even when Rohlfs visited the country things had altered little, as is
proved by the figures previously quoted. Nachtigal says, not much later,
that the exports of Bornu are confined ‘almost entirely to slaves,
ostrich feathers, and ivory’. This traveller was the first to notice a
distinct falling off in the most important ‘article’—a natural result of
the restrictions that had begun to be enforced on the slave-trade.[479]
But it is only in quite recent years that the export of slaves across
the Great Desert to the shores of the Mediterranean has ceased. Ivory as
well as living merchandise has now ceased to be an important article of
export, owing to the war of extermination waged for many years against
the elephant. Moreover, the quantity of ostrich feathers produced in
Bornu was not important enough to influence trade. But it was these
three chief Bornu products alone that made remunerative the caravan
trade across the Desert, inseparable as this trade was from so much risk
and expense.[480] The efforts of individual Tripoli merchants to
maintain trade along the old routes in spite of quite altered
conditions—by importing the goods hitherto customary and exporting the
excellent Bornu leather—cannot be considered to have much vitality,
especially as the condition of the Sahara has become more and more
insecure.[481] The restless robber tribes of the Desert, Tuareg and
others, who were formerly dependent on the caravan trade, on which they
levied voluntary or involuntary tolls, have pushed southwards, seeking
new sources of subsistence, and have thus not only rendered conditions
in the northern parts of Bornu increasingly precarious, but have also
made trade along the old routes almost entirely impossible.[482] This
circumstance has contributed materially to assist—partially at any
rate—the development of the natural artery of commerce for the Central
Sudan, the Niger-Benue route advocated long ago by Barth and
Rohlfs.[483] Thus the apprehensions of the Arab merchants, who have been
intriguing for the last sixty years against European competition, have
been realized.[484] As a matter of fact the Niger-Benue route is the
only natural one by which the products of the Central Sudan, especially
ground-nuts, shea-butter, sesame, and gum-arabic, articles of extremely
low intrinsic value, can be conveyed to the coast. Only when it was
possible to bring these products to the coast in considerable
quantities, and when cotton—and that, too, in large quantities—was added
to them, was the existing natural water-way made use of, so far as this
was possible. But there is no doubt that the importance of the Niger-
Benue route, in consideration of the poverty of natural means of
communication between the Central Sudan and the coast, has always been
overrated. Any one who has once made the wearisome canoe journey up the
Benue, lasting at least four weeks in the dry weather, when progress is
often only possible by digging artificial canals, will not estimate too
highly the value of this water-way. It is not till July that the water
of this river, which rises very rapidly and increases many feet in
depth, reaches such a height that large steamers can reach German
Adamawa; but by October the water begins to fall with the same rapidity,
and steamers which have not got away at the right time have to stick
where they are and await the next rainy season before they can return.
All merchandise that cannot be shipped on steamers during the rains must
either be entrusted to the very costly and insecure canoe transport or
be stored to await a more favourable opportunity for shipment. It may be
imagined what an unfavourable influence these periodic possibilities of
shipment have, for example, on the sale of cotton, an article which is
subject to such considerable fluctuations both in supply and demand.
Canoe transport would be quite out of the question for the utilization
of other agricultural products, especially of course for a trade in
cattle. This means of transport is so dear even for the importation of
the European goods in vogue in the Sudan, that the Hamburg firm of
Pagenstecher, trading in German Bornu, has had to withdraw the
‘factories’ which it had pushed forward to Dikoa and Kusseri, as they
could not show a profit.[485] As regards German Bornu the water-ways,
which for the greater part lie in British territory, have also the
disadvantage that though navigation on the rivers is free in accordance
with international agreements, still there is an inevitable control by
the British of German trade, which under the circumstances is not at all
convenient.
But the German colony of the Kameruns is in a fortunate position, for by
far the shortest ideal line of connexion between the sea and Bornu,
which may be regarded as the focus-point of the Sudan, runs through
their territory; this line is the one from the Bight of Biafra to Lake
Chad. It is the urgent duty of the German Empire to make use of this
fortunate circumstance.
