Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.
St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.
St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.
St. Gobain, German defensive system captured by
Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52;
Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.
_St. Louis_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
St. Mihiel,
occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199;
recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12--15, '18,
ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 384-386 (Pershing's report),
xi: 46;
strategic importance of A. E. F. operations,
ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386;
strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18,
iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386;
German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18,
iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386;
German artillery captured at, Sept., '18,
iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386;
Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386;
topography of salient, v: 65, 199;
list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions
in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208;
strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against,
Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386;
effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.
St. Nazaire,
debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.
St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
St. Quentin, German base in France, ii: 86;
Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18,
ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197,
iii: 86-91, 381-390 (Philip Gibbs's account);
unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68;
captured by British, iii: 101.
St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.
St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive,
Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.
Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman,
causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388;
personal sketch, ix: 92.
Sakharoff, Gen., Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142;
sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.
Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier,
pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany,
ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126;
Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.
Salonika Campaign, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of,
ii: _Intro. xix_;
Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62;
Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202;
attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory,
iii: 202, 206;
strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213;
Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202;
Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202;
Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.--Nov., '15,
iii: 204-205;
Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204;
Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205;
Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207;
Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207;
Allies increase forces, May--Aug., '16, iii: 207;
Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210;
Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies,
iii: 212;
Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212;
final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender,
Sept.--Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.
Salvage service, British, activities of, ii: 131;
A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348;
general functions, xi: 308-313.
Salvation Army, war work, vii: 379-400;
tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393;
"Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384;
care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391;
home service, vii: 393;
huts and hostel service, vii: 395;
clothing bureau, vii: 397;
work with A. E. F., vii: 397;
as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399;
employment bureaus, vii: 399;
finances, vii: 400.
Samoa, German, captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
area and population, xii: 279.
Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.
_Samouprava_, Serbian journal,
denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.
Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
Samsonoff, Gen.,
commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia,
defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14,
ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116;
Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228;
Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355;
_see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.
San, battle of the, May 15--17, '15, iii: 136.
_San Diego_, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.
_San Francisco_, U. S. cruiser
used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.
Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.
Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
Sanitation, Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32;
Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps,
war-time activities, vii: 191, 253;
prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89;
_see also_
Disease;
Infection.
Sanniyat,
British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.
Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.
Sapieha, Prince Eustace,
attempted _coup d'état_ against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.
Sarajevo, _see_ Serajevo.
Sarrail, Gen., commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303;
commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.
Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.
Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189-194.
Save River,
Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.
Savoy,
neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 262.
Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.
Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15,
i: 381.
Sazonov, Serge,
resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16,
vi: 142;
biography, ix: 98-99.
Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.
Scapa Flow, British naval base, iv: 93;
German warships interned at, iv: 143.
Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.
_Scharnhorst_, German cruiser
in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
sunk in battle of Falkland Islands,
iv: 70, 72, 82 (eye-witness account), xi: 308.
Scheidemann, Philip,
leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: _Intro. xii_;
member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
biography, ix: 135-138.
Scheldt River, Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89;
strategic position, vi: 375.
Schleswig, Danish attitude toward, vi: 393;
plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, xii: 204.
Schlieffen, Gen. Count von,
author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.
Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
Scholz, Walter,
accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.
School of the soldier, xi: 159;
of the squad, xi: 161.
Schools, general educational program
for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities,
v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
for children in war zones, xi: 65-66;
U. S. Army training schools, _see_ U. S., Army.
Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.
Science, in the War, Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124;
displaces importance of military strategy, viii: _Intro. vii._
_Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled_,
Scottish national song, xi: 331.
Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.
"Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement
on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.
Seaplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.
Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.
Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.
Secours National, American Committee of the,
organization and activities, vii: 105;
_see also_ War relief.
Sector, defined, v: 14.
Sedan, key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87;
A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53;
_see also_ Mézières-Sedan railroad.
Sedd-el-Bahr, fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42;
_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
_Seeadler_, career as German raider, iv: 198.
