"There has not been one moment since Nov_Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII

which America has not suffered in honor, prestige, and power,

as the result of the elections of that year. Since that time

everything has been in confusion, and the frantic attempt of

Republican leaders to find a legal method in which to do the

dishonorable thing merely adds to the confusion. There is but

one clear path of duty. It is likewise the path of honor and of

peace and of permanent security.

"The path lies straight before us, and consists simply in

ratifying the treaty of peace which our companions in arms have

already ratified. The more the matter is debated the more it

will become apparent that there are no substitutes for the

requirements of plain duty and American honor."

KNOX URGES SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY

On May 5th the debate on the resolution was opened in the Senate with a

carefully prepared speech by Senator Knox, which outlined in detail

arguments not only for the propriety and validity of the resolution, but

for the absolute necessity of its adoption. Senator Knox contended that

the war had ended, in fact and in law; that the objects for which the

United States had entered the struggle had been achieved; that a

"power-maddened administration" was continuing the technical state of

war solely for the purpose of coercing the Senate into ratifying the

Versailles Treaty, which had been universally discredited in all its

parts; and that, since there was no hope of co-operation from the

President, Congress must find means of ending the technical state of

war independently of him. Said Senator Knox:

"The welfare and safety of the nation imperatively demands that

we know we have peace. The whole world seethes with revolution.

Our own nation is in ferment and turmoil. Force and strife are

rampant and threaten the destruction not only of our property,

but of our free institutions and even of our very lives. And

yet we stand, and have stood for months, as a rudderless ship

foundering in the trough of tremendous seas. We must not dare

longer to delay a return to the ordered government of peace. As

a preliminary step, the Executive must be returned to his

peace-time powers and prerogatives. Need, propriety, wisdom,

cannot question this. The resolution before us is designed to

bring us to this.

WILSON TO BLAME

"The course of the President ever since he cruised to Europe to

participate in the Peace Conference leaves no chance for doubt

that he will continue hereafter as heretofore to thwart, so far

as he is able, every attempt on the part of the Senate, the

Congress, or the people, to take any action immediately or

remotely affecting, in however slight a degree, through change

or modification, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as

it came to us fresh from his signature. He preferred to keep

the country in an alleged state of war for now almost a year

rather than abate one jot or tittle of the full measure his

isolated will had set for the nation. Constitutional order,

lawful functions, rights and duties of position, oaths of

office as affecting the members of this body, he has noticed

only to bring into contempt. He has conjured up every power

within the whole vast executive domain in his efforts to compel

this Senate to surrender its will and judgment to him, to

become mere automatons to register his mandate--to approve this

treaty in its last minutiæ of detail as he sent it to us.

"Now, in the face of this situation, it will be idle for us to

pass any resolution looking to the immediate establishment of

peace that does not contemplate the unqualified acceptance of

the treaty, if that resolution requires from the President the

performance of any act or duty in order to secure peace,

because if we do, he will, if the statements of his

representatives are accepted, so delay or ignore that act or

duty as to defeat the end and purpose of our action, for in his

opinion wisdom lies only in following the behests of his will.

Therefore, if the resolution is to be effective, it must be

self-operative. Nothing necessary to the bringing of peace must

be left for his accomplishment.

WHY UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR

"Our purposes, as stated by the President, were three-fold:

"First, the defeat and elimination of the Imperial German Government and

Prussian autocracy;

"Next, the liberation from their yoke of despotism of the Germans

themselves--for whom we had nothing but sympathy and friendship--to the

end that they might be masters of their own fates and fortunes; and

"Lastly, the establishment, as sincere friends of the German people, of

intimate relations of mutual advantage between them and us.

"In so far as my information goes, the German Government never declared

war against the United States. They merely accepted the status which

this declaration recognized and probably created; for it must be

remembered that while we interpreted, and rightly so, that German

submarine warfare, as directed against the United States, was illegal,

constituting acts of war, the German Government never acquiesced in that

view and, on the contrary, maintained the legality of all general

measures taken.

"The Imperial German Government, against whom we declared war, did cease

to exist at the time of the signing of the armistice, leaving us from

thence on without any titular enemy against which to wage a war unless

we were warring with the German people, and we have clearly estopped

ourselves to make such a contention.

"Thus from this point of view also the armistice brought us not alone

the end of hostilities, but the actual peace. There remained only the

making of arrangements covering the ordinary peace-time intercourse.

WAR AT END, IN FACT AND IN LAW

"As a matter of law and of fact we are at peace with Germany; first,

because of the terms of the armistice of November 11, 1918, its

amendments and renewals; second, because of the 'silent ceasing' of

hostilities; third, because of the disappearance, the extinction of the

Government against which we declared war, and fourth, because of the

negotiation by us and our allies or associates in the war with the

people who were lately our enemies, and the ratification by our allies

or associates and our enemies, of a treaty of peace which specifically

provides both for the termination of hostilities to be followed by a

resumption of diplomatic relations, and also for the status that should

exist during our future peace-time intercourse; which treaty is now in

force and observed everywhere except in the United States, and has in

fact and in international law brought peace to the whole world,

including ourselves.

"Having thus in law and in fact international peace, having

nothing left but a domestic status of war created by a

legislative declaration of war, with no hostilities heretofore

or now existent or possible in the territory over which this

paper-war status exists, it is not only legally sound, but

economically, morally, and patriotically necessary and

indispensable that we at once repeal the declaration of war and

so immediately end the despotic war powers with which a

power-maddened administration continues to misrule this great

people.

VERSAILLES TREATY IMPOSSIBLE

"To what end has all this juggling with obvious facts and universally

recognized principles been maintained? The answer is easy and known to

all. The purpose has been to coerce the Senate to approve the Treaty of

Versailles--a treaty that is almost universally discredited in all its

parts. The majority of its negotiators concede this. Its economic terms

are impossible; its League of Nations is an aggravated imitation of the

worst features of the ill-fated and foolish Holy Alliance of a century

ago. It promises little but mischief unless recast on such radical lines

as will entirely obliterate its identity.

"Wisdom requires the negotiation of a separate treaty between the United

States and Germany, which should provide reciprocal rights and

obligations between us and that country alone."

KNOX RESOLUTION PASSES BOTH HOUSES

In the course of its consideration in the Senate, the provision of the

resolution requesting the President to negotiate a separate treaty with

Germany was eliminated, but the request for a treaty with the successors

of the Austro-Hungarian government was retained. In its amended form the

resolution was brought to a decision in the Senate on May 15th, and

adopted by a vote of 43 to 38, three Democrats voting with its

supporters and one Republican with the opposition.

As the text of the Knox resolution adopted by the Senate differed from

the measure which had been passed by the House of Representatives on

April 9th, the House, to expedite matters, dropped its own resolution,

and passed, on May 21st, the Senate draft by a vote of 228 to 139,

seventeen short of the two-thirds majority necessary to override the

expected Presidential veto.

TEXT OF AMENDED RESOLUTION

The text of the peace resolution as passed by the Senate and later

concurred in by the House of Representatives, read as follows:

The joint resolution of Congress, passed April 6, 1917,

declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German

Government and the Government and people of the United States,

and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same

is hereby repealed and said state of war is hereby declared at

an end.

Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German

Government, or its successor or successors, and of all German

nationals which was on April 6, 1917, is or has since that date

come into the possession or under control of the Government of

the United States or any of its officers, agents or employees

from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained

by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as

shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until

such time as the German Government has, by treaty with the

United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with

the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions

for the satisfaction of all claims against the German

Government of all persons, wheresoever domiciled, who owe

permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons

have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its

agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage, or injury to their

persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the

ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other

corporations, or have suffered damage directly in consequence

of hostilities or any operations of war, or otherwise, or until

the German Government has given further undertakings and made

provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and

consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent

allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment,

whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters

affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation,

commerce and industrial property rights, and confirming to the

United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures

imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in

respect to the property of the German Government or German

nationals, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events

which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such

treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and

Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.

