The Patriotic Club commences its sessions.--Character of that
association.--The Grand Duke departs for the frontier.--Particulars
of his march.--The Polish regiments which had remained with
him return to Moscow.--Their reception.--Krazynski and
Kornatowski.--Deputation to St Petersburgh.--Demands to be laid before
the Emperor.--Sierawski made Governor of Warsaw, and Wasowiez chief
of the staff.--Order respecting the army.--Arrival of volunteers from
the interior.--Opening of the theatre.--Religious solemnities at
Praga.--Chlopicki nominated and proclaimed Dictator.
On the third of December the Patriotic Club began its session, under
the guidance of very worthy persons. The object of this society was,
to watch over all the departments of the administration, to see that
the measures adopted were congenial with the wishes of the people, and
in the spirit of the revolution; and to promote fraternity and union
throughout the nation. They desired to repress all manifestations of
selfishness or ambition, to discover and bring before the people the
persons best qualified for public offices, and, in short, to promote
the best interests of the nation with unwearied zeal. If this club was,
at times, led by the fervor of patriotic feeling to adopt measures
considered rigorous by many, their acts were never inconsistent with
the love of country, or their own views of the national honor. At this
time, a committee was also appointed for the trial of the spies.
On the morning of the third of December, the Grand Duke commenced his
march towards Pulawa, according to agreement,[19] and the Polish
regiments which had remained with Constantine up to this time, now
returned to Warsaw. These troops were at first regarded by the people
with feelings of indignation. Such feelings were, however, soon
dissipated by the explanations which were given. They had been misled
by their generals, Krasynski and Kornatowski. As to general Zimyrski,
who commanded the grenadiers, he was entirely blameless. He had
intended to join the patriots at first, but was detained as a prisoner
by the Russians. The other two generals persuaded their men that the
revolutionary movements were only disturbances of the mob, excited by
the students, and would quickly come to an end. They ought not, they
told them, to forsake their legitimate government and the Grand Duke.
It was impossible afterwards for these regiments to learn the truth,
as they were closely surrounded by the Russians, and cut off from all
communication with others.
Early on the third of December, when the Grand Duke had resolved to
depart, he visited these troops in person, and declared before them
that he left Warsaw only to avoid useless bloodshed, and that order
would soon be restored. He requested them to go with him, as they were
regiments of guards, in whom the emperor had peculiar confidence.
'Soldiers,' he said, 'will you go with us; or stay and unite with those
who have proved faithless to their sovereign?' With one voice the whole
corps exclaimed, 'We will remain--we will join our brethren and fight
for the liberty of our country. We are sorry that we could not do so
from the beginning, but we were deceived.'
The people who had assembled to gaze at these unfortunate men,
with unfavorable and unjust feelings toward them, were disarmed of
their resentment at the very sight of them, and rushed into their
embraces. They were surrounded by the multitude, and taken, with
joyful acclamations, to the Place of the Bank. But though the people
forgave the soldiers, their indignation remained unabated against
their generals, and the greatest efforts of the leading patriots were
required to save Krasynski and Kornatowski from their rage. It was
dreadful to behold these generals riding with downcast looks, not
daring to look on those whom they had intended to betray. Death would
certainly have been preferable to thus meeting the curses of a justly
incensed people. Mothers held up their children, and, pointing at the
two generals, exclaimed, 'See the traitors!' Arriving at the Bank,
the people demanded that Krasynski and Kornatowski should give their
reasons for having acted as they had done; and as the wretched men
could say nothing in their own defence, a general cry arose of 'Death
to the traitors!' Nothing but the love of the people for Chlopicki and
Schembeck, who interceded, could have hindered them from carrying their
wishes into immediate execution. Several excited individuals made their
way toward the culprits with pistols in their hands, and, after aiming
at them, fired their weapons into the air, crying, 'You are unworthy
of a shot from a Polish hand. Live--to be everlastingly tortured by
your consciences!' The unfortunate men entreated that they might be
permitted to serve in the ranks, as privates. They were immediately
deprived of their commissions, and from that time they lived in
retirement during the war.[20]
The people were this day informed that prince Adam Czartoriski had been
nominated president of the national government; that the eighteenth
of December was appointed for the opening of the Diet; that till that
day the rights of the Emperor Nicholas would be acknowledged; and that
Lubecki, Osvowski, and Jezierski would be sent to St Petersburgh, as a
deputation, to inform the emperor of all that had happened. They were
also to lay before him the following demands:
1st. That all Russian troops should be withdrawn from the kingdom
forever, that a perpetual conflict between the two nations might be
avoided.