_Seed-Time_, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.
Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.
Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
Seicheprey,
German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.
Seitz, Karl,
Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.
Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.
"Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.
Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, xii: 105-114.
Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.
Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.
Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.
Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.
_Send Out the Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.
Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.
Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
Septsarges Wood,
fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
Serajevo,
Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at,
i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4;
attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.
Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.
Serbia, Balkan ambitions in conflict with
Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363;
Austria charges with responsibility for murder
of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246;
Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375;
conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113;
Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375;
Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33;
anti-Austrian societies, i: 244;
declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375;
Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382;
conquest of, by Teutonic allies,
ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18;
Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers,
ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400;
Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156;
unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146;
lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393;
size, organization, and fighting qualities of army,
iii: 148, vii: 144;
topography, iii: 150;
generalship during War, iii: 150;
typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148;
retreat into Albania, '15,
iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158;
army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286;
effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160;
casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358;
American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168;
prisoners of war, iii: 404;
total war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 288;
early history, vi: 354;
Austrophile policy, vi: 355;
Russophile policy, vi: 355;
anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356;
clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast,
vi: 360-363, 364-370;
statement of war aims, vi: 363;
letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166;
debt to U. S., xii: 18;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
value of property loss, xii: 26;
war cost, July, '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
rise in national debt, xii: 114;
delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
_see also_ Jugoslavs.
_Serbia_, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.
Sergy, captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188;
Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
Seringes-et-Nesles, captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188;
Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.
Services of Supply (S. O. S.), _see_ U. S., Army.
Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.
_Severn_, British monitor,
in attack on German cruiser _Königsberg_, iv: 195, 282;
description, iv: 281.
_Seydlitz_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.
Shantung, Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82;
Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385;
Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, xii: 160;
German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
_see also_ Kiau-Chau.
Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.
Shells, _see_ Ammunition.
Shipping, British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356;
list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
list of sinkings by German raider _Emden_, iv: 189;
tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324;
value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14--Dec., '17, xii: 91;
statistics on losses, Aug., 14--Dec., '17, xii: 92;
neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, xii: 98;
war-time increase in neutral, xii: 100;
Peace Treaty provisions for replacement
by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, xii: 222;
Peace Treaty provisions on privileges
to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, xii: 230;
_see also_ Germany, Blockade of;
Submarine Warfare.
"Shock" troops, German, viii: 144.
Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.
Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8;
invention, viii: 72;
description, viii: 72;
manufacture, viii: 72-74;
_see also_ Ammunition.
Siam, delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
Siberia, Russian expansion in, i: 20;
early history, vi: 189;
relations with Russia, vi: 189;
movement for autonomy, vi: 189;
Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189;
anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk,
vi: 191;
"Coöperatives," nature of, vi: 191;
Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192;
Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192;
Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192;
unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192;
intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193;
reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193;
Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194;
anarchy and civil war, vi: 194;
Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386;
American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.
Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L.,
commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.
Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.
Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.
Siegfried Line, _see_ Hindenburg Line.
Signalling, means of, viii: 322;
work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329;
use of pigeons in, viii: 328;
_see also_ U. S. Army, Signal Corps.
Silesia, Upper,
awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.
Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.
Silver, rise in value, due to War, xii: 32.
Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.
Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.
Sinn Fein, _see_ Ireland.
_Sirius_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.
Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma,
letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer
to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.
Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
Skinker, Capt. Alexander R.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet,
vi: 160.
Skoda howitzers, viii: 22;
_see also_ Artillery.
Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.
Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.
Slavs, distribution and culture, i: 238;
in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307;
antagonism to Latins, vi: 359;
antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360;
_see also_ Jugoslavs;
Pan-Slavism;
Russia;
Serbia.
Slovaks, _see_
Bohemia;
Czechoslovakia.
_Smile, Smile, Smile_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace,
commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174;
Viscount French's criticism of,
for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174;
Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182;
Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.
Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.
Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.
Smokeless powder, _see_ Ammunition.
Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, xii: 100.
Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan,
sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326;
biography, ix: 187-190;
advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, xii: 155.
Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.
Snowden, Philip,
British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
Socialism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi_;
Socialists, _see_ under country.
Soissons, occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive,
July 18--21, '18, v: 130, 158-183;
recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.
Soldau, captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111;
recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.
_Soldier, The_, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: _facing p_. 1.
Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils, in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283;
dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates,
Dec., '18, vi: 283.
Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization,
iii: 268.
Soldiers' Councils, of Austria,
vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320;
seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.
Soldier's creed, xi: 170.
Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.
Somme, battles of:
July--Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24;
Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55;
battle line at start, ii: 46;
results, ii: 46-47 (Haig's report), iii: 56, 61, 63;
loss of German morale, ii: 47;
effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
British artillery at, ii: 126;
Foch in command of French, ii: 148;
Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16,
iii: 55;
Allied man-power, iii: 55;
amount of ammunition used, iii: 56;
description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16,
iii: 57;
Allies' first objectives, iii: 58;
Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58;
Pozières captured by British, iii: 59;
Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59;
Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59;
works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64;
Germans captured, iii: 60;
extent of battle area, iii: 61;
casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61;
a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63;
effect on Germany, iii: 63;
importance, iii: 63.
Mar.--Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197,
iii: 86-91,
381-390
(Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines);
German method of attack, iii: 88;
Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89;
results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch,
iii: 89;
British casualties, iii: 390.
Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.
_Song of the Dardanelles_, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.
Sonnino, Baron Sidney,
advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies,
ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120;
insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366;
policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369;
biography, ix: 82-85.
Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.
Souchon, Adm.,
Commander of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_,
iv: 14.
South Africa, Union of,
forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14--'15,
iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
strength of army, iii: 405;
war casualties, iii: 405;
formation after Boer War, vi: 47;
British policy in, vi: 47;
political parties and policies, vi: 47-49;
Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47;
Unionists, vi: 47;
Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49;
Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49;
Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14,
vi: 49-50;
parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment,
vi: 50-52;
Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52;
Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference
to plead for independence, vi: 52;
war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
rise in public debt, xii: 114;
delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179.
South Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279;
area and population, xii: 279.
Southwest Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
area and population, xii: 279.
Soviet, _see_ Bavaria;
Bolshevism;
Hungary;
Russia;
Saxony;
Spartacides.
Spad biplane, viii: 194.
Spahis, description, xi: 189.
Spain, as a naval power, i: 28;
loss of colonial empire, i: 35;
international position in '14, i: 62;
policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370;
growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371;
war-time prosperity, vi: 372;
German propaganda in, xii: 101.
Spartacides, German, beginnings, vi: 260;
leaders, vi: 278;
excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
urge social revolution, vi: 279;
allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281;
program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18,
vi: 283;
plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283;
insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289;
defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290;
instigate labor strikes, vi: 294;
establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301;
establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19,
vi: 299-300;
_see also_ Germany, Internal politics.
Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian,
commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations,
iv: 59-62;
defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69;
biography, ix: 306-309.
Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.
Spies, German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350;
in England, x: 348;
the "spy mill," x: 355;
disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360;
dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368;
plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377;
within French lines, x: 379.
_Spires of Oxford_, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.
Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.
Sports, in A. E. F., at Winchester Camp, vii: 288;
in Army of Occupation, vii: 293;
general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.
Springfield rifle, standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347;
reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type,
v: 347, viii: 96;
comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105;
_see also_ Rifles.
Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.
_Srpska Narodna Himna_, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.
Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.
Stanislau, captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132;
recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132;
recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.
Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.
_Star-spangled Banner_, American national anthem, xi: 325.
Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.
Stefanik, Gen.,
member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G.,
share in development of tanks, viii: 155.
Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, xii: 32.
Stokes, Anson Phelps,
Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F.,
vii: 281.
Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141.
Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J.,
inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.
Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.
_Storstad, S. S._, Belgian relief ship
sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.
_Strassburg_, German cruiser
in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
Strategy, of the War,
Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_;
Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14,
ii: _Intro. vii_;
British policy of combined land and naval attack,
ii: _Intro. viii_;
factors in formation of British military policy,
ii: _Intro. viii_;
importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared,
ii: _Intro. x-xxiii_, 11-14, 87-90,
171-172 (Field-Marshal French's opinion);
Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria,
ii: _Intro. x, xx_;
comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles
and Austrian campaigns, ii: _Intro. xii_;
advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: _Intro. xiii_;
comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War,
ii: _Intro. xiii_;
value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-90;
reasons for British campaign in Palestine,
ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90;
British position in secondary theaters of war, '17,
ii: _Intro. xix_;
advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: _Intro. xix_;
Allies' problem, ii: _Intro. xxi_;
Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: _Intro. xxiii_;
general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133;
French plans, '14, ii: 6-11;
German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first,
Aug., '14, ii: 11-16;
probable results of a vigorous German offensive
against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
economic strategy,
Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22;
absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40;
German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41;
Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41;
German plans for '17, ii: 53;
Allied plans for '17, ii: 54;
reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front,
ii: 63-69, 288;
object of war, ii: 68;
choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
importance of Amiens, ii: 69;
German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97;
Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77;
theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137;
destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80;
of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July--Nov., '18,
ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213;
Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94;
causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99;
German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115;
necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116;
Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120;
war of position on Western Front, ii: 148;
task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151;
Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225;
Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290;
importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290;
defined, iv: 1;
relation of naval, to land, iv: 2;
offensive defined, iv: 4;
essentials of naval, iv: 4;
criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86;
Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140;
German alternatives, '17--'18, v: 3;
old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40;
_see also_
campaign, engagement, or front;
Foch;
Germany;
Tactics.
Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph,
in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.
Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.
Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S.,
commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
Strong, Dr. Richard P.,
in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.
Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.
Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.
Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick,
British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.
Stürgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.
Stürmer, Boris, Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59;
succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140;
becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142;
dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.
Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382;
Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
Sub-chaser _No. 28_,
experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.
Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.
Submarines, development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245;
voyage of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_
across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274;
life aboard, iv: 235-239;
greatest achievement of War, viii: _Intro. viii_;
description, viii: 264-266;
_see also_ name of submarine.
Submarine warfare, Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327;
comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
Germany announces blockade of Great Britain,
effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256;
controversy between U. S. and Germany over,
i: 317-326, 328-335, 339,
357-361 (chronological summary, with list of ships sunk,
Aug., '14--Apr., '16), iv: 223;
President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317;
American ship _William P. Frye_ sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319;
_Falaba_ sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
American tanker _Gulflight_
torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships,
May 1, '15, i: 319;
_Lusitania_ sunk, May 7, '15,
i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), iv: 220;
controversy between U. S. and Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking,
i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
American steamer _Nebraskan_ attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320;
_Arabic_ sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223;
Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361;
_Hesperian_ torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325;
controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary
over sinking of _Ancona_, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223;
Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16,
i: 327;
British passenger steamer _Sussex_ sunk, Mar. 24, '16,
i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20;
U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over _Sussex_
sinking, i: 329-331, 361;
German apology for _Sussex_ sinking, i: 333;
activities of _U-53_ off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334;
freighter _Marina_ sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334;
_Arabia_ sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334;
Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17,
i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272,
306-307 (Ludendorff's account of decision),
iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35;
Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare,
i: 344;
U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17,
i: 344-345;
U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347;
American steamer _Algonquin_
sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348;
influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War,
i, 348, 368, ii: 53;
President Wilson's speech before Congress,
stating case against Germany and asking
for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
list of American ships attacked, i: 356;
list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
_Persia_ sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224;
effectiveness, ii: _Intro. xvii_, 22, 54, iv: 239;
German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140;
British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56;
Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308;
efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318;
methods of combating,
iv: _Intro. xi_, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334,
viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239;
North Sea mine barrage, iv, _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
_Aboukir_, _Cressy_, and _Hogue_
sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
exploits of British submarine _E-9_, iv: 207;
exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212;
_Laconia_ sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225;
Belgian Relief ship _Storstad_ torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229;
_Alnwick Castle_ sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230;
hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232;
_Belgian Prince_ sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232;
use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287;
net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274;
torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats,
iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248;
depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon,
iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239;
nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274;
use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats,
iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281;
zigzagging, iv: 310;
smoke screen, iv: 311;
camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343;
arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278;
U. S. transport _Tuscania_ torpedoed, iv: 336;
U. S. transport _Covington_ sunk, July, '17, iv: 337;
U. S. transport _Mount Vernon_
torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337;
U. S. transport _Antilles_ torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337;
U. S. transport _Finland_ torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337;
U. S. transport _President Lincoln_
sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340;
U. S. destroyer _Cassin_ torpedoed, iv: 343;
U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_ sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346;
Italian cruisers _Amalfi_ and _Garibaldi_ sunk, iv: 369;
French cruiser _Léon Gambetta_
sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373;
French cruiser _Provence II_ sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376;
French battleship _Danton_ sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376;
French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378;
first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107;
effect on British food supply, vi: 10;
effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: _Intro. viii_;
fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278;
account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297;
value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
_see also_
Germany, Blockade of;
Shipping.
Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.
Suez Canal, neutralized, 1888, i: 16;
construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48;
Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48;
importance, ii: 27;
German designs on, ii: 27;
Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.
_Suffolk_, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.
_Suffren_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.
Sugar, shortage in England, xii: 34;
method of war-time distribution in U. S., xii: 46;
war-time shortage, xii: 138.
Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, xii: 46.
Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War,
arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.
Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P.,
placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391;
as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18,
v: 167;
at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202;
tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235;
in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.
Sunshine (40th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.
Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.
Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.
Surgery, early history, vii: 4-6;
in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224;
use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365;
treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366;
treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
new method of amputation, viii: 367;
prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367;
prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367;
Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289;
artificial arms, viii: 384-388;
artificial legs, viii: 388-390;
use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
_see also_ Infection;
Medical Science;
Reconstruction of disabled;
U. S. Army, Medical Service.
Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
_Sussex_, British passenger steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16,
i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20;
U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations
with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361;
German apology for sinking, i: 333.
Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli,
Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173;
_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
Suwalki, Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111;
captured by Germans, iii: 116;
evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.
Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.
Sweden, international position in, '14, i: 62;
policy of neutrality, vi: 394;
relations with Finland, vi: 395;
Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.
Swierzynski, Joseph, forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219;
declares Poland republic, vi: 219.
_Swift_, British destroyer,
account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
_Swiftsure_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D.,
on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290;
conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14,
ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.
Switch position, defined, v: 16.
Switzerland, system of citizen army, i: _Intro. xii_;
international position, '14, i: 62;
policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379;
antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380;
implication of Intelligence Dept.
of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380;
Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office
by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380;
Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380;
Red Cross activities, vi: 380;
Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.
_Sydney_, Australian cruiser,
destroys German raider _Emden_, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.
Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire
through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.
Syria,
placed under French control by secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
area and population, xii: 279.
T
Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.
Tactics, battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108;
new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208;
trench warfare and "war of movement,"
compared by German military critic, ii: 259;
German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19;
French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17;
parallel of resistance, v: 12;
line of resistance, v: 12;
line of surveillance, v: 12;
line of support, v: 12;
center of resistance, v: 14;
adaptation of American divisional organization
to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21;
elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23;
American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117;
use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28;
value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31;
method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39;
von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145;
Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack
by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114;
new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161;
use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287;
_see also_ Strategy;
Trench warfare;
battle or campaign.
