, 208.
_Colossus_ on the Capitoline hill, i, 498.
_Columna rostrata_, the general representations quite unauthentical, it
was perhaps cast from the beaks of conquered ships, ii, 15;
the inscription is not the original one, but restored by Germanicus,
16.
_Comana_, temple of Anaitis, ii, 407.
_Comedy_ had quite gone down in the time of Augustus, iii, 129, 141.
COMITIA TRIBUTA have the initiative in passing laws, i, 201.
_Comitium_, junction of the Roman and the Sabine senates, i, 118.
COMMENTARII PONTIFICUM, i, 10;
are not as old as they would have us believe, 10.
_Commercium_, explained, i, 171.
_Commodus, emperor_, iii, 247;
his character, 247;
his prodigality, 248;
calls himself Hercules, 248;
murdered, 249.
_Commune_, Italian for Plebs, i, 166, 168.
_Communication_ was much easier in ancient times than in the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries, i, 469.
_Communism_, iii, 326.
_Community_, right of, i, 165.
_Companies of trade_ traced back to Numa, i, 177.
_Compsa_ in the country of the Hirpinians destroyed, ii, 406.
CONCILIABULA, i, 450.
CONCILIUM POPULI equivalent to curies, i, 395.
CONCIO ADVOCATA could take place at any time, i, 270.
_Concordia_, temple of, i, 403.
_Concubinage_, iii, 163, 187.
_Confederacy_, the northern, declares for the Samnites, i, 501.
_Congiarium_ given to the Roman people, iii, 231.
_Connubium_ did not exist between patricians and plebeians, i, 171,
280;
not allowed by the Twelve Tables, 300.
_Conquered_ place themselves, according to Asiatic custom, under the
protection of the conqueror, iii, 105.
CONSACRAMENTALES, i, 266.
CONSCRIPTI, i, 334.
_Conscription_, i, 181.
_Consecrations_ for death a well known Roman custom, i, 379.
CONSISTORIUM PRINCIPIS, put on a surer footing by Hadrian, iii, 231.
_Constans_, son of Constantine, iii, 304;
gets the præfecture of Italy and Illyricum, 305;
conquers the West, 305;
his death, 305.
_Constantia_, Constantine’s half-sister, married to Licinius, iii, 300.
_Constantina_, daughter of Constantine, wife of Gallus, iii, 307.
_Constantine_, emperor, son of Constantius, had a confused sort of
faith, had the god of the Sun on his coins, iii, 272, 303;
a great man, 295, 298;
proclaimed emperor, 298;
son of Helena, 298;
not a barbarian, 298;
acknowledged by Galerius as Augustus, 298;
marries Fausta, daughter of Maximinian, 298;
his war against Maxentius, 299;
triumphal arch, 299;
defeats Maxentius, 299;
war with Licinius, 300;
victory near Adrianople, 300;
wars against the Goths and Sarmatians, 300;
weight of taxation, 301;
character of his reign, 302;
his Christianity, 302;
his increasing irritability, 303;
causes his son Crispus to be executed, 303;
founds Constantinople, 303;
his buildings, 327.
_Constantine_, JUNIOR, son of Constantius, iii, 304;
emperor of the _præfectura Galliæ_, 305;
dies, 305.
_Constantine_, an usurper, proclaimed Augustus in Britain, iii, 334.
_Constantinople_, the great fire in the fifth century had a most
ruinous effect on Greek literature, iii, 190;
its foundation, 303.
_Constantinus Porphyrogenitus_, ii, 251.
_Constantius_, Cæsar in the West, iii, 295;
the name of Chlorus is not to be found in contemporary writers, 295;
Augustus, 297;
his wife Helena, 298;
marries Theodora, daughter of Maximian, 298.
_Constantius_, Julius, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.
_Constantius_, son of Constantine, iii, 304;
receives the PRÆFECTURA ORIENTIS, 305;
war with Sapor, 305;
the most bearable of the three brothers, but swayed by his eunuchs,
305;
victorious against Magnentius, 306;
war against Julian, 309;
dies in Cilicia, 309;
his persecution of the Homoousians, 309.
_Constantius_, general of Honorius, iii, 334;
marries Galla Placidia, 335.
_Consualia_ were kept in August, i, 117.
