CHAPTER XLVI

_New Dutch Treaty—Mr. Harris, American Consul at Shimoda—His

Convention with the Japanese—His Journey to Yedo—Second Visit

to Yedo—Conditional Treaty—British Treaty—French and Russian

Treaties—Japanese Embassies to the United States, A.D. 1854-1860._

The success of the Americans in forming a treaty with Japan led to

negotiations on the part of the Dutch, by which the narrow privileges

enjoyed by that nation were considerably extended. By this treaty,

which was signed January 30, 1856, the ports open to the Americans were

opened also to the Dutch. They were allowed to exercise their religion,

and to bring their wives and children to Japan. They were authorized to

trade directly with Japanese merchants, and to hold free intercourse at

Deshima with other foreigners. They, in their turn, undertook to supply

the Japanese with a war steamer, and to give them instruction in naval

matters.

In August, 1856, the United States steamer “San Jacinto” arrived at

Shimoda, bringing out Mr. Townsend Harris, a merchant of New York, who

had been appointed consul to Japan; as it proved, a very judicious

selection.[130] A temple near Shimoda was appointed for his residence,

but the whole circumstances of his reception showed that the Japanese

dislike of foreign intercourse remained almost as strong as ever. They

had taken some steps, however, to execute the treaty. They had built

a stone landing-place at Shimoda, had brought from the mines several

hundred tons of coal, and had constructed a large bazaar for the sale

to Americans of Japanese wares. But it was very apparent that Shimoda,

from its situation, never could become a place of much trade; while

the necessity of purchasing through a Japanese official, and the low

valuation put upon American wares, as estimated in Japanese currency,

were additional obstacles.

Mr. Harris obtained the confidence and good-will of the authorities at

Shimoda, and succeeded in negotiating a convention, in March, 1857, by

which American citizens were allowed to reside at Shimoda and Hakodate,

and to trade at Nagasaki; and by which, also, it was hoped that the

currency difficulty would be arranged.

Mr. Harris had brought with him a letter from the president to the

emperor, and at length, after much importunity and more than a year’s

delay, he obtained leave to visit Yedo to deliver it. Yedo is only

eighty miles by land from Shimoda, yet it took several days to make the

journey. Mr. Harris thus describes it in a private letter:

“My train numbered some one hundred and fifty persons, composed of

guards, norimono-bearers, cooks, grooms, shoe-bearers, cane-bearers,

fan-bearers, and last, though not least, a standard-bearer, and a

large number of coolies. I had permitted the Japanese to arrange

and dress my train according to their ideas of propriety, and what

they conceived was due to the representative of the President of

the United States. My guards, each with two swords in the girdle,

and clad in new silk dresses, as they swelled and strutted about,

appeared to be ‘mightily uplifted in heart,’ while they and my bearers

and grooms appeared to have ‘broken out’ all over their bodies with

‘spread eagles,’ as the back, breast, and sleeves of their dresses

were sprinkled over with the arms of the United States, which were

neatly painted on them. I performed the journey partly on horseback,

and partly in a norimono, which is the Japanese name for a palanquin.

The Japanese norimono will compare with the celebrated iron cage of

Cardinal Balue, of France, in which the poor inmate could neither lie

down nor stand up. In the norimono the Japanese kneel and place their

feet close together, and then sit on their heels; if they wish to

repose themselves they lean forward, and rest the chin on their knees,

so that the body and limbs form three horizontal folds or piles—a

position that they assume and keep without annoyance, from long

practice, and from the great flexibility of their joints, but which is

almost unattainable by a white man, and is absolutely unendurable.

“I had a norimono made for me seven feet long, and in it I put a

mattress and pillows, which made it as comfortable as the Indian

palanquin; but, of all modes of travelling, the camel, the elephant,

and the palanquin are the most fatiguing.

“On the morning of Monday, November 23, I started for a long-desired

goal of my wishes. Four lads, with small bamboo wands, led the way as

harbingers, and their voices sounded quite musical as they sang the

Japanese words for ‘clear the way,’ ‘kneel down,’ ‘kneel down.’ Next

followed a Japanese officer on horseback; then came a large lackered

tablet, bearing my name and titles in immense Chinese characters.

The tablet was supported by two huge transparent lanterns, which

bore similar inscriptions. (When I halted, the tablet was placed in

front of my quarters, and at night the lanterns were lighted and hung

up over the gate of the house.) Next came a stout fellow, bearing

the ‘stars and stripes,’ with four guards. I followed, either on

horseback or in my norimono, and attended by twelve guards. Next came

Mr. Heusken (interpreter), and after him I do not recollect how it was

arranged, except that the Vice-Governor brought up the rear.

“For the first three days the route was entangled among mountains

and deep ravines which compose the peninsula of Izu. The path (for

it could not be called a road) was narrow, and in many places was

formed by cutting steps in the Fufa rocks, and sometimes it ran

over mountains four thousand feet high. On the second day I reached

Ugashima, and as I emerged from the gorges of Mount Amagi, I had my

first view of ‘Fuji Yama,’ the ‘Matchless Mountain.’ The sight was

grand beyond description. As viewed from the Temple at Ugashima, the

mountain appears to be entirely isolated, and shoots up in a glorious

and perfect cone ten thousand feet high! It was covered with snow,

and in a bright sunlight it glittered like frosted silver. For the

two nights I was lodged in temples, which had been fitted up for me

with new bath-rooms, and other appliances to contribute to my comfort.

On the evening of the third day I arrived at Mishima, a town on the

Tōkaidō or great East Road, and from thence to Yedo the road is wide

and good. On the great roads of Japan nice buildings are erected for

the accommodation of the princes when they travel; they are called

Honjin; and it was in them that I had my quarters for the remainder of

my journey.

“My first day’s journey on the Tō-kai-dō was over the mountain Hakone,

which is some four thousand and five hundred feet high.

[Illustration: TOWNSEND HARRIS]

“The passage of Mount Hakone was not completed until after nightfall;

but I did not regret being belated, as it afforded me the novel

sight of my train brilliantly lighted by a large number of huge

bamboo torches. As the train twisted and turned among the descents

of the mountain, it looked like the tail of a huge fiery dragon.

On reaching the plain I was met by the authorities of the city of

Odawara, and a whole army of lanterns, of all imaginable sizes and

colors, each being decorated with the arms of its owner, and the whole

forming an _ensemble_ that was lively and pleasing. I passed Sunday,

the 29th of November, at Kawasaki. From my first arrival in Japan up

to the present day, I have always refused to transact any business or

to travel on Sunday. I soon got the Japanese to understand my motive,

and I am sure it has increased their respect for me.

“The roads were all repaired, and cleanly swept, on the whole of my

route, before I passed; bridges were put in order, and many new ones

built; all travel on the road was stopped, so that I did not see those

crowds of travellers, priests, nuns, etc., described by Kämpfer; the

shops in all the towns and villages were closed (except cook-shops and

tea-houses), and the inhabitants, clad in their holiday clothes, knelt

on mats spread in front of their houses; not a sound was heard, nor

a gesture indicative of curiosity seen; all was respectful silence.

The people were ordered to cast down their eyes as I passed, as I

was too high even to be looked at; but this order was only partially

obeyed, for the dear daughters of Eve would have a peep, regardless

of consequences. The authorities of the towns and villages met me at

their boundaries, and saluted me by kneeling and ‘knocking head’; they

then led the way through their little jurisdictions, and took leave by

similar prostrations.

“On Monday, the 30th of November, I made my entry into Yedo. My

followers put on their kamishimo, or dresses of ceremony, decorated

with any quantity of eagles.