That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of

the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency

in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the

President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the

termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the

date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and

treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present

or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of

Congress or joint resolution, providing any other mode of

determining the date of the termination of the war or of the

present or existing emergency.

That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it

shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it

has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any

of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or

advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled

under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or

any extensions or modifications thereof or which under the

Treaty of Versailles have been stipulated for its benefit as

one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which

it is entitled.

That the joint resolution of Congress approved December 7,

1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial

and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and

the people of the United States and making provisions to

prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed, and

said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the

President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations

with the successor or successors of said Government for the

purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial

intercourse between the United States and the Governments and

peoples of Austria and Hungary.

PRESIDENT'S VETO

The resolution now came before the President for his signature. On May

27th he returned it to the House without his approval, and in an

accompanying message explained the reasons for his veto. The President

did not touch upon the question of constitutionality which had been

raised frequently during the debates, but gave as his chief reason

refusal to become party to an action which, he felt, would place

"ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States."

Following is the text of President Wilson's message vetoing the peace

resolution:

"_To the House of Representatives:_

"I return herewith, without my signature, House Joint

Resolution 327, intended to repeal the Joint Resolution of

April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the

United States and Germany, and the Joint Resolution of December

7, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United

States and the Austro-Hungarian Government, and to declare a

state of peace. I have not felt at liberty to sign this

resolution because I cannot bring myself to become party to an

action which would place ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry

and honor of the United States.

"The resolution seeks to establish peace with the German Empire

without exacting from the German Government any action by way

of setting right the infinite wrongs which it did to the

peoples whom it attacked and whom we professed it our purpose

to assist when we entered the war. Have we sacrificed the lives

of more than one hundred thousand Americans and ruined the

lives of thousands of others and brought upon thousands of

American families an unhappiness that can never end for

purposes which we do not now care to state or take further

steps to attain?

"The attainment of these purposes is provided for in the Treaty

of Versailles by terms deemed adequate by the leading statesmen

and experts of all the great peoples who were associated in the

war against Germany. Do we now not care to join in the effort

to secure them?

"We entered the war most reluctantly. Our people were

profoundly disinclined to take part in a European war, and at

last did so, only because they became convinced that it could

not in truth be regarded as only a European war, but must be

regarded as a war in which civilization itself was involved and

human rights of every kind as against a belligerent Government.

Moreover, when we entered the war we set forth very definitely

the purposes for which we entered, partly because we did not

wish to be considered as merely taking part in a European

contest. This Joint Resolution which I return does not seek to

accomplish any of these objects, but in effect makes a complete

surrender of the rights of the United States so far as the

German Government is concerned.

"A treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the

twenty-eighth of June last which did seek to accomplish the

objects which we had declared to be in our minds, because all

the great Governments and peoples which united against Germany

had adopted our declarations of purpose as their own and had in

solemn form embodied them in communications to the German

Government preliminary to the armistice of November 11, 1918.

But the treaty, as signed at Versailles, has been rejected by

the Senate of the United States, though it has been ratified by

Germany. By that rejection and by its methods we had in effect

declared that we wish to draw apart and pursue objects and

interests of our own, unhampered by any connections of interest

or of purpose with other Governments and peoples.

"Notwithstanding the fact that upon our entrance into the war

we professed to be seeking to assist in the maintenance of

common interests, nothing is said in this resolution about the

freedom of navigation upon the seas, or the reduction of

armaments, or the vindication of the rights of Belgium, or the

rectification of wrongs done to France, or the release of the

Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire from the

intolerable subjugation which they have had for so many

generations to endure, or the establishment of an independent

Polish State, or the continued maintenance of any kind of

understanding among the great powers of the world which would

be calculated to prevent in the future such outrages as Germany

attempted and in part consummated.

"We have now, in effect, declared that we do not care to take

any further risks or to assume any further responsibilities

with regard to the freedom of nations or the sacredness of

international obligations or the safety of independent peoples.

Such a peace with Germany--a peace in which none of the

essential interests which we had at heart when we entered the

war is safeguarded--_is_, or ought to be, inconceivable, as

inconsistent with the dignity of the United States, with the

rights and liberties of her citizens, and with the very

fundamental conditions of civilization.

"I hope that in these statements I have sufficiently set forth

the reasons why I have felt it incumbent upon me to withhold my

signature.

WOODROW WILSON.

THE WHITE HOUSE, _May 27, 1920._"

Next day, May 28th, the resolution was brought before the House in an

attempt to repass it over the veto, but the vote, 219 to 152, lacked

twenty-nine of the necessary two-thirds majority. On the original House

resolution, passed April 9th, the vote had been 242 to 150, and on the

Knox resolution, passed by the House on May 21st, 228 to 139. A few days

later Congress adjourned until the winter session in December.

THE MAP OF EUROPE REMADE

Proposed Form of Government, Countries from Which Formed and Ethnic or

Racial Stock of Newly Established Political Units Resulting from the

World War.

(From a paper prepared in January, 1920, by O. P. Austin, Statistical

Department, National City Bank.)

=========================================================================

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Poland | 141,854|36,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia, | Slavic,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Czecho- | 60,000|13,000,000|Oct., |Republic |Austria- | Slavic

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Jugo-Slavia | 85,000|10,500,000|Oct., |Kingdom |Hung, | Slavic,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Ukrainia | 215,000|30,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia, | Slavic

| | | 1917 | |Austria- |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Esthonia | 7,300| 1,750,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic

| | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Livonia | 17,000| 1,650,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic

| | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Courland | 10,000| 600,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic

| | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Letvia | 9,000| 1,500,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Letts

| | | 1918 | | | (Balto-

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Lithuania | 90,000|10,000,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic,

| | | 1918 | | |Germania

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

White Russia| 140,000| 5,000,000| May, |Republic |Russia | Slavic

| | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

North Russia| 275,000| 400,000|Nov., |Military |Russia | Slavic,

| | | 1918 |Gov | | Finns

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Soviet Rep | | | 1917 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Don Rep | 63,000| 4,000,000|Jan., |Military |Russia | Slavic,

| | | 1918 |Gov | | Cossack

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Kuban Rep | 36,000| 3,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia | Slavic

| | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Tauride Rep | 23,000| 1,800,000|Mar., |Republic |Russia | Slavic,

| | | 1918 | | | Tartar

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

| | | 1918 | | | Tartar

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Tatar- | 175,000| 9,000,000|Oct., |Military |Russia | Turko-

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Yakutsk Rep |1,000,000| 400,000| May, |Military |Siberian | Yakuts,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Rep. of | 40,000| 2,500,000|Jan., |Republic |Russia, |Georgian,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Rep. of | 400,000| 6,500,000|Jan., |Military |Russia | Turko-

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Eastern | 68,000| 250,000| May, |Military |Russia | Balto-

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Finland | 125,000| 3,500,000|Dec., |Republic |Russia | Finns

| | | 1917 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Region | | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

German Rep | 175,000|60,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Germany | Germanic

| | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Rep of | 28,000|10,000,000|Oct., |Republic |Austria | Germanic

German | | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Hungarian | 32,000| 9,000,000|Nov., |Soviet |Hungary | Magyar

Rep | | | 1918 |Rep. | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Armenia, | 75,000| 2,500,000|Aug., |Undet'd |Turkey |Armenians

Asia Minor | | | 1918 | | |

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Mesopotamia,| 143,000| 2,000,000| 1917 |British |Turkey | Turks,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Syria, Asia | 37,000| 1,000,000| 1919 |Undet'd |Turkey | Syrian,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Palestine, | 16,000| 500,000| 1917 |British |Turkey | Turks,

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Oman, Arabia| 82,000| 500,000| 1913 |G. Brit & |Turkey | Arabs

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Egypt | 350,000|12,000,000| 1914 |Great |Turkey | Egyptian

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

German East | 384,000| 8,000,000| 1918 |Great |German | Bantu

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

German S. W.| 322,000| 200,000| 1915 |British S.|German Hottentots

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Kamerun | 191,000| 2,500,000| 1916 |British & |German | Sudanese

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Togo | 33,000| 1,000,000| 1914 |Allied Mil|German | Hamitic

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Kaiser | 70,000| 250,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Malay

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Ger. Samoan | 1,200| 40,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Samoan

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Ger. S. | 15,000| 350,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Malay

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Ger. N. | 5,000| 600,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Malay

------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------

Kiau Chau | 200| 200,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Chinese

=========================================================================

[33] Latest available estimate.