_Consulars_ under Hadrian appointed to the jurisdiction of Italy, iii,
255.
_Consular armies_, their strength in the war of Hannibal, ii, 98.
_Consular election_ by the centuries not absolutely certain, i, 207.
_Consuls_ were first called _prætores_, i, 203;
etymology, 203;
the candidates in the earliest times proposed by the senate, 205;
had absolute sway extending from one mile beyond Rome, 235;
inaugurated on the first of August, 238;
elected by the curies, 242;
one of them elected by the centuries, 243, 260;
their office suspended during the rule of the decemvirs, 298;
their title introduced instead of that of prætors, 312;
their election restored to the centuries with the reservation of its
being confirmed by the curies, 313;
had the power of inflicting fines, 339;
one plebeian and one patrician consul, 403;
enter their office regularly in spring only after the Punic wars, and
in the last years of the republic in August, 407;
both might have been chosen from the plebeians, according to a law,
passed in the war of Hannibal, which was not acted upon, 432;
carried out only in the year 580, 432;
during the second Samnite war they enter upon their office in
September, 493;
had the power of deciding the number of auxiliaries, which the allies
had to furnish, 572;
have the right of appointing a dictator, ii, 33;
might freely dispose of the _manubia_, 184;
the privilege that one of the consuls should always belong to one
order, done away with in the war of Perseus, 190;
arrested by the tribunes, 226;
under Sylla a patrician and a plebeian, 387;
do not leave Rome during their year of office, owing perhaps, to a
regulation of Sylla, 396;
have the JUS RELATIONIS, iii, 119.
_Consus_, the god of counsel, i, 117.
_Copais_, lake, its drains choked up, i, 357;
at present merely a marsh, 358.
_Cora_ and _Pometia_ fall into the hands of the Auruncians, i, 222,
223;
Cora retaken, 344.
_Corbulo_, carries on war successfully against the Parthians, iii, 191;
executed, 192.
_Corcyra_, besieged by the Illyrians, ii, 47.
_Cordova_, Gonsalvo de, formed the Spanish infantry, ii, 259.
_Corfinium_, in the country of the Pelignians, under the name of
Italica, chief town of the Italian state, ii, 352;
takes its old name again, 358.
_Corinth_, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii,
145;
dependent on Macedon, 145;
the most flourishing of all the Greek towns, 153;
given up by the Achæans to Philip, 155;
restored to the Achæans, 162;
separated from Achaia, 250;
taken by Mummius, 255;
colony established there by Cæsar, iii, 74;
plundered and burnt by the Goths, iii, 280.
_Coriolanus_, placed in a wrong time, i, 244;
Cn. or C. Marcius, 244;
cannot have conquered Corioli, 244;
very likely of the lesser clans, 287;
his story as commonly told, 287;
his presenting himself to Attius Tullius entirely copied from the
visit of Themistocles to Admetus, 288;
centre of the emigrants, 291.
_Corioli_ destroyed, i, 275;
at first Latin town, afterwards Volscian, 288.
_Corneille_ forms the link between the antique and the classic in
French literature, ii, 292.
_Cornelia_, daughter of the elder Scipio, mother of the Gracchi, ii,
270.
_Cornelians_, Sylla’s body guard, ii, 390.
_Cornelius._ See Alexander, Cethegus, Cinna, Merula, Rufinus, Scipio,
Severus, Sylla.
_Cn. Cornelius_, general of the Romans, at a great disadvantage near
the Liparian isles, ii, 15.
_A. Cornelius Cossus_, consul, i, 425;
surrounded, 429.
_A. Cornelius Cossus_, military tribune, conquers Lars Tolumnius, i,
348.
_Cornelius Nepos_, a native of the country beyond the Po, i, 365;
his chronological accounts very highly valued, 365;
we have of him but the life of Atticus, iii, 126.
_Corn magazine_ established by C. Gracchus, ii, 296.
CORNU does not mean wing, but half, i, 440.
_Coronea_, burned to ashes, ii, 210.
CORPORALES RES, i, 179.
_Corporations_ come, in Italy, into the place of municipal
constitution, i, 120.
CORRECTORES, iii, 255.
_Corridors_, in the Roman houses without windows, lit up with
candelabras, ii, 349.
_Corsica_, settlements of the Carthaginians, ii, 5;
given up to the Romans, 46, 220.