Barth, Rohlfs, and Nachtigal with one accord perceived many years ago
the high value of the Chad countries, and any one who has personal
knowledge of them will gladly join in Nachtigal’s dictum that ‘there may
be many tropical countries in which, thanks to mighty rivers and the
alternation of mountain and valley, Nature may seem more stupendous and
more opulent, beauty more sublime, vegetation more luxuriant, and the
soil more fruitful, but there is scarcely any country in Central Africa
which, if the efforts of mankind corresponded to the powers of the soil,
offers a more beneficent prospect of rapid development’.[486]
Nevertheless, this development cannot proceed at the rate which this
rich and fortunate country deserves. The fault lies with the
insufficiency of its natural trade routes. Nothing but a railway can
change this; it alone could render possible a full utilization of the
rich cotton soil and of the other resources of the country. The
conditions are very favourable, for the technical difficulties of
railway building from the Bight of Biafra to Lake Chad are not too
great, and the line—whose first stage from Bonaberi to the Manenguba
Hills will be ready in 1910—is nowhere intended to be a trunk line,
since everywhere it will pass through districts capable of development.
The railway will be the first thing to disclose, as they deserve, the
high value of the Chad countries; without it they have lain hitherto
like the dead and useless stock on a merchant’s shelves.
[Footnote 448: Bauer, p. 137.]
[Footnote 449: Barth, ii. 417.]
[Footnote 450: Barth, iii. 112 (German edition).]
[Footnote 451: Rohlfs, i. 316; Nachtigal, i. 701.]
[Footnote 452: Passarge, p. 526.]
[Footnote 453: Cf. Barth, ii. 151, iii. 273; Rohlfs, ii. 2; Nachtigal,
i. 715, 722; Passarge, p. 527.]
[Footnote 454: Cf. Stieber, _loc. cit._, p. 84.]
[Footnote 455: As regards the density of population in the hill country,
it is worthy of note that Zimmermann estimates the population of he
Mandara Highlands at 250,000. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._, p. 464.]
[Footnote 456: Nachtigal, ii. 441.]
[Footnote 457: This figure indeed differs widely from the official
estimate given for the total population for the whole of the Kameruns,
viz. 1,300,000. Passarge very rightly doubts the correctness of the
official statement, and estimates that there are at least 2,700,000
inhabitants in the Kameruns (_Kamerun im Jahre 1907-1908, Koloniale
Rundschau_, 1909, p. 517). But even this figure appears to me much too
low. [The official figure for the British Province of Bornu on April 1,
1911, was 674,230.]]
[Footnote 458: [The Senussi have proved a fruitful source of inspiration
to alarmist writers, both in England and on the Continent. The influence
of the Senussi in Bornu is nil, nor is it likely to spread there. The
majority of the Kanuri belong to the Tojani or Tijani sect of Islam. The
Tojani and the Senussi are about as likely to co-operate as a Puseyite
and a Plymouth Brother, or rather as a Kensit preacher and a Broad
Churchman. The following remarks, taken from Professor Margoliouth’s
monograph on ‘Mohammedanism’, recently published, bear on the point. On
p. 184 he says: ‘Senussi’s idea was to unite Moslems against European
influence, from which he failed to dissociate that of the Turks. In the
heart of Africa he proposed to found an Islamic state, whither all
Moslems who wished to be quit of these pernicious influences could
resort for refuge. . . . His doctrine savoured strongly of Wahhabism in
respect of its puritanism, e.g. prohibition of tobacco and music. . . .
So far as they have interfered in disputes between tribes and
governments, it appears to have been with a view to conciliation.’ Again
on p. 221 he says: ‘The Tijanis of North Africa used to be mentioned as
an exceptional case of an order which has favoured the power of France.’
Cf. p. 333 of the present work.
In this connexion M. Landeroin remarks, _Doc. sc._, ii. 528: ‘It is
pretty generally supposed that the tribes between the Niger and the Chad
have all been Islamized, whereas in reality Islam has not penetrated
very far into the heart of the population. Its propagation was favoured
by the Arab merchants, and above all, by the Fulani . . . but the
attachment of the natives for this religion seems never to have been
more than outward, . . . and its practice seems to be decreasing more
and more since the occupation of the country by France and England.
Since Fulani, Arabs, and Tuaregs have had to yield to the Christians,
and it no longer appears politic to flatter the masters of the country
by adopting their religious beliefs, the mass of the population is
quietly returning to their ancient and simple fetish practices, only
retaining certain external appearances of Islam.’
