Germany:

Air Service,

passing of supremacy, vii: 201;

strength at end of War, viii: 202;

pre-War record flights, viii: 206;

equipment and strength, viii: 206;

supremacy over Allies, viii: 207;

bombing planes, viii: 221-222;

A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221;

Gotha bombers, viii: 221;

Lizenz bombers, viii: 222;

Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248;

Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254;

military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214;

surrendered to Allies, xii: 215.

Area, of Republic, xii: 279.

Army,

aristocratic character, i: 69;

system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6;

tradition of efficiency, i: 72;

conception of duties, i: 72;

increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131;

dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21;

loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47;

manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65;

loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18,

ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270;

German critic's opinion of, ii: 257;

machine-gun equipment, ii: 275;

heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282;

invisibility of uniform, ii: 286;

recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318;

desertions, ii: 309;

punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318;

Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333;

agitators undermine morale, ii: 320;

reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61;

best equipped, iii: 272;

infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17;

construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37;

sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274;

return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282;

Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79;

trench systems, viii: 124-129;

adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134;

machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134;

method of attack, viii: 137;

"holding" troops, viii: 144;

"shock" troops, viii: 144;

training, xi: 195-204;

cavalry, xi: 196;

discipline, xi: 202;

reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, 211;

reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, 212;

table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212;

for military operations, _see_ Western Front;

_also_ name of campaign or engagement.

Artillery,

superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36;

guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103;

development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22;

11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36;

long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47;

structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.

Bagdad Railway, interest in, _see_ Bagdad Railway.

Belgian neutrality, violation of, _see_ Belgium, Neutrality.

Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253, xii: 97 (German view);

Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377;

controversy between U. S. and Great Britain

on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;

British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318;

Allied trade blacklist, i: 335;

controversy between U. S. and Great Britain

on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;

measures to starve Germany, i: 358;

objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16;

food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294;

report of German scientists on, ii: 17;

estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17;

meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18;

statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18;

shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18;

increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18;

reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254;

increase in tilled land, ii: 19;

international law on, ii: 21;

difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86;

German isolation, ii: 21;

value of, ii: 22;

effect on civilian population, ii: 99;

use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41;

after-War food conditions, xii: 45;

U. S. export license system, xii: 99;

German trade with neutrals, xii: 100;

smuggling, xii: 100;

Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;

pre-War food production, xii: 136-138;

war-time food problems, xii: 136.

Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186.

Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;

princes killed in battle, ix: 237;

money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

total battle deaths, xii: 288.

China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206.

Coal, production, 1880--1913, i: 267;

secret of power, i: 267;

production, '13--'15, xii: 48.

Colonies, loss of, i: 13;

acquisition of African, i: 50, 95;

acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81;

acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82;

South American settlements, i: 84;

area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279;

understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200;

necessity as outlet for population, i: 262;

important motive in war policy, ii: 13;

conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256;

New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38;

Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38;

surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;

Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, 279;

distribution among Allies, xii: 279;

area and population, xii: 279;

_see also_ name of colony.

Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._

Declarations of war,

on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;

on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375;

by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375;

on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;

by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;

on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;

by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35;

diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;

diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;

Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390;

by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390.

Defeat, causes of,

underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: _Intro. ix_;

underestimate of British, ii: _Intro, viii_;

strategic, ii: 15;

faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221;

collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329;

analysis of, ii: 99;

German efficiency _vs._ Allies' "will to win," ii: 100;

Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120;

failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221;

Russian campaigns, ii: 221;

adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222;

forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222;

miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224;

launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225;

failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255;

not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304;

Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government,

ii: 301-304, 310;

Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227;

_see also_ under Germany, Strategy;

for military operations, _see_ Western Front,

_also_ campaign or engagement.

Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Food, _see_ Blockade.

Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;

influence of industrialism on, i: 77;

domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133;

Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;

ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13;

expansion in South America, i: 84;

Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86;

jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87;

plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;

ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27;

enters Triple Alliance, i: 95;

dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96;

sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192;

Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330;

Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;

hatred of Great Britain,

i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264;

Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat

_Panther_ to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;

negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12,

i: 106, 194-197;

dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258;

von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173;

Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190;

ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192;

_Hymn of Hate_, i: 194;

negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;

Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204;

Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207;

unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;

Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209;

hatred of France, i: 215;

Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23--Aug. 3, '14,

i: 218-227;

refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223;

Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229;

Russian policy, i: 239;

statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14;

plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15;

anti-British plans in East, ii: 27;

"Gott strafe England," vi: 251;

Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251;

desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322;

friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344;

attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376;

relations with Japan, vi: 382;

_see also_ under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism.

Fortifications,

demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214.

Health, effect of War on, iii: 406.

Industries,

rise as industrial power, i: 75-78;

state aid, i: 76;

influence on foreign policy, i: 77;

industrial mobilization, xii: 80;

effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97;

use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98.

Internal politics,

political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26;

failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32;

unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1;

political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156;

strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;

powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156;

William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97;

Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155;

composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156;

composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156;

powers of Emperor, i: 156;

dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258;

social classes, i: 258;

Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258;

change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260;

struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260;

basis of national strength, i: 260;

social legislation, i: 264;

Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties,

vi: _Intro. ix-xvi_;

party principles compared, vi: _Intro. ix, xii_;

Social-Democratic leaders, vi: _Intro. ix_;

Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: _Intro. x_;

leaders of the Revolution, vi: _Intro. x_;

strength of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;

strength of Conservatives, vi: _Intro. xi, xiv, xv_;

Conservative principles, vi: _Intro. xii_;

principles of Social-Democrats, vi: _Intro. xii_;

principles of National-Liberals, vi: _Intro. xii_;

policies of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;

National-Liberal strength, vi: _Intro. xv_;

strength of Democratic Party, vi: _Intro. xv_;

Germany politically undeveloped, vi: _Intro. xv_;

city governments non-partisan, vi: _Intro. xvi_;

public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250;

anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250;

Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262;

Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260;

beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260;

"preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262;

Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;

Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk,

vi: 268;

labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17,

vi: 268;

strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260;

reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270;

Germany faces defeat, vi: 270;

Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling

as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;

Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government,

vi: 270;

Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271;

Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271;

revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271;

Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272;

Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272;

establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280;

revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277;

Ebert, as Chancellor,

establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277;

Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277;

radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278;

Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279;

spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280;

Independents demand immediate social reconstruction

before political reform, vi: 280;

Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280;

Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280;

return of "victorious" army to Berlin

strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282;

Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert,

Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283;

Central Council votes for election of National Assembly,

Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283;

Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283;

Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283;

Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved,

Dec., '18, vi: 283;

Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution,

Dec., '18, vi: 283;

Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284;

hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298;

Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;

Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;

Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;

National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290;

National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291;

Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies,

vi: 292;

Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292;

Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;

composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292;

German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293;

middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294;

Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298;

Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300;

Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299;

second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske,

Mar., '19, vi: 299;

Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet,

Apr.--May, '19, vi: 300-301;

forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;

press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;

Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor

to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304;

National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms,

June 22, '19, vi: 305.