_Cortez_, Ferdinand, iii, 64.
_Cortona_, its inhabitants not at all different from the neighbourhood,
i, 143;
peace with Rome, 509.
_Ti. Coruncanius_, the first plebeian pontifex maximus, i, 523;
enjoyed the reputation of profound wisdom and knowledge of law, 348;
his son, ambassador to Illyria, murdered, ii, 47.
_Cossus._ See Cornelius.
_Cothon_, harbour of Carthage, ii, 240.
_Cotta_, Roman consul, defeated by Mithridates, iii, 5.
_Cotton_, manufactures of, iii, 237.
_Council of state_, iii, 120;
under Hadrian, 231;
completely organized under Alexander Severus, 262.
_Court_, its exclusiveness begins to show itself under M. Antoninus,
iii, 246.
_Court days_, there were thirty-eight of them in the year of ten
months, i, 520.
_Craftsmen_, excluded from the tribes, i, 177.
_Crassus_, Roman governor, war in Mœsia, iii, 151.
_Crassus_, M. Licinius, consul, conqueror of Spartacus, ii, 404, 406;
reconciled to Pompey, 404;
victory near Petilia, 406;
not unlikely that he used Catiline for his own ends, iii, 14;
his connexion with Catiline very likely, 22;
has a bitter spite against Cicero, 35;
consul for the second time, 37;
finds his death in the war against the Parthians, 37;
congress at Lucca, 39.
_Crassus_, P. Licinius, general against Perseus, ii, 208;
defeated by him, 208.
_Crassus_, P. Licinius, father-in-law of C. Gracchus.
_Crassus_, P. Licinius, arises against Carbo, ii, 303;
his talent as an orator, 303;
goes over to the senate, 303;
put to death, 373;
is the first who sent for marble pillars from Greece, 395.
_P. Crassus_, son of M. Crassus, very intimate with Cicero, iii, 36.
_Crassus_, P. Licinius Mucianus taken prisoner by Aristonicus, ii, 267;
his rapacity, 267.
_Cremera_, the settlement of the Fabii on its banks an ἐπιτειχισμός
against Veii, i, 262.
_Cremona_, Roman colony, ii, 57, 75;
destroyed by the Boians, 165;
Latin colony, then a _municipium_, and at last a military colony,
101;
victory of Antonius Primus over the troops of Vitellius, 200.
_Crete_, independent, torn in factions, applies to Philip for his
mediation, ii, 148, 151;
its inhabitants were at all times robbers by land and by sea, iii, 9.
CRIMEN MAJESTATIS, iii, 173.
_Criminal causes_ had to be tried before the prætor, i, 404.
_Criminal law_, its principles among the ancients, i, 318.
_Crispians_, T. Quinctius, consul, defeated by Hannibal, killed, ii,
119.
_Crispus_, son of Constantine, executed, iii, 303.
_Critolaus_ at the head of affairs in Achæa, ii, 252;
his death, 254.
_Crixus_, leader in the Servile war, ii, 406.
_Cromwell_, a great question whether he was an honest fanatic or an
impostor, ii, 123; iii, 12;
the title of king had a great charm for him, 76;
wanted always to be guessed, 168.
_Croton_, i, 459, destroyed by the Romans, 567;
taken by Hannibal, which completes its ruin, ii, 107;
head-quarters of Hannibal, 134.
_Crustumeria_, i, 216.
_Ctesiphon_, near Seleucia, capital of the Parthian kings, iii, 108;
taken by Trajan, 220;
built by the Parthians to humble Seleucia, ii, 254;
taken and sacked by Severus, 254;
by its conquest the empire so much shaken, that its subjects thought
of freeing themselves from its yoke, 263;
centre of the Persian empire, 264;
is said to have been taken by Carus, 292;
strongly fortified in Julian’s time, 313.
_Cumæ_, i, 453;
its earliest history very obscure, 149;
was looked upon as wonderfully old, 150;
Etruscans throw themselves upon it, 214;
destroys the naval power of the Etruscans with the help of Hiero,
342.
_Cuman traditions_, i, 213.
_Cumberland_ has its name from the Cymri, traces of the Cymric language
were found there as late as a hundred years ago, ii, 322.