If this means that Mohammedanism in Nigeria is only skin-deep, it is
perfectly true. On the other hand, it is equally true that, at any rate,
nominal adhesion to Islam is spreading among the pagans. For a detailed
account of Islamic sects vid. Depont and Coppolani, _Les Confréries
religieuses musulmanes_, Algiers, 1897; but I think they are wrong in
showing on their map a Senussi ‘zauwia’ at Kuka. The Sarikin Mussulmi of
Sokoto is, I believe, Kaderiya. In jurisprudence Bornu follows the
Hanafi school, cf. Denham, Appendix V, and foot-note thereto by A.
Salame, official Arabic translator to the Foreign Office; and Benton,
_Notes, &c._, p. 200; Sokoto follows the Maliki school.]]
[Footnote 459: Nachtigal, i. 192; ii. 50.]
[Footnote 460: As early as 1903 two American missionaries made a
temporary stay in the Central Sudan (British Adamawa), but had to retire
owing to total lack of means.]
[Footnote 461: Barth, iii. 236.]
[Footnote 462: [On the contrary, large crops of ‘masakwa’ or dry weather
corn are grown on the ‘firki’ soil. This soil is generally known as
‘black cotton soil’, apparently on the ‘lucus a non lucendo’ principle:
it is not black but grey, and cotton is never grown on it.]]
[Footnote 463: [The Catholic Fathers at Tshendam in Muri Province are
trying to teach the natives the use of the plough, and some men and oxen
have been sent from British Bornu to learn. Men who have had practical
experience of farming in the Tropics have grave doubts of the success of
ploughing. Land in the Tropics must be frequently allowed to lie fallow,
and the labour expended in stumping the land would more than outweigh
the labour saved by the use of the plough. Only experience can show
whether this opinion is correct.]]
[Footnote 464: Dominik, p. 219.]
[Footnote 465: Barth, ii. 313. Provisions were accordingly one quarter
cheaper in Kukawa than in Timbuctoo, one-third cheaper than in Kano, and
half the price of those in Katsena and Sokoto. Cf. also Nachtigal, i.
692 ff.]
[Footnote 466: Cf. also Nachtigal, i. 648.]
[Footnote 467: Barth, iii. 282.]
[Footnote 468: [With the present means of transport the export of cotton
from Bornu is totally out of the question. Even if railway transport
were provided, it is extremely doubtful if the export, at the present
price of cotton, would pay.]]
[Footnote 469: Kund, _loc. cit._, p. 28.]
[Footnote 470: [Experiments are being made in sending cattle and sheep
from Bornu to Lagos via the railway at Kano.]]
[Footnote 471: Cf. Rohlfs, i. 343.]
[Footnote 472: Nachtigal mentions among the European products imported
into Bornu, via Tripoli and Murzuk, textile fabrics, paper, perfumery,
and especially cutlery from England, Solingen, and Steiermark.
Nachtigal, i. 697 ff.; cf. also Dominik, p. 163 ff.]
[Footnote 473: It is essential that the coin has the date 1780 to be
accepted as currency. Such dollars were specially minted at Trieste
until recently for use in the Sudan. [The importation of these dollars
into British territory is now forbidden, but they are still imported
into French and German country. Their intrinsic value is about 1_s._
6_d._, but their exchange value in Bornu is at present 3_s._, though of
course it fluctuates. The value of any particular dollar depends on its
condition, which is decided by whether or not the brooch on the Queen’s
shoulder is visible. This of course gives the native a much valued
opportunity for haggling. The date on them (1780) is always the same,
doubtless for convenience of minting, but I have twice seen genuine
Austrian dollars in circulation, one was a Maria Theresa coin of
different design and date, and the other was a Francis I. The native
word for a dollar—‘gurus’ or ‘grush’—is said to be a corruption of
‘groschen’, vid. Decorse, _Rabah et les Arabes du Chari_, p. 56. Carbou,
_L’Arabe parlé au Ouaday_, p. 132, states that dollars have been coined
by the French Mint for the African trade.]]
[Footnote 474: [Thirty-two cowries to the ‘rottl’ or ‘rattal’ still
holds good.]]
[Footnote 475: Barth, ii. 310; Nachtigal, ii. 690.]
[Footnote 476: Rohlfs, i. 347. The dollar which the recognized broker
obtains for every horse and camel sold by auction does not seem to be
regarded by Rohlfs as a tax.]
[Footnote 477: Nachtigal, ii. 541.]
[Footnote 478: Barth, ii. 339.]
[Footnote 479: Nachtigal, i. 700 ff.]
[Footnote 480: Rohlfs, i. 351.]