“I should not have known when I passed the line which separates

Shinagawa from Yedo, had the spot not been pointed out to me, as the

houses form a continuous street for some miles before you reach the

actual boundary of the city. From the gate by which I entered the

city to my quarters was about seven miles. The streets of Yedo are

divided into sections of one hundred and twenty yards, by gates and

palisades of strong timber. This enables the police to isolate any

portion of the city, or any line running through it, and thus prevent

the assembling of crowds or mobs. When we approached a gate, it was

opened, and as soon as the rear had passed through, it was closed.

The gates of all the cross streets were also kept closed. I could see

immense crowds beyond the gates, but the people on our actual line

of march were those only that occupied the buildings on the route.

Notwithstanding all this, the number that assembled was prodigious.

The centre of the way was kept clear, and the crowd kept back by ropes

stretched along each side of the street. The assemblage was composed

of men, women, and children, of all ranks and conditions—the women

being the larger number. I estimated the two lines of people that

extended along the way, from my entrance into the city to the place

provided for my residence, to have been full three hundred thousand.

Yet in all this vast concourse I did not hear a word, except the

constant cry of the harbingers, _Sátu, sátu!_[?].

“You may think it impossible that silence could have been maintained

among so large a number of women, but I assure you it was so.

“The house prepared for me was situated within the fourth circle of

the castle, or aristocratic portion of the city, and large enough to

accommodate five hundred persons, in the Japanese manner.

“On my arrival I was warmly welcomed by my good friend the Prince of

Shinano [Inouye Shinano-no-kami], who showed me the various provisions

that had been made for my accommodation and comfort, and which

included chairs, tables, bedsteads, etc., none of which are used by

the Japanese.

“The following day the Prince of Tamba [Toki Tamba-no-kami] visited me

in great state. He said he came as a ‘special embassador’ from the

Emperor to congratulate me on my arrival, and to ask after my health.

After receiving these compliments, and making a suitable reply, the

Prince pointed to a large box, which he said was a present to me from

his Majesty. I found the box contained five large trays of bon-bons,

weighing one hundred pounds.

“I subsequently visited the hereditary Prince of Hotta [Hotta

Bitchū-no-kami], Chief of the great Council of State and Minister for

Foreign Affairs. The visit was a pleasant one, and the arrangements

for my audience were completed. I gave the Prince a copy of my

intended speech to the Emperor, and before I left, he gave a copy

of the reply the Emperor would make to me. By this arrangement, the

speeches being both translated beforehand, we would be enabled to

dispense with the presence of interpreters at the audience. On the

Monday week after my arrival, I set out for the Palace. My train

blazed out in new silk dresses, and my guard wore their breeches

rolled up to the middle of the thigh. You must know that the wearing

of breeches in Japan is a mark of high rank, or, if worn by an

inferior, that he is in the service of one of the highest rank. A new

flag, made of Japanese crape, was carried before me. This flag is the

first foreign banner that was ever carried through this great city,

and I mean to preserve it as a precious relic. The distance from my

residence to the Palace was over two miles. On arriving at the bridge

over the third moat, or ditch, all my train left their horses and

norimono, and proceeded on foot. I continued in my norimono, and was

carried over three moats, and through as many fortified gateways,

up to the gate of the Palace itself. I was received at the entrance

by two chamberlains, who, having ‘knocked head,’ conducted me to an

apartment where I found a chair for my use. Tea, bon-bons, and other

refreshments, were often offered to me. A large number of the princes

came to be presented to me. At length I was told the Emperor was

ready to receive me. I passed through a large hall, in which some

three hundred to four hundred of the high nobles of Japan, all dressed

in their court dresses, were kneeling, and as silent and as motionless

as statues; and from this hall I entered the audience-chamber. At

this moment a chamberlain called out, in a loud voice, ‘Merrican

Embassador,’ and the Prince of Shinano threw himself down and crawled

along as I walked in. Mr. Heusken, my secretary, who carried the

President’s letter, halted to the entrance; I advanced up the room,

making three bows as I proceeded, and halted at the head of two lines

of men, who were prostrate on their faces; those on my right were the

five members of the Council of State, with the Prince of Bitchū at

their head and those on the left were three brothers of the Emperor.

“His Majesty was seated on a chair placed on a dais, elevated some

three feet above the floor of the chamber. He was dressed in yellow

silk, and wore a black lackered cap that utterly defies description.

After a short pause, I made my address to him; and, after a similar

pause, he replied to me in a clear and pleasant voice. When the

Emperor had finished, Mr. Heusken brought the President’s letter to

me. I removed the silk cover (striped, red and white), opened the box,

and displayed the writing to the Prince of Bitchū, who now stood up.

Then, closing the box, I handed it to the Prince, who placed it on a

lackered stand, prepared for the purpose. Mr. Heusken having returned

to his place, and the Prince being again prostrate, the Emperor bowed

to me, smiling pleasantly at the same time. This ended my audience,

and I backed out of the room, making three bows as I retired.

“The usual dress of the Japanese nobles is of silk; but the court

dress is made of a coarse yellow glass-cloth, and for a coronet they

wear a black lackered affair that looks like a distracted night-cap.

I did not see a single gem, jewel, or ornament of any kind, on the

person of the Emperor, or on those of his courtiers, who comprised the

great nobility of Japan.

“From the audience-chamber I was taken to another room, when I found

the five great Councillors of State, who, having been presented to

me, congratulated me on my audience, and expressed their wonder and

astonishment at what they called my ‘greatness of heart.’ When I asked

for an explanation, they said that they were filled with admiration

to see me stand erect, look the awful ‘Tycoon’ [_Taikun_] in the

face, speak plainly to him, hear his reply—and all this without any

trepidation, or any ‘quivering of the muscles of the side.’ I write

all this to let you see that the Japanese princes understand the use

of court compliments. I was then shown a present of fifteen silken

robes from his Majesty, and was taken to a room where a banquet, set

out on sixty trays, twelve inches high, was prepared for my single

stomach. There was food enough for one hundred hungry men!

“You must know that the dinner-trays (like the breeches) are a mark

of rank in Japan; and the rank indicated by the height of the trays,

which vary from three to twelve inches in height. Again, if the trays

are lackered it diminishes the honor connected with the actual height

of the tray, for it indicates that it can be used on another occasion;

but if it be made of unpainted cypress wood, the honor is complete,

for it says, as plain as words can do, ‘You are so sublime in your

rank that no one can dare to eat from a tray that you have used!’ My

attention was particularly called both to the height of the trays, and

to the flattering fact, that, ‘by a special edict,’ they were made of

unvarnished wood. You must know that this same dinner had been the

subject of grave discussion, both in Shimoda and in Yedo. They were

very anxious that I should eat at the Palace. I replied that I would

do so cheerfully, provided a person or persons of suitable rank would

eat with me; but said that self-respect would forbid my eating at a

table where my host or his representative declined to sit down. When

I had admired the very neat arrangement of the banquet, I was again

asked to sit down. I then said, ‘Say to his Majesty that I thank him

for his offered entertainment.’ At last the whole affair was sent to

my quarters, where I distributed it among my Shimoda followers.

“After the exhibition of the dinner I was reconducted to the room I

first entered, and, after I had drank of the celebrated ‘powdered

tea,’ I left, being conducted to the entrance by the two chamberlains,

who knocked head with all the force that was due to one who had ‘seen

the king, and yet _lived_.’ By the way, I forgot to state that the old

formula of an audience, which was ‘kneel down,’ ‘knock head, so that

the by-standers can hear your skull crack,’ if it ever did exist at

the court at Yedo, was not used in my case. A faint request was made

to me, at Shimoda, that I would kneel, but I told them the request was

offensive, and must not be repeated. That ended it.

“My return to Shimoda was on a steamer presented to the Japanese by

the Dutch.”