_Curia Hostilia_, the sunset was seen from its steps, i, 270.
_Curies_ condemned Manlius to death, pronounced the disgraceful
decision between the Ardeates and the people of Aricia, compelled
Camillus to go into exile, i, 94;
receive their names from the thirty ravished Sabine maidens, 117;
in Greek φράτραι, unions of clans in certain numerical proportions,
119;
intermediate link between the clans and the tribes, 161;
their turn decided by lot, 162;
it was permitted to get up and to speak in them, 184:
condemn Cassius, 257;
could transact business only on the _dies comitiales_, 269;
voted VIVA VOCE, 266;
no previous notice needed to be given, 269;
could not do business without a SENATUS CONSULTUM, 269;
meet for the last time, 542;
give their sanction beforehand to the decrees of the centuries, 446;
had originally the right of declaring war and peace, 340.
_Curies_ & _Centuries_ could be convoked only on certain days, i, 322.
_Curio_, C. Scribonius, highly gifted, is in vain led to better ways by
Cicero, iii, 26;
tribune of the people, 49;
bought over by Cæsar, 50;
takes the command in Sicily, 57;
killed in battle in Africa, 57;
falls out with the senate, because he wanted to have a month
intercalated for himself, 72;
Cicero assigns to him a high rank as a writer, 127.
_M. Curius Dentatus_, Roman general against the Sabines, i, 535;
quarrels with the senate, 537;
his poverty, 538;
refuses to take a greater share in the booty, 537;
draining of the lake Velinus, 538;
goes to Etruria, 546;
Roman general in the battle of Beneventum, 568.
_M. Curtius_ belongs to the time of Severus and Caracalla, writes in
imitation of Livy, iii, 276, 283.
_Curule Dignities_, no one should hold two of them at the same time, i,
433;
one could only be re-elected to it after the lapse of ten years, 433.
CURULIS MAGISTRATUS, who was allowed to make use of a carriage, i, 326;
CURULIS JUNO, 329;
CURULIS TRIUMPHUS, 329.
_Cyclades_, formerly belonging to Egypt, in an unsettled state, ii,
151.
_Cyclic poems_, iii, 132.
_Cyclopian_ walls, i, 146.
_Cymri_, or Belgians, not a mixture of Celts and Germans, as Cæsar has
it, i, 367;
probably the oldest inhabitants of Britain, 368;
their migration, 368; ii, 322;
in Basse Bretagne, iii, 42;
their original abodes, 42.
_Cynoscephalæ_, situation, ii, 157;
battle, 158.
_Cynthia_, mistress of Propertius, her true name is Hostia, iii, 137.
_St. Cyprian_, iii, 292.
_Cyprus_, the Phœnician settlements there are of very early date, i, 1;
Egyptian, 221; iii, 3.
_Cyrene_, colonized from Thera, i, 102;
Egyptian, ii, 221;
inscriptions in three languages found there, 310;
Cæsar there, iii, 66.
_Cythera_, the Phœnician settlements there later than those of Cyprus,
ii, 1.
_Cyzicus_, true to the Romans in the war of Mithridates, ii, 364;
besieged by Mithridates, iii, 6;
destroyed by the Goths, 284.
D
_Dacians_, war under Domitian, iii, 212;
the same race as the ancient Getæ, 212;
are rich, no barbarians, 212;
constitution, 212;
first war with Trajan, 218;
second war, 219;
freed by Maximin from the inroads of the barbarians, 268;
given up to the Goths, 285.
_Dagalaiphus_, iii, 315.
_Dalmatians_ subdued, ii, 220, 307;
campaign of Augustus against them, iii, 149;
reduced by Tiberius, 150;
revolt, 154.
_Dalmatius_, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.
_Dalmatius_, son of Dalmatius, iii, 304.
_Damasippus_, prætor, causes all the partisans of Sylla to be put to
death, ii, 381.
_Damaratus._ See Demaratus.
_Dante_ feels for the men of the Roman era, as an old Roman would have
done, i, 79; iii, 94.
_Daphnis_, a true Sicilian hero, iii, 131.
_Dardanus_, i, 96.
_Daughters_ could not convey gentilician rights, i, 112.
_Daun_, by no means an inferior general to Fabius, ii, 68.
_Dauphin_, son of Louis XV., iii, 172.