[Footnote 481: [The following trade figures of produce purchased by the
Niger Company’s station at Nafada on the Gongola have been kindly
supplied by their agent there, Mr. C. W. Allen. The bulk of the produce
comes from Bornu, though some comes from Bauchi Province. As will be
seen, the figure for ostrich feathers is enormous. The war in Tripoli
has diverted the feather trade to Nafada. Few of the feathers come from
British Bornu, mostly from French country across the Shari. European
ostrich farms are now being started there by private enterprise.
1912.
Ostrich Feathers 15,772½ lb.
Red, undyed skins 52,020 Pcs.
T
Gum-arabic 56 11 2 2
Gutta-percha 8 1 2 8½
Beeswax 2 1 26
Cow-hides 1,638 Pcs.
Native Silk 1 5
]]
[Footnote 482: [The Kano railway and the Tripoli War have put the last
nail in the coffin of the caravan trade. Arabs are already beginning to
leave Tripoli and settle in Kano.]]
[Footnote 483: Barth, iii. 220, and Rohlfs, i. 351.]
[Footnote 484: Barth, ii. 344.]
[Footnote 485: According to a written communication from the head of the
firm of Pagenstecher to the writer (July 24, 1909).]
[Footnote 486: Nachtigal, ii. 387; cf. also Barth, iii. 162 ff. (German
edition); Rohlfs, i. 351, and Reclus, p. 658.]
IX
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
ALIS, HARRY [pseudonym of J. H. Percher]. _A la conquête du Tchad._
Paris, 1891.
—— _Nos Africains._ Paris, 1894.
AMBRONN, L. Bericht über die astronomisch-geodätischen Beobachtungen der
Expedition zur Festlegung der Grenze Yola-Tschadsee. _Mitt. aus den
deutsch. Schutzgeb._, Bd. xviii, 1905.
AUDOIN, M. Notice hydrographique sur le lac Tchad, in _La Géographie_,
vol. xii (1905), p. 305 ff.
BARTH, DR. HEINRICH. Briefliche Mitteilungen des Herrn v. Beurmann an
Dr. Heinr. Barth in _Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde_, Bd. xv (1863), p. 274
ff.
—— Die Bestätigung der Todesnachricht des Herrn M. von Beurmann, _idem_,
p. 538 ff.
—— _Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika in den Jahren
1849-55._ 5 Bde. Gotha, 1857-8. [English edition, _Travels and
Discoveries in North and Central Africa_, 5 vols. There is also an
abridged edition in one volume in the Minerva Library.]
BAUER, FRITZ. _Die deutsche Niger-Benue-Tsadsee-Expedition, 1902-3._
Berlin, 1904.
CHEVALIER, AUG. De l’Oubangui au lac Tchad à travers le bassin du Chari.
_La Géographie_, ix (1904), p. 343 ff.
CHUDEAU, R. D’Alger à Tombouctou par l’Alhaggar, l’Aïr et le Tchad, _La
Géographie_, vol. xv (1907), p. 261 ff.; and L’Aïr et la région de
Zinder, _idem_, p. 321 ff.
DENHAM. _Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central
Africa_, by Major Denham, F.R.S., Captain Clapperton, R.N., and the late
Doctor Oudney. 2 vols. London, 1826. [This is the second edition. The
first edition was in one volume, quarto (1826), and contained
vocabularies of Bornu, Begharmi, Mandara, and Timbuctoo languages, and
appendices on Zoology, Botany, Geology, and Meteorology omitted in
subsequent editions.]
DESTENAVE. Exploration des Iles du Tchad. _La Géographie_, vii (1903),
p. 420.
—— Reconnaissance géographique de la région du Tchad. _Idem_, p. 157.
DOMINIK, H. Bericht über die Gebiete zwischen dem oberen Benuë und dem
Tsardsee, in _Deutsch. Kolonialbl._, xiv. Jahrg.
—— _Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee._ Berlin, 1908.
D’HUART. Le Tchad et ses habitants. _La Géographie_, ix (1904), p. 161.
EHRENBERG, PROF. Briefliche Mitteilungen des Herrn von Beurmann an Prof.
Ehrenberg, in _Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde_, Bd. xv (1863), p. 287 ff.
FOUREAU, F. _D’Alger au Congo par le Tchad._ Paris, 1902.
—— _Documents scientifiques de la Mission Saharienne._ 2 vols. Paris,
1903-4.