In April, 1858, Mr. Harris returned again to Yedo, and after three

months spent in arguing with the Japanese that it would be impossible

for them to maintain their policy of isolation, he succeeded in

negotiating a new treaty. By this treaty, the port of Kanagawa, present

Yokohama, a suburb of Yedo, was substituted for Shimoda as a place for

American trade and residence; and in 1860, Hiōgo, the harbor of the

most commercial city of Ōsaka, was also to be opened to them. American

residents were to enjoy religious freedom, and the privilege of direct

trade with the Japanese merchants. The right to have an ambassador

resident at Yedo was also included; a position since filled by Mr.

Harris himself.

Within a few weeks after the negotiation of this treaty, Lord Elgin,

British commissioner to China and Japan, arrived at Shimoda with a

considerable British squadron. Mr. Harris went on board his ship, and

accompanied him to the Bay of Yedo. On the 20th of August, a treaty was

signed with the Japanese by Lord Elgin, on the basis of the American

treaty. It contained the additional provision,—of which we also have

the benefit to render the clause of our treaty giving us all privileges

bestowed on other nations,—that no export duty should be charged

higher than twenty per cent; certain articles, including cotton and

woollen goods, to be admitted at five per cent. On the 9th of October,

a similar treaty was signed with Baron Gros, who had visited Yedo as

French commissioner. Similar privileges, it is understood, are granted

to the Dutch and Russians.

With the signing of these treaties the Japanese authorities may be

considered as having yielded the point of the re-establishment of

foreign intercourse. But a great difference of opinion as to this

policy is understood still to exist among the nobles and princes of the

Empire; and it is not impossible that these concessions to foreigners

may lead to internal commotions.

By one of the articles of this new treaty, negotiated by Mr. Harris,

the Japanese agreed to send an embassy to Washington, as bearers of the

Emperor’s ratification. The fulfilment of this promise was for some

time delayed, partly, perhaps, by reason of the caution and slowness

characteristic of Japanese policy, but principally, it is supposed, on

account of the strong opposition of a large party of the princes and

nobles to the new scheme of foreign intercourse. At length, however,

on the 27th of February, 1860, the ambassadors, three in number, with

a suite of seventy-three persons, embarked on board the United States

steamer, the “Powhatan,” the American government having undertaken to

convey them to the United States, and to carry them back again. The

“Kanrin-maru,” a war steamer of two hundred and fifty tons, built for

the Japanese by the Dutch, and manned with a Japanese crew of seventy

men, arrived at San Francisco on the 14th of March, after a passage of

forty days from the Bay of Yedo, to give notice of the approach of the

ambassadors. The “Powhatan,” after touching at the Sandwich Islands,

reached Panama on the 25th of April. The ambassadors, with their

attendants, were immediately conveyed on the railroad to Aspinwall,

where, the next day, they embarked on board the U.S. steamer “Roanoke,”

lying there to receive them. The “Roanoke” sailed for New York, but

on arriving at Sandy Hook she was ordered to Norfolk, it having been

determined that the embassy should be first received at Washington. At

Norfolk the Japanese were transferred to the steamer “Philadelphia.”

They reached Washington on the 14th of May, disembarked at the Navy

Yard, and were then conveyed to quarters which had been provided for

them at Willard’s Hotel. To protect them against imposition, and to

provide for their comfort and security, three navy officers who had

visited Japan were appointed to the general oversight of the embassy

while it remained in this country. On the 14th they visited General

Cass, the Secretary of State, and on the next day had a formal audience

from the President. Though received as ministers plenipotentiary,

their powers appeared to be limited to an exchange of the ratifications

of the treaty, and to obtaining information as to the relative value

of Japanese and foreign coins,—a point which still remained unsettled

in Japan, and was the occasion of much complaint on the part of the

foreign residents.

[Illustration: THE OLD AND THE NEW: JUNKS; THE NEW BATTLESHIP _Mikasa_]

The Japanese remained in Washington till the 8th of June, spending

their time in visits to the various public buildings, and a good deal

of it in shopping, for which many of them seemed to have a great fancy.

After passing through Baltimore, where they remained one night only,

they spent a week in Philadelphia, where the Mint and its processes

were special objects of interest. From Philadelphia they went on to

New York, where they were received at the Battery by an escort of five

or six thousand men of the New York militia, and conveyed through an

immense crowd to the quarters which had been provided for them at the

Metropolitan Hotel. Here they remained for two weeks, and on the 1st of

July embarked on board the United States steam-frigate “Niagara,” to

return to Japan by the Cape of Good Hope, being thus the first of their

nation to make the circumnavigation of the globe.

The time of their stay in this country was limited by express

orders brought with them from Japan, and they declined the numerous

invitations which they received to visit other cities, and also an

excursion which the government had planned to the Falls of Niagara. The

short time they had to spend was no doubt more advantageously employed

by restricting their observations to two or three places. Of the

seventy-six persons, of which the embassy and its suite were composed,

forty-six filled the position of attendants or servants to the

remaining twenty, though some of them, directly attached to the person

of the three ambassadors, were far above the rank of ordinary menials.

The three ambassadors, though they bore the title of princes, were

understood not to belong to the small class of hereditary nobles, but

to owe their titles to the positions which they hold in the Emperor’s

service. Among the seventeen persons next in rank to the ambassadors

were a treasurer, having charge of the finances of the embassy,—though,

except as to such purchases as they made, this office was a sinecure;

a marshal, so to speak, charged with oversight and government of the

servants; several secretaries, interpreters, and doctors, and others

who might be called attachés. There was no priest or chaplain, nor any

appearance of any formal worship. The three ambassadors affected a good

deal of reserve; the others were inclined to sociability; but their

ignorance of the language, and the necessity that all communications

should undergo a double interpretation from English to Dutch, and

then into Japanese, or _vice versa_, was a great obstacle to the

communication of ideas.

In New York, besides their visits to public places and institutions,

the more curious of the Japanese were taken to visit a number of large

manufactories of various kinds, in several of which they exhibited a

good deal of interest. They made a good many purchases, and received

a good many presents, the manufacturers of various articles hoping in

this way to open a market for their wares in Japan.

Though a good deal pressed upon at times by over-curious crowds, their

reception was everywhere of the most kindly character, and can hardly

fail to leave upon them a strong impression of American good-will.

Since the negotiation of the recent treaties, a number of Americans and

Englishmen, agents of mercantile houses, have established themselves at

the open ports. A few cargoes of Japanese products have been shipped,

but the trade is still in its infancy, and the extent to which it can

be carried remains very problematical.

APPENDIX

NOTE A

(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)

PROVINCES BY CIRCUITS

The following list gives in detail the divisions of Japan into

Provinces (_Kuni_), according to “Circuits”:

_Go-Kinai_ (Five Home Provinces). Yamashiro, Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi

(or Senshiu), Settsu (or Sesshiu).

_Tōkaidō_ (Eastern Sea Road). Iga, Ise, Shima, Owari, Mikawa, Tōtōmi,

Suruga, Kai, Izu, Sagami, Musashi, Awa (or Bōshiu), Kazusa, Shimōsa,

Hitachi.

_Tōsandō_ (Eastern Mountain Road). Ōmi, Mino, Hida, Shinano (or

Shinshiu), Kōzuke (or Jōshiu), Shimozuke, Iwaki, Iwashiro, Rikuzen,

Rikuchū, Mutsu, Uzen, Ugo.

_Hokurikudō_ (North Land Road). Wakasa, Echizen, Kaga, Noto, Etchū,

Echigo, Sado Island.

_Sanindō_ (Mountain Shade Road). Tamba, Tango, Tajima, Inaba, Hōki,

Izumo, Iwami, Oki Islands.

_Sanyōdō_ (Mountain Sunlight Road). Harima (or Banshiu), Mimasaka,

Bizen, Bitchū, Bingo, Aki, Suwō, Nagata (or Chōshiu).