Taft, William Howard,
statement on U. S. action on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320.
Tagliamento River,
reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17,
ii: 58, iii: 248;
_see also_ Italian Front.
Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior,
responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.
Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
_Tanine_, Turkish newspaper,
comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.
Tanks, Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124;
use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281;
development, description, and battle uses,
ii: 273-290 (Maj.-Gen. Swinton on),
v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264;
German opinion of value, ii: 273-274;
invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256;
purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256;
Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256;
fore-runners of idea, ii: 276;
British experimentation, '15--'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257;
origin of word "tank," ii: 277;
first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277;
first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16,
ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253;
successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17,
ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, 337-340 (Philip Gibbs's description),
viii: 142,156;
use in Allied retreat, Mar.--June, '18, ii: 280;
British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282;
lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281;
use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18,
ii: 281;
first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;
development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257;
German type, ii: 282, viii: 159;
effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283;
saving of war material in use, ii: 284;
casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284;
in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177;
number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388;
number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350;
value as infantry support, viii: 141-143;
tank _vs._ machine gun, viii: 150-151;
decisive factor in smashing German trench system,
viii: 150-152, xi: 261;
uses in peace times, viii: 151;
French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153;
Boirault machine, viii: 153;
French electric tank, viii: 155;
French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260;
British and French types compared, viii: 156;
U. S. types, viii: 158;
requirements for successful tank, viii: 158;
future possibilities, viii: 160;
account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62;
German method of defense against, xi: 264;
account of battle between, xi: 265-266;
sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270;
for U. S. Tank Corps, _see_ U. S., Army.
Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
Tannenberg, battle of,
Hindenburg crushes Russian armies
invading East Prussia, Aug., '18,
ii: 24-25, 228-229 (Gen. Gourko's account),
353-354 (Ludendorff's comments on), iii: 112-116.
Tardenois salient,
strategic aspects, with description of terrain,
ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58;
_see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.
Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.
Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.
Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.
Taxation, in paying for cost of War, xii: 108-114;
_see also_ under each country.
Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.
Tear gas, _see_ Chemical warfare;
Chlorpicrin;
Zylyl bromide.
Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.
Telegraphy, development and use of wireless,
in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322;
U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.
Telephones, development and use of wireless,
in the War, viii: 316-320;
U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.
Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister,
militarist policy, vi: 386-388;
biography, ix: 90.
Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs
in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.
Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia
for possession of, vi: 400.
Tetanus, causes and treatment of,
in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.
Teutonic Allies, _see_ Central Powers.
Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
Theatricals, for service men, _see_ Entertainment.
Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.
_There Will Come Soft Rains_, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.
_These Be the Days That Call for Men_,
poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: _Intro. x._
_Thetis_, British cruiser
blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.
"They shall not pass,"
French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.
Thiaucourt, captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210;
American cemetery at, v: 400.
Thiaumont, captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313;
recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
Thiepval, Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.
Thomas, Albert,
French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.
Thomas, J. H., British labor leader,
conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22.
Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of _Falaba_
by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.
Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.
_Thuringen_, German battleship,
crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
_Tiger_, British cruiser, hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.
Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.
Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.
Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.
Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301;
biography, ix: 298-306;
submarine policy, ix: 302.
Tisza, Count Stephan, Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306;
political opposition to, '16, vi: 311;
Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313;
biography, ix: 144-147.
T. N. T., _see_ Trinitrotoluol.
Togoland, conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252;
area and population, xii: 279.
"Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230;
description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.
Torcy, location, v: 37, 133;
Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192;
captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.
Torpedoes, description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258;
device for launching from air, iv: 335.
Toul, headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193;
important fortified city, v: 199.
Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.
Tours, A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313;
headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.
Towers, Commander,
in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.
Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles,
besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29;
forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29;
biography, ix: 194.
Tracer bullets, viii: 211.
Tractors, artillery, U. S., number in use in France, v: 350;
supplant horses, viii: 40.
Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.
Transports,
Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships,
ii: 317-318;
account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops
to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162;
list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic
for first time, June,'17, iv: 160;
equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165;
transportation of A. E. F. overseas,
with statistics on number of troops carried
and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used,
iv: 162-165, v: 285, 379, xii: 94-95, 283;
British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239;
U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.
Transvaal, _see_ South Africa, Union of.
Transylvania,
invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218;
desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War,
iii: 214, vi: 349;
topography of frontier, iii: 214;
Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn,
Sept.--Oct.,'16, iii: 220;
attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.
Trawlers, use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292;
battle with submarine, iv: 294.
Treaties,
Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146;
treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18,
ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268;
Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies,
price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118;
secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey,
'16--'17, vi: 334;
agreement between Rumania and Allies as price
for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349;
treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers,
May,'17, vi: 352;
pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies
revived by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 231;
agreements among Central Powers abrogated
by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
treaties between Germany and Rumania
abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by
Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
_see also_ Alliances;
Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.
Treitschke, Heinrich von,
German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66;
theory of supremacy of State, i: 148;
biography, i: 174;
philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175;
theory of German greatness, i: 175;
hatred for England, i: 175;
summary of political philosophy, i: 177;
American student's recollection of, i: 178.
_Trench Duty_, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.
Trench feet, viii: 396.
Trench warfare,
adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14,
ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;
compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259;
description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130;
use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152;
value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161;
use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173;
French defensive system, v: 12-17;
night fighting, viii: 74;
reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123;
kinds of trenches, viii: 123;
description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129;
"pill-boxes," viii: 130-132;
use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141;
_see also_ Barbed wire;
Machine gun;
Tanks.
Trentino, _see_ Italian Front.
Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.
Treves, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382;
Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
_Trevier_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
Trieste,
unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16--'17,
ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26;
promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361;
American troops landed at,
to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366;
sinking of Austrian battleships _Wien_ and _Monarch_
in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.
Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.),
composition and explosive properties, viii: 6;
American output of, xii: 285.
Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
formation, 1882, i: 95;
terms, i: 95;
military strength, i: 95;
solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208;
Italian position in, i: 255;
French estimate of, ii: 4;
repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115;
_see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.
Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain,
formation, i: 98, 106;
not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218;
Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107;
Anglo-French agreement for united action
against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220;
attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129;
agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146;
German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2;
_see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.
Tripoli, Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109;
town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.
Tritton, Sir William,
share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.
_Triumph_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.
Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker
at, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 285.
Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of,
by Germany, to France, xii: 225.
Trotzky, Leon,
becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia,
Nov., '17, vi: 181;
publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183;
as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185;
biography, ix: 116-119;
bibliography, ix: 119.
Troubridge, Adm., takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284;
in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14,
iv: 13.
Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.
Tsing Tau, _see_ Kiau-Chau.
Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.
Turkestan, Republic of, established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
area and population, xii: 279.
Turkey:
Army, Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207;
organization, iii: 164;
Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330;
for military operations, _see_
Caucasus;
Gallipoli Campaign;
Mesopotamian Campaign;
Palestine;
Suez Canal.
Casualties, total in War, iii: 404;
money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
battle deaths, xii: 288.
Declarations of war,
renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11;
by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378;
Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14,
i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14;
by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
strategic victory for Germany, ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28;
welcomed by Russia, vi: 134;
welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330.
Foreign relations,
extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18;
continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856,
i: 39;
international position, '14, i: 63;
subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18;
settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93;
pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330;
strategic importance as Germanic ally,
ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28, 87-90;
Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28;
escape of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_
into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey,
iv: 14-17, vi: 330;
Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334;
Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344;
dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345.
Internal affairs, form of government, i: 90;
constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92;
Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109;
Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333;
war sentiment, vi: 330;
Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333.