FREYDENBERG. Explorations dans le bassin du Tchad, in _La Géographie_,
Bd. xv (1907), p. 161 ff.
GENTIL, E. _La Chute de l’empire de Rabah._ Paris, 1902.
HASSERT, DR. KURT. _Deutschlands Kolonien._ Leipzig, 1909.
IBN BATUTA (1353). In _Collection d’ouvrages orientaux publiée par la
Société Asiatique_, vol. iv. Paris, 1858, p. 441 ff.
IBN CHALDUN (1381-2). _Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, traduite par
de Slane_, vol. ii. Alger, 1854.
LENFANT, E. A. De l’Atlantique au Tchad par la Bénoué, in _La
Géographie_, ix (1904), p. 321 ff.
—— _La Grande Route du Tchad._ Paris, 1905.
LEO AFRICANUS (1528). Description de l’Afrique, escrite par Jean Leo
African. Nouvelle édition annotée par Ch. Schefer, vol. iii. In _Recueil
de voyages et de documents_, Paris, 1898, p. 308 ff. [English edition
translated and collected by John Pory, 1600.]
LUGARD, SIR F. D. Northern Nigeria. Memorandum on the taxation of
natives in Northern Nigeria. In _Colonial Reports_, London, 1907.
MARQUARDSEN, H. _Der Niger-Benuë._ Berlin, 1909.
—— Die geographische Erforschung des Tschadsee-Gebietes bis zum Jahre
1905, in _Mitteil. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb._, Bd. xviii, p. 318 ff.
MASSARI. Bericht in _Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana_, 6,
1881, vol. xviii, p. 811 ff.
MÖCKLER-FERRYMAN, A. F. _British Nigeria._ London, 1902.
MOISEL, M. Begleitworte zu der Karte 3, ‘Der deutsche Logone und seine
Nachbargebiete’ in _Mitteil. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb._, Bd. xviii, p.
179 ff. _Idem_, Schipper, Bemerkungen, &c.
MONTEIL, P. L. _De Saint-Louis à Tripoli par le lac Tchad._ Paris, 1894.
NACHTIGAL, DR. GUSTAV. _Saharâ und Sudân_, Bd. i, ii, und iii. Berlin,
1879, 1881, 1889. [There is a French translation by J. Gourdault.]
OPPENHEIM, MAX FREIHERR V. _Rabeh und das Tschadseegebiet._ Berlin,
1902.
PASSARGE, DR. SIEGFRIED. _Adamaua._ Berlin, 1895.
POLKO, ELISE. _Erinnerungen an einen Verschollenen. Aufzeichnungen und
Briefe von und über Eduard Vogel._ Leipzig, 1863. [The authoress was
Vogel’s sister.]
PUTTKAMER, V. Bericht über seine Reise in das Tschadsee-Gebiet, in
_Deutsch. Kolonialbl._, xv. Jahrg.
RECLUS, ÉLISÉE. _Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, vol. xii. Paris,
1887.
REICHENBACH, E. STROMER VON. _Die Geologie der deutschen Schutzgebiete
in Afrika._ München, 1896.
ROHLFS, GERHARD. _Quer durch Afrika._ 2 vols. Leipzig, 1874.
SCHWEINFURTH, DR. G. Bericht über die von M. v. Beurmann 1862 aus dem
mittleren Sudân eingesandten Pflanzenproben; in _Zeitschr. f. allg.
Erdkunde_, Bd. xv (1863), p. 293 ff.
STIEBER. Bericht über seine Reise in das Gebiet der Musgus.
_Kolonialbl._, xvi. Jahrg., p. 81 ff.
TILHO, JEAN. Exploration du lac Tchad, in _La Géographie_, vol. xii
(1905), p. 195 ff.
VOGEL, EDUARD. Briefe und Berichte, in _Petermann’s Mitteilungen_,
1855-7. Gotha.
ZIMMERMANN. Bericht über eine Bereisung des Mandara-Gebirges, &c., in
_Deutsch. Kolonialbl._, xvii. Jahrg. (1906).
[In addition to the above-mentioned there are various books and articles
which have appeared since the publication of the German original of this
monograph, or which escaped its author’s notice. For many titles I am
indebted to Joucla’s _Bibliographie de l’Afrique Occidentale Française_,
and to a _Bibliography of the Sudan_ printed by Dr. Karl Kumm, a copy of
which was kindly sent me by the author; also to Struck’s ‘Linguistic
Bibliography of Northern Nigeria’, in the _African Society’s Journal_.