_Nankaidō_ (Southern Sea Road). Kii (or Kishiu), Awaji Island, Awa,

Sanuki, Iyo, Tosa (or Toshiu), of which the last four are in the

island of Shikoku.

_Saikaidō_ (Western Sea Road). Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen, Bungo, Hizen,

Higo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, Satsuma (or Sasshiu), Iki Island, Tsushima Island,

of which all except the last two are on the island of Kyūshiu.

_Hokkaido_ (Northern Sea Road). Ōshima, Shiribeshi, Iburi, Ishikari,

Hitaka, Tokachi, Teshio, Kushiro, Nemuro, Kitami (all on the island of

Yezo), and Chishima, or the Kurile Islands.

_Ryūkyū_ (Loo Choo or Lew Chew) Islands.

NOTE B

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[Illustration: NIHOMBASHI, TŌKYŌ]

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HECR: “The Narrative of a Japanese” (2 vols.).

OFFICIAL: “History of the Empire of Japan”; “Japanese Education.”

“Kojiki,”—English version by Chamberlain, Vol. X, Appendix, of the

“Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”

NOTE C

USE OF FIRE-ARMS IN THE EAST

Even the inhabitants of southern India, notwithstanding the long

intercourse carried on with them by Arab traders from the Persian Gulf

and the Red Sea, and the invasions of their country by Mahometans

from the north, seem to have been mainly indebted for their first

possession of fire-arms to Europeans; as witness the following extract

from Rickard Eden’s translation, first published in 1576, of the

“Navigations and Voyages of Lewis Vertomanus, Gentleman, of the city

of Rome, to the Regions of Arabia, Egypt, Persia, Syria, Ethiopia, and

East India, both within and without the river Ganges, &c., in the year

of our Lord, 1503,” contemporary, that is, with the earliest Portuguese

expeditions: “Entering into the city of Calicut, we found there two

Christians, born in the city of Milan; the one named John Maria, the

other Peter Antonio. These were jewellers, and came from Portugal with

the king’s license to buy precious stones. When I had found these men

I rejoiced more than I am able to express. At our first meeting them,

seeing to be white men (for we went naked, after the manner of the

inhabitants), I asked them if they were Christians. They said yea. Then

said I that I was also a Christian, by the grace of God. Then, taking

me by my hand, they brought me to their house, where, for joy of our

meeting, we could scarcely satisfy ourselves with tears, embracing and

kissing; for it seemed now to me a strange thing to hear men speak

mine own language, or to speak it myself. Shortly after, I asked them

if they were in favor with the king of Calicut. We are, said they, in

great favor with him, and very familiar. Then again I asked them what

they were minded to do. We desire, said they, to return to our country,

but we know not the means how. Then, said I, return the same way that

you came. Nay, said they, that may not be; for we are fled from the

Portugals, because we have made many pieces of great ordinance and

other guns for the king of Calicut, and therefore we have good cause to

fear; and now especially, for that the navy of Portugal will shortly

be here. I answered that if I might escape to the city of Canonor, I

doubted not but that I would get their pardon of the governor of the

navy. There is small hope of mercy, said they, we are so famous and

well known to many other kings in the way, which favor the Portugals,

and lay wait to take us. In which their talk I perceived how fearful a

thing is a guilty conscience, and called to remembrance the saying of

the poet:

‘Multa male timeo, qui feci multa proterve.’

That is, ‘I fear much evil because I have done much evil.’ For they had

not only made many such pieces of artillery for the infidels, to the

great damage of Christians, and contempt of the holy name of Christ and

his religion, but had also taught the idolaters both the making and

use of them; and at my being there I saw them give a model or mould

to certain idolaters, whereby they might make brazen pieces, of such

bigness that one of them may receive the charge of a hundred and five

tankards (cantoros) of powder. At the same time, also, there was a

Jew, which had made a very fair brigantine, and four great pieces of

artillery of iron. But God shortly afterwards gave him his due reward;

for, when he went to wash him in the river, he was drowned.”

Nor did the two Christians escape much better. The Portuguese commander

agreed to pardon them; but, in attempting to escape to him, they were

killed. Maffei, in his Indian History, refers to the aid which the

native princes derived from these and other Christian renegadoes.

NOTE D

FERNAM MENDEZ PINTO

The ill fortune of which Pinto complained as having pursued him

through life did not spare him even after he was laid in the grave,

the narrative of his adventures which he left behind him having been

assailed by the wits and critics with hardly less ferocity than

poor Pinto himself was while alive by the corsairs, infidels, and

barbarians, with whom he came in contact. He is indeed chiefly known

to English readers by an ill-natured fling of Congreve, who, in his

“Love for Love,” makes one of his characters address another in those

oft-quoted words: “Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou

liar of the first magnitude!” It is said also that Cervantes, three or

four years before whose death Pinto’s book was published, speaks of him

somewhere as the “prince of liars.” I have not been able to find the

passage; but likely enough Cervantes might have been a little vexed to

find his “Persiles and Sigismunda,” a romance, under the guise of a

book of travels, first published about the time with Pinto’s book, so

much outdone by what claimed to be a true narrative of real adventures.

As Pinto, however, in spite of all his ill luck, found, in writing his

memoirs, some topics of consolation, so also his character as an author

and a narrator has by no means been left entirely in the lurch. Though

little read now, he has enjoyed, in his day, a popularity such as few

authors attain to. To the first edition of his “Peregrinations,” in

the original Portuguese, succeeded others in 1678, 1711, and 1725; and

second, third, and fourth editions are compliments which Portugal very

rarely pays to her authors. A Spanish translation appeared at Madrid

in 1620, in which, however, great and very unwarrantable liberties

were taken by the translator. A French translation was published at

Paris in 1628, and an English translation in 1663. To the Spanish and

French translations defences of Pinto’s veracity are prefixed, and both

passed through several editions. Purchas, who gives a synopsis of that

part of Pinto’s book relating to China and Japan, strongly defends

his credibility, observing that he little spares his own company and

nation, but often and eagerly lays open their vices. “I find in him,”

says Purchas, “little boasting, except of other nations, none at all of

himself, but as if he intended to express God’s glory, and man’s merit

of nothing but misery. And, however it seems incredible to remember

such infinite particulars as this book is full of, yet an easy memory

holdeth strong impressions of good and bad, especially new-whetted,

filed, furbushed, with so many companions in misery, their best music

in their chains and wanderings being the mutual recounting of things

seen, done, and suffered. More marvel is it, if a liar, that he should

not forget himself and contradict his own relations.

“I would not have an author rejected for fit speeches framed by the

writer, in which many historians have taken liberty; nor if sometimes

he doth _mendacia dicere_ (say false things), so as that he doth not

_mentiri_ (lie); as I will not sware but of himself he might mistake,

and by others be misled. The Chinese might, in relating their rarities

to him, enlarge and _de magnis majora loqui_ (exaggerate things really

great), so as he still might be religious in a just and true delivery

of what himself hath seen, and belei not his own eyes.... All China

authors, how diversified in their lines, yet all concur in a certain

centre of _Admiranda Sinarum_ (admirable things of the Chinese)[131],

which if others have not so largely related as this, they may thank

God they paid not so dear a price to see them; and, for me, I will

rather believe, where reason evicts not, _ejectione firma_ (with a firm

ejection), than seek to see at the author’s rate; and if he hath robbed

the altars of truth, as he did those of the Calumplay idols, yet, in

Pekin equity, we will not cut off his thumbs (according to Nanquin

rigor), upon bare surmise, without any evidence against him.”

