doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
as product of high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45.
Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319.
Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346.
Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400.
Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200.
Germany, _see_ Spartacides.
Hungary, riots, Jan.--Feb., '19, vi: 324;
success, Mar., '19, vi: 325.
India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77.
Poland, spread in, vi: 223.
Russia,
peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18,
ii: 272, VI: 183;
propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322;
Russian troops incited to desert and revolt,
iii: 269, vi: 155, 164;
doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164;
Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169;
movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173;
arguments used to win populace, vi: 175;
Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17,
vi: 175;
increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177;
overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183;
Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179;
dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181;
Bolshevik land program, vi: 181;
opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181;
Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183;
Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185;
Red Army raised, vi: 185;
reign of terror, vi: 187;
state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187;
Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference,
vi: 188;
Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198;
progress in Letvia, vi: 228;
financing German Spartacides, vi: 281;
connection with Maximalists, vi: 314;
Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115;
currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii._
Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.
Bombs:
Aerial, viii: 221-225.
Depth, evolution of, iv: 307;
for combating U-boats, iv: 317;
development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
launching mechanism, iv: 331;
invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.
Bona, bombarded by _Breslau_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J.,
battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.
_Bonnet Rouge_, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.
Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.
Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375;
embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
Borden, Sir Robert, Premier of Canada, vi: 24;
urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.
"Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.
Boris, Czar of Bulgaria,
succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.
Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.
Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
devastated, '18, vi: 363.
Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.
Botchkareva (Butchkareff),
Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
Botha, Gen. Louis,
commander of British South African troops, iii: 253;
policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47;
biography, ix: 191-193.
Bott, Capt. Alan,
British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.
Bourassa, Henri, Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30;
opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.
Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.
Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.
_Bouvet_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.
Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.
Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S., dismissed, i: 276;
share in passport frauds, i: 315;
German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.
Boy Scouts, war-time activities, British, xi: 94;
Belgian, xi: 98;
French, xi: 98;
American, xi: 100-116.
Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, xii: 102.
Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.
Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C.,
commander of British submarine _E-14_, iv: 209.
Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
_Brabançonne, La_, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.
Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.
Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.
Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.
Brazil, German population of, i: 79;
severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390;
Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.
Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.
Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.
Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
_Bremen_,
German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.
Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.
Breshkovsky, Catherine,
leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
prophecy on Russia, ix: 231;
biography, ix: 348.
_Breslau_, German cruiser,
outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14,
i: 375, iv: 13;
sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.
Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.
Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of,
between Russia and Germany, a dictated "German peace,"
ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268;
effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314;
abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, xii: 205.
_Bretelle_, definition of, v: 16.
Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.
Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
Bridges, pontoons, viii: 299;
portable steel, viii: 301.
Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse,
action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.
Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.
_Brilliant_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.
_Bristol_,
British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.
Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.
_Britannia_, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.
_Britannic_,
British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.
British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.
Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.
_Broke_,
British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E.,
head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.
Browning machine-guns, description, viii: 84-87;
U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.
Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch,
commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119;
biography, ix: 232-235.
Brussels, occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14;
German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.
_Brussels_, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.
Bryan, William Jennings, policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321;
resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.
Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.
Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
Bucharest, Treaty of,
between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352;
Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.
Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B.,
cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180;
promoted to major-general, v: 182;
commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
Buckeye (37th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18--'19, vi:323.
Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.
Buffaloes (92nd Division), _see_ U. S., Army.
Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.
Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.
Bulgaria, German ruler of, i: 96;
defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18,
i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48;
key to Balkan situation, ii: 28;
tool of Germany, ii: 28;
enmity for Serbia, ii: 32;
reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32;
enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343;
Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329;
mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342;
invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218;
prisoners of war, iii: 404;
casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289;
effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270;
racial characteristics, vi: 338;
desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339;
geographical position, vi: 341;
attitude toward Allies, vi: 341;
proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341;
terms for entering War, vi: 341;
antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342;
Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343;
result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344;
cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344;
friction with Germany, vi: 344;
attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344;
dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345;
Bolshevism in, vi: 346;
terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
war cost, Oct., '15--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
rise in national debt, xii: 114;
for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18,
v: 62,167, 189, 383;
of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388;
biography, ix: 218-221.
Bullets, _see_ Ammunition.
Bülow, Gen. von,
commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10;
on Italian Front, iii: 247.
Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.
Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
_Bulwark_, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.
Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.
Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132;
biography, ix: 223-226.
Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.
Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.
Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
_Buresk, S. S._, _Emden's_ collier, iv: 188.
Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.
Burnham, Gen.,
commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.
Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.
Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.
Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.
Byng, Gen. Sir Julian,
commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371;
fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142;
personal traits, iii: 376.
Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.
C
_Cabinga, S. S._, prize of German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.
Cables,
German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty,
xii: 225.
Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.
Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.
Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241;
biography, ix: 225-229.
Caillaux, Joseph,
arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393;
accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.
Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
Calais, German drive for, iii: 40;
Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.
Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
Callaghan, Adm. Sir George,
commander of British Grand Fleet,
relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.