Navy, purchase of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_,
iv: 16-17, vi: 330;
strength, iv: 50.
Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies,
Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334.
Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
War cost, Nov., '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
rise in national debt, xii: 114.
Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
Turner, 1st Lieut. William S.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed _Lusitania_, i: 362.
_Turtle_, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.
_Tuscania_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18,
i: 393, iv: 336.
Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.
Typhoid, U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195;
immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393;
manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.
Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.
_Tyulen_, Russian submarine,
captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.
U
_U-9_, German submarine,
sinks British cruisers _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, _Hogue_,
Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.
_U-15_, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.
_U-29_, German submarine,
rammed by British battleship _Dreadnought_, Mar., '15, iv: 305.
_U-53_, German submarine,
activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.
_U-58_, German submarine,
captured by U. S. destroyers _Fanning_ and _Nicholson_,
iv: 349.
_U-117_, German submarine,
activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.
U-boats, _see_ Submarines;
Submarine warfare.
Udine, bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382;
captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.
Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.
Ukraine, early history, vi: 239-241;
pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243;
Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243;
autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243;
movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244;
struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248;
conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk,
vi: 246-247;
revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248;
war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248;
population and area, xii: 279.
Ulianov, Vladimir, _see_ Lenin, Nicolai.
Ulster, _see_ Ireland.
Uniforms, military,
invisibility of French, ii: 286;
invisibility of German,
ii: 286, iii: 272 (description by Richard Harding Davis).
United Kingdom, _see_ Great Britain.
United States:
Army, morale, i: 369, v: _Intro. xii_, 9, 71-72;
National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390;
strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380;
nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98;
A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18,
ii: 152, v: 120, 380;
transportation overseas, with statistics on rate and means of,
ii: 317 (Ludendorff's comment on), iv: 10-12,
157-165 (Adm. Gleaves' account of first convoy across Atlantic),
v: 106, 128, 284, 373-379 (Pershing's report),
xii: 94-95, 283, Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities,
ii: 326;
first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17,
iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106;
first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17,
iii: 84, v: 112;
on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394;
total strength, iii: 403, xii: 280-281, 282;
strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, xii: 280-281, 282, 287;
combat value, v: 4;
training in France,
v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312,
314, 325, 327,
373-378 (Pershing's report on arrangements
with French and British), xi: 171-173,
_see also_ under each Division;
living conditions in France, v: 8;
first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10;
supplies for,
with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement,
v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400,
xii: 283-284,
_see also_ under U. S. Army, Services of Supply;
size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, xii, 282, 287;
size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163;
adaptation of American divisional organization
to French system of trench warfare, v: 21;
offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29;
patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117;
distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area,
June, '18, v: 41, 141-147;
combat units in France organized into First Army
under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384;
Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97;
General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102;
training of officers, with statistics,
v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, xii: 280, 282;
general educational program for A. E. F.
at army centers and European universities,
v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
organization of corps, v: 109;
number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions,
Sept., '18, v: 197;
number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions,
Nov. 1, '18, v: 253;
divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393;
American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288;
air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas,
v: 312, xii: 285;
tank schools, v: 314;
gas warfare training, v: 325, 327;
statistics on health and disease in,
v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195,
_see also_ under U. S. Army, Medical Service;
rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type,
v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353;
list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372;
replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399;
Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404;
on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395;
procuring of remounts, v: 399;
A. E. F. mail service, v: 402;
system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402;
military justice in, v: 403;
punishments in, v: 403;
intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction,
xi: 155-165, xii: 282;
soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168;
pay, xi: 168;
cantonment construction, xii: 125, 282;
statistics on participation in War, xii: 280-289;
total battles fought by A. E. F., xii: 280, 287;
total days in battle, xii: 280, 287;
number of troops in battle, xii: 280, 287;
total of ordnance and prisoners captured, xii: 288;
for branches and units, _see_ below;
for detail of military operations,
_see_ name of battle or campaign.