The countries in which Pinto’s adventures chiefly lay, still remain,

for the most part, very little known; but the more they have been

explored, the more has the general correctness of Pinto’s statements

been admitted. The editor of the great French collection, “Annales des

Voyages,” who gives a full abstract of Pinto, remarks that, having had

occasion, in preparing the volume of that work on China, to consult

all accessible works about that country, he had been more and more

confirmed in his opinion of the reality of Pinto’s adventures and

the general correctness of his memory. Rémusat, the eminent Chinese

scholar, cites Pinto as good authority for facts, and it was, I

believe, by his procurement, or that of the “Société Asiatique,” that

the French translation of his travels was reprinted at Paris in 1830.

NOTE E

EARLIEST ENGLISH AND DUTCH ADVENTURERS IN THE EAST—GOA

Prior to the first Dutch and English India voyages, both Englishmen and

Dutchmen had reached India, some by way of Lisbon and the Cape of Good

Hope, others over land. Pinto speaks of Christians of various nations

as among the adventurers with whom he acted. Hackluyt gives (Vol. II)

a letter written by Thomas Stevens, an English Jesuit, dated in 1579,

at Goa, which he had reached by way of Lisbon and the Cape of Good

Hope. This curious letter was addressed by Stevens, who was attached

to that very seminary of St. Paul (or the Holy Faith), of which we

have had occasion to make mention, to his father in England. Hackluyt

also gives in the same volume some very interesting memorials of the

adventures of John Newbury, who, attended by Ralph Fitch, Story, a

painter, Leeds, a jeweller, and others, was sent over land in 1583,

simultaneously with the first English attempts at exploration and

settlement in North America, by some London merchants of the Turkey

company, as bearer of letters from Queen Elizabeth to Zelabdim Echabar,

king of Cambia (Ackbar, the Great Mogul) and to the king of China—both

which letters, proposing trade and commerce, Hackluyt gives at length.

Newbury proceeded by way of Ormus, which he had visited before, and

where he found merchants of almost all nations, not Portuguese only,

but Frenchmen, Flemings, Germans, Hungarians, Greeks, Armenians, Turks,

Arabs, Jews, Persians, Muscovites, and especially Italians, who seem

by this time to have recovered a great share of the trade to the East.

By one of these Italians Newbury and his company were accused as spies

of Don Antonio (the claimant as against Philip II, of the Portuguese

throne, and at that time a refugee in England). The fact also that

Drake, in his recent voyage round the world, had, while at the

Moluccas, fired two shots at a Portuguese galleon, was alleged against

them. They were sent prisoners to the viceroy at Goa; but, by the good

offices of the English Jesuit, Stevens, above-mentioned, and of John

Huigen Van Linschoten, a Dutchman in the service of the archbishop,

they were released on giving sureties not to depart without leave of

the viceroy, which sureties they procured by placing goods in the hands

of certain parties who became bound for them.

Story, the painter, had indeed previously procured his discharge

by joining the Jesuits of St. Paul, where he was admitted as a

probationer, and was employed in painting the church. The others,

finding that the viceroy would not discharge their sureties, left

secretly, or, as Fitch expresses it, “ran from thence,” April, 1585,

and, passing to Golconda, travelled north to Agra, then the capital of

the Great Mogul. Here Leeds, the jeweller, entered into the Mogul’s

service, who gave him “a house, five slaves, and every day six S. S.

(qu. sequins?) in money.” Newbury went from Agra to Lahore, expecting

to go thence to Persia, and, by way of Aleppo and Constantinople,

to reach England; and he sent Fitch meanwhile to Bengal and Pegu,

promising to meet him in Bengal in two years in a ship from England.

Fitch passed on to Benares, and thence to Bengal, and November 28,

1586, sailed for Pegu, whence the next year he proceeded to Malacca.

Returning again, in 1588, to Pegu, he went thence to Bengal in the

following November; whence, in February, 1589, he took shipping for

Cochin, touching at Ceylon on the way, a “brave island,” where he

spent five days. At Cochin he stayed eight months before he could get

a passage to Goa. From Goa he proceeded to Ormus, whence, by way of

Basora, Mosul, and Aleppo, he reached England April 29, 1591.

Linschoten, mentioned above, who had arrived at Goa in 1583, from

Lisbon, as one of the archbishop’s suite, returned to Holland in 1589,

where he published his travels in 1595,—the first Dutch account of the

East. From him we learn that Story, the painter, after the departure

of his companions, grew sick of the cloister of St. Paul, and, as he

had not yet taken the vows, left and set up as a painter in Goa, where

he had abundant employment, and, “in the end, married a mestizo’s

daughter of the town, so that he made his account to stay there while

he lived,”—the first permanent English resident in Hindoostan.

[Illustration: A MODERN STREET SCENE IN TŌKYŌ]

There is in the “Asiatic Journal,” for December, 1838, a very striking

description of the present ruinous state of the once splendid and

magnificent city of Goa. It has been abandoned for Pongi, now known

as New Goa, six miles nearer the sea, and the present seat of the

shrunken Portuguese viceroyalty. The only inhabitants of Old Goa are a

few hundred monks, nuns, and their attendants, attached to the splendid

churches and monasteries still standing, among which towers conspicuous

the church of the Jesuits, in a beautiful chapel attached to which is

the monument of St. Francis Xavier. His body, removed thither from

the college of St. Paul, in which it was first placed, reposes upon a

sarcophagus or bier of Italian marble, faced with bronzes, representing

his missionary labors, and enclosed in a shrine of brass and silver.

It is alleged still to be in as good preservation as ever, and is

occasionally exhibited in public. The last of these exhibitions was in

1783.

NOTE F

JAPANESE DARING AND ADVENTURE EXTERIOR TO THE LIMITS OF JAPAN

The same Davis who had been Houtman’s pilot in the first voyage to the

East Indies sailed from England in 1604, as master of the “Tiger,” a

ship of two hundred and forty tons. While on her course from Bantam to

Batavia, the “Tiger” encountered a little junk of seventy tons, with

ninety Japanese on board, “most of them in too gallant a habit for

sailors.” They had left home, as it turned out, in a larger vessel,

which had been “pirating along the coast of China and Cambodia,”—much

the same business, by the way, in which the “Tiger” was herself

engaged,—but, having lost their vessel by shipwreck, they had seized

upon this little junk, laden with rice, and were trying to reach

Japan in it. In hopes to get some information out of them, they were

entertained for two days with “gifts and feasting”; but, at the same

time, their junk was searched for treasure which might be concealed

under the rice. While part of the “Tiger’s” men were employed in this

search, the Japanese made a desperate attempt to get possession of

that ship. Davis himself was killed in the first surprise, but the

Japanese were finally forced into the cabin, where, by breaking down a

bulkhead, some of the ship’s guns, loaded with bullets and case shot,

were brought to bear upon them. They disdained to ask quarter, and

all perished from effects of the shot except one, who jumped into the

sea. The narrative of this affair, given by Purchas (Pilg., Part 1, p.

137), and apparently written by an officer of the “Tiger,” winds up as

follows: “The Japanese are not suffered to land in any port of India

with weapons, being accounted a people so desperate and daring that

they are feared in all places where they come.”

In conformity to this character of the Japanese is the account given by

Floris, cape merchant of the “Globe,” an English ship, which touched

at Siam in 1612, while performing the voyage mentioned Vol. I, p. 207

of the text. A short time previously, two hundred and eighty Japanese,

the slave-soldiers of a principal Siamese noble, who had been put to

death by the royal authority, had revenged their master by seizing on

the king of Siam, whom they compelled to subscribe to such terms as

they dictated, “after which, they had departed with great treasure, the

Siamese not being able to right themselves.”[132]

The good service rendered to the Portuguese by Japanese mercenaries

at the siege of Malacca, in 1606, is mentioned in the text, Vol. I,

p. 182. It appears, from a curious tract concerning the Philippines,

preserved by Thevenot, that when De Silva, governor of those islands,

undertook, in 1608, to drive the Dutch from the Moluccas, he was

obliged to send to Japan for saltpetre, metal, and even for founders to

cast cannon. A body of Japanese formed, in 1619, a part of the Dutch

garrison in their fort at Jacatara (named about that time Batavia),

while besieged by the natives on the island, and blockaded at the same

time by an English squadron, as mentioned Vol. I, p. 237 of the text.