Cambrai, German base in France, ii: 86;
first battle of, Nov., '17,
Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280;
Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, 337-340
(Philip Gibbs's description), viii: 142, 156;
American engineers at, iii: 82;
German prisoners captured, iii: 82;
German counter-offensive, iii: 82;
"best-kept secret of War," iii: 337;
adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338;
Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340;
second battle of, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213;
captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.
Cambrai-St. Quentin sector,
Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.
Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H., commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.
Cameroons (Kamerun) conquered by Allies,
Aug., '14--Feb., '16, iii: 252, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, '16, xii: 279.
_Camilla, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
Camouflage, use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241;
for masking machine-guns, v: 287;
development, viii: 136;
in nature, viii: 336;
war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.
Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
_Campbells Are Coming_, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.
Canada, becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43;
army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343;
characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343;
war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
prisoners of war, iii: 404;
strength of army, iii: 405;
political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23;
enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24;
political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25;
war donations by provinces, vi: 25;
Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25;
Premier Borden's view of Canada
as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25;
Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26;
voluntary enlistments, vi: 26;
increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26;
increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26;
bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28;
Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30;
failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36;
conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36;
Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31;
labor against conscription, vi: 32;
Liberals support conscription, vi: 32;
Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32;
Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33;
War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34;
Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34;
results of election, '17, vi: 35;
pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35;
secessionist talk, vi: 36;
Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36;
loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48;
nationalization plans for railroads, xii: 90;
war cost, Aug., '14--Aug., '19, xii: 107;
rise in public debt, xii: 114;
Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179;
_see also_ Great Britain.
Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.
_Canadians_, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.
Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.
Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.
Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.
Cannon, _see_ Artillery.
_Canopus_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64;
in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
Cantigny,
captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124;
American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141;
significance of capture, v: 34;
Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.
Cantonments, U. S., description, xi: 155;
soldiers' life at, xi: 159;
construction of, xii: 125.
_Cap Trafalgar_, armed German liner,
battle with British _Carmania_,
Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.
Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.
Caporetto, Italian disaster at,
Oct. 21--Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: _Intro. xx_;
Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246;
wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246;
army demoralized, iii: 247;
causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129;
retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250;
effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.
Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.
Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.
Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166;
monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.
Carbonyl chloride, _see_ Phosgene.
Carden, Vice-Adm.,
commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28;
at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.
Carency, French attack at, May 11--12, '15, i: 380.
Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad,
vital importance to Germans, v: 387;
threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.
_Carmania_, armed British liner,
battle with German _Cap Trafalgar_,
Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
_Carnarvon_, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.
_Carnetta, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.
Carpathian Mts., Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26;
Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360;
topography, iii: 108;
Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124;
Austrian attacks, Jan.--Mar., '15, iii: 132;
_see also_ Russian Front.
Carpenter, Capt.,
commander of _Vindictive_ at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263;
account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.
Carrel, Dr. Alexis,
invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds,
viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289;
wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310;
biography, ix: 310-313.
Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.
Carso Plateau, description, ii: 244, iii: 239;
Italian advance across, June, '15--Oct., '17, ii: 245;
_see also_ Italian Front.
Carson, Sir Edward,
leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60;
biography, ix: 50-53.
Cary, Gen. Langle de,
commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
Casement, Sir Roger,
hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53;
negotiations with Germany, vi: 57;
captured, vi: 58.
_Cassin_, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.
Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.
Castelnau, Gen., commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16;
stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38;
appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46;
at Verdun, iii: 304.
Casualties, among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284;
total in War, iii: 403;
classified by belligerents, iii: 404;
civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405;
per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64;
in World War compared with all other wars, 1800--1913, xii: 25;
money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, xii: 25;
total battle deaths, by countries, xii: 288;
_see also_ under campaign, battle, and country.
Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.
Caucasus, military operations in, Oct., '14--Jan., '15, ii: 91-92;
iii: 260-263, xi: 29;
early history, vi: 231;
conflict of racial interests, vi: 231;
Russian misrule in, vi: 231;
demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231;
effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232;
rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.
Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
Causes, of War,
summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. vii_;
complexity of, i: 2;
conflict of political systems, i: 4;
conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5;
element of individual responsibility, i: 5;
German desire for war, i: 8;
colonial rivalry, i: 14;
Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121;
German ambitions for world power, i: 83;
murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii;
Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117;
Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119;
Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120;
statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120;
racial element in, i: 120;
German territorial ambitions, i: 122;
German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139;
German statement of English responsibility, i: 193;
Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193;
Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346;
_see also_ Germany, Responsibility for War.
Cavalry, function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120;
German military critic on importance of, ii: 260;
use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206;
_see also_ under armies of each country.
Cavell, Edith, executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382;
story of, x: 172;
betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.
"C. C. Gear,"
for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades,
viii: 214-216.
Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.
Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War,
vii: 352;
_see also_ Jews.
Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.
Central Powers, unity of command established, ii: 330;
general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110;
mobilized strength, iii: 430;
war casualties, iii: 404;
prisoners of war, iii: 404;
peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;
Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
war cost, xii: 27, 107;
rise in national debts, xii: 114;
_see also_
Austria-Hungary;
Bulgaria;
Germany;
Turkey.
Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.
Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16--'18, xii: 37.
Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.
Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.
Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.
Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.
Châlons, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375;
system of trench defenses, v: 44.
Chamberlain, Austen,
responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm.,
commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.
Champagne, French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46;
as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67;
German offensive checked, July 15--17, '18,
v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148;
A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15--17, '18,
v: 148-158.
Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.
Chanak, town on Dardanelles, iv: 24;
bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.
Channel ports, importance to Allies, ii: _Intro. viii_;
German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359;
opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of,
ii: 172;
Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.
_Chant du Départ, Le_, French patriotic song, xi: 333.
Chapman, Victor,
member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.
Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.
_Charge of the Tank Brigade_,
poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.
_Charlemagne_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375.
Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388;
secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace,
Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315;
conciliatory policy, vi: 313;
overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317;
letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317;
leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319;
biography, ix: 371-373.
Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.
Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.
Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.
Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320;
re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184;
German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F.,
May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43;
location and importance, v: 133;
_see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.
Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.
Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.
Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.
Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.
Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.
Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
Chemical warfare,
poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr.,
'15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285;
first use against Russians, iii: 288-292;
Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322;
German projector batteries, v: 28;
U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401;
gas warfare development, v: 321;
kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172;
mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321;
phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170;
U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325;
invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: _Intro. ix_;
methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165;
gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316;
gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320;
poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167;
carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166;
nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166;
carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168;
chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170;
vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172;
diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172;
methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179;
oxygen helmets, viii: 173;
gas masks, viii: 174-178;
use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176;
fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178;
use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178;
wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178;
U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal,
viii: 179-187, xii: 285;
gas gangrene, xi: 287;
international law on, xi: 313;
general description, xi: 313-323.
Chemin des Dames, battle and capture of,
by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132;
Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76;
training area for 26th Div., v: 117.
_Chemung, S. S._,
American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.
Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.
Children in the War, xi: _Intro. ix-xiii_, 56-84;
letters of, xi: 60, 74-84;
brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67;
Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69;
"The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69;
American relief for European, xi: 84-93.
Chile, neutral during War, vi: 390;
Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.
Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.
China, under foreigners' yoke, i: 18;
defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20;
forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38;
U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57;
special Japanese interests in,
recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
international position of, '14, i: 63;
severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389;
declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
coolie labor in France, ii: 377, xii: 80, 85;
siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257;
Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259;
origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248;
Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385;
coal production, '13--'15, xii: 48;
refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 167;
delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;
Kiao-Chau (Shantung)
transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
_see also_ Kiau-Chau; Shantung.
"Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.
Chipilly Ridge,
33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.
Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
Chlorine, first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres,
Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285;
poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168;
use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170;
manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.
Chlorpicrin, description of, v: 321;
use in chemical warfare, viii: 171;
manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.
_Choising, S. S._,
_Emdens's_ survivors transfer from _Ayesha_ to, iv: 192.
Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.
Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.
Chunuk Bair, Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172;
Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358;
_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
Churchill, Winston Spencer,
advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: _Intro. x, xiv._, 29, 200;
responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56;
biography, ix: 44-47.
Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.
Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.
Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.
Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of,
compared with World War, ii: _Intro. xiii._
Civilian deaths, due to War, iii: 405;
money value of, xii: 25.
Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.
Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 115;
on causes of high cost of living, xii: 142-148.
Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von,
influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.
Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.
Clemenceau, Georges, makes _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures, vi: 105;
forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108;
publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus
offering to make peace, vi: 315;
biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125;
record as Premier, ix: 12;
view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13;
bibliography, ix: 13;
faith in Foch, ix: 151;
at the Peace Conference, xii: 149-163;
excludes Germans from, xii: 162.
Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.
Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.
Clifford, Rev. J. H.,
"Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.
Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.
Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
Coal, abundance secret of German power, i: 267;
German production, 1880--1913, i: 267;
seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20;
consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331;
Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377;
U. S. production, '18--'19, xii: 46;
production by chief countries, '13--'17, xii: 47;
war-time price of, xii: 48;
Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries
to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224.
Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.
"Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.
Coblenz, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392;
bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394;
conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.
Cochin, Lieut.,
French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.
Codes, detection of, v: 319.
Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.
Coffin, H. E.,
Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, xii: 69;
views on industrial preparedness, xii: 69;
member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
xii: 116.
Cohalan, Justice,
leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.
Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.
Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
Cologne, bridgehead at, occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400;
conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.
Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.
Colonies, important share of British, in winning War, i: 13;
loss of German, i: 13;
German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14;
share of French, in final victory, i: 14;
European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14;
era of colonization by European nations, i: 26;
influence on development of naval power, i: 28;
colonization during 19th century, i: 37;
in Far East, i: 38;
expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.
_Columbia, S. S._,
American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.
Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
Combles, captured by Allies,
Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59;
recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.
_Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation_,
organization, vii: 120.
Commerce, national rivalries, i: 262;
English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253;
_see also_ Trade, under name of country.