[34] Enlarged by absorption of Hungarian territory.

[35] A small island in the Marshall Group occupied as a wireless

station; also known as Pleasant Island.

OUR PART IN WINNING THE WAR

Official Figures That Reveal the Enormous Contribution of This

Country in Men, Money and Supplies

FIGURES OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR[36]

Revised to August 1, 1919

Total armed forces, including

Army, Navy, Marine Corps, etc. 4,800,000

Total men in the Army 4,000,000

Men who went overseas 2,086,000

Men who fought in France 1,390,000

Greatest number sent in one month 306,000

Greatest number returning in one month 333,000

Tons of supplies shipped from America to France 7,500,000

Total registered in draft 24,234,021

Total draft inductions 2,810,296

Greatest number inducted in one month 400,000

Graduates of Line Officers' Training Schools 80,568

Cost of war to April 30, 1919 $21,850,000,000

Cost of Army to April 30, 1919 $13,930,000,000

Battles fought by American troops 13

Months of American participation in the war 19

Days of battle 200

Days of duration of Meuse-Argonne battle 47

Americans in Meuse-Argonne battle 1,200,000

American casualties in Meuse-Argonne battle 120,000

American battle deaths in war 50,300

American wounded in war 205,690

American deaths from disease 57,500

Total deaths in the Army 115,500

[36] From the _War with Germany_--A STATISTICAL SUMMARY, by Leonard P.

Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, U. S. A. (For statistics of American

casualties revised to the end of 1919, see Vol. III, pp. 403-6.)

The part played by the United States in the war is statistically and

graphically summarized in a compact little book prepared by Colonel

Leonard P. Ayres of the Statistical Staff of the War Department.

Attentively as the public may have followed the published reports of the

many progressive steps and stages of our preparation for and

participation in the war, much of the matter in _The War With Germany--A

Statistical Summary_ will have surprising interest. It is the first time

a comprehensive view of the character and magnitude of our war

activities has been made possible through anything so concrete and

authoritative. The data were obtained from official reports, during the

war, to the President, Secretary of War and Chief-of-Staff from the

American Peace Commission in Paris, from the files of the Supreme War

Council in Versailles, and other sources; and though, as Colonel Ayres

states, it was still impossible to get final figures on some points or

wholly reliable ones on others, care was taken to insure the degree of

reliability reasonably practicable. The diagrams, figures and other

information presented here and elsewhere in this volume are reproduced

from Colonel Ayres' _Summary_, second edition, revised to August 1,

1919.

[Illustration: Official Government Statistics.

Male Population Registered and Not Registered]

THE SELECTIVE SERVICE

"The willingness," Colonel Ayres says, "with which the American people

accepted the universal draft was the most remarkable feature in the

history of our preparation for war. It is a noteworthy evidence of the

enthusiastic support given the war program that, despite the previous

hostility to the principle of universal liability for military service,

a few months after the selective service law was passed, the standing of

the drafted soldier was fully as honorable in the estimation of his

companions and of the country in general as was that of the man who

enlisted voluntarily. Moreover, the record of desertions from the Army

shows that the total was smaller than in previous wars and a smaller

percentage occurred among drafted men than among those who volunteered.

The Selective Service Law was passed on May 19, 1917, and as

subsequently amended, it mobilized all the man power of the nation from

the ages of 18 to 45 inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were

registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the

military service on the first draft. But during the war, from April 6,

1917, to November 11, 1918, about 4,000,000 served in the Army of the

United States." The total number serving the armed forces of the

country, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other services, amounted

to 4,800,000. Approximately five men out of every 100 citizens were in

arms. Of these, 2,086,000, constituting the American Expeditionary

Force, were in service on the Western front. Those who saw actual

fighting were 1,390,000.

It is interesting in this connection to record the fact that in our

greatest previous war, the Civil War, 2,400,000 men served in the

Northern Armies and in the Navy. In that struggle 10 men in each 100

inhabitants of the Northern States served as soldiers or sailors.

The fact is pointed out by Colonel Ayres that though the British sent to

France more men in their first year than we did in our first year, it

took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France

whereas the United States reached that strength in France in a year and

a half. But as an offset, it must be borne in mind that the British had

to use men from the beginning to fill terrible casualty gaps, which was

not the case with the American steadily building forces, and that the

British also were sending men to several other battle fronts than those

of France.

HOW THE DRAFT WAS MADE UP

Under the draft, registrants were subjected to a preliminary examination

by the local boards to determine who were not of sufficient soundness

and vigor for military life. Those accepted as qualified for service

were sent to training camps where they underwent a second examination

and rejections were made of those in any serious way defective. The not

surprising result of the examinations was the demonstration that men

representing the highest order of physical condition came from

agricultural districts, the country bred boys far excelling those reared

in the city. Taken by States it is noteworthy that men from the Middle

West and those from Kentucky and Arkansas of the Southern States had the

highest record, their physical condition enabling 70 to 80 percent. to

pass the two examinations. The lowest percentage was in the New England

States, in New York, in Michigan and in Western States that have for

years been health resorts, where subnormal persons from all over the

country resort. The percentage of men from those states who passed the

two examinations was but 50 to 59. The intermediate ranges were 60 to

69. Under the two examinations not only did country boys make a better

showing than city boys (100,000 country boys would furnish for military

service 4,700 more soldiers than would an equal number of city boys),

but the white registrants were better than the colored, the native-born

better than the alien-born. Under the analysis 100,000 whites would

furnish 1,240 more soldiers than would an equal number of colored; and

100,000 native-born would yield 3,500 more soldiers than would the like

number of foreign-born. As 3,500 men are equivalent to an infantry

regiment at full war strength, the value of these differences can be

appreciated.

[Illustration: Official Government Statistics.

Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War]

About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army. Less

than 9,000 were in the Federal Service at the beginning of the

war,--5,791 were Regulars and 3,199 were officers of the National Guard

in Federal Service. Thus out of every six officers one had had previous

training in the army, Guard or ranks; three trained for their

commissions in officers' training camps; two went from civil life into

the army with little or no military training--the latter being in the

majority physicians, ministers or technical men.

CAMPS AND TRAINING

Shelter was constructed in a few months for the accommodation of

1,800,000 men under training. For the National Guard and National Army

divisions there were 16 camps and 16 cantonments, chiefly in the North.

For National Guard Units organized during the summer of 1917 there were

canvas camps in the South. One division, the Rainbow, required no

training field, as it was assembled directly at Camp Mills for early

transportation to France. The average American soldier who went to

France received six months' training before he sailed and two months

more in a quiet sector after reaching France, before entering the battle

line.

The infantry soldier was trained in the division, the American typical

unit, composed of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Before the

signing of the armistice there had been trained and sent overseas 42

divisions, the training of 12 more was well advanced and 4 others were

being organized. Had the war continued this country would have had 80

divisions overseas before July, 1919, and 100 by the end of that year.