Of the Japanese settled on the island of Amboyna, and involved with

the English in the massacre there, mention is made Vol. I, p. 240.

Haganaar, who was at Cambodia in 1637, found among the inhabitants of

that city seventy or eighty families of Japanese, whom he describes as

not daring to return to their own country, with which, however, they

carried on trade, by means of Chinese ships. They were in great favor

with the king of Cambodia, to whom they had rendered valiant assistance

in suppressing a dangerous rebellion, and were greatly feared by the

other inhabitants of the city, whether Chinese or Malays. To this

day one of the channels of the great river of Cambodia is known as

“Japanese river”—a name given, indeed, on some maps, to the main river

itself, and probably taking its origin from this Japanese colony.

The conquest of the Lew Chew [Riūkiū] Islands, by the king of Satsuma,

took place about 1610; and, much about the same time, some Japanese

made an establishment on the island of Formosa, for the purpose of

trading with the Chinese; but in this they were soon superseded by the

Dutch. The narrative of Nuyts’ affair, as given in the text (Vol. I,

p. 252), is derived from a detailed account appended in “Voyages au

Nord,” Tom. IV., to Caron’s Memoir, addressed to Colbert, on opening

an intercourse with Japan; but, from a paper embodied in the Voyage

of Rechteren (“Voyages des Indes,” Tom. V.), and written, apparently,

in 1632, by a person on the spot, it would appear that the conduct of

Nuyts, instead of being prompted by personal antipathy, was merely an

attempt to exclude the Japanese from the trade with the Chinese, and to

engross it for the Dutch East India Company; “a desire good in itself,”

so this writer observes, “but which should have been pursued with

greater precaution and prudence.”

In the Chinese writings, the Japanese figure as daring pirates; but, as

the appellation bestowed on them is equally applied to other eastern

and southeastern islanders, it is not so easy to say to whose credit or

discredit the exploits referred to by these Chinese writers actually

belong.

NOTE G

(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)

LIST OF JAPANESE YEAR PERIODS[1]

The names of these periods are made by the various combinations of 68

Chinese words of good omen.

────────────────────────┬───────────┬───────────

NAME. │ JAPANESE │ CHRISTIAN

│ ERA.[2] │ ERA.

├───────────┼───────────

Taikwa │ 1305 │ 645

Hakuchi │ 1310 │ 650

(Blank) │ 1315-1331 │ 655-671

Sujaku │ 1332 │ 672

Hakuhō │ 1332 │ 672

Shuchō │ 1346 │ 686

(Blank) │ 1347-1360 │ 687-700

Daihō [Taihō] │ 1361 │ 701

Keiun │ 1364 │ 704

Wadō │ 1368 │ 708

Reiki │ 1375 │ 715

Yōrō │ 1377 │ 717

Jinki │ 1384 │ 724

Tembiō │ 1389 │ 729

Tembiō shōhō │ 1409 │ 749

Tembiō hoji │ 1417 │ 757

Tembiō jingo │ 1425 │ 765

Jingō keiun │ 1427 │ 767

Hōki │ 1430 │ 770

Tenō │ 1441 │ 781

Enriaku │ 1442 │ 782

Daidō │ 1466 │ 806

Kōnin │ 1470 │ 810

Tenchō │ 1484 │ 824

Jōwa │ 1494 │ 834

Kajō │ 1508 │ 848

Ninju │ 1511 │ 851

Saikō │ 1514 │ 854

Ten-an │ 1517 │ 857

Jōgwan │ 1519 │ 859

Gwangiō │ 1537 │ 877

Ninna │ 1545 │ 885

Kwampei │ 1549 │ 889

Shōtai │ 1558 │ 898

Engi │ 1561 │ 901

Enchō │ 1583 │ 923

Jōhei │ 1591 │ 931

Tengiō │ 1598 │ 938

Tenriaku │ 1607 │ 947

Tentoku │ 1617 │ 957

Owa │ 1621 │ 961

Kōhō │ 1624 │ 964

Anna │ 1628 │ 968

Tenroku │ 1630 │ 970

Ten-en │ 1633 │ 973

Jōgen │ 1636 │ 976

Tengen │ 1638 │ 978

Eikwan │ 1643 │ 983

Kwanna │ 1645 │ 985

Eien │ 1647 │ 987

Eiso │ 1649 │ 989

Shōriaku │ 1650 │ 990

Chōtoku │ 1655 │ 995

Chōhō │ 1659 │ 999

Kwankō │ 1664 │ 1004

Chōwa │ 1672 │ 1012

Kwannin │ 1677 │ 1017

Ji-an │ 1681 │ 1021

Manjū │ 1684 │ 1024

Chōgen │ 1688 │ 1028

Chōriaku │ 1697 │ 1037

Chōkiū │ 1700 │ 1040

Kwantoku │ 1704 │ 1044

Eijō │ 1706 │ 1046

Tengi │ 1713 │ 1053

Kōhei │ 1718 │ 1058

Jiriaku │ 1725 │ 1065

Enkiū │ 1729 │ 1069

Jōhō │ 1734 │ 1074

Jōriaku │ 1737 │ 1077

Eiho │ 1741 │ 1081

Ōtoku │ 1744 │ 1084

Kwanji │ 1747 │ 1087

Kahō │ 1754 │ 1094

Eichō │ 1756 │ 1096

Jōtoku │ 1757 │ 1097

Kōwa │ 1759 │ 1099

Chōji │ 1764 │ 1104

Kajō │ 1766 │ 1106

Tennin │ 1768 │ 1108

Ten-ei │ 1770 │ 1110

Eikiū │ 1773 │ 1113

Gen-ei │ 1778 │ 1118

Hōan │ 1780 │ 1120

[Note 1: From official sources.]

[Note 2: Beginning 660 B. C.]