_Death_, the black death, iii, 241;
famine after it, 292.
_Debt_, bondage for debt without nexum, i, 233.
_Debt_, the Roman system of debts in later days entirely borrowed from
the Greek law, i, 388.
_Debtors_, law of debtors of Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Superbus, and
Valerius, i, 228;
that of Servius not contained in the _Jus Papirianum_, 228;
that of the patricians liberal, that of the plebeians strict, 228;
it was the general law of antiquity, that the borrower could pledge
himself and his family for debt, 228;
law of debtors of P. Licinius, 398.
_Debts_ regulated, i, 413.
_Decebalus_, greatness of his character, iii, 212;
peace with Domitian, 212;
first war with Trajan, 219;
his empire, 219;
conquered, 219;
second war, 219;
falls, 219.
DECEM PRIMI taken from the Ramnes, i, 124;
held the government when there was no king, 124.
DECEMVIRI CONSULARI POTESTATE LEGIBUS SCRIBUNDIS, i, 298;
five of the second decemvirs are plebeian, 299;
the first represented the _decem primi_ of the senate, 299;
the second a συναρχία after the pattern of the archons of Attica,
299;
their composition, 299;
those of the second year were probably chosen for several years, 306;
keep a guard of an hundred and twenty lictors, 307.
_Decemviri stlitibus judicandis_ first appointed in the century, i,
313.
_Decemvirs_ for the Sybilline books are half of them plebeians, i, 401.
_P. Decius Mus_, tribune, saves by his boldness the arm of Cn.
Cornelius Cossus, i, 429;
devotes himself to death in the battle near Veseris, 443.
_P. Decius Mus_, consul, in the third Samnite war, i, 525;
devotes himself to the infernal gods, 530.
_Decius_ Q. (C.), Messius (Quintus) Trajanus, born in Illyricum, iii,
272;
overcomes Philip in the neighbourhood of Verona, 273;
considered by the heathen writers a hero, hated by the Christian
ones, 273;
persecution of the Christians, 273;
relieves Nicopolis, 278;
defeated, loses his life, 278.
_Decuries_, i, 120.
_Decurions_, town magistrates, i, 120;
in Gaul, iii, 331.
DEDITIONEM FACERE, i, 212.
_Deguigne’s_ opinion on the earlier times of the Huns incorrect, iii,
317.
_Delia_, in Tibullus, her real name Plania, iii, 137.
_Delictum manifestum_, no trial required in case of one, ii, 297.
_Delos_, given up to Athens, ii, 164;
conf. Delphi.
_Delphi_ and Delos, the centre of union of the Hellenic world, i, 97;
the sending of the sons of Tarquinius thither a later invention, i,
198.
_Damaratus_ brings the fine arts to the Tyrrhenians in Etruria, i, 116;
a Bacchiades from Corinth, i, 133.
_Demesne_ in the occupation of the patricians, i, 227.
_Demetrias_ occupied by the Romans, ii, 163;
evacuated by them and occupied by the Ætolians, 171;
taken possession of by Philip, remains Macedonian until the fall of
that empire, 172.
_Demetrius II._, father of Philip, ii, 144.
_Demetrius_, son of Philip, hostage in Rome, ii, 161;
ambassador to Rome, 203;
favourable to the Romans, 203;
poisoned, 205;
delivers Andriscus to the Romans, 245.
_Demetrius_, the false, not an impostor, ii, 245.
_Demetrius_ Pharius, governor of Corcyra, gives up the island to the
Romans, ii, 47;
guardian to the king whilst a minor, 57;
conspires against Rome, 57;
commits piracy against the Cyclades, 57;
escapes to Macedon, 57.
_Demetrius Poliorcetes_, i, 198;
a great genius spoiled, 553;
allied with Ptolemy Soter, 553;
put in possession of the throne of Macedon, 554.
_Democracy_ established in Rome by the Hortensian law, i, 322.
Δῆμος equivalent to plebes, i, 166;
afterwards the whole mass of the people, 169.
_Demosthenes_, i, 248;
slander against him, iii, 79;
in him oratory is at its height, 275.
_Dempster_, led astray by Annius of Viterbo and Inghirami, i, 141.
_Denham._ See Clapperton.
_Diæus_ at the head of the affairs at Achaia, ii, 252, 254, 255.