International concessions,

surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.

Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands,

i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15;

importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267;

seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20.

Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160;

great men of, i: 64;

significance, i: 64;

manifestations, i: 64;

spokesmen of, i: 66;

gospel of conquest, i: 66;

educational program for dissemination of, i: 67;

supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148;

doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68;

relation to militarism, i: 69;

German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149;

strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals,

i: 149;

Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152;

transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152;

materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154;

national egoism, i: 154;

contributions to world culture, i: 154;

definition and exposition of, i: 158;

compared with _culture_, i: 158;

Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160;

right to conquest, i: 161;

_see also_ under Germany, Militarism.

Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, _see_ Luxemburg.

Militarism, war as national policy, i: _Intro. vii_, 70;

basic conception, i: 69;

glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69;

Henri Bergson on, i: 152;

Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155;

Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162;

Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162;

Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171;

German pride in, i: 163;

compared with Christianity, i: 165;

compared with British policy, i: 165;

force in place of diplomacy, i: 166;

"World power or downfall," i: 170;

von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171;

German statement of policy, i: 171-173;

striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179;

Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181;

German denial of, i: 182;

compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1;

statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14;

explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260;

compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero,

ii: 365-372;

pre-War preparedness, vi: 249;

_see also_ under Germany,

Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism.

Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302;

fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311;

change between '17 and '18, v: 2.

Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;

negotiations with British for curbing naval program,

i: 106, 194-197;

increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131;

strength threat to British security, i: 196;

surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18,

i: 400,

iv: 142-144, 383-384 (list and description of major units),

385-387 (German eye-witness account),

387-390 (American eye-witness account),

390-394 (British eye-witness account),

xii: 213 (Peace Treaty terms);

hemmed in by British, ii: _Intro. viii_;

efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256;

strength of China Squadron, iv: 58;

operations in Pacific, iv: 60;

strategy of defense, iv: 86;

operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91;

superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94;

use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94;

High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96;

North Sea raids, iv: 136;

mission during War, iv: 138;

development, iv: 362;

Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380;

revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283;

morale, iv: 294;

mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266;

Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214;

_see also_ Submarine warfare.

Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;

conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.

Pan-Germanism,

ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe,

i: 78, xi: 4;

Pan-German League, objects, i: 79;

propaganda in U. S., i: 79;

policy in South America, i: 84;

Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152;

Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2;

first steps toward under William II, ii: 2;

goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13;

Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296;

compared with Roman imperialism,

by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;

expounded by Friedrich Naumann in _Mitteleuropa_, vi: 258;

_see also_ under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism.

Peace negotiations,

Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18,

i: 399, vi: 271;

armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399,

iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;

war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14;

condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;

Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316;

Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;

Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335;

drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390;

armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;

Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183;

Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258;

Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260;

Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17,

vi: 262-264;

Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266;

Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17,

vi: 266;

forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;

Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302;

press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;

National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19,

vi: 304;

Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, 182;

Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264;

_see also_ Peace, moves for.

Population, in 1860, i: 40;

compared with France, 1874--1914, i: 61;

emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277;

emigration to South America, i: 79;

growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262;

relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262;

rapid increase, i: 277;

of Republic, xii: 279.

Prisoners of war, iii: 404.

Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79;

activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133;

artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149;

preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181;

appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268;

von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273;

activities of German agents in U. S.,

i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348;

Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274;

instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317;

Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347;

on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128;

following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123;

in Spain, xii: 101.

Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283;

efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285;

Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253.

Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24;

estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159;

cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189;

Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.

Responsibility for War,

German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138;

unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War,

i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250;

responsibility denied, i: 116-120;

Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117;

Hellferich's justification, i: 119;

statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120;

Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120;

German case against Great Britain, i: 121;

evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131;

complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252;

Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250;

statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139;

Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War,

July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;

Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War,

i: 246, 250;

Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254;

Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217;

_see also_ Causes of the War.

Royal family, xi: 149;

_see also_

William II;

Frederick William.

Shipping,

increase in tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with British, i: 77;

increase in tonnage, '00--'04, i: 263;

Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264;

German resourcefulness, i: 264;

tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264;

tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264;

tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264;

tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264.

Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Strategy,

seizure of French coal and iron mines,

i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20;

general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8;

estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4;

conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10;

topography of German western frontier, ii: 6;

invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9;

mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14,

ii: 11;

probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14,

ii: 13;

reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13;

destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23;

defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22;

East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24;

invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25;

failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31;

military plans for '17, ii: 53;

necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65;

at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66;

selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67;

plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149;

retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86;

causes of failure, ii: 99;

faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215;

Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233;

Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270;

underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272;

fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304;

Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion

through Belgium, ii: 345;

Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346;

alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17--'18, v: 3;

general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133;

_see also_

under Germany, Defeat, causes of;

_also_ Western Front;

campaign or engagement.

Submarine warfare, _see_ Submarine warfare.

Trade, 1880--1914, compared with British, i: 77;

tariff policy, i: 78;

production and import of grains, ii: 17;

dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20;

war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100;

anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99;

Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;

customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229;

suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230.

Treaties,

pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231;

with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;

with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;

with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;

_see also_ Brest-Litovsk Treaty;

Bucharest, Treaty of;

Peace Treaty;

Triple Alliance.

War booty, value, xii: 22.

War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21;

gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265;

loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;

method of raising war funds, xii: 21;

system of loans, xii: 21, 113;

estimate of expenditures, xii: 21;

currency inflation, xii: 22;

war finance system compared with British, xii: 22;

money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

value of property loss, xii: 26;

average daily war cost, xii: 106;

total war cost, Aug., '14--Oct. '19, xii: 107;

taxation, xii: 109;

rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.

Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.

_Germany and the Next War_, book by General von Bernhardi,

striking quotations from, i: 179.

Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.

Gesnes, location, v: 217;

captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.

Gibbons, Floyd, account of _Laconia_ sinking, iv: 226-229.

Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221;

account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337;

description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360;

analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.

Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Gifford, Walter S.,

Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;

description of battle, x: 147-155.

Giolitti,

Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.

Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.

Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.

_Glasgow_, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;

hit by gunfire, iv: 68;

in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Gleaves, Adm.,

convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.

_Glenart Castle_, British hospital ship,

sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.

Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.

_Glory of War, The_, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.

Glossop, Capt. John C. T.,

commands _Sydney_ in engagement with _Emden_, iv: 187.

_Gloucester Castle_,

British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.

Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

_Gneisenau_, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;

sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;

eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.

_God Save the King_, English national anthem, xi: 326.

Godfrey, Dr. Hollis,

member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,

xii: 116.

_Goeben_, German battle cruiser,

eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters,

Aug., '14, iv: 13-16;

far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16;

sold to Turkey, iv: 16;

damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.

Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226;

deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.

Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.

_Goliath_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;

sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.

Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,

heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164;

commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199;

biography, ix: 268.

Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.

Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143;

gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144;

issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.

Gompers, Samuel,

member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,

xii: 116.

Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

_Good-by-ee_, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.

_Good Hope_,

Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64;

hit by gunfire, iv: 66;

sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.

Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.

Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244;

captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;

life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244;

key to Isonzo, iii: 239.

_Goshawk_, British destroyer,

in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.

Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.

Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.

Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171;

responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army,

Mar., '18, ii: 190-197;

decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Gouraud, Gen.,

defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18,

ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;

famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45;

qualities as leader, v: 46.

Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;

exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.

Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.

Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.

Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.

Grand Fleet, British, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.

Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.

Granger, Dr. Amédée,

invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.

Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400;

Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.

Great Britain:

Air Service, formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202;

strength at end of War, viii: 202;

types of airplanes, viii: 203-206;

Bristol planes, viii: 203;

Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223;

D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204;

types of dirigibles, viii: 245;

dirigible _R-34_ crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;

dirigibles _R-33_ and _R-34_, description, viii: 254.

Army, German contempt for, i: 191;

lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;

ammunition shortage, '14,

ii: _Intro. xiii_, 173 (Viscount French's exposé);

deficiency in trained men, ii: 113;

deficiency in material, ii: 114;

Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120;

machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275;

artillery equipment, ii: 125;

Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125;

artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126;

ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.--Nov., '18, ii: 130;

military hospitals in France, ii: 131;

total strength in France, ii: 131;

service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132;

Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133;

Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134;

changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135;

Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136;

opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256;

pre-War organization, iii: 3;

Intelligence service, iii: 383;

strength, '14--'18, iii: 404, 405;

strength in Italy, iii: 405;

strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405;

"Pal" regiments, vi: 6;

slackers driven into service, vi: 6;

origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230;

types of rifles used, viii: 95;

Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85;

Senegalese troops, x: 116;

British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189;

for military operations, _see_ campaign or engagement.

Blockade by Germany, _see_ Submarine warfare.

Blockade of Germany, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.

Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405;

causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118;

at Gallipoli, iii: 177;

in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364;

in '17, iii: 382;

in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390;

money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

total battle deaths, xii: 288;

_see also_ campaign or engagement.

Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47;

war-time fuel control, xii: 51.

Cost of living,

increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: _Intro. xxii_;

price movements in England and U. S. since 1780,

xii: _Intro. viii-x_;

criticism of government policy, xii: 28.

Declarations of war,

on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of,

i: 145, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's statement), 375;

on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;

on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;

on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382.

Food, effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10;

police prevent hoarding, vi: 11;

government control of, xii: 34, 59;

Food Control Committee established, xii: 34;

sugar shortage, xii: 34, 138;

meat control, xii: 34;

war-time fish supply, xii: 34;

wheat control, xii: 35;

increase in crop production, '16--'18, xii: 40;

work of women in production of, xii: 40;

effect of food shortage on dogs, xii: 40;

potato crop, xii: 47;

war-time problems, xii: 138.

Foreign policy, value of U. S. good-will, i: 35;

world position, 1871, i: 44;

Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48;

acquires control of Egypt, i: 48;

extent of colonial empire, i: 59;

international position, '14, i: 59;

policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218;

Anglo-French good-will, i: 98;

treaty with France, '04, i: 99;

agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104;

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104;

negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program,

'12, i: 106, 194-197;

statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106;

agreement with France for united action against "third Power,"

'12, i: 107, 220;

negotiations to prevent World War, July--Aug., '14,

i: 115, 124, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's account),

247-249 (Prince Lichnowsky's account);

policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224;

arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06,

i: 143, 231;

promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220;

statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189;

negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;

Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will,

i: 198;

agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200;

agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200;

question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218;

freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218;

Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of

Belgian neutrality, i: 224;

offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232;

influence in the East, ii: 27;

claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;

Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334;

_see also_ Triple Entente.

Industries during War, peace and war productivity compared,

xii: 19, 77-79;

women in, xiii: 25;

bonuses to labor, xii: 28;

provisions for settlement of labor disputes, xii: 79.

Internal politics, Imperial unity through war,

i: _Intro. xiv_;

political philosophy compared with German, i: 165;

members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198;

political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1;

industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2;

labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6;

Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6;

treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8;

pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12;

Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13;

Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14;

Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14;

conditions at close of War, vi: 15;

general elections, '18, vi: 16-17;

industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17;

ship-builders' strike, vi: 19;

Glasgow riots, vi: 19;

strike in electrical trades prevented

by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20;

Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20;

commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed,

Feb., '19, vi: 20;

truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22;

after-War problems, vi: 23.

Munitions, exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173;

production compared with that of Central Empires, xii: 78;

work of Ministry of Munitions, xii: 78.

Navy, protector of lines of supply, i: 15;

rise to world supremacy, i: 28;

strength in '06, i: 101;

negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program,

i: 106, 194-197;

general strategy during War, ii: _Intro. vii_, iv: 85-93;

ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13;

squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58;

ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58;

problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86;

Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet,

Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;

minesweeping operations, iv: 91;

convoy of troopships, iv: 92;

bases, iv: 92;

extracts from Jellicoe's _The Grand Fleet, 1914--1916_,

iv: 93-97;

unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93;

lack of destroyers, iv: 94;

Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96;

Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96;

make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97;

make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119;

Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140;

statistics on transport of troops, '15--'18, iv: 239;

18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53;

_see also_

battle or engagement;

Gallipoli Campaign.

Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 179;

_see also_ Peace Conference.