Commerce raiders, German, exploits of _Emden_, iv: 166-194;
_Königsberg_, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195;
_Karlsruhe_, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196;
_Königin Luise_, operations in English Channel, iv: 197;
_Meteor_, activities in Baltic, iv: 197;
_Moewe_, converted merchantman, iv: 197;
_Seeadler_, iv: 198;
_Wolf_, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.
Commissaries, political, in Russia, demoralize army, iii: 268;
Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181;
_see also_ Russia.
Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.
Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87;
for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.
Communication, lines of,
French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
between France and Germany, v: 214.
Compass, for airplanes, viii: 220;
Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
Comrades in Service, vii: 284.
_Conduct of War, The_, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.
_Confédération Générale du Travail_,
French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.
Congo, Belgian exploitation of, i: 50;
creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.
Congo Conference, '84--'85, i: 16.
Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.
Congressional Medal of Honor,
list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox,
Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.
Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader,
wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.
Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.
Conscription, _see under_ name of country.
Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
Constantine, King of Greece, abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390;
opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202;
biography, ix: 380-382.
Constantinesco, M.,
inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.
Constantinople, Russian ambitions for, i: 63;
captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90;
Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27;
key to early ending of War, ii: 29;
early history, iv: 18;
_see also_
Gallipoli Campaign;
Turkey.
Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.
Constanza, captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221;
bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.
Constituent Assembly, Russian,
dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.
Contraband, _see_ Germany, Blockade.
Contracts, between German and Allied nationals,
Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge,
xii: 240-243.
Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.
Cook, Lieut. S. W.,
co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.
Co-operative Societies, Siberia,
organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.
Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
Corfu, seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160;
meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.
_Cormoran, S. S._,
converted into auxiliary cruiser by _Emden's_ crew, vi: 169.
_Cornwall_, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.
Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.
_Cornwallis_, British battleship sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389;
at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
Coronel, battle of, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308;
comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65;
Von Spee's account of, iv: 66;
British account of, iv: 67;
losses, iv: 68;
Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.
Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.
Cossacks, origin, vi: 146;
fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.
Cost of living, _see_ Prices;
_also_ under each country.
Cost of War, capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, xii: 25;
importance of money as war weapon, xii: 1;
compared with previous wars, xii: 24;
value of property destroyed, xii: 24, 25;
economic loss in man-power, xii: 25;
value of production loss, xii: 26;
value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
cost to Allies and Central Powers, xii: 27, 107;
meaning of "cost of war," xii: 105;
difficulties of computing money equivalent, xii: 105;
range of expenditures, xii: 105;
expenditures of different belligerents, xii: 106-107;
methods used to raise war funds, xii: 107-114;
taxation _vs._ borrowing, xii: 107;
rise in national debts of belligerents, xii: 114;
_see also_ under each belligerent.
Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.
Côte de Châtillon, capture of,
by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.
Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69.
Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.
Coulommiers,
Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.
Council of National Defense, U. S.,
_see_ United States, Council of National Defense.
Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
Courland, early history, vi: 226;
Republic of, established Apr., '18, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
_see also_ Baltic Provinces.
Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.
_Covington_, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.
Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.
Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher,
commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel,
iv: 63, ix: 308.
Crandell, Miss Marion G.,
American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.
_Cressy_, British cruiser, sunk by _U-9_,
Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
Crile, Col. George W.,
first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68.
Croats, early history, vi: 354;
antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.
Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.
Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.
Cromer, Lord,
chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.
Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert, commander 80th Div., v: 144;
in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.
Crown Prince of Germany, _see_ Frederick William.
Crown Prince of Prussia, _see_ Frederick William.
Ctesiphon,
British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182;
description of Arch of, iii: 331;
collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.
Cuba, revolt against Spain, i: 56;
declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389;
debt to U. S., xii: 18;
Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.
Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23--27, '16, iii: 54, 312.
Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.
_Cushing_,
American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.
Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.
Custer (85th) Division, _see_ U. S. Army.
Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, xii: 229.
Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.
_Cyclops_, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.
Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.
Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.
Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.
Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192;
capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192;
attack on Hungary, April--May, '19, vi: 326;
antagonism to Italy, vi: 362;
independence recognized, vi: 399;
German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399;
Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400;
against Bolshevism, vi: 400;
claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400;
debt to U. S., xii: 18;
Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, xii: 197;
use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, xii: 253;
Republic established, Oct., '18, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, Oct., '18, xii: 279;
_see also_ Bohemia.
Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
appointment as, vi: 313;
peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314;
resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.
Czernowitz, taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122;
abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384;
recaptured by Russians, June 17--18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144;
occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.
D
_Daffodil_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.
Dalmatia, Italian claims for, vi: 361;
conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.
D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.
Damascus,
captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.
Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.
Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.
"Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.
Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.
Dankl, Gen.,
commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.
Dannevoux,
scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
D'Annunzio, Gabriele,
pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality,
ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343;
manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368;
claims Fiume, vi: 369;
seizes Fiume, vi: 370;
biography, ix: 343-345;
author of _Song of the Dardanelles_, ix: 343;
message to America, ix: 344.