DETERIOREM PARTEM SEQUI, i, 280.
_Dexippus_, his fragments, iii, 277;
heroism against the Goths, 280.
_Diadumenianus._ See Antoninus.
_Diana._ See Janus.
DICENEUS, iii, 212.
_Dictator_, law UT EI EQUUM ESCENDERE LICERET, i, 330;
formerly selected by the patricians out of a number of candidates
proposed to them, i, 415;
appointed by the consul, ii, 33.
_Dictatorship_, properly a Latin magistracy, i, 221;
the imperium for six months only, 221;
probably referred to a league with Latium only 221;
its object, 235;
fallen into disuse, ii, 303.
_Diderot_ ESSAI sur le règne de CLAUDE ET DE NÉRON, iii, 186.
DIES DIFFISUS, i, 270.
_Dimalus_, (double mountain,) capital of the Illyrians, ii, 57.
_Dinon_, ii, 219.
_Dio Cassius Cocceianus_, his careful language derived from Fabius, i,
20; ii, 63;
MSS., iii, 152;
Dio Chrysostom, probably his grandfather on the mother’s side, i, 61;
lives forty years in Rome and then retires to Capua, 62;
writes the history of Commodus, 62;
twice consul, 92;
spends twelve years in collecting materials, and ten in writing his
history, 62;
had a true vocation for writing history, 62;
draws from the very fountain-head, 62;
his character, 62;
no friend to tyranny, 63;
his style not free from faults, 63;
how much is still preserved of his works, 64;
Venetian MS. of the last books, 64;
editions, 66;
the seventieth book lost when Zonaras, and Xiphilinus made their
extracts, iii, 236;
his opinion of Seneca has much truth, but is exaggerated, 186.
_Dio Chrysostom_ has started the question of the existence of Troy, i,
94;
a native of Prusa, an author of uncommon talent, iii, 227;
his pure Atticism, 227;
character, 227.
_Diocles_, an unknown Greek writer i, 111.
_Diocletian_, emperor, murders Aper, iii, 290;
conquers Carinus, 291;
takes Maximinian as his colleague, 293;
cannot himself have been a slave, 293;
derivation of his name, 293;
his character, 294;
his system of government, 294;
resigns his dignity, 295;
resides in Nicomedia, 296;
reduces Egypt, 296.
_Diodorus Siculus_ contains many notices concerning Roman history,
which he can only have taken from Fabius, i, 20;
the later ones from Polybius, 38;
then from Posidonius and others, 38;
the Roman history is to him only a secondary affair, 47;
writes the ancient history in synchronistical order, 37;
concludes before the civil war to avoid giving offence, 37;
writes his history after Cæsar’s death, 38;
Scaliger’s opinion concerning the time in which it was written, 38;
his writings falsified, 38;
the halves of two books entirely wanting, 65;
uses Roman sources in the Greek language, 373;
his account of the Samnite war perhaps borrowed from Fabius or
Timæus, 493;
the Etruscan war from Fibius, 508;
his notices of Carthage probably from Timæus, ii, 2;
from Philinus of Agrigentum, 26;
has not read Nævius, 26.
_Diœceses_ of the Roman empire, iii, 294.
_Diomedes_, grammarian, iii, 323.
_Dion_, i, 575.
_Dionysia_, the feast of the vintage, i, 550.
_Dionysius of Helicarnassus_, publishes his history in the year 743, i,
39;
his rhetorical writings excellent, 39;
he is probably the person mentioned by Strabo under the name of
Cæcilius, 39;
his history comprises the period from the earliest times to the first
Punic war, 39;
Ἐκλογαὶ Διονυσίου, 39;
makes himself abridgment of his works, 39;
MSS. in existence of the first ten books, 39;
the eleventh book, 39;
editions and translations, 41;
character of his works, 43;
does not know Livy, 45;
the account of Naples falling into the power of the Romans, taken
from Neapolitan Chronicles, 46;
conf., iii, 141;
an accomplished critic and historian, 227;
at the time of the consuls he has more materials than he gives, i,
124;
observes that the Etruscan has no resemblance to the Latin, 142;
is mistaken as to the relative positions of the _plebs_ and the
_populus_, 172.