Items which I have not been able to examine myself are marked with an
asterisk (*).—P. A. B.]
ADELUNG, J. C., and J. S. VATER. _Mithridates_. Berlin, 1812, Part III,
pp. 232-5.
AL-BAKRI. Reprint of de Slane’s edition. Algiers, 1910.
ALEXANDER, BOYD. _From the Niger to the Nile._ London, 1907.
—— Article on Lake Chad in _African Society’s Journal_ for April 1908.
—— _Boyd Alexander’s Last Journey_, edited by Herbert Alexander. London,
1912.
ALEXANDER, DR. DAVID. Article on Bornu ‘dubbo-dubbo’ or Punch and Judy,
in _Man_ for 1911.
_Annual Biography and Obituary._ Volume for 1829, contains short
obituaries of Denham and Clapperton.
BALBI, ADR. _Atlas ethnographique._ Paris, 1826, Tab. xxxix, No. 310.
Maiha.
BARRÈS, M. _Une Âme de Colonial. Lettres du Lieut.-Col. Moll avec une
préface de M. Maurice Barrès._ Paris, 1912. Cf. Eschevannes. [Does not
directly concern British Bornu, where, however, Col. Moll was both known
and admired.]
BARTH, DR. HEINRICH. _Central African Vocabularies._ 3 vols. Gotha, 1862
(in English and German).
—— Die Ausfragen des überlebenden Dieners Dr. E. Vogel’s über den Tod
seines Herrn, article in _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, 1863, p.
248. [This includes the official report from Major Hermann, British
Consul at Tripoli. Amongst other things we learn that Vogel usually wore
a tobe and a turban, but that when he did don European dress it
consisted of a gold-laced cap, dark braided coat and black overalls.]
—— vid. also under Beurmann, and under Schubert.
BENTON, P. A. _Kanuri Readings._ London, 1911.
—— _Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan._ London, 1912.
BERLIN, DOROTHEA. _Erinnerungen an Gustav Nachtigal._ Berlin, Gebrüder
Paetel, 1887.
BEURMANN, MAURICE VON. Tod nebst Übersicht seiner Reisen (1861-3), sowie
derjenigen von Overweg (1850-2) und Vogel (1853-6), article by Barth in
_Petermann’s Mittheilungen_, 1864, p. 25. Map. [Beurmann visited Bauchi
(Jacoba) and returned via Fika in November, 1862. He also accompanied a
slave raid to Marghi and Chibuk in the same year.]
—— Briefliche Mittheilungen an Dr. H. Barth und Prof. Ehrenberg aus
Kuka, 7. Sept. und 24. Dec. 1862, printed in _Zeitschrift für allgemeine
Erdkunde_, 1863, p. 273.
*BRUEL, G. _L’Occupation du bassin du Tchad._ Moulins, 1902.
_Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, 1908, vi. 47 and 175, and 1910,
viii. 352 and 402.
BURDON, MAJOR J. A., C.M.G. _Historical Notes on Certain Emirates and
Tribes_, selected and arranged by. Printed by Waterlow, 1909.
BURTON, SIR R. _Negro Wit and Wisdom._ London, 1865.
CARBOU, H. _Méthode pratique pour l’étude de l’arabe parlé au Ouadai et
à l’est du Tchad._ Paris, in-8, 1911.
—— _La Région du Tchad et du Ouadai._ 2 vols, Paris, 1912. [Includes
notes on the Tubu language.]
CASTELNAU, F. DE. _Renseignements sur l’Afrique Centrale et sur une
nation d’hommes à queue qui s’y trouverait, d’après le rapport des
nègres du Soudan, esclaves à Bahia._ Paris, 1851. [Contains information
from various slaves from Bornu taken to South America, and plates of
tribal marks. Also vocabularies of Hausa, Filani, Courami, and Java.]
CHEVALIER, A. _Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-4._ Paris, 1907.
CHUDEAU, R. _Missions au Sahara._ 2 vol. Paris, 1908-9. [Only the second
volume concerns the Sudan. Not much about Bornu. General survey of
geology, meteorology, &c.]
*—— _Les Bœufs du Nord du Tchad._ (As. Fr. Av. Sc. Clermont-Ferrand, L.
xxxvii, pp. 1061-3, 1 fig.)
CLAPPERTON, H. _Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of
Africa from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo._ London, 1829.
—— vid. Denham.