2d. That the privileges of the constitution should be again confirmed
in their fullest extent.
3d. That all the ancient Polish provinces incorporated with Russia
should partake in the privileges of the constitution, as Alexander had
promised.
The deputies were also instructed to entreat the emperor to come to
Warsaw and open the Diet, in order to satisfy himself respecting the
actual state of affairs.
The deputies left Warsaw that very evening.
The commander in chief appointed general Sierawski governor of the
city of Warsaw, and colonel count Wonsowicz chief of the staff. These
officers were both beloved by the people, and proved themselves able
and zealous defenders of their country through the whole campaign.
The commander in chief also published an order, that the army should
consist of 200,000 men. Each wayewodeship (principality) was to
furnish 9,000 infantry and 11,000 horse. There are eight wayewodeships
in Poland. The army already existing, the volunteer forces, and the
regiments raised and equipped by some of the noblemen, were not
reckoned in this estimate, nor did it include the volunteers which
were to be expected from the Polish provinces under other foreign
governments.
The fourth, fifth, and sixth of December were remarkable days in the
history of our revolution. Soldiers and peasants flocked in from all
sides--from all quarters of the country. In a short time, more than
five thousand peasants, armed with scythes, axes, and other weapons,
were counted. Among them were more than two hundred peasant girls, with
sickles. These were days of real joy, when all united in the defence
of Poland, without distinction of rank, age, or even sex--when rich
and poor, nobles and peasants, met, as friends escaped from common
sufferings, and embraced. Tables were spread with refreshments for
those who arrived, in the streets. The fourth was remarkable for the
opening of the theatre.[21] Religious solemnities took place in Praga
on the fifth, and on the sixth a Dictator was nominated.[22]
When, on the sixth of December, the national government notified
Chlopicki of his nomination as generalissimo, he replied, that they
had no power to place him in that station; that in such critical times
the civil and military power ought to be vested in one person, and that
he felt himself entitled, by his long services, to nominate himself
Dictator. His powers, he said, he would lay down on the assemblage of
the Diet. In the afternoon of the next day he was proclaimed Dictator
in the Champ de Mars, amidst the acclamations of an immense multitude.
After this, he took a public oath to act in accordance with the spirit
of the people, and to defend the rights and privileges of Poland.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 19: The details of the Grand Duke's march may not be
uninteresting to the reader, and at the same time they will serve to
refute the false report that he was pursued by the Poles.
Early in the morning of the third of December, the Grand Duke left his
camp at Mokotow, and marched on the route of Kosienice and Pulawa.
Agents had been sent in advance in this direction, to procure for him
every convenience, which he found uniformly prepared. In a village
between Kosienice and Graniza, where he halted with his troops, he met
intendant general Wolicki, who was on his way from Lublin to Warsaw.
Wolicki waited on the Grand Duke, in the hope that he might render
him some service. Constantine had quartered himself in the house of
the curate of the village, and received the intendant general in the
parlor, where the Grand Duchess Lowicz was present. Wolicki requested
his orders with regard to the accommodation of the troops. Constantine
coldly thanked him, and immediately began to complain of the Poles;
in which he was joined by his lady. He reproached the nation with the
benefits he had conferred on them, and seizing Wolicki violently by the
hand, added, 'And for all this they wanted to assassinate me!' When
Wolicki, in the most delicate manner, represented that his residence
had been entered with the best intentions toward his person, the Grand
Duke, with yet greater exasperation and fury, exclaimed, 'They have
chased me out of the country--but I shall soon return.' In his rage
he again seized Wolicki's hand, saying, 'You shall stay with me, as
a hostage for my generals retained in Warsaw.' Notwithstanding the
expostulations of Wolicki, he was arrested and detained. He however was
not long a prisoner, for he soon found means to regain his liberty. The
Grand Duke passed that night at the village of Graniza, some of the
inhabitants of which Wolicki knew. He found opportunity to speak with
one of them in the night, told him what had befallen, and desired him
to raise a false alarm, as if the Poles were at hand. It was done. The
citizens began to shout in the streets, and Wolicki, profiting by the
fright and disorder of the Russians, escaped.
He arrived at Warsaw on the following day, and related his adventure,
which was published as an illustration of the Grand Duke's perfidy and
inconsistency. This conduct, together with his threats, would have
justified the Poles in pursuing and taking him, with his whole army,
prisoners. But the nation generously suffered this opportunity for
revenge to pass by, and adhered to the promise of a free passage.