_Danton_, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.
Danube River, as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214;
bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221;
internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
Danzig, demanded by Poland, vi: 225;
made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, xii: 203.
Dardanelles, Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161;
closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28;
strategic importance, ii: 29;
Narrows, critical point, ii: 29;
topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
early history, iv: 18-22;
early fortifications, iv: 19;
closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20;
forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20;
fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20;
forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21;
importance to Turkey, iv: 23;
importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26;
description, xi: 14;
_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
Dardanelles Expedition, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.
Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.
Davis, Richard Harding,
description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273;
description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.
Davison, Henry P., Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i;
biography, ix: 339.
De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.
De Valera, Prof. Eamonn, elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65;
elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55;
address to America, ix: 55.
Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun,
battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.
Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.
Debts, national, of belligerents, xii: 111-114;
between German and Allied nationals,
Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, xii: 232-236.
Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor,
list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
_Deductions from the World War_,
by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.
_Defender_,
British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
_Defense_, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.
Defense, elements in, iv: 4;
French trench system of, v: 12;
Gouraud's method of, against infiltration,
v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
_see also_ Tactics.
Defense of the Realm Act, British,
as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14;
used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.
Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.
Delcassé, Théophile,
dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99;
resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.
Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.
Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.
Democracy, in Europe, as result of the War, i: _Intro. x_;
rise of, during 19th century, i: 29;
among American colonists, i: 29;
development in France, i: 30;
European reaction, 1814--40, i: 32;
failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32;
growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04--'14, i: 293.
Demotika, ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344;
Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.
Denikin, Gen., report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270;
leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.
Denmark, war with Prussia, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_;
neutral during War, vi: 393;
popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393;
war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.
Depth bomb, evolution of, iv: 307;
use in fighting submarines, iv: 317;
development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
launching mechanism, iv: 331;
invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332;
description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
_Der Kampf_, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.
_Der Tag_, the German "millennium," xi: 195.
_Derflinger_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, justifies German war policy, i: 120;
heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316;
character sketch of, ix: 353.
_Derrière Chez Mon Père_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet,
commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31;
commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347;
signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.
Destroyers,
effectiveness against submarines, viii: _Intro. viii._
Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.
_Deutschland_, German merchant submarine,
arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214;
Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215;
feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.
Devastation of France,
by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67;
French protest to neutrals, iii: 68;
German excuses for, iii: 68.
_Devoir, Le_, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.
D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.
D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.
_Dhair Hissar_, Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.
Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.
Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.
Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes,
defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.
Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T.,
commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51;
commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386;
commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132;
commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132;
commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.
Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas),
use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
Dinant,
Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.
Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.
Dirigibles, _see_ Aeronautics.
Disarmament, Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194;
German answer to British proposals, i: 195.
Disease,
statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177;
preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248;
results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195;
sanitation, vii: 253;
inoculation against, vii: 253;
prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397;
anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
_see also_
Infection;
Medical Science;
Sanitation.
Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.
"Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.
Dixmude, occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376;
evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376;
occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29--30, '18, i: 397;
German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.
Dixmude-Ypres sector,
Allied offensive, Sept. 28--Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.
Djemal Pasha,
commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.
Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.
Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.
Dniester River,
Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.
Dobrudja, German conquest of, Sept.--Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221;
description of, iii: 215;
disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344;
overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.
Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.
Dogger Bank, battle of,
British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253;
eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250;
Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.
Dogs in War, as ambulance drawers, viii: 379;
varied activities, xi: 340-347;
story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367;
story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402;
effect of food shortage on, xii: 40.
Dommartin-la-Montagne,
captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69, 212.
Don Republic, established Jan., '18, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, xii: 279.
Dormans, 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53;
location, v: 133.
Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.
Douaumont Fort, at Verdun,
captured by Germans, Feb. 25--26, '16,
i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305;
French recapture and lose, May 22--25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310;
retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
Doughboys, spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370;
_see also_ U. S., Army.
Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.
Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
Draft, _see_ Conscription under name of country.
_Drake_, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
_Dresden_, German cruiser
in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70;
sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.
Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.
Drop bombs, viii: 76.
Drummond, Sir James Eric,
first Secretary-General of League of Nations, xii: 186.
Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.
Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.
Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.
Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.
Duds, deloading of, v: 326.
Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
Duff, Sir Beauchamp,
responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.
Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
Duma, Russian, reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144;
forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142;
Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144;
refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146;
activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155;
establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155;
_see also_ Russia.
Dumba, Dr. Constantin,
Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275;
dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.
Dun-sur-Meuse, captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.
Dunant, Henri,
influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.
Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B.,
brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.
Dunkirk, bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380;
bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380;
German drive for, '14, iii: 40.
Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.
Dunne, Edw. F.,
member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.
Durazzo, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384;
naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399;
occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399;
retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.
Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.
Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.
Duval, traitorous owner of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105;
found guilty and shot, vi: 106.
Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.
Dyestuffs,
German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, xii: 224.
E
_E-7_, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.
_E-9_, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.
_E-11_, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.