_Dionysius_, tyrant of Syracuse, i, 575;
peace with Carthage, 575;
and ii, 4.
_Dionysius_ the younger, i, 575; ii, 4.
_Diophanes of Mitylene_, friend of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 287.
_Dioscuri_ appear in the battle at the Regillus, ii, 217.
_Directory_, French, in the year 1799, ii, 379.
_Disproportion_ in the division by numbers avoided by the ancients, i,
46.
_Dittmarsch_, 3 × 10 houses, i, 161;
example from its history, 291;
the chronicles begin about a hundred and fifty years before the
conquest of the country, 202;
sudden wealth, ii, 189.
_Dium_, part of it set fire to by Perseus, ii, 211.
_Documents_ had no legal validity among the Romans, unless the accurate
date was affixed to it, i, 5.
_Dodona_, centre of union for the Pelasgian races, i, 97.
_Dodwell_ very seldom hits upon the right conclusion, i, 45;
often spoils by his subtleties what he has well begun, 106.
_Doges of Venice_, forty in five hundred years, i, 83.
_Dolabella_, son-in-law of Cicero, iii, 65;
quarrels with Antony, both of them equally bad, 70;
holds the province of Syria, 86.
_Dolabella_, P. Cornelius, i, 546;
falls upon the country of the Sennonian Gauls, 546.
_Dolopians_, Ætolian, ii, 151;
Macedonian, 203.
_St. Domingo_, insurrection under Jean François, ii, 205.
_Domitia_, wife, of Domitian, iii, 214.
_Domitianus_, T. Flavius, Vespasian’s younger son, iii, 200;
usurps the government in absence of his father, 201;
takes upon himself the command of Gaul, 204;
seeks the life of his father and brother, 209;
a very accomplished man, 209;
the paraphrase of the Phænomena of Aratus ascribed to Germanicus is
by Domitian, 209;
takes the name of Cæsar Germanicus, 209;
establishes the endowment for rhetoricians, 210;
institutes the AGON CAPITOLINUS, 210;
raises the pay of the army, 210;
his expedition against the Chatti, 211;
war against the Dacians, 212;
defeat, 212;
peace, 212;
takes the name of Dacius, 212;
his cruelty, 212;
stabbed, 214;
his buildings, 214.
_Domitius_, Cato’s brother-in-law, iii, 37.
_Domitius Ahenobarbus_ commands the fleet of Brutus and Cassius, iii,
96;
carries on the war under his own auspices, 105;
unites himself with Asinius Pollio, 105;
reconciled to Antony, 105.
_Domitius Ahenobarbus_ crosses the Elbe for the first time in Bohemia,
iii, 152.
_Cn. Domitius_, ii, 308.
_Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus_ transfers the nomination to the pontificate
and other priestly offices from the Colleges to the tribes, ii, 342.
_Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus_, Nero’s father, iii, 189.
_L. Domitius Ahenobarbus_, general of Pompey, iii, 53;
besieged by Cæsar in Corfinium, 54.
_Donatists_ support the Vandals in Africa, iii, 337.
DONATIVUM, the first to the soldiers given by the emperor Claudius,
iii, 182;
the custom given up, 315.
_Donatus_, father of the Latin grammar, iii, 323.
_Double state_ in Rome, i, 122.
_Drakenborch_, i, 57.
_Drepana_, excellent harbour, ii, 30;
discomfiture of the consul Claudius there, 32.
_Droit d’Aubaine_, i, 167.
_Druids_, rulers of the Gauls, i, 575;
and iii, 44.
_Drusus_, Nero Claudius, younger son of Livia, iii, 145;
wars in Germany, 153;
unfortunate for Germany, 153;
his death, 153;
his monument on the Rhine, 153;
a first-rate general, 156;
is said to have asked Augustus to restore the republic, 171.
_Drusus_, son of Tiberius, iii, 160;
delivers the funeral oration for Augustus, 161;
suppresses the mutiny of the troops on the Rhine, 169;
his wife Livilla, 175;
poisoned, 175.
_C. Duilius_, naval victory of Mylæ, ii, 15;
his triumph and honours, 15.
_M. Duilius_, tribune, proclaims an amnesty, i, 319;
refuses in the name of the tribunate to accept any votes, 325.
_Duker_, i, 57.
_Duris of Samos_, i, 532.