On his arrival in Pulawa, Constantine was received by the princess
Czartoriska in the most friendly manner, as he also was in Lubartow
by the princess Lubomirska. In the latter place, general Rosniecki,
who accompanied the Grand Duke, demanded an apartment in a pavilion
adjoining the palace, which was designed for the suite of Constantine.
The princess answered, in the presence of the Grand Duke, 'There is no
room for traitors to their country in my house.'
On the way to Lenczna, the Russian army met a division of Polish
lancers, marching to Siedlec. They halted in order to go through the
ceremony of saluting. The Grand Duke, with his suite, approached them
with an air of perfect friendship, shook hands with several, and
endeavored to persuade them to return with him. 'Hulans,' said he, 'do
not forget your duty to your monarch, but set your comrades a good
example.' He then offered them money and other rewards. Indignant at
his proposals, the lancers replied, 'Prince, we thank you for the money
and promises you offer us, but there is no command more sacred in our
eyes than the call of our country; no greater reward than the privilege
of fighting in her cause!' With this, they wheeled, and continued their
march past the Russian troops, singing patriotic songs.
The Grand Duke passed the frontier with his forces on the thirteenth of
December, and crossing the Wadowa, entered Volhynia, an ancient Polish
province, now incorporated with Russia.
I cannot forbear to record the noble conduct of colonel Turno, a Pole,
and aid-de-camp to the Grand Duke. This officer had been fourteen years
with Constantine, and was one of the few honest men in his suite. His
long endurance of his chief's follies and rudeness could have had no
other motive than the hope of doing good to others, and preventing
mischief. Constantine loved him, valued him highly, and was firmly
convinced that Turno would remain with him. What was his surprise,
when, at the frontier, Turno rode up to take his leave! At first, he
was unable to answer. After some time he said, with an expression of
heartfelt grief, 'Turno, and will you leave me--you, upon whom I had
placed my greatest hopes--whom I loved so much--who have been with
me so long?' Turno answered, with dignity, 'Your Highness may be
assured that I am sorry to part with you. I have certainly always been
your friend, and I am so still. I should never leave you in another
cause--no, not in the greatest distress: on the contrary I should be
happy to share every misfortune with you. But, your Highness, other
circumstances and duties call me now--the highest and weightiest
duty--the duty a man owes to his country. Your Highness, I have
done all that honor and duty commanded as your aid-de-camp--I have
accompanied you to the frontier, that I might be your guide as long
as you should remain on Polish ground, and preserve you from every
possible danger. _Now_ you need me no longer. You are in your own
country, and my duty as your aid-de-camp being at an end, it is now my
sacred duty as a Pole to return at the summons of my country.'
The Grand Duke marched with his corps towards Bialystok, where he
remained till the beginning of the campaign. In the war, he was not
ashamed to accept the command of a corps of the army, and to fight
against those who had treated him so generously, his promises to the
contrary notwithstanding.]
[Footnote 20: These Polish regiments and generals are, doubtless,
the same who were reported by the Berlin State Gazette to have been
butchered. So far from that, the nation received them kindly, and
forgave them. Prussians! you know little of the Poles, or of their
feelings. The time may come when we shall know one another better.]
[Footnote 21: This was the first time the theatre was opened during
the revolution. A patriotic piece was performed, viz. 'The Krakovians
and Guralians,' or 'The Union of the two Tribes.' This play had been
prohibited before. As early as six, P.M. the theatre was crowded.
No distinction was observed in regard to places. Before the play
began, one of the patriots addressed the audience with a speech, in
which he called to memory all the outrages by which the revolution
had been rendered necessary, and informed them what measures the
National Assembly had taken to insure the success of the good cause.
'Poles! Brethren!' he said, 'we have sent deputies to the Emperor, to
represent our sufferings for fifteen years--our oppressions--which
drew neither attention nor relief from Russia, while our rights were
trampled upon, and our innocent brethren tortured. Perhaps the Emperor,
surrounded by bad men, has been kept in ignorance of our wrongs, and
will be astonished to hear of all this injustice from the mouths of our
deputies. Perhaps he will take measures to redress all these villanies
without delay. If the grace of God has granted him to reign over
Poland, he may follow the steps of our good kings of old; of whom no
one ever tarnished the throne with tyranny. As for us, brethren, let
us forget past dissensions, and unitedly and patiently strive with one
accord for the redemption of our country.' After this speech, which was
joyfully received, the orchestra played Kosciusko's march, which had
not been heard for fifteen years. At first, the music was drowned in
the shouts of the audience--'Hail, our country--our father Kosciusko!
France, and Lafayette the friend of Kosciusko, forever!' After this,
the Marseilles hymn was played, and then the Mazur of Dombrowski.