_E-14_, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.
_E-50_, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.
_E-54_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.
Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.
East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice
on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._
East Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 255;
acquired by Great Britain, '18, xii: 271;
area and population, xii: 271.
East Prussia,
Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116;
battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227;
German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account,
ii: 353-357;
plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110;
importance, iii: 112;
Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113;
strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113;
decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113;
Russian withdrawal, iii: 116;
plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, xii: 200.
Eastern Front, fortifications of, iii: 109;
strategic aspects, iii: 110;
Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118;
_see also_ East Prussia;
Galicia;
Mazurian Lakes;
Poland.
Eastern Karelia, military government established, May, '19, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, xii: 279.
Ebert, Friedrich,
elected President of Germany, Feb., '19,
vi: _Intro. xiii_, 292;
appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273;
establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
states government's determination to put down Spartacides,
Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287;
outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
German press comment on personality, vi: 293;
biography, ix: 135-138.
Economic strategy, in war, theory and example of, ii: 16;
Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, xii: 102.
Ecuador, proletarian unrest, vi: 392;
delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.
Education, bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29;
A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280;
A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281;
Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281;
demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282;
A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282;
work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282;
U. S. soldier students at French and British universities,
vii: 282, 290;
Army Educational Committee, vii: 282;
A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282;
Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.
Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.
Edwards, Maj.-Gen.,
commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.
Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.
Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.
Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.
Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service,
tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.
Egypt, British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48;
British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99;
anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188;
political unrest, iii: 188;
operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189;
Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190;
Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191;
tribesmen suppressed, '16--'17, iii: 191;
resentment against British domination, vi: 67;
popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330;
Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69;
Great Britain declares protectorate over,
Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, xii: 279;
Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70;
insurrection, '19, vi: 71;
German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208;
area, xii: 279;
population, '14, xii: 279.
Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.
Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.
Eisner, Kurt,
becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18,
vi: 273, 280;
appeals to German national government on behalf of
Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.
El Arish, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189;
taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.
El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.
El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.
Elbe,
internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, xii: 248.
Electric drive, description and advantages of, iv: 322;
successfully applied in _U. S. S. New Mexico_, iv: 322.
Electric welding, use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319;
use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.
Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.
Elliott, Col.,
leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E.,
as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124;
assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.
_Emden_, German commerce raider, exploits of, iv: 166-194;
method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173;
bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174;
attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178;
lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184;
attacked by _Sydney_ off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185;
destruction of, report of captain of _Sydney_, iv: 187;
summary of raiding activities, iv: 189;
landing force at Keeling escapes on _Ayesha_, iv: 190-194.
Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10.
Emont Wood, cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.
Emplacements,
duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.
_Empress Maria_, Russian dreadnought,
blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.
Enfield rifle, facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347;
standard British service rifle, viii: 95;
U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
Engineering, development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319;
relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.
Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, xii: 286.
England, _see_ Great Britain.
Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.
Entertainment,
27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299;
Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343;
for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277;
at Winchester camp, vii: 287;
for Army of Occupation, vii: 292;
for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295;
"Y" program for Navy, vii: 299;
by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.
Enver Pasha, leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270;
commander of Turkish army, iii: 164;
in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260;
biography, ix: 270-274.
Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.
Epieds, German stand at, in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184;
General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.
Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
Ersatz, German, i: 72.
Erskine, Prof. John, member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282;
educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.
Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
Erzberger, leader of German Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;
becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: _Intro. xiii._
Erzerum,
captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.
Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.
Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.
Esnes, location of, v: 217;
4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.
Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1--3, '18, v: 254.
Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.
Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10--11, '18, i: 395.
Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.
Esthonia, early history, vi: 226;
independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279;
area, xii: 279;
population, '18, xii: 279;
_see also_ Baltic Provinces.
Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.
Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82;
ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86;
captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9;
race rivalries in, i: 21;
alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2;
general conditions, winter '17--'18, v: 1, 113;
military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.
Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.
Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.
Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.
Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.
Explosives, _see_ Ammunition.
Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17;
Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18;
Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.
F
_Falaba, S. S._, British steamer,
sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.
Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,
sent to regain Bagdad, ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 196;
invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218;
replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg,
iii: 61;
biography, ix: 262.
Falkland Islands, battle of,
British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14,
i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308;
strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70;
von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70;
Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71;
German cruiser _Dresden_ escapes, iv: 74;
British casualties, iv: 74;
German loss in men and ships, iv: 74;
importance of victory, iv: 74;
Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79;
eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.
Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.
_Falmouth_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.
_Fanning_, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
Fanning Island,
Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.
Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.
_Farewell_, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.
Farman airplane, viii: 189.
Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,
commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145;
in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.
Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.
Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
Fayolle, Gen.,
commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18,
ii: 152;
decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
_Fearless_,
British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.
Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,
_see_ Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.
Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
proclamation to army, vi: 340;
appeals to Germany, vi: 347;
character, ix: 378;
biography, ix: 378-380.
_Ferdinand of Bulgaria_, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.
Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.
Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.
Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,
comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism,
ii: 365-372;
sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.
Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.
Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.
Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393;
political history, 1809--1914, vi: 196;
granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196;
autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196;
threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196;
socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196;
nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196;
German aid against Russification, vi: 196;
declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198;
base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198;
Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198;
Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198;
White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198;
General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199;
Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200;
new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200;
Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200;
origin of inhabitants, vi: 200;
area and population, xii: 279.
_Finland_, U. S. transport sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392;
torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.
_Firedrake_,
British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.
Fisher, Adm. Lord John,
responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203;
biography, ix: 288-290.
Fisher, Prof. Irving,
analysis of high cost of living, xii: _Intro._
Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.
Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B.,
Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61;
taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July--Aug., '18, v: 189;
General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18,
v: 192.
Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.
Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365;
arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366;
Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference
in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159;
occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370;
awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.
_Five Souls_, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.
Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.
Flanders, battles of:
Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299;
extent of battle line, iii: 38;
Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40;
Germans repulsed, iii: 40.
Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56;
Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343;
description of, iii: 78-80;
duration, iii: 78;
objects, iii: 78;
Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79;
Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79;
Allied gains, Sept.--Oct., '17, iii: 79;
results, iii: 79.
Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.
Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.
Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386;
captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.
Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
_Florence H._, cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.
Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208;
occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.
"Flying Dutchman," name applied to _Emden_, iv: 187.
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213;
at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154;
theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137;
takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130;
as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre,
ii: 103, 137, 220;
share in victory at first Marne battle,
ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220;
author of _Principles of War_, summary, ii: 104;
conception of _mind_ as determining factor in victory,
ii: 138;
on functions of a general, ii: 138;
theories on battle tactics, ii: 138;
commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138;
organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138;
famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33;
given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14,
ii: 143, iii: 38;
floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145;
stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220;
commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148;
appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148;
appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148;
sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149;
French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149;
appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18,
ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41;
analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154;
made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97;
Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170;
General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220;
commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18;
repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33;
member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380;
biography, ix: 148-153;
Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151;
pronunciation of name, ix: 151;
bibliography, ix: 153;
members of family killed in War, ix: 153;
military commandments, xi: 55;
conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18,
xii: 277.
Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.
Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.
Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.
Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.
Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16--'18, xii: 36;
importance in winning War, xii: 40, 135;
War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42;
European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii, 42;
situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43;
world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44;
use of potatoes as, xii: 47;
U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135;
problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135;
war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138;
national tastes in, xii: 138;
scientific rations _vs._ personal taste, xii: 139;
scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139;
Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139;
war-time government control, xii: 140;
U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141;
_see also_ under each country.
Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14--'17, iii: 391;
in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168;
heroic story of, x: 27-32;
history, xi: 193.
Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.
Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306;
captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
_Formidable_,
British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.
Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.
Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.
Fortescue, Granville,
description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.
Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
"Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.
"Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.
"Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310;
number, vii: 311;
locations, vii: 313.
Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.
France:
Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201;
personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206.
Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132;
German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12;
German military critic on, ii: 256;
uniform, ii: 286;
pre-War organization, iii: 3;
morale, '17, iv: 10;
relations with A. E. F., v: 22;
type of service rifle, viii: 95;
medical service, viii: 362-365;
Chasseurs, xi: 189;
Spahi, xi: 189;
Zouaves, xi: 189;
Tirailleurs, xi: 191;
Foreign Legion, xi: 193;
_see also_ Foreign Legion;
for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287;
plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14;
520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53.
Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
total battle deaths, xii: 288.
Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140;
on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382;
popular reception of, '14, vi: 95.
Food, potato crop, xii: 47;
war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138.
Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;
world position, 1871, i: 47;
world position, '14, i: 59;
Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain,
i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2;
Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98;
Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99;
Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
Anglo-French agreement for united action
against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220;
Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220;
pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223;
French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382;
Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315;
claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334.
Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6;
defenses, iii: 2;
natural gateways on, v: 214.
Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79;
economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86;
German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87.
Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30;
organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97;
fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100;
nation united in War aims, vi: 101;
mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102;
Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103;
fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103;
effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103;
Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103;
_Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17,
vi: 104;
Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105;
Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106;
Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106;
growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109;
class war, '19, vi: 110;
Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110;
significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110;
French peace aims, vi: 111;
May Day riots, '19, vi: 111;
class war intensified, vi: 113.
Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382;
shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373;
skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374;
women as munition workers, ii: 376;
foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377;
importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377;
use of colonials, ii: 377;
use of prisoners of war, ii: 377;
size of labor army, ii: 377;
housing of war workers, ii: 377;
co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378;
protection for women workers, ii: 379;
war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379;
state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380;
growth of syndicalism, ii: 381;
demand for share in management, ii: 381;
selective assignment to industries, xii: 79.
Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines,
i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20;
coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
Morale, of people during War, i: _Intro. xiii_, ii: 383-392;
war-time unity, ii: 385;
factors in war-time unity, ii: 392;
depression, '17--'18, v: 2.
Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373;
immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373.
Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
increase in, for '14, i: 132;
entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12;
strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373;
war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373;
work in Dardanelles, iv: 375;
_Fusiliers marins_, French naval gunners,
on Western Front, iv: 376;
protection of French coast, iv: 377;
anti-submarine activities, iv: 378.
Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179;
_see also_ Peace Conference.
Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264;
_see also_ Peace Treaty.
Population, in 1860, i: 40;
in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
growth since 1870 compared with that of Germany, i: 262.
Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91;
equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.
Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87.
Shipping, war losses, xii: 87.
War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4;
debt to U. S., xii: 18, 31;
money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
value of property loss, xii: 26;
André Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86;
average daily war cost, xii: 106;
total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
taxation, xii: 109;
loans, xii: 111;
rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, 114.
War relief, _see_ War relief.
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111;
murdered with consort at Sarajevo,
June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4;
responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112;
responsibility disclaimed, i: 246;
causes and results of murder, vi: 135;
national policy, vi: 356.
Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313;
tragedies of reign, vi: 305;
proclamation against Italy, vi: 310;
biography, ix: 370-373.
Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier,
vii: 101.
Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.
Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.
Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
Frantz, Gen. von,
protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.
_Frauenlob_, German cruiser,
torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.
Frederick William, German Crown Prince,
moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13;
commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340;
commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10;
commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303;
detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
biography, ix: 367-369.
Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376;
object, vii: 376;
French testimonials, vii: 379.
Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324;
Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of,
ii: 27;
definition, xi: 18.
French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.
French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,
report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9;
first British commander-in-chief in France,
ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180;
publishes _1914_, account of military operations of year,
ii: 159;
summary of _1914_, ii: 160-174;
arrival in France, ii: 161;
dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France,
ii: 164, 169;
exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173;
overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports,
ii: 174;
commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24;
relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52;
biography, ix: 177-181;
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.
French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.
French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.
Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.
Fresnes-en-Woevre,
taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.
Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.
Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,
German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War,
ii: 10;
summary of his _Deductions from the World War_, ii: 254;
exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.
Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.
Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.
Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,
executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269;
attempts to ram _U-33_, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265;
Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.
Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen.,
German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.
Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A.,
gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
Fyfe, Hamilton,
defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.
G
_G-13_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.
G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.
Gaba Tepe. _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo,
for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.
Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.
Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
Galicia,
German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, 360
(Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-138;
Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124;
General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120;
Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121;
rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121;
last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147;
Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.
Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,
prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28;
biography, ix: 161-164;
Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.
Gallipoli Campaign,
Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles,
ii: _Intro. x, xii_, 29, 200;
reasons for,
ii: _Intro. xii_, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57;
failure of initial naval attack, ii: _Intro. xv_;
reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: _Intro. xv_;
weakness, ii: _Intro. xvi_;
strategy, ii: 27-31;
Feb.--Dec., '15, ii: 27-31;
Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173;
Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure,
appointment and personnel, ii: 197;
persons named as responsible, ii: 198;
summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200;
British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200;
campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200;
Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203;
Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53;
Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56;
military operations, Apr. 25, '15--Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177;
Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15,
iii: 162;
composition of Allied forces, iii: 162;
Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32;
Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164;
composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164;
topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
British plans for landing attack, iii: 167;
Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, iv: 36-42
(Adm. de Robeck's official report), x: 35-40;
Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167, 352
(Masefield's description), iv: 36 (official report);
Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355;
Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170;
Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May--June, '15, iii: 170;
"war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171;
Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173;
Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171;
Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15,
iii: 173, 355-358. (Masefield's description);
last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355;
last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357;
last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174;
evacuation, Nov., '15--Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358;
casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51;
reasons for failure, iii: 177;
bibliography, iii: 177;
Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343;
Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341;
Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350;
soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353;
Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356;
Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28;
initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28;
British plan of operations, iv: 30;
preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15--Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30;
bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42;
Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32;
Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet,
Mar., '15, iv: 32;
Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49;
number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33;
Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 34 (official report), 47;
Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34;
French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;
heroic minesweeping, iv: 43;
Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45;
analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War,
iv: 51;
cost of expedition, iv: 51;
lessons of, iv: 52;
mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56;
Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330;
Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321;
_see also_ Dardanelles.
Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.
Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.
Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.
Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131;
by A. E. F., v: 330.
Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.
Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.
_Garibaldi_, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.
_Garibaldi Hymn_, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.
Garrisons, use of small _groupes de combat_ by French, v: 13.
Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.
Gas, _see_ Chemical warfare.
Gas gangrene, _see_ Gangrene.
Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.
Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.
_Gaulois_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.
Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26--27, '17, iii: 192;
captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.
Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.
Generalship, British, in the War,
analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378;
physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371;
mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371;
personal gallantry, iii: 371;
as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371;
mental characteristics, iii: 371;
mostly conservative men, iii: 372;
no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374;
personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373;
ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373;
faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374;
desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374;
efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374;
Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375;
faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375;
Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375;
tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375;
final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378;
success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378;
inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378;
chief shortcoming, iii: 378.
Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.
Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.
Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.
George V, King of England,
receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
biography, ix: 392-395.
Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231;
Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
area and population, xii: 279.
Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.
German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278;
Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.
German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.
_Germania, To_, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.