This country had the benefit in its training camps of 547 of the ablest

French and English officers who had seen service on the Western front

and were sent over to bring to the training of our men the approved

methods developed in the experiences of the war. There were besides 226

non-commissioned British officers detailed as instructors. Colonel Ayres

says they rendered services out of all proportion to their number, being

a significant contribution to our training program.

GETTING THE TROOPS OVER

Especially impressive are the figures dealing with troop movements:

"During our nineteen months of war more than 2,000,000 American

soldiers were carried to France. Half a million of these went

over in the first thirteen months, the others in the last six

months.

"The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918,

when 306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and June, 1919,

when 364,000 were brought home to America.

"Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York.

Half of them landed in England and the other half landed in

France.

"Among every 100 Americans who went over forty-nine went in

British ships, forty-five in American ships, three in Italian,

two in French, and one in Russian shipping under English

control.

"Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every seventy days

and our troopships one complete trip every thirty-five days.

"The cargo fleet was almost exclusively American. It reached

the size of 2,700,000 dead-weight tons and carried to Europe

about 7,500,000 tons of cargo.

"The greatest troopship among all the ships has been the

_Leviathan_, which landed 12,000 men (the equivalent of a

German division) in France every month.

"The fastest transports have been the _Great Northern_ and the

_Northern Pacific_, which have made complete turn-arounds,

taken on new troops and started back again in nineteen days."

TRANSPORTATION EXTRAORDINARY

_Apropos_ of the rapid transportation Colonel Ayres says:

"In June (1918) with the German drives in full swing, the

Allies called on us to continue the extraordinary

transportation of troops begun in April. The early movement had

been met by filling up the divisions that sailed with the best

trained men wherever they could be found. Divisions embarked

after July 1 had to meet shortages with men called to the

colors in the spring. By November the average period of

training in the United States had been shortened to close to

four months, and the average for the period July 1 to Nov. 11

was probably five months.

"In the last months of the war, the induction of men was

carried forward at top speed and every device was used for

hastening training. The result fully justified the effort. Into

the great Meuse-Argonne offensive we were able to throw a force

of 1,200,000 men, while we had many thousands of troops engaged

in other parts of the line. Our training camp officers stood up

to the test; our men with their intensive drilling in

open-order fighting, which has characterized American

training, routed the best of the German divisions from the

Argonne Forest and the Valley of the Meuse."

FEEDING AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS

When an army is 3,000 or 4,000 miles from its sources of supply the

amounts of supplies in reserve and in transit are enormous as compared

with the quantities actually consumed each month. As an example the army

purchases of blankets in 1918 were two and one-quarter times as great as

the entire American production in 1914. Put differently, the blankets

bought in one year for the use of 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 soldiers would

have been sufficient to make good the normal consumption of blankets by

100,000,000 American civilians for two and a quarter years. So

proportionately with other things, the rule for clothing was that for

every man at the front there must be a three months' reserve in France,

another two or three months' reserve in the United States and a third

three months' supply continuously in transit.

The same thing was true of other supplies and munitions. The need for

reserves and the time required for transportation called for the supply

of enormous quantities and called for it at once.

An indication of the quartermaster problem may be obtained from

the fact that between April 6, 1917, and May 31, 1918, there

was delivered to the army 131,800,000 pairs of wool stockings,

85,000,000 undershirts, 83,600,000 drawers, 30,700,000 pairs of

shoes, 26,500,000 flannel shirts, 21,700,000 blankets,

21,700,000 wool breeches, 13,900,000 wool coats, and 8,300,000

overcoats. When the troop movement was speeded up in 1918

Colonel Ayres states that the margin of woolen clothing was

dangerously narrow, and to secure these and other articles in

sufficient quantity it was found necessary to take control of

all states of the manufacturing process, from assembling the

raw material to inspecting the finished product.

At no time was there a shortage of food in the expeditionary

forces. Soldiers sometimes went hungry in this as in all other

wars, but the condition was local and temporary. It occurred

because of transportation difficulties during periods of active

fighting or rapid movement when the units outran their rolling

kitchens.

In France American engineers built seventeen new ship berths

and 1,000 miles of standard and 125 miles of narrow gauge

railroads. The Signal Corps strung 100,000 miles of telephone

wires, and 40,000 American made motor trucks were shipped

overseas. In this country army construction projects cost

twice as much as the Panama Canal and were on nearly as large a

scale overseas.

The storage space constructed in France was more than nine-tenths as

large as that built at home. The amount of food on hand from the time

the American troops entered active fighting never fell below a 45 days'

supply, and at the time of the submarine scare, was kept at 59 to 72

days' supply.

Likewise the supply of clothing arose to the emergency of combat.

"The records of the quartermaster show that during the six

months of hard fighting, from June to November, the enlisted

man in the A. E. F. received on the average:

"Slicker and overcoat, every 5 months; blanket, flannel shirt,

and breeches, every 2 months; coat, every 79 days; shoes and

puttees, every 51 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days;

woolen socks, every 23 days."

GUNS AND MUNITIONS

When war was declared we had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles.

The American Enfield rifle was designed and manufactured. The total

production of the two up to the signing of the armistice was over

2,500,000. The production of rifle ammunition amounted to 3,500,000,000,

of which half was shipped overseas, in addition to the 200,000,000

rounds secured from the French and British.

During the war the Browning automatic rifle and the Browning

machine gun were developed, put into quantity production and

used in large numbers in the final battles in France. Before

the war the allowance of machine guns in the American Army was

four guns to a regiment; the allowance now is 336 to a

regiment, testimony to the demonstrated importance in war of

that effective weapon. The Browning machine guns are believed

to be more effective than the corresponding weapons used in any

other army.

The total number of machine guns produced in America up to the

end of 1918 was 226,557, of these 69,960 being of the light

Browning and 56,612 of the heavy Browning type. The Vickers

field machine guns produced totaled 12,125, the other field

guns 6,366, the Lewis aircraft guns, 39,200, the Browning

aircraft 580, the Marlin aircraft 38,000, and the Vickers

aircraft 3,714. Before Nov. 1, 1918, 29,000 light Brownings,

27,000 heavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and

machine-gun ammunition were shipped.

When war was declared the United States had sufficient light

artillery to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found

itself confronted with the problem of preparing to equip

5,000,000 men. To meet the situation, it was decided in June,

1917, to allot our guns to training purposes and to equip our

forces in France with artillery conforming to the French and

British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should

purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for

our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts

of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could

either manufacture guns for us in their own factories or give

us guns out of their stocks and replace them by new ones made

from our materials.

Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery

units produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal

to all those purchased from the French and British during the

war. The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition

produced in American plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as

compared with 10,000,000 rounds secured from the French and

British. In the first twenty months after the declaration of

war by each country, the British did better than we did in the

production of light artillery, and we excelled them in

producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy shells.

THE ARTILLERY SUPPLY

Colonel Ayres says:

"The most important single fact about our artillery in France

is that we always had a sufficient supply of light artillery

for the combat divisions that were ready for front-line

service. This does not mean that when the divisions went into

the battle line they always had their artillery with them, for

in a number of cases they did not.

"The result of the compilation is to show that in every 100

days that our combat divisions were in line they were supported

by their own artillery for seventy-five days, by British

artillery for five days, by French for one and one-half days,

and were without artillery for eighteen and one-half days out

of the 100. Of these eighteen and one-half days, however,

eighteen days were in quiet sectors and only one-half of one

day in each hundred was in active sectors. There are only three

records of American divisions being in an active sector without

artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to

one-half of 1 per cent., or about fourteen hours out of the

typical 100 days just analyzed.

"The facts can be summarized in round numbers with approximate

accuracy by saying that we had in France 3,500 pieces of

artillery of which nearly 500 were made in America, and we used

on the firing line 2,250, of which over 100 were made in

America."