Tenji │ 1784 │ 1124

Daiji │ 1786 │ 1126

Tenjō │ 1791 │ 1131

Chōjō │ 1792 │ 1132

Hōen │ 1795 │ 1135

Eiji │ 1801 │ 1141

Kōji │ 1802 │ 1142

Ten-yō │ 1804 │ 1144

Kiū-an │ 1805 │ 1145

Nimbiō │ 1811 │ 1151

Kiūju │ 1814 │ 1154

Hōgen │ 1816 │ 1156

Heiji │ 1819 │ 1159

Eiriaku │ 1820 │ 1160

Ōhō │ 1821 │ 1161

Chōkwan │ 1823 │ 1163

Eiman │ 1825 │ 1165

Nin-an │ 1826 │ 1166

Ka-o │ 1829 │ 1169

Jō-an │ 1831 │ 1171

Angen │ 1835 │ 1175

Jishō │ 1837 │ 1177

Yōwa │ 1841 │ 1181

Ju-ei │ 1842 │ 1182

Genriaku │ 1844 │ 1184

Bunji │ 1845 │ 1185

Kenkiū │ 1850 │ 1190

Shōji │ 1859 │ 1199

Kennin │ 1861 │ 1201

Genkiū │ 1864 │ 1204

Ken-ei │ 1866 │ 1206

Jōgen │ 1867 │ 1207

Kenriaku │ 1871 │ 1211

Kempō │ 1873 │ 1213

Jōkiū │ 1879 │ 1219

Jō-ō │ 1882 │ 1222

Gennin │ 1884 │ 1224

Karoku │ 1885 │ 1225

Antei │ 1887 │ 1227

Kwangi │ 1889 │ 1229

Jō-ei │ 1892 │ 1232

Tempuku │ 1893 │ 1233

Bunriaku │ 1894 │ 1234

Katei │ 1895 │ 1235

Riakunin │ 1898 │ 1238

En-o │ 1899 │ 1239

Ninji │ 1900 │ 1240

Kwangen │ 1903 │ 1243

Hōji │ 1907 │ 1247

Kenchō │ 1909 │ 1249

Kōgen │ 1916 │ 1256

Shōka │ 1917 │ 1257

Shōgen │ 1919 │ 1259

Bun-ō │ 1920 │ 1260

Kōchō │ 1921 │ 1261

Bun-ei │ 1924 │ 1264

Kenji │ 1935 │ 1275

Kōan │ 1938 │ 1278

Shō-ō │ 1948 │ 1288

Einin │ 1953 │ 1293

Shōan │ 1959 │ 1299

Kengen │ 1962 │ 1302

Kagen │ 1963 │ 1303

Tokuji │ 1966 │ 1306

Enkiō │ 1968 │ 1308

Ōchō │ 1971 │ 1311

Shōwa │ 1972 │ 1312

Bumpō │ 1977 │ 1317

Gen-ō │ 1979 │ 1319

Genkō │ 1981 │ 1321

Shōchū │ 1984 │ 1324

Kariaku │ 1986 │ 1326

Gentoku │ 1989 │ 1329

Shōkiō [Genkō] │ 1992 │ 1332

Kemmu │ 1994 │ 1334

Rekiō │ 1998 │ 1338[1]

Kōei │ 2002 │ 1342[1]

Jōwa │ 2005 │ 1345[1]

Kwan-ō │ 2010 │ 1350[1]

Bunna │ 2012 │ 1352[1]

Embun │ 2016 │ 1356[1]

Kōan │ 2021 │ 1361[1]

Jōji │ 2022 │ 1362[1]

Ōan │ 2028 │ 1368[1]

Eiwa │ 2035 │ 1375[1]

Kōreki │ 2039 │ 1379[1]

Eitoku │ 2041 │ 1381[1]

Shitoku │ 2044 │ 1384[1]

Kakei │ 2047 │ 1387[1]

Koō │ 2049 │ 1389[1]

Engen │ 1996 │ 1336[2]

Kōkoku │ 1999 │ 1339[2]

[Note 1: Northern Dynasty,]

[Note 2: Southern Dynasty.]

Shōhei │ 2006 │ 1346[1]

Kentoku │ 2030 │ 1370[1]

Bunchū │ 2032 │ 1372[1]

Tenju │ 2035 │ 1375[1]

Kōwa │ 2041 │ 1381[1]

Genchū │ 2044 │ 1384[1]

Meitoku │ 2050 │ 1390

O-ei │ 2054 │ 1394

Shōchō │ 2088 │ 1428

Eikiō │ 2089 │ 1429

Kakitsu │ 2101 │ 1441

Bun-an │ 2104 │ 1444

Hōtoku │ 2109 │ 1449

Kōtoku │ 2112 │ 1452

Kōshō │ 2115 │ 1455

Chōroku │ 2117 │ 1457

Kwanshō │ 2120 │ 1460

Bunshō │ 2126 │ 1466

Ō-nin │ 2127 │ 1467

Bummei │ 2129 │ 1469

Chōko │ 2147 │ 1487

Entoku │ 2149 │ 1489

Mei-ō │ 2152 │ 1492

Bunki │ 2161 │ 1501

Eishō │ 2164 │ 1504

Dai-ei │ 2181 │ 1521

Kōroku │ 2188 │ 1528

Tembun │ 2192 │ 1532

Kōji │ 2215 │ 1555

Eiroku │ 2218 │ 1558

Genki │ 2230 │ 1570

Tenshō │ 2233 │ 1573

Bunroku │ 2252 │ 1592

Keichō │ 2256 │ 1596

Genna │ 2275 │ 1615

Kwan-ei │ 2284 │ 1624

Shōhō │ 2304 │ 1644

Kei-an │ 2308 │ 1648

Jō-ō │ 2312 │ 1652

Meireki │ 2315 │ 1655

Manji │ 2318 │ 1658

Kwambun │ 2321 │ 1661

Empō │ 2333 │ 1673

Tenna │ 2341 │ 1681

Jōkiō │ 2344 │ 1684

Genroku │ 2348 │ 1688

Hō-ei │ 2364 │ 1704

Shōtoku │ 2371 │ 1711

Kiōhō │ 2376 │ 1716

Gembun │ 2396 │ 1736

Kwampō │ 2401 │ 1741

Enkiō │ 2404 │ 1744

Kwan-en │ 2408 │ 1748

Hōreki │ 2411 │ 1751

Meiwa │ 2424 │ 1764

An-ei │ 2432 │ 1772

Temmei │ 2441 │ 1781

Kwansei │ 2449 │ 1789

Kiōwa │ 2461 │ 1801

Bunkwa │ 2464 │ 1804

Bunsei │ 2478 │ 1818

Tempō │ 2490 │ 1830

Kōkwa │ 2504 │ 1844

Ka-ei │ 2508 │ 1848

Ansei │ 2514 │ 1854

Man-en │ 2520 │ 1860

Bunkiū │ 2521 │ 1861

Genji │ 2524 │ 1864

Kei-ō │ 2525 │ 1865

Meiji │ 2528 │ 1868

────────────────────────┴───────────┴───────

[Note 1: Southern Dynasty.]

NOTE H

(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EMPERORS AND EMPRESSES[1]

1. Jimmu (660-585 B.C.)

2. Suizei (581-549)

3. Annei (548-511)

4. Itoku (510-477)

5. Kōshō (475-393)

6. Kōan (392-291)

7. Kōrei (290-215)

8. Kōgen (214-158)

9. Kaikwa (157-98)

10. Sujin (97-30)

11. Suinin (29 B.C.-70 A.D.)

12. Keikō (71-130 A.D.)

13. Seimu (131-190)

14. Chūai (192-200)

[15. _Jingō_[1] (201-269)]

16. Ōjin (270-310)

17. Nintoku (313-399)

18. Richū (400-405)

19. Hanzei (406-411)

20. Ingyō (412-453)

21. Ankō (454-456)

22. Yūryaku (457-479)

23. Seinei (480-484)

24. Kensō (485-487)

25. Ninken (488-498)

26. Muretsu (499-506)

27. Keitai (507-531)

28. Ankan (534-535)

29. Senkwa (536-539)

30. Kimmei (540-571)

31. Bidatsu (572-585)

32. Yōmei (586-587)

33. Sujun (588-592)

34. _Suiko_ (593-628)

35. Jomei (629-641)

36. _Kōgyoku_ (642-645)

37. Kōtoku (645-654)

38. _Saimei_ (655-661)

39. Tenchi (668-671)

40. Kōbun (672)

41. Temmu (673-686)

42. _Jitō_ (690-696)

43. Mommu (697-707)

44. _Gemmyō_ (708-715)

45. _Genshō_ (715-723)

46. Shōmu (724-748)

47. _Kōken_ (749-758)

48. Junnin (758-764)

49. _Shōtoku_ (765-770)