Peace Treaty, press views, vi: 22;

ratified, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264;

_see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany.

Prisoners of war, iii: 404.

Railroads, system of war-time government control, xii: 89.

Royal family, xi: 150-152;

_see also_ George V.

Shipping, tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77;

government control of ship-building, xii: 95;

tonnage in '14, xii: 95;

yearly tonnage production, '14--'17, xii: 96;

war-time shortage of, xii: 96.

Strategy, analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice,

ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_;

naval, iv: 85-93.

Trade, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77;

pre-War position, xii: 18-19;

pre-War and war-time compared, xii: 78.

War cost, financial position at start of War, xii: 1, 18;

loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;

income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, xii: 4;

debt to U. S., xii: 18;

exchange rates with U. S., xii: 19;

extravagance in expenditure of war funds, xii: 19-20;

taxes, xii: 20, 107, 108, 111;

money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;

value of property loss, xii: 26;

currency inflation, xii: 27-28;

average daily war cost, xii: 105;

total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;

war loans, xii: 111;

rise in national debt, xii: 111, 114.

_Great Northern, S. S._, speed record as army transport, v: 358.

Greece, revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34;

breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17,

i: 390, vi: 345;

anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206;

Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16,

iii: 210;

Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210;

King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245;

war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289;

prisoners of war, iii: 404;

debt to U. S., xii: 18;

money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;

_see also_ Salonika Campaign.

Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.

Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

_Greif_, German armed liner,

sunk in fight with British _Alcantara_, iv: 200.

Grenades, number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;

ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119;

Germans first to use, viii: 119;

Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119;

nature, viii: 119;

technique of throwing, viii: 120;

kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.

Grenfell, Capt. Francis O.,

first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.

Gresham, Pvt.,

one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.

Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon,

efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247;

mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198;

efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;

negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia,

'12--'14, i: 200;

speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War,

Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;

biography, ix: 35-40;

bibliography, ix: 40;

advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Grierson, Gen. Sir James,

commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.

Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.

Grimm, Swiss Socialist,

expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.

Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.

Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.

_Groupes de Combat_, function in French defensive, v: 12.

Guatemala,

severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390;

delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.

Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.

_Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne_,

French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.

Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

_Gulflight_, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15,

i: 319, 380, iv: 218.

Gumbinnen, Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16--24, '14, iii: 111;

retaken by Germans, iii: 116.

Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Guncotton, composition and detonating properties, viii: 2;

_see also_ Ammunition.

Gunpowder, black, composition and explosive properties, viii: 2;

smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4;

muzzle flash, viii: 7;

_see also_ Ammunition.

Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.

Guns, _see_ Artillery.

_Guns of Verdun_, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.

Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.

Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.

Gyles, Midshipman Donald,

heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.

H

Haase, Herr,

leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: _Intro. xii_;

in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278;

advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.

Habibullah Khan,

Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.

Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.

Hague Conference, establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94;

convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103;

accomplishments, i: 103.

Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.

Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.

Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,

analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136;

theories on warfare, ii: 118;

on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120;

on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120;

on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123;

on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics,

ii: 123, 126;

on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133;

on British military organization, ii: 134;

appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force,

Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46;

famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120;

personal traits, iii: 373;

biography, ix: 181-184.

Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Haldane, Gen., commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371;

personal traits, iii: 377.

Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.

Halicz, Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380;

captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121;

recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.

Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.

Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Haller, Gen.,

leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.

Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, _see_ Bagdad Railway.

Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.

Hamel, captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395;

work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281;

share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.

Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.

Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian,

Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32;

succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174;

despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.

_Hampshire_, British cruiser,

sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.

Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.

Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.

Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hapsburgs, rise and downfall, vi: 305;

_see also_

Austria-Hungary;

Charles Francis;

Francis Joseph.

Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, _see_ Kei Hara.

Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.

Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G.,

Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403;

commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167;

commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.

Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.

Harden, Maximilian, on sordid nature of World War, i: 123;

on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274;

on American war prosperity, i: 311;

optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254;

on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.

Hardinge, Lord,

responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Harington, Sir John,

"brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.

Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.

Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.

Hart, Prof. Albert B.,

summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings,

i: 358-362.

Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French, Mar. 25, '15, i: 378;

Dec., '15, iii: 46.

Hartwell, William, first officer of _S. S. Brussels_,

report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.

Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.

Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.

Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Hausen, Gen. von,

commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.

Havre, Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376;

embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

_Hawke_, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.

Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.

Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.

Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price,

gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by,

of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.

Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.

Hedjaz, Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199;

kingdom established under secret treaties, '16--'17,

vi: 334, xii: 279;

delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180;

area and population, xii: 279.

Heeringen, Gen. von,

commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.

_Hela_, German cruiser

torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.

Helfferich, Karl, on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119;

director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252;

German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252;

biography, ix: 353.

_Helgoland_, German battleship,

mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

Heligoland,

Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on,

xii: 205.

Heligoland Bight, naval battle of,

British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243;

Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.

Helmets, steel, devised by French, viii: 64;

process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64;

rate of production, viii: 65;

efficiency as protection, viii: 65;

process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68;

bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.

Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.

Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.

_Henri IV_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Henry, Prince, of Prussia, visits U. S., '02, i: 80;

escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.

Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.

Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hermannstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386;

Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29--30, '16, i: 388.

Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor,

comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15--18, '18,

v: 158;

retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.

Hertzog, Gen.,

anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50;

heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19,

vi: 52.

Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;

_see also_ Bosnia-Herzegovina.

_Hesperian, S. S._,

torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.

Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.

Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

High Sea Fleet, _see_ Germany, Navy.

Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Hill 60, at Ypres,

captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42;

captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.

Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,

Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.

Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.

Hill 204, near Château-Thierry,

captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56;

dominating situation, v: 133;

captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.

Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery,

captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,

Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon,

captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.

Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery,

captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,

Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,

Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Hill 269,

captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18,

v: 240;

held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.

Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon,

captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.

Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.

Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,

Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.

Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,

put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14,

ii: 24, 353, iii: 112;

destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26--31, '14,

ii: 24, 353 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 112-116, ix: 242;

campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245;

Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300;

appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16,

ii: 326, iii: 61;

made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331;

proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18,

ii: 335;

first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;

biography, ix: 242-249;

nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242;

decorated for valor, ix: 246;

popularity, ix: 249.

Hindenburg Line,

German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;

Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100;

extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301;

strategic purpose, iii: 66;

devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67;

reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70;

27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British,

break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.--Oct., '18,

iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393;

Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69;

Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218;

First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.

Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L., promotion, v: 182;

commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;

commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219;

commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.

Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan,

German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Hipper, Rear-Adm. von,

commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15,

iv: 246;

commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16,

iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.

Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.

Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A.,

work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.

_Hogue_, British cruiser, torpedoed by _U-9_,

Sept. 22, '14,

eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280;

as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.

Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D.,

blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.

"Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.

Holland, _see_ Netherlands.

_Holland No. 9_, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.

Holy Alliance, formation of, i: 33;

defects of, i: 35.

Holy War, declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330;

to destroy British control in East, ii: 27;

failure of, ii: 31;

response to, in India, vi: 74.

Home Rule, Irish, _see_ Ireland.

Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.

Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.

Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A.,

commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland,

iv: 117;

lost with sinking of _Invincible_, iv: 120.

Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine,

report on American relief work, vii: 366.

Hoover, Herbert C.,

appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;

pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85;

organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119;

organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium,

vii: 119, xii: 136;

account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124;

biography, ix: 316-323;

bibliography, ix: 323;

work as U. S. Food Administrator, xii: 35;

report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, xii: 42;

director-general of American Relief Administration, xii: 141.

Horn, Lieut. Werner,

German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border,

i: 316, x: 368.

Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.

Horne, Gen.,

commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai,

Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213;

characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.

Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Horses, utility in the War, viii: 397;

hospitals for, viii: 398;

number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 278.

Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max,

exploit in command of submarine _E-9_, iv: 207.

Horvath, Gen., sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192;

resigns from government, vi: 193.

Hospitals: British, in France, ii: 131.

French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365.

United States, _see_ U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.

House, Col. E. M.,

U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84;

biography, ix: 70-76.

Howitzers, _see_ Artillery.

Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia,

advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40;

for vigorous war policy, vi: 40;

delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40;

forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription,

vi: 42.

Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.

_Humber_, British monitor, description, iv: 281.

Humbert, Charles, French Senator,

implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.

Hungary, war sentiment, '14, vi: 306;

parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311;

Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311;

"Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311;

Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312;

effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313;

"bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18,

vi: 322;

National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322;

Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, xii: 279;

Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323;

armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323;

Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324;

Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328;

military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325;

Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326;

the Red Army, vi: 326;

area and population, xii: 279;

_see also_ Austria-Hungary.

_Hunley_, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.

Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.

"Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.

Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.

Hutier, Gen. von, commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149;

new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41,

viii: 143-145.

Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.

Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.

Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.

Hydroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.

_Hymn of Hate_, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.

_Hymn of the Lusitania_, German, i: 365.

I

_I Want to Be an Angel_, aviators' song, xi: 338.

Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;

Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Immelmann, Capt., German ace,

death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.

Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.

_Imperatritsa_, Russian battleship,

burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.

_Implacable_, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

_In Flanders Fields_, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.

Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.

_Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser,

sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.

Indemnity, _see_ Reparation.

Index numbers, for measuring price changes, xii: _Intro. vii._

India,

troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns,

ii: _Intro._ _xxiii_;

Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27;

response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74;

casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405;

strength of army, iii: 405;

agitation for autonomy, vi: 72;

response to British war needs, vi: 72;

reasons for loyalty, vi: 73;

Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74;

political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75;

caste system, description of, vi: 75;

influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76;

suffering from famine, '18--'19, vi: 76;

Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77;

Bolshevism in, vi: 77;

"Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78;

coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48;

War cost, Aug., '14--Mar. '19, xii: 106;

Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.

Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.

_Indomitable_,

British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Industrial rights,

Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.

Infection, in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;

causes, viii: 369;

Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289;

prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289;

_see also_

Disease;

Medical science;

Sanitation.

"Infiltration," new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19;

Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against,

v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.

_Inflexible_, British battle cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 31;

damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35;

at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.

Insterburg,

important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.

Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany,

funds to be transferred to Allies, xii: 246.

Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.

Inter-Allied Commissions of Control,

to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, xii: 215.

Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16,

decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.

Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.

Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.

Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139.

Inter-Allied War Council, _see_ Supreme War Council.

International law, formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26;

German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139;

Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328;

comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282;

German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;

U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;

controversy between U. S. and Great Britain

on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;

controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare,

i: 317-326, 329-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary);

U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15,

i: 323;

controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare,

i: 326;

President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution,

i: 327;

controversy between U. S. and Great Britain

on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;

on blockades, ii: 21;

_see also_

Germany, Blockade of;

Submarine warfare.

International rivalries, factors in, 1890--1914, i: 58-63.

International Sanitary Commission,

for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.

_Intrepid_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;

sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Inventions,

displace importance of strategy in war, viii: _Intro. vii._

_Invincible_, British battle cruiser, armament, iv: 70;

blown up at Jutland, iv: 119;

at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.

_Iphigenia_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;

sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Ireland, history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53;

Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50;

situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53;

loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55;

Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55;

spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57;

Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57;

Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57;

Irish Volunteers, vi: 57;

sympathy with Germany, vi: 57;

German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58;

Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53;

Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58;

proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60;

Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53;

collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60;

leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53;

Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61;

Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18,

vi: 61-63;

De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61;

De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62;

Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62;

government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64;

struggle over conscription, vi: 64;

Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64;

Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18,

vi: 64;

delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64;

movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65;

Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65;

Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66;

Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52;

De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.

Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.

_Iris_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.

Irish-Americans, support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65;

Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65;

delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.

Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.

Iron, importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267;

importance in war, i: 268;

French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15;

French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.

_Irresistible_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;

sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.

Isherwood, Lieut.-Com.,

co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.

Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.

Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.

Isonzo Front, _see_ Italian Front.

Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.

Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply,

iii: 83, v: 11, 330.

Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.

_Italia Irredenta_, definition, xi: 18.

Italian Front,

Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: _Intro. xx_;

most difficult theater of War, ii: 48;

general military topography,

ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25;

general strategy at start of War,

ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241;

topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239;

Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248;

topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230;

Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239;

Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240;

results of '15 campaign, ii: 51;

Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;

Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.--Dec., '17,

ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37;

Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17,

ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248;

last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249;

victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18,

ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249;

Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244;

Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244;

Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244;

casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian,

during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248;

Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247;

Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247;

Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat,

Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 248;

Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249;

American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394;

bibliography, iii: 249;

aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.

_Italian Front, On the_, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.

Italy:

Army, German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;

Arditi, description of, ii: 240;

Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240;

Alpini, description of, ii: 242;

Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242;

Granatieri, description of, ii: 242;

pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226;

effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128;

for military operations, _see_ Italian Front.

Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130;

money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

total battle deaths, xii: 288.

Declarations of war, on Austria, May 23, '15,

i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18;

on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;

on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;

on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;

belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310.

Foreign policy, international position, '14, i: 61;

ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61;

member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114;

war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114;

neglected by Germany, i: 255;

Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256;

refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6;

Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48;

parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists,

ii: 236, vi: 123-126;

Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies,

ii: 236, vi: 123;

Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;

attitude toward U. S., ii: 245;

public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116;

pro-German sentiment, vi: 118;

pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119;

territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120;

Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120;

secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War,

vi: 122, 361;

occupation of Austrian territories following armistice,

vi: 129, 364;

unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308;

claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;

hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370;

Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361;

Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370.

Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127.

Internal politics, unification, i: 39;

parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party,

ii: 236, vi: 123-126;

Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies,

ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;

Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;

D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124;

strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128;

political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114;

popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116;

pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119;

attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117;

pro-German sympathies, vi: 118;

King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125;

obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126;

fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127;

coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16,

vi: 127;

pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128;

fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129;

Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129;

Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369.

Navy, strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368;

War record, iv: 368;

blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369.

Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179.

Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264.

Prisoners of war, iii: 404.

Royal family, xi: 141-143;

_see also_ Victor Emmanuel.

War cost, Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130;

relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131;

financial position at start of War, xii: 1;

debt to U. S., xii: 18;

value of man-power lost, xii: 25;

value of property destroyed, xii: 26;

average daily war cost, xii: 106;

total war cost, May, '15--Oct., '18, xii: 107;

taxation, xii: 107, 109;

loans, xii: 113;

rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.

J

Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.

_Jacob Jones_,

U. S. destroyer sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393;

report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.

Jador, battle of,

Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.

Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.

Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.

Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Japan, abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18;

acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20;

acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20;

rise as world power, '05, i: 20;

adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38;

Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57;

Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest

in China, '17, i: 58;

international position in '14, i: 63;

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107;

Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357;

siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau),

Aug. 23--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;

total casualties, iii: 404;

prisoners of war, iii: 404;

naval strength, iv: 58;

naval service to Allies, iv: 367;

motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382;

sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193;

the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248;

ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau,

Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382;

declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382;

internal politics during War, vi: 384;

forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385;

summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385;

ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386;

treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386;

imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386;

Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388;

Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388;

opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388;

separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388;

money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48;

delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;

Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, xii: 209;

ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264;

_see also_

Kiau-Chau;

Shantung.

Jaroslav, fortress on San,

captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123;

retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.

Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.

Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr.,

discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.

Jaulgonne, location, v: 133;

captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.

_Jauréguiberry_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Jaurès, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.

Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John,

appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14,

iv: 88;

analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97;

biography, ix: 275-282;

bibliography, ix: 282.

Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.

Jerusalem,

captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326;

Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325;

work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.

_Jeszcze Polska_, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.

Jews, distress in war areas, vii: 349;

number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376;

number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376;

number in Germany, vii: 349;

number in Turkey, vii: 349, 368 (outside Palestine), 376;

number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376;

number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376;

American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368;

American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350;

organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354;

American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354;

funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16--'17,

vii: 355-356;

American relief for destitute in Russian Poland,

vii: 356-358, 360-363;

refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for,

vii: 356, 363-365;

conditions in Galicia, vii: 358;

number dependent on war relief, by countries,

vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376;

work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360;

American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368;

contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368;

aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369;

relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374;

reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376;

extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375;

number in Lithuania, vii: 376;

number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376;

number in Russia, vii: 376;

number in Serbia, vii: 376;

number in Rumania, vii: 376;

number in Bulgaria, vii: 376;

number in Greece, vii: 376;

number in Hungary, vii: 376;

number in Persia, vii: 376.

Jihad, _see_ Holy War.

Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques César,

fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30;

controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports,

ii: 172;

_General Joffre and His Battles_, book by Raymond Recouly,

summary of, ii: 182-189;

appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46;

technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62;

biography, ix: 154-161;

visit to U.S., ix: 161;

bibliography, ix: 161;

intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.

Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H.,

in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196;

at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.

Joint Distribution Committee,

for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.

Jonc de Mer Ridge,

Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.

Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.

Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,

commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.

Jugoslavs, in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249;

Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306;

attack Hungarian Republic, April--May, '19, vi: 326;

racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354;

Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363;

clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359;

meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans

for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359;

conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast,

vi: 359-363, 364-370;

Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram,

Mar., '18, vi: 363;

establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364;

seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364;

armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18,

vi: 364;

struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia,

vi: 365-370;

establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia,

Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366;

recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366;

President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume,

vi: 369;

claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary

in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399;

area and population of united kingdom, xii: 279;

_see also_ Serbia.

Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.

Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16,

description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136;

outline in brief, iv: 99-104;

opposing commanders, iv: 99;

British ships and men lost, iv: 100;

German ships and men lost, iv: 100;

moral victory for Germans, iv: 100;

criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101;

greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102;

conditions influencing, iv: 102;

strength and composition of fleets engaged,

iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119;

disposition of British forces, iv: 104;

first phase, iv: 106-113;

Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110;

Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108;

accuracy of German fire, iv: 108;

_Indefatigable_ sunk, iv: 108;

fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109;

_Queen Mary_ blown up, iv: 110;

critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113;

second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115;

weather conditions, iv: 113;

critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115;

third phase, iv: 115-130;

Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129;

Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty,

iv: 117;

British miscalculate position, iv: 117;

Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119;

Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129;

_Invincible_ blows up, iv: 119;

Adm. Hood lost with _Invincible_, iv: 119-120;

_Shark_, _Defence_, and _Black Prince_ sunk, iv: 121;

low visibility, iv: 121-123;

British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125;

German destroyers sunk, iv: 126;

Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126;

Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127;

critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129;

fourth phase, iv: 131-136;

night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131;

Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133;

critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136;

effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135;

lessons taught by, iv: 135;

account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156;

authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146;

British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156;

German eye-witness account, iv: 256;

British eye-witness account, iv: 258.

Juvigny, captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F.,

Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384;

32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.

K

_K-13_, British submarine,

account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.

"Kahkos," description, viii: 257.

Kaiser, _see_ William II.

Kaiser Wilhelm Land, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279;

area and population, xii: 279.

Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.

Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.

Kaledin, Gen., commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142;

leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.