THE CAMPAIGN OF 1919

At the conclusion of his chapter on rifles and machine guns Colonel

Ayres has an interesting bit of semi-critical comment on the question

of foresight, of which some desk-experts have been inclined to doubt the

United States authorities were possessed. He says:

"At this point it is appropriate to comment on the fact that

there are many articles of munitions in which American

production reached great amounts by the fall of 1918 but which

were not used in large quantities at the front because the

armistice was signed before big supplies of them reached

France. In the main, these munitions are articles of ordnance

and aviation equipment, involving such technical difficulties

of manufacture that their production could not be improvised or

even greatly abbreviated in time.

"As the production figures are scrutinized in retrospect, and

it is realized that many millions of dollars were spent on army

equipment that was never used at the front, it seems fair to

question whether prudent foresight could not have avoided some

of this expense.

"Perhaps the best answer to the question is to be found in the

record of a conference that took place in the little French

town of Trois Fontaines on October 4, 1918, between Marshal

Foch and the American Secretary of War.

"In that conference the Allied Commander-in-Chief made final

arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of

American troops and munitions in great numbers during the fall

and winter preparatory for the campaign of 1919.

"This was one day before the first German peace note and 38

days before the end of the war, but Marshal Foch was then

calling upon America to make her great shipments of munitions

and her supreme contribution of man-power for the campaign of

the following year."

GAS AND EXPLOSIVES

One of the striking contributions to the cause of the Allies was the

enormous quantity of smokeless powder and high explosives produced. From

April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, the production of smokeless powder

in the United States was 632,000,000 pounds, which was almost equal to

the combined production of France and Great Britain. But by the time the

war ended the production of smokeless powder in this country was 45 per

cent. greater than that of France and Great Britain combined.

The output of high explosives, T.N.T. and others, increased rapidly from

its pre-war status to a quantity 40 percent. greater than that of Great

Britain, and nearly double the French production at the close of the

war.

"The result of the high rate of production of both smokeless

powder and high explosives was that the artillery ammunition

program was never held up for lack of either the powder which

hurls the bullet or the shell from the gun, or the high

explosive which makes the shell effective when it reaches its

destination."

Colonel Ayres says of toxic gases:

"When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and

French lines in the Ypres salient, early in 1915, a new weapon

was introduced into the war. That it was a powerful weapon is

evidenced by the fact that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30

percent. of all our battle casualties were due to gas.

"At the time we entered the war we had practically no

experience in manufacturing toxic gases, and no existing

facilities which could be readily converted to such use. At the

signing of the armistice we were equipped to produce gas at a

more rapid rate than France, England, or Germany."

THE AIR SERVICE

"On the declaration of war the United States had fifty-five

training airplanes, of which fifty-one were classified as

obsolete and the other four as obsolescent. When we entered the

war the Allies made the designs of their planes available to us

and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own

manufacture 3,800 service planes.

"Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602

men from elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses.

More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The

total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students, and

enlisted men, increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war

to nearly 200,000 at its close.

"There were produced in the United States to Nov. 30, 1918,

more than 8,000 training planes and more than 16,000 training

engines.

"The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the

only plane the United States put into quantity production.

Before the signing of the armistice 3,227 had been completed

and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was successfully used at

the front for three months.

"The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's

chief contribution to aviation. Before the armistice 13,574 had

been completed, 4,435 shipped to the expeditionary forces, and

1,025 delivered to the Allies.

"The first fliers in action wearing the American uniforms were

members of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to

the American service in December, 1917.

"The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in

April to 45 in November, 1918. On Nov. 11 the 45 squadrons had

an equipment of 740 planes.

"Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American

aviators 667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American

manufacture.

"American air squadrons played important rôles in the battles of

Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought

down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes

numbered only 357."

"The squadrons were of four types: Observation squadrons, whose

business it is to make observations, take photographs, and

direct artillery fire; pursuit squadrons, using light fighting

planes to protect the observation planes at their work, to

drive the enemy from the air, or to _strafe_ marching columns

by machine-gun fire; the day bombers, whose work was the

dropping of bombs on railways or roads; and the night bombers,

carrying heavier bomb loads for the destruction of strategic

enemy works."

[Illustration: _Official Government Statistics_

Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month]

At the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18

observation squadrons and 7 bomber squadrons with 1,238 flying officers

and 740 service planes, in addition to which there were 23 balloon

companies.

CARGO SHIPMENTS

Altogether, from our entrance into the war through April, 1919, the Army

shipped from this side of the Atlantic nearly seven and a half million

tons (7,500,000) of cargo.

Included in the cargo shipment were 1,791 consolidation locomotives of

the 100-ton type. Of these, 650 were shipped, set up on their own wheels

so that they could be unloaded in France and run off in a few hours

under their own steam.

The Army also shipped 26,994 standard-gauge freight cars; motor car

trucks to the number of 47,018, and rails and fittings for the

reinforcing of French railways and for the construction of our own lines

of communications to the aggregate of 423,000 tons. The Army also

shipped 68,694 horses and mules.

SIGNAL CORPS STATISTICS

In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal

Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the

end of the war the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges

and 133 complete telegraph stations. The telephone lines numbered

14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had

been strung. The peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a

day, averaging 60 words each.

[Illustration: _Official Government Statistics_

Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice]

CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS

In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as

housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept

continuously occupied for the period of the war.

The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was

probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office.

The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were

about $800,000,000.

Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers

under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these

projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over

France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far

as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own

logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of

American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English

civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.

TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE

Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:

"Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France

took part in battle. The number who reached France was

2,086,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the

front line.

"American combat forces were organized into divisions, which

consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were

the largest on the Western front, since the British division

numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Germans about

12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and

several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service of

supply troops.

"Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active

combat service, while the others were used for replacements or

were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The

battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely

the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were

Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National

Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.

"American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from

the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after

long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the

Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these

200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11

were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians,

and 2 were distinctively American.

"At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of

October all 29 American divisions were in action. They then

held 101 miles of front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied

battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war

they held, during the greater part of the time a front longer

than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the

balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the

middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces

were superior in numbers to those of the enemy."

[Illustration: Our Flag in Alsace

A scene in Alsace after the armistice when American doughboys occupied a

small town. They were welcomed there by the inhabitants.]

The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782

kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17

miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They

captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench

mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter

the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant

offensive.

It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions

in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective

draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the enemy--71½

kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.

In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated

150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into

territory previously held by the Germans.

THE DEADLIEST WAR

In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that

"the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The

total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list

with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with

1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy,

364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium,

102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000 each; the United States, 50,300;

Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.

Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed

or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other

nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.

The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more

than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths

resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all

causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through

disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths

due to the war, see Volume XII.

[Illustration: Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers

The head of the War Department is drawing for the first capsule after

the registration of young men who have become of age in the past year.

All told 24,000,000 names were registered in the draft.

National Service Magazine]

INDEX

Abbas Hilmi, Khédive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.

Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Abbeville agreement,

on U. S. military participation in War, v: 128, 284;

text, v: 378.

Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.

Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.

_Aboukir_, British cruiser,

sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.

Acceleration, in projectiles, viii: 111.

Achi Baba,

key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170;

_see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Acre, taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.

Adana, British objective in Turkish campaigns, ii: 90.

Adler, Friedrich,

kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Stürgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.

Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

_Admiral Charner_,

French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.

Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.

Adramyti, Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.

Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.

Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.

Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.

A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.

Aerial photography,

in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14;

gun cameras, description, viii: 216;

value, viii: 226, 331;

difficulties, viii: 228;

U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235;

future, viii: 234;

_see also_ Photography.