50. Kōnin (770-781)

51. Kwammu (782-806)

52. Heizei (806-809)

53. Saga (810-823)

54. Junna (824-833)

55. Nimmyō (834-850)

56. Montoku (851-858)

57. Seiwa (859-876)

58. Yōzei (877-884)

59. Kōkō (885-887)

60. Uda (888-897)

61. Daigo (898-930)

62. Shujaku (931-946)

63. Murakami (947-967)

64. Reizei (968-969)

65. Enyu (970-984)

66. Kwazan (985-986)

67. Ichijō (987-1011)

68. Sanjō (1012-1016)

69. Go-Ichijō{1} (1017-1036)

70. Go-Shujaku (1037-1045)

71. Go-Reizei (1046-1068)

72. Go-Sanjō (1069-1073)

73. Shirakawa (1073-1086)

74. Horikawa (1087-1107)

75. Toba (1108-1123)

76. Shutoku (1124-1141)

77. Konoye (1142-1155)

78. Go-Shirakawa (1156-1158)

79. Nijō (1159-1165)

80. Rokujō (1166-1168)

81. Takakura (1169-1180)

82. Antoku (1181-1185)

83. Go-Toba (1186-1198)

84. Tsuchimikado (1199-1210)

85. Juntoku (1211-1221)

86. Chūkyō (1222)

87. Go-Horikawa (1222-1232)

88. Shijō (1233-1242)

89. Go-Saga (1243-1246)

90. Go-Fukakusa (1247-1259)

91. Kameyama (1260-1274)

92. Go-Uda (1275-1287)

93. Fushimi (1288-1298)

94. Go-Fushimi (1299-1301)

95. Go-Nijo (1302-1307)

96. Hanazono (1308-1318)

97. Go-Daigo (1319-1338)

98. Go-Murakami (1339-1367)

[99. Chōkei (1368-1383)]

100. Go-Kameyama (1383-1392)

101. Go-Komatsu (1392-1412)

102. Shōkō (1413-1428)

103. Go-Hanazono (1429-1464)

104. Go-Tsuchimikado (1465-1500)

105. Go-Kashiwabara (1501-1526)

106. Go-Nara (1527-1557)

107. Ōgimachi (1558-1586)

108. Go-Yōzei (1587-1611)

109. Go-Mizuno-o (1612-1629)

110. _Myōshō_ (1630-1643)

111. Go-Kōmyō (1644-1654)

112. Go-Saiin (1655-1663)

113. Reignen (1663-1686)

114. Higashiyama (1687-1709)

115. Nakano-mikado (1710-1735)

116. Sakuramachi (1736-1746)

117. Momozono (1747-1762)

118. _Go-Sakuramachi_ (1763-1770)

119. Go-Momozono (1771-1779)

120. Kōkaku (1780-1817)

121. Ninkō (1817-1846)

122. Kōmei (1847-1867)

123. Mutsuhito (1867- )

N. B.—Nos. 36 and 38 were the same empress; likewise Nos. 47 and 49.

Note 1: Empresses in Italics. Bracketed names (Nos. 15 and 99) are

omitted from some lists.

We append also a list of the sovereigns of the “Northern Court” during

the separation, as follows:

1. Kōgon (1332-1335)

2. Kōmyō (1336-1348)

3. Shukō (1349-1352)

4. Go-Kōgon (1352-1371)

5. Go-Enyu (1372-1382)

6. Go-Komatsu (1383-1392)

In 1392 Go-Komatsu became emperor over the reunited empire.

[1: _Go_ is a prefix signifying the second of the name.]

NOTE I

OMITTED DOCUMENTS

I. Letter of the Emperor Iyeyasu (Ōgosho-Sama) to the king of

England—(James I.).[133]

“Your majesty’s kind letter, sent me by your servant, Captain John

Saris (who is the first that I have known to arrive in any part

of my dominions), I heartily embrace, being not a little glad to

understand of your great wisdom and power, as having three plentiful

and mighty kingdoms under your powerful command. I acknowledge your

majesty’s great bounty in sending me so undeserved a present of many

rare things, such as my land affordeth not, neither have I ever

before seen; which I receive not as from a stranger, but as from

your majesty, whom I esteem as myself. Desiring the continuance of

friendship with your highness, and that it may stand with your good

liking to send your subjects to any part or port of my dominions,

where they shall be most heartily welcome, applauding much their

worthiness, in the admirable knowledge of navigation, having with much

facility discovered a country so remote, being no whit amazed with the

distance of so mighty a gulf, nor greatness of such infinite clouds

and storms from prosecuting honorable enterprises of discoveries and

merchandising, wherein they shall find me to further them according

to their desires. I return unto your majesty a small token of my love

(by your said subject), desiring you to accept thereof as from one

that much rejoiceth in your friendship. And whereas your majesty’s

subjects have desired certain privileges for trade and settling of a

factory in my dominions, I have not only granted what they demanded,

but have confirmed the same unto them under my broad seal, for better

establishing thereof. From my castle in Suruga, this fourth day of

the ninth month, in the eighteenth year of our Dairi, according to our

computation. Resting your majesty’s friend, the highest commander in

the kingdom of Japan:

“[Signed]

MINNA. MONTONO YER. YE. YEAS

[MINAMOTO-NO-IYEYASU].”

II. An ordinance of the Emperor of Japan sent to all the governors of

the maritime districts to prevent the landing of Portuguese:[134]

“The express and reiterated commandments against the promulgation of

the religion and doctrine of the Christians have been duly published

and everywhere proclaimed; but it being found that these edicts

were not efficacious, they (that is, the Christians) were forbidden

to approach the coasts of Japan with their galliots and other sea

vessels; and some of them, in contempt of this prohibition, having

come to Nagasaki, orders were given, in punishment of this offence,

to put them to death. It was commanded, last year, by a special

edict, that in case any sea vessel were seen on the coasts of Japan

or entered any port, it might be permitted to anchor, with a strong

guard on board, till what they proposed was sent to the emperor. This

commandment is now revoked; and it is ordered instead that these

vessels (that is, Portuguese and Spanish vessels), without hearing a

word which those on board have to say, shall be destroyed and burnt,

whatever pretence they may set up, and all their crews to the last man

be put to death.

“It is also commanded to erect watch-towers on the mountains and all

along the coast, and to keep constant watch to discover Portuguese

vessels, so that news of their arrival may at once be spread

everywhere; and if such a vessel shall first be discovered from a

more distant point, it shall be imputed as a crime to those in charge

of the nearer watching places, and the governors thus guilty of

negligence shall be deprived of their offices. As soon as a Portuguese

vessel shall be discovered, news shall be sent express to all the

neighborhood, to the governors of Nagasaki and Ōsaka, and to the lord

of Arima.

“It is expressly forbidden to attack or molest any Portuguese vessel

at sea, but only in some road, port, or haven of the empire, as to

which you will conform to the orders that may be sent you from the

governors of Nagasaki or the lord of Arima, except where necessity

obliges instant action, in which case you will act as already

commanded.

“As to vessels of other nations, you will, according to the tenor of

former ordinances, visit and examine them; and, after placing a strong

guard on board, without allowing a single person to land, send them in

all safety to Nagasaki.”

III. Letter from Louis XIV to the Emperor of Japan:[135]

“To the sovereign and highest emperor and regent of the great empire

of Japan, over subjects very submissive and obedient, the king of

France wishes a long and happy life and a most prosperous reign:

“Many wars, carried on by my ancestors, the kings of France, and many

victories gained by them, as well over their neighbors as over distant

kingdoms, having been followed by profound peace, the merchants of my

kingdom, who trade throughout Europe, have taken occasion very humbly

to beg me to open for them the way into other parts of the world to

sail and to trade thither like the other European nations; and I

have the rather inclined to accede to their request, from its being

seconded by the wishes of the princes and nobles among my subjects,

and by my own curiosity to be exactly informed of the manners and

customs of the great kingdoms exterior to Europe, of which we have

hitherto known nothing but from the narratives of our neighbors who

have visited the East. I have, therefore, to satisfy as well my own

inclination as the prayers of my subjects, determined to send deputies

into all the kingdoms of the East; and as my envoy to your high and

sovereign majesty, I have selected _Francis Caron_, who understands

Japanese, and who has many times had the honor of paying his respects