The play was full of patriotic songs, and the audience joined their
voices to those of the actors. But when, at the end of the play, three
standards, with the armorial bearings of the ancient provinces of
Poland, were brought in, and were folded into one in the embraces of
the actors who represented the three chief tribes, the exultation of
the audience surpassed all bounds. One of the favorite actors addressed
the spectators in these words--'The monster tyranny, terrified by the
sudden light of liberty, which he could not endure, has left the den
from which he has hitherto spread death and affright. Oh that, scared
by this light, he may be driven farther and farther, nor be suffered
to rest on any of the fields of Poland. May he retire to the dark, icy
regions of the north, whence he came, and God grant that he may never
return to us.'
After this, those of the patriots who had been most actively
distinguished on the first night of the revolution and after, and those
who had suffered in dungeons for their love of country, were presented
to the assemblage. They were received with infinite joy, and carried
about on the shoulders of the people with shouts. Many ladies were then
brought forward, who had followed the patriots in arms on the first
night, or had sacrificed their wealth on the altar of patriotism. At
first sight, these beautiful and noble beings might have been taken for
angels sent down for the redemption of unhappy Poland.
These scenes surpass description--they can only be felt by hearts
truly free. These were moments to unite the whole nation. Persons who
had shunned each other for years, each fearing a spy in the other,
explained themselves and embraced. These scenes will live eternally in
the memory of every Pole. Beholding his countrymen in this ecstasy of
joy, there was none who did not weep--none who did not feel ready to
die on the morrow, having seen them thus happy. The prisoner condemned
to death, when unexpectedly rescued, and permitted to breathe the free
air, laughs, weeps, endeavors to express his gratitude, and cannot.
Such was the feeling of Poland in these blessed moments.]
[Footnote 22: On Sunday, the fifth of December, prayers were offered
up in all the churches of Warsaw by the people from the provinces as
well as the inhabitants. The blessing of the Most High was implored
on our arms. Of all the religious solemnities, those of Praga were
the most edifying and affecting. A mass was said in the open air, at
an altar erected on the spot where the victims of Suwarrow had been
buried. This altar was surrounded by more than 50,000 men, who sent up
one voice to God. The twelve academical legions formed the innermost
circle, among whom those who had been imprisoned for assisting on a
similar occasion were conspicuous. In the intervals of divine service,
and after its termination, several speeches were delivered, one of
which was by one of the liberated prisoners. Recalling the cruelties
perpetrated by Suwarrow, as well as those which we had lately suffered,
he observed, 'Brethren, we were lately forbidden--nay, it was accounted
a crime, to pray for our unfortunate murdered ancestors. To-day, under
this free vault of heaven, on the grave of our fathers, on the soil
moistened with their sacred blood, which cries to us for retribution,
in the presence of their spirits hovering over us, we swear never to
lay down our arms till we shall have avenged, or fallen like them.' The
assembled multitude then sung a patriotic hymn.
The sixth of December was remarkable for the nomination of Chlopicki to
the dictatorship;--the union of the supreme civil and military powers
in his person. The authority of the provisional government was thus at
an end; every thing was referred to the Dictator. In the afternoon,
more than 100,000 persons assembled in the Champ de Mars and the space
around it. The greater part of the army, too, were present. Chlopicki
came with the senators, and was received by those who had entrusted
him with their defence with shouts of joy. His aspect was, indeed,
venerable. His silver head, grown white in the service of Poland,
bespoke the confidence of all.
The people were informed by one of the senators that all the powers of
government had been delegated to Chlopicki, in order that operations
might be conducted with greater energy and despatch; yet with this
restriction--that his authority should cease on the eighteenth of
December. This, it will be remembered, was the day fixed for the
opening of the Diet, to which body all farther dispositions were
referred. The proclamation made, Chlopicki himself addressed the people
thus: 'Poles! brethren! The circumstances in which our country is
placed demand strict unity of purpose, and therefore I have thought it
best to accept the supreme power. But this is only for a time. I shall
resign it on the meeting of the Diet. Rely on my experience, which
is the fruit of long service, and on my age, which has taught me the
knowledge of mankind. Be assured that no selfish feeling has impelled
me to this step, and that I have consented to take it only to promote
the welfare of Poland. The truth of this I call God to witness.--May
he assist me to make my promises good. Hail to our dear country!' The
last sentence was clamorously echoed by the people, with the addition
of, 'and its brave defender Chlopicki!' Many in the assembly exclaimed,
'Lead us to Lithuania, Chlopicki!']