Aeronautics:

Airplanes,

conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123;

use of depth bombs by, iv: 332;

torpedo planes, iv: 335;

number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;

as war weapon, viii: _Intro._, xi: 214;

detection by sound-rangers, viii: 20;

machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216;

Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189;

Farman plane, viii: 189;

utility in scouting, viii: 189;

Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192;

Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192;

Allied and German types compared, viii: 194;

Spad biplanes, viii: 194;

general utility planes, viii: 196;

Gotha biplanes, viii: 196;

Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223;

aero engines, development of, viii: 198-200;

Liberty motor, viii: 199;

construction, essentials in, viii: 200;

maneuvering, types of, viii: 200;

Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201;

French types, viii: 202, 206;

British types, viii: 203-206;

British planes, viii: 203;

D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204;

German equipment, viii: 206;

pre-War record flights, viii: 206;

national supremacy, viii: 207;

machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208;

aerial marksmanship, viii: 210;

"C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades,

viii: 214-216;

navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;

bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224;

A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221;

Gotha bombers, viii: 221;

Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222;

Caproni triplanes, viii: 223;

Caudron bombers, viii: 223;

Letord bombers, viii: 223;

Voisin bombers, viii: 223;

Breguet bombers, viii: 224;

spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308;

signals for landing in dark, viii: 335;

value in directing artillery fire, viii: 337, xi: 277;

ambulance planes, viii: 379;

U. S., in War, xi: 218;

development, xi: 219;

use against submarines, xi: 239;

commercial uses, xii: 103.

Aviators,

duties, iii: 392;

kinds of patrol, iii: 392;

fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358;

qualifications, xi: 215.

Balloons,

development for war use, iv: 288;

in naval operations, iv: 289;

number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;

functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;

parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263;

hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.

Dirigibles,

use in coast patrol, iv: 290;

compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;

in long-distance transportation, viii: 243-245;

British types, viii: 245;

_R-34_, description, viii: 245, 254;

_R-34_, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;

U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257;

U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257;

U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257;

mooring masts, viii: 245;

development in different countries, viii: 254;

_R-33_, sister ship of _R-34_, viii: 254;

Zeppelins, _see below_ under Aeronautics.

Navigation,

rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246.

Observation,

in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 13, 337, xi: 277;

uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;

utility in War, xi: 216.

Seaplanes,

in battle of Jutland, iv: 107;

for submarine spotting, iv: 285;

U. S. _N-C-4_ first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240;

N-C flying boats, description, viii: 236-240.

Zeppelins,

progress in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241;

use during War, viii: 246-248;

description, viii: 248-254;

number in crew, viii: 254.

_See also_ under each country.

Aeroplane, see Aeronautics, Airplane.

Afghanistan,

put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104;

friendly to England during War, vi: 78;

changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80;

border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.

Africa,

dark continent, i: 10;

European penetration, i: 48;

"spheres of influence," i: 96.

African campaigns, iii: 250-256;

tropical peculiarities, iii: 250;

German handicaps, iii: 252;

operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252;

in Togoland, iii: 252;

in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253;

in German East Africa, iii: 255.

Agadir incident,

Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.

_Agamemnon_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;

hit by gunfire, iv: 43.

Agram,

suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.

Ahmed Fevzi, Turkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.

Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Air raids,

Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333;

use of Zeppelins in, viii: 246;

success of, xi: 216;

on:

England,

Aug. 9, '15, i: 381;

Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;

Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;

Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;

Jan. 31, '16, i: 384;

Mar. 1, '16, i: 384;

Mar. 5, '16, i: 384;

Mar. 19, '16, i: 384;

Apr. 1--3, '16, i: 385;

Apr. 24, '16, i: 385;

Aug. 9, '16, i: 386;

Sept. 23, '16, i: 388;

Sept. 25, '16, i: 388;

Oct. 1, '16, i: 388;

attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4;

first attack on London, iii: 41.

Paris,

Jan. 30, '16, i: 384;

Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.

Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Aircraft, _see_ Aeronautics.

Aire valley, description, v: 73;

scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.

Airships, _see_ Aeronautics.

Aisne, battles of:

Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36.

Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;

French start offensive, iii: 73;

early French success, iii: 73;

battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;

Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76.

May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;

situation before German offensive, iii: 92;

Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93;

Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93;

Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93;

Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93;

Germans reach Marne, iii: 93;

American troops check enemy, iii: 94.

Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;

artillery, important feature, v: 171;

A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.

Aisne-Meuse sector,

Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1--11, '18, iii: 103.

Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.

Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.

Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.

Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.

Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.

Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.

Albania,

primitiveness of people, i: 92;

William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206;

Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397;

Serbians retreat into, iii: 160;

Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120;

promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.

Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.

Albert,

captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98;

captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.

Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.

Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.

_Albert of Belgium_,

poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228;

by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.

_Albion_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.

_Alcantara_,

British armed liner, sinks German _Greif_, iv: 200.

_Alcedo_, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.

Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.

Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.

Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,

re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;

foreign policy, vi: 355;

head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.

Alexanderson alternator,

for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.

Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.

Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,

commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140;

biography, ix: 238.

Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.

Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.

_Algonquin_,

American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.

All-American (82nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,

convention of, '17, vi: 164.

All-Russian Government of Siberia,

formation, vi: 191;

collapse, vi: 193.

Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,

commands 90th Div., v: 196;

in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.

Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,

British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193;

defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213;

captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48;

strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93;

at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171;

commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25;

biography, ix: 194-199.

Allenstein,

Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;

occupied by Russians, iii: 111.

Alliances, Holy Alliance,

formation, i: 33;

conflict of European, i: 93-101;

Three Emperors' League, i: 95;

Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115;

Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98;

Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2;

Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107;

Balkan League, i: 204;

_see also_ under name of alliance.

Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.

Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: _Intro. ix_;

agree not to make separate peace, i: 146;

defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1;

lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55;

unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50;

unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214;

man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403;

"Will to win" _vs._ German efficiency, ii: 100;

underestimate German strength, ii: 101;

propaganda among German troops, ii: 321;

plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8;

Balkan blunder, iii: 156;

fail to support Rumania, iii: 214;

casualties, iii: 404;

prisoners of war, iii: 404;

war aims, iv: 6;

military position, '17, iv: 10;

lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13;

gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206;

make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213;

appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378;

secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;

send troops to Russia, vi: 187;

intervene in Siberia, vi: 192;

intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320;

occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325;

secret treaties, '16--'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334;

overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36;

war cost, xii: 27, 107;

plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102;

rise in national debts, xii: 114;

list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.

Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Almereyda, traitorous editor of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105.

_Alnwick Castle_,

British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.

Alpini, description, ii: 242.

Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212;

annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212;

formed into _Reichsland_, i: 213;

German dictatorship in, i: 213;

fidelity to France during War, i: 215;

German immigration into, i: 215;

German constitution for, '11, i: 215;

French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21;

Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197;

exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.

Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.

Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Alvensleben, G. C. A. von,

German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.

_Amalfi_, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat,

July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.

Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.

Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.

Ambulance, first use, vii: 9;

Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31;

difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376;

improved types of stretchers, viii: 377;

drawn by dogs, viii: 379;

airplane ambulances, viii: 379;

hospital trains, viii: 380;

perils of driving, x: 92.

American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.

American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.

American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany,

vii: 88.

American Escadrille, _see_ Lafayette Escadrille.

A. E. F., _see_ U. S., Army.

American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.

American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350;

relief for Palestine, vii: 350;

organization, vii: 354.

American Relief Administration,

for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141;

Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.

American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.

American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.

Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.

Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69;

German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389;

British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.

Aminullah Khan,

murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.

Ammunition:

Bullets, component parts, viii: 1;

steel-piercing, viii: 60-64;

Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63;

advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93;

types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214;

U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284.

Explosives, function, viii: 1;

detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1;

explosive _compound_ and explosive _mixture_ compared, viii: 2;

black powder, viii: 2;

guncotton, viii: 2;

nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2;

driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2;

smokeless powder, viii: 4;

primers, viii: 6;

composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6;

cordite, viii: 6;

trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6;

ballistic tests, viii: 7;

muzzle flash, viii: 7;

manufacture, xi: 282-284;

U. S. war production of smokeless powder, xii: 285;

of high explosives, xii: 285;

of T.N.T., xii: 285.

Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288;

non-ricochet, iv: 333;

star, iv: 334, viii: 77;

gas, U. S. production, v: 324;

kinds, viii: 8;

used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23;

structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46;

illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74;

rifle lights, viii: 75;

reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110;

forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112;

computation of air resistance, viii: 113;

U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284;

shrapnel, _see below_.

Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;

invention, viii: 72;

description, viii: 72;

manufacture, viii: 72-74.

Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.

Anatolia, area, xii: 279;

population, xii: 279.

Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.

_Ancona_,

Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384;

controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking,

summary, i: 361;

torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.

Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.

Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S.,

gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Andrassy, Count Julius,

member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311;

statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D.,

Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.

Annunzio, Gabriele D', _see_ D'Annunzio.

Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264;

effectiveness, v: 308.

Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

_Antilles_,

U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337;

eye-witness account, iv: 337.

Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.

Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.

Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375;

captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15;

strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.

Anzac Cove,

landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.

Anzacs, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307;

leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Aprémont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;

captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.

_Arabia_, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.

_Arabic_,

British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15,

i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20;

loss of life in sinking, i: 323;

controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.

Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94;

international treaties of, i: 103.

Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395;

limited value as port, iii: 161;

A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.

Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9--19, '15, iii: 204.

Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.

Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6;

topography, ii: 87, v: 73;

French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.

Arditi, description, ii: 240.

_Arethusa_, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384;

in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;

sinks German _Blücher_ at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.

Argentine, German population of, i: 79;

ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390;

neutrality, vi: 389;

soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.

Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.

Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234;

battle of, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

_Ariadne_,

German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;

sunk, iv: 241.

Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

_Ark Royal_,

mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.

Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: _Intro. xi_;

battleships, xi: 280-282.

Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263;

massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331;

early history, vi: 231;

fate under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;

independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279;

area, xii: 279;

population, xii: 279.

Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.

Armentières,

occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359;

recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.

Armies, _see under_ name of country.

Armies of Occupation,

Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;

conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.

Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;

with Germany, Nov. 11, '18,

i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;

false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400;

terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399;

with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400;

celebrations, iii: 402;

with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.

Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.

Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.

Army of Occupation, _see_ U. S., Army.

Army schools, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.

Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14;

launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.

Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72;

Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70;

British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72;

German casualties, iii: 72;

results, iii: 72.

Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.

Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238;

retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.

Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.

Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.

Artillery:

Anti-aircraft, v: 308.

Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111;

bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7;

rifling, viii: 7, 111.

Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280.

Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287;

German and Austrian, viii: 22;

structure and operation, viii: 22;

U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25;

U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23;

U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24;

U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24;

development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140;

French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140.

Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287;

German superiority, ii: 288;

U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45;

use in offensive, v: 304;

French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308;

U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39;

U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39;

long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274;

structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46;

super-range guns impractical, viii: 47;

U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51;

British naval super-guns, viii: 53;

manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58;

shell velocity of, viii: 314;

destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336;

kinds used during War, xi: 274;

naval, xi: 280-282.

Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278;

U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24;

U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39;

French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53;

use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274.

Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131.

Mortars, limitations, viii: 30;

range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31;

German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36;

absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112;

device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112;

functions, viii: 118;

Stokes mortar, viii: 141;

trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.

Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7;

by sight, viii: 8-14;

telescopic range-finder, viii: 9;

problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13;

use of aircraft in, viii: 13;

by sound, viii: 14-16;

use of photography in, viii: 14;

direct and indirect fire, viii: 28;

zones of fire, viii: 32;

altering range by change of projectile and powder charge,

viii: 32;

air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.

_See also_ under each country.

Artistic rights,

Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46;

battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.

Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.

Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

_Askold_, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.

Asquith, Herbert Henry,

responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204;

biography, ix: 30-35.

Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.

_Asturias_,

British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.

Athletics, for A. E. F., _see_ Sports.

Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230;

fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.

Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400;

Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346;

burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277;

in Marne district, iii: 297-300;

at Senlis, iii: 334-337;

in Belgium, vi: 84;

destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.

Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.

_Audacious_,

British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.

Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.

Auffenberg, Gen. von,

commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.

Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.

Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405;

army strength, iii: 405;

naval strength, iv: 58;

history prior to '14, vi: 37;

area and population, vi: 37;

pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39;

recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40;

conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42;

conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41;

labor unrest, '16, vi: 42;

Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42;

coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42;

"Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42;

Australian Workers' Union,

similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45;

"One Big Union" movement, vi: 45;

labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time,

'17, vi: 45;

war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45;

soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46;

war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;

rise in public debt, xii: 114;

Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;

Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197;

area and population, xii: 279.

Austria-Hungary:

Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;

pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105;

requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311;

for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.

Blockade of, vi: 253;

food shortage due to, vi: 312.

Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;

battle deaths, v: 363;

Aug., '14--Aug., '15, vi: 311;

money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25.

Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48.

Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._

Declarations of war,

ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,

i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;

on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375;

reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;

on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;

by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;

on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375;

by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386;

diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;

by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;

by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393.

Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;

forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317;

cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321.

Foreign policy,

German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252;

not a colonizing nation, i: 37;

Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41;

world position in 1871, i: 47;

gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50;

subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133;

joins Triple Alliance, i: 95;

annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109;

ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,

i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;

during last days before War, i: 126;

unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;

reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;

antagonism to Russia, vi: 306;

antagonism to Italy, vi: 308;

ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355;

opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356;

anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;

suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396.

Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306;

loyalty of German elements, vi: 307;

revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308;

effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309;

parliamentary disturbances, '15--'16, vi: 311;

labor troubles, vi: 311, 314;

revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313;

revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317;

Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;

Bolshevism, vi: 319.

National anthem, xi: 332.

Navy, development, iv: 364;

surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364;

_Monarch_ sunk, x: 290;

_Wien_ sunk, x: 290;

_Viribus Unitis_

sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.

Peace negotiations,

proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18,

i: 397;

appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399;

asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27--29, '18, i: 399;

Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315;

asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252;

armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52;

Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321;

armistice terms, vi: 364.

Population, in 1860, i: 40;

German, i: 79, vi: 306;

Hungarian, i: 79;

Slav, i: 79.

Press, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306;

attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310;

attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314;

_Arbeiter Zeitung_ preaches radicalism, vi: 315;

comment on peace terms, vi: 322.

Prisoners of war, iii: 404.

War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;

value of property loss, xii: 26;

average daily war cost, xii: 106;

total war cost, July, '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;

rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: _Intro. x._

Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.

Aviators, _see_ Aeronautics.

Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.

Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384;

scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.

_Ayesha, S. S._, _Emden's_

landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;

abandoned, iv: 192.

Aylmer, Gen.,

commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.

Ayres, Col. Leonard P.,

extracts from _The War with Germany--a Statistical Summary_,

by, xii: 280-289.

Babtie, Surg.-Gen.

responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia,

iii: 367.

"Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.

Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11;

training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.

Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.

Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.

Bagdad,

captured by British, Mar. 11, '17,

i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48;

description, iii: 332.

Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80;

Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295;

menaced by Serbia, ii: 33;

"largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290;

beginnings, 1871, ii: 291;

Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292;

Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora,

1888, ii: 292;

British oppose German concessions, ii: 292;

German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292;

_La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,

terms of concession to, ii: 292;

Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292;

clash of European interests, ii: 292;

compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294;

sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294;

Pan-German policy, ii: 296;

internationalization, ii: 297;

cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213;

opened, '15, vi: 258;

route, xi: 4.

Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W.,

commander of U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_,

sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.

Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.

Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.

Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.

Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326;

conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.

Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.