_Kambana_, Bulgarian newspaper,

statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.

Kamerun, _see_ Cameroons.

Kamio, Gen.,

Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.

Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.

Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.

Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.

_Karlsruhe_, German sea-raider,

battle with British cruiser _Bristol_, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63;

career in Atlantic, iv: 196.

Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Karolyi, Count Michael,

pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307;

leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311;

forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311;

appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323;

resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325;

biography, ix: 144-147.

Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.

Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.

Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader,

opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._

Kavala, bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;

occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.

_Kawachi_, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.

Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from _Emden_,

Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.

_Keep the Home Fires Burning_, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.

_Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy_,

American soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.

Keirsbilk, Alois Van,

Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.

Kellermann, Bernhard,

German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.

Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.

Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.

Kemmel, Mount,

stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360;

occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397;

key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381;

27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.

Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

_Kent_, British cruiser

at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70;

sinks _Nürnberg_, iv: 74.

Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch,

speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144;

leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;

pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151;

Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155;

character sketch, vi: 155;

abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;

Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;

member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160;

becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165;

struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171;

declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171;

struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179;

overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181;

biography, ix: 104-109;

bibliography, ix: 109.

Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.

Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.

Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.

Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.

Keystone (28th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.

_Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa_,

Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.

Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior,

removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.

Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau), seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82;

siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24--Nov. 7, '14,

iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;

German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209;

area and population, xii: 279;

_see also_ Shantung.

Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, xii: 255.

Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.

Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.

Kilid-Bahr, fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45;

objective of British landing forces, iii: 167;

bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45;

_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.

_Kimigayo_, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.

_King Edward VII_,

British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.

Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.

Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert,

drowned in sinking of cruiser _Hampshire_, June 5, '16,

i: 385, ix: 168;

attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: _Intro. xv_;

dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169;

member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;

responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202;

influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202;

biography, ix: 168-176;

bibliography, ix: 176;

military commandments, xi: 55.

_K-K-K-Katy_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,

leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14,

ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10;

occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21;

defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14,

ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34;

strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of,

by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168;

avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28;

biography, ix: 266-268.

Knights of Columbus, war-time activities of, vii: 328-339;

organizing for war work, vii: 330;

funds raised, vii: 331;

war work expenditures, vii: 332;

War Activities Committee, vii: 334;

employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.

Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.

Knox peace resolution,

declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end,

passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles,

xii: 273-277;

text of original resolution

asking the President to make separate peace, xii: 273-274;

text of amended resolution, xii: 277;

vetoed by President Wilson, xii: 277;

President's veto message, xii: 278.

Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Koenig, Paul, head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317;

German spy in U. S., x: 347.

Koenig, Capt. Paul,

commander of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_,

personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.

Koja Chemen Tepe, at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172;

Anzac assault on, iii: 173;

_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich,

Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188;

declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194;

leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194;

biography, ix: 239-241.

Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.

_Köln_, German cruiser

sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

_Königin Luise_, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.

Königsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.

_Königsberg_, German sea-raider,

sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.

Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of,

by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225.

Korea, acquired by Japan, i: 20;

struggle for independence, vi: 388.

Kornilov, Gen. Laurus,

appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky,

vi: 164;

rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171;

imprisoned, vi: 171;

leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192;

biography, ix: 235-237.

Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.

Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.

Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.

Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense,

extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234;

A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,

v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262;

_see also_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Krithia, at Gallipoli, Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173;

_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

_Kronprinz Wilhelm_,

comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378;

interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.

Kronstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218;

recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220;

military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.

Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.

Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.

Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave,

head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265;

husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.

Kuban Republic, established, Nov., '18, xii: 279;

area and population, xii: 279.

Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.

Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197;

in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Kultur, German, _see_ Germany, Kultur.

Kum Kale,

French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15,

iv: 41;

Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42;

Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.

Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.

Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.

Kut-el-Amara, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181;

siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16,

iii: 183, 318-320;

number of British surrendered, iii: 318;

conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.

L

La Bassée, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.

La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.

Labor, anti-war spirit, xii: 65;

importance in winning the War, xii: 68;

floating, xii: 68;

women in war industries, xii: 83-85;

Peace Treaty charter for international organization, xii: 255-261;

_see also_ under each country.

Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.

"Labyrinth," captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380;

designation for German trenches between

Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.

_Laconia, S. S._, Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389;

eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.

Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.

_Lafayette_, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.

Lafayette Escadrille, formation, iii: 391;

first members, iii: 391;

Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391;

first casualties, iii: 391;

equipment of fliers, iii: 392;

propaganda among Germans, iii: 392;

total casualties, iii: 392;

story of, x: 196-202.

Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.

La Fère, British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;

captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;

recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52;

German base in France, ii: 86;

French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.

La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.

Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Lamont, Thomas W.,

financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference,

xii: 149;

account of Peace Conference at work, xii: 149-163;

member of Reparations Commission, xii: 158.

Lamprecht, Prof. Karl,

German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.

Landres-St. Georges, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263;

bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.

Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.

Landsturm, German, i: 72.

Landwehr, German, i: 72.

Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.

Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.

Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.

Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.

Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.

Lansing-Ishii Note,

'17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.

Laon, captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;

German base in France, ii: 86;

captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.

La Peyrère, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.

La Pultière Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

_Lars Kruse_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.

_La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,

formation, ii: 292;

terms of concession to, ii: 292.

_Last Long Mile, The_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.

Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24;

speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24;

against Imperial federation, vi: 26;

declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.

League of Nations, Charles W. Eliot on, i: _Intro. xiii_;

international co-operation during War, i: _Intro. xiii_;

summary of provisions, i: _Intro. xiv_;

proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369;

spirit of, xii: 155;

prominent advocates, xii: 155;

drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, xii: 155;

analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178;

text of Covenant in full, xii: 182-185;

countries invited to join, xii: 186;

original members, xii: 186;

Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, xii: 186;

U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-270;

first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, xii: 270.

Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, xii: 53.

Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269;

_see also_ Y. M. C. A.

Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334.

Le Cateau, battle of, Aug. 26, '14,

criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French,

ii: 162, 174;

account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.

Le Charmel, German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185;

Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Le Chêne Tondu,

German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;

captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Lee service rifle, viii: 95.

_Leelanaw, S. S._, American steamship

sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.

_Leipzig_, German cruiser

in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;

sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;

eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.

Lejeune, Gen.,

commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Leman, Gen., defender of Liége, iii: 11.

Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Lemberg,

battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1--3, '14,

i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16;

recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137;

military importance, ii: 42;

seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.

Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.

Lenin, Nicolai, urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140;

leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163;

overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181;

becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17,

vi: 181;

policies of government, vi: 181;

biography, ix: 109-115;

bibliography, ix: 115.

Lens, Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42;

objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70;

held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.

_Léon Gambetta_, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15,

iv: 373.

_Leonardo da Vinci_, Italian dreadnought

blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.

Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.

L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Le Prêtre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.

Lescarboura, Austin C., on trench warfare, viii: 133;

opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251;

on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.

Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.

Les Eparges, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;

captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.

Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.

Letts, peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226;

early history, vi: 226;

rebellion of '05, vi: 227;

form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227;

join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.

Letvia, Republic of, established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;

area and population, xii: 279.

_Leviathan_, work as U. S. transport, xii: 275.

Levicu, Dr.,

leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19,

vi: 300.

Lewis machine-gun, description, viii: 81;

rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82;

use on airplanes, viii: 87;

U. S. production figures for aircraft, xii: 284.

Liberty Loans, U. S., popularity, xii: 10;

selection of drive periods, xii: 11;

influence on national thrift, xii: 11-16;

subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12;

New York City subscriptions, by borough, xii: 12;

compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, xii: 16;

amounts raised, xii: 113;

effect on German morale, xii: 126;

number of subscribers, xii: 127;

methods used in selling campaigns, xii: 127-134;

sales psychology, xii: 132;

Victory Way, xii: 133;

number of persons engaged in drives, xii: 134;

statistics, xii: 134;

_see also_ U. S., War cost.

Liberty motor, description, viii: 199;

production figures, xii: 285.

Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.

Libyan Desert, military operations in '16--'17, iii: 191.

Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England,

negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12--'14,

i: 196, 250;

account of events leading to World War, i: 246;

author of _Memorandum_, account of diplomatic experiences

in England, i: 250;

biography, ix: 131-133.

Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.

"Liebau Employment Agency,"

center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.

Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader,

sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: _Intro. x_;

votes against war credits, vi: _Intro. xii_;

protest against War, '14, vi: 249;

imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141;

freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272;

leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142;

organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283;

killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142;

biography, ix: 138-143;

elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140;

expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141;

bibliography, ix: 142.

Liége, forts constructed, 1890, i: 143;

captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375,

ii: 348 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 10, xi: 9.

Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,

commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18,

v: 56;

commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386;

appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390;

in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109;

commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390;

commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390;

biography, ix: 218.

Lightning (78th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Lille, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;

death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.

_Lille, Laon and St. Dié_, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.

Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.

Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.

Linsingen, Gen. von,

commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.

Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.

_Lion_, British battle cruiser,

Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105;

in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241;

disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Liquid fire, first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381;

how used, viii: 120;

story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.

Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.

Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Listening device, for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308;

_see also_

Hydrophones;

Microphone.

Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of,

xii: 244-246.

Lithuania, struggle for independence, vi: 234-236;

opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234;

fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236;

Cabinet of '18, vi: 236;

fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236;

Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;

area and population, xii: 279.

Little Russia, _see_ Ukraine.

Livonia, early history, vi: 226;

Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;

area and population, xii: 279;

_see also_ Baltic Provinces.

Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.

_Llandovery Castle_, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.

Lloyd George, David,

advocates aggressive campaign against Austria,

ii: _Intro. x, xx_;

becomes British Prime Minister,

ii: _Intro. xx_, vi: 10, ix: 28;

military policy, ii: _Intro, xxi_;

becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, xii: 78;

appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27;

speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10;

statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12;

indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14;

conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20;

biography, ix: 21-30;

bibliography, ix: 30;

_see also_ Peace Conference.

Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, xii: 111.

Locomotives, number shipped to France from U. S., xii: 95, 286;

_see also_ Railroads.

Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot,

leads opposition to Peace Treaty, xii: 264;

original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 265;

revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 269.

Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.

Logan, Col. James A.,

Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.

Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.

London,

air raids on, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;

Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;

Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;

Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41;

welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;

American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.

_London_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.

_Long, Long Trail_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Longwy, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;

iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.

Loos, British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25;

captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46;

faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.

_Lord Nelson_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Lorraine, value of iron deposits, i: 267;

French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.

Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.

Losses, _see_

Casualties;

Prisoners of war.

"Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey

cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239;

attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242;

rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;

units composing, v: 363.

Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.

Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.

Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

"Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43.

Louvain, captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;

burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;

description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.

Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration

by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225.

Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.

Lowestoft,

attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.

Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.

Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.

Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.

Lubomirsky, Prince,

appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.

"Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171.

Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Château-Thierry, v: 132.

Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von, War account, ii: 298-365;

estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300;

appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16,

ii: 326, iii: 61;

denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333;

resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271;

opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337;

war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344;

brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345;

share in capture of Liége, ii: 348;

appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14,

ii: 351;

account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;

appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front,

Sept., '14, ii: 357;

failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270;

biography, ix: 250-257.

Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.

Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.

Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr., American aviator, story of, x: 211-214;

gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.

_Lullaby for a Baby Tank_, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.

Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.

Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.

Lunéville, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20;

retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.

Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.

_Lurcher_, British destroyer

at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

_Lusitania, S. S._,

German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319;

sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15,

i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), 380,

xi: 20, 237;

loss of life, i: 319, 362;

U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320;

Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320;

Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320;

U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323;

summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking,

i: 358;

dimensions, i: 362;

number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362;

number in crew, i: 362;

not armed, i: 363;

German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365;

eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222;

Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222;

Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.

Lutsk, captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381;

recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382;

recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382;

captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.

_Lützow_, German battle cruiser

sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.

Luxemburg, Duchess of, _see_ Marie Adelaide.

Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of,

invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10;

annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94;

Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189.

Luxemburg, Rosa,

German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249;

imprisoned, '16, vi: 262;

leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278;

killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;

views on social revolution, ix: 147.

Lvov, Prince George E.,

Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17,

vi: 155;

manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159;

forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;

biography, ix: 100-102;

President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, xii: 82.

Lynch, George,

inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.

Lys, battle of, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91;

Portuguese troops flee under German attack,

ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;

Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91;

Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.

Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.

_Lynx_, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.

M

Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.

Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.

MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas,

leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2--3, '18, v: 61;

commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84;

biography, ix: 213-217.

Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.

Macdonald, Ramsay, endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;

defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.

Macdowell, Major T. W.,

wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Macedonia, promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32;

occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344;

military operations in, _see_ Salonika Campaign.