DUUMVIRI NAVALES, i, 498;
this dignity abolished, 549, note.
_Dyme_ taken by the Romans, ii, 146.
_Dyrrachium_, iii, 58.
E
_Earthquake_, i, 536;
in the year of the battle at the Trasimenus, ii, 92.
_Ebb_ and flow of the tides almost unknown to the Romans, iii, 45.
_Eburones_ rise against the Romans, iii, 46.
_Ecbatana_, iii, 265.
_Ecetræ_, the south-eastern capital of the Volscians, i, 274.
_Echetus_, prince of the Sicilians in Epirus, i, 100.
_Eckhel_, his worth as a critical historian, iii, 265.
_Eclipse_, in Cicero de R. P., fifteen years before the Gallic
conflagration, seen at Gades, i, 7;
from it, all the preceding ones are calculated backward, 8;
that in the year 350, the first one really observed, which occurred
in the annals, 83.
_Ecnomus_, battle, ii, 19.
_Ecthlipsis_, ii, 198.
_Edetanians_, inhabitants of Valencia, ii, 71.
_Edicts_, imperial, iii, 231.
EDICTUM PERPETUUM, iii, 231.
EDOCERE PLEBEM, i, 270.
_Egeria_, wife of Numa, melts in tears at his death, and gives his name
to a well, springing from them, i, 125.
_Egnatius Gellius_, leads the Samnites to Etruria, i, 527;
falls, 532.
_Egnatius Rufus_, tumult, iii, 118.
_Egypt_, the eighteenth dynasty of Manetho is historical, i, 7;
had a white population before conquered by the Æthiopians, ii, 5;
extent of the empire in Asia and Europe, 145, 147;
at war with Syria, 145;
retains Cœlesyria, 145;
on friendly terms with Rhodes, 148;
its extent at the end of the seventh century, iii, 2;
its manufactures very flourishing under Hadrian and the Antonines,
237.
_Egyptian towns_, in Asia Minor, abandoned by Philip, apply to
Antiochus for aid, ii, 167.
_Elagabalus_, god of the sun, iii, 260.
_Elagabalus_, corruptly Heliogabalus, iii, 260;
bore also the names of Avitus, M. Aurelius Antoninus, Bassianus, 260;
priest of the god Elagabalus, 260;
character, 260;
adopts Alexianus (afterwards Alexander Severus), 261;
killed, 261.
_Elatea_ besieged by Flaminius, ii, 155.
_Elbe_, Roman armies go up the Elbe, iii, 154.
_Elections_, transferred from the people to the senate, iii, 169.
_Elective princes_, Newton assigns seventeen years as an average for
the reign of each, i, 83.
_Eleans_, independent and leagued with the Ætolians, ii, 151;
separate state, 163.
_Elephants_ opposed by burning arrows, i, 568;
may have been introduced from India, ii, 23, note;
brought to Rome, 28.
_Elis_, the history of its constitution offers a close parallel to that
of Rome, i, 306, note.
_Embassy_ to Athens to collect the Greek laws, ii, 295, note.
_Embolon_, ii, 18.
_Embratur_ (imperator), the highest magistrate of the confederation, i,
422.
_Emesa_, aerolites which fell in the neighbourhood worshipped, iii,
260;
battle, 286.
_Emigrations_, if not too extensive, will not weaken a country, iii,
42.
_Emissarius_ of Alba still preserved, i, 108.
_Empresses_ exercised a baleful influence upon morals, iii, 218.
_Enchelians_, about the fortieth olympiad, burst into Greece, and
plunder Delphi, i, 146.
_England_, the war against France in the year 1793 popular again, then
unpopular, then again, in the years 1798 and 1799, popular in the
highest degree, i, 475.
_English_, the English in the colonies learn English, after having in
childhood spoken the language of the creoles, iii, 232.
_English government_ claims a veto in the election of the Irish (Roman
Catholic) bishops, i, 242;
the Chancellor decides in Equity, 255.
_English Rebellion_, the Irish Papists and Scotch Presbyterians,
overpowered by Cromwell, join the old cavaliers, living abroad with
the royal family, i, 225;
the liberties of the Dissenters greater immediately after the
revolution than they were twelve or fifteen years before, 225.
_Enna_, the community slaughtered by the Romans, ii, 116.