Bakhireff, Vice-Adm.,

commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.

Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44;

visits America, ix: 44.

Balkan League, i: 204.

Balkan Wars, '12--'13, i: 109, 204;

unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110;

Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198;

London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204;

London Peace Conference, i: 204;

war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206;

Rumanian intervention, i: 206;

peace terms, i: 206;

German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.

Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89;

international position in '14, i: 62;

area, i: 90, 92;

independent states in, i: 92;

population in '14, i: 92;

racial mixtures, i: 92;

policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114;

German dynasties in, i: 96;

German designs on, ii: 27;

civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.

Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.

Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.

Ballistics,

computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.

Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.

Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.

Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226;

Russian duplicity in, vi: 226;

under domination of German landlords, vi: 226;

revolt, '05, vi: 227;

form Lettish Legion, vi: 227;

Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228;

overrun by Germans, vi: 230;

ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.

_Baltimore_,

U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution,

Mar.--May, '19, vi: 300.

Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,

commander 1st Div., v: 250;

of 26th Div., v: 252.

Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.

Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.

Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.

Bapaume,

taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157;

British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;

captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.

Barbed wire,

French use in trench defense, v: 13;

impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68;

value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152;

French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155;

Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152;

Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.

Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8;

constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.

Barrage, North Sea,

Allied mine, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;

artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.

Barrett, Sir Arthur,

commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.

Barricourt Wood,

taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262;

heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.

Barrow, Sir Edmund,

responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.

Bartlett, Brig.-Gen.,

commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.

Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.

Baruch, Bernard M.,

Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72;

member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,

xii: 116.

Base hospitals, _see_

Hospitals;

Red Cross.

Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.

Basra,

occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180;

British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.

Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Battles:

Aisne,

Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36;

Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;

May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135.

Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375.

Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389.

Ardahan, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.

Argonne, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72.

Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42.

Augustovo, iii: 118.

"Battle of France," Sept.--Nov., '18, iii: 100-103.

Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43.

Cambrai,

Nov., '17,

i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156;

Sept.--Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52.

Cantigny,

May 28, '18, i: 395;

'18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380.

Champagne,

Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46;

July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158.

Château-Thierry,

May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43.

Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132.

Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308.

Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384.

Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253.

Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308.

Flanders,

June--July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299;

_see also_ Yser.

Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205.

Isonzo, _see_ Italian Front.

Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.

Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29.

Kars, '15, iii: 260.

Kut-el-Amara,

i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29.

Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23.

Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9.

Lys, iii: 91.

Marne,

Sept., '14,

i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258,

iii: 30-34, xi: 12;

July--Aug., '18,

ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326,

iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387.

Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130.

Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360.

Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21--23, '14,

i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10.

Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375.

Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377.

Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116.

Ravaruska, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122.

Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392.

St. Mihiel,

Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37;

Sept. 12, '18,

ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46.

San, May 15--17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136.

Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18.

Somme,

July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314;

Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24;

Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46.

Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116.

Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329;

_see also_ Verdun.

Verdun,

i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189,

iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22.

Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349.

Ypres,

Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41;

Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320;

July--Sept., '17, ii: 128;

Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363.

Yser,

Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40;

July, '17, iii: 77.

_See also_ under name of engagement.

Bauer, Herr Gustav,

chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.

Bauer, Otto,

leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314;

activities, '18, vi: 318;

becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.

Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.

Bavaria,

socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;

revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298;

soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300;

Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300;

Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich,

Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.

Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.

Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Beatty, Adm. Sir David,

at battle of Jutland, iv: 99;

British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;

at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246;

arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383;

biography, ix: 283-287.

Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

Beaucourt,

captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388;

British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.

Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.

Beaumont,

taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48;

Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64;

captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.

Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.

Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.

Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: _Intro. ix._

Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.

Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.

Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.

Belfort,

defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215;

bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.

Belgian Relief, _see_ Belgium; War Relief.

_Belgian Prince, S. S._, sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.

_Belgium, 1918_, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.

Belgium:

Army,

increase in, '09--'12, i: 144;

dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234;

German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;

escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143;

pre-War organization, iii: 4;

mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378;

strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202;

for military operations, _see under_ name of campaign.

Casualties,

total in War, iii: 404;

money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;

battle deaths, xii: 289.

Coal production '13--'15, xii: 48.

Food, _see_ Relief, below.

Neutrality,

guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229;

British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224;

defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143;

German violation,

Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4;

Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146;

France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380;

King Albert appeals to England, i: 223;

violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224;

Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224;

German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380;

German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9;

Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229;

German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230;

German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381;

German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231;

British offer of help, i: 232;

appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233;

German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234;

evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234;

Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236;

German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4;

military topography of German border, ii: 6;

French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8;

effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206;

Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346;

composition of invading forces, iii: 10;

French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20;

invasion creates national unity, vi: 84;

Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84;

deportation of civilian population, vi: 84;

for invasion and military operations,

_see_ name of engagement.

Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180.

Peace Treaty,

claims against Holland, vi: 89;

acquires Moresnet, xii: 188;

acquires Eupen, xii: 188;

acquires Malmédy, xii: 188;

reparation by Germany, xii: 218.

Prisoners of war, iii: 404.

Relief, Commission for,

in Belgium, vii: 116-144;

famine conditions, vii: 117;

early relief organization, vii: 118;

Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136;

_Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation_,

vii: 120;

overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127;

care of children, vii: 134;

American contributions, vii: 139-144;

dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136.

Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145.

War cost,

debt to U.S., xii: 18;

money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;

value of property loss, xii: 26;

war cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;

rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Belgrade,

captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357;

recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397;

retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6--8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.

Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.

Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144;

in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Belleau Wood, battle of,

June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43;

strategic importance, v: 138;

renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139;

Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.

Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390;

offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;

biography, ix: 405.

Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397;

member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.

Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.

Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.

Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.

Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.

Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.

Bergson, Henri,

French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.

Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284;

Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287;

Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289;

second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.

Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, _see_ Bagdad Railway.

Berlin Conference, '85,

divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.

Berlin, Congress of, 1878,

Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93;

terms of settlement at, i: 93;

defects of settlement, i: 93.

Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,

expounds German Kultur in _Germany and the Next War_, i: 67;

on desirability of a European war, i: 131;

striking quotations from, i: 179.

Bernstein, Herr,

German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._

Bernstorff, Count Johann von,

activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326;

biography, ix: 133.

Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.

Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.

Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.

Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.

Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382;

invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.

Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.

Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,

German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117;

"scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146;

statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344;

proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262;

resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266;

biography, ix: 121-126;

admission of German guilt, ix: 121;

opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.

"Big Bertha,"

German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.

Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.

Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.

Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41;

Near East policy, i: 48;

forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359;

forms Triple Alliance, i: 95;

colonial policy, i: 97;

representative of Junker class, i: 258;

plan for universal empire, ii: 2;

publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.

Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.

Bissell, Lieut.,

commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry,

May 31, '18, v: 134.

Bissolati, Signor,

Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362;

against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.

Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263;

evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386;

recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.

Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.

"Black Cobra Bill,"

nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India,"

vi: 78.

_Black Prince_,

British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.

Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47;

Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.

Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Blanc Mont,

captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.

Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.

Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.

"Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.

Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99;

Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259;

Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259;

number blinded in War, vii: 260.

Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.

Bliss, Gen. Tasker H.,

U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.

Blockade, of Allies by Germany, _see_ Submarine Warfare;

of Germany by Allies, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.

_Blücher_,

German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.

Blue and Gray (29th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Blue Ridge (80th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Bobo, Capt. Stephen N.,

story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.

Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.

Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49;

Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49;

aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50;

_see_ also South Africa, Union of.

Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311;

early history, vi: 396;

oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396;

press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396;

formation of army, '17, vi: 398;

National Council, vi: 399;

_see also_ Czechoslovakia.

Boirault tank, viii, 153.

Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17--18, '15, i: 378.

Bolivia,

severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;

Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.

Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.

"There has not been one moment since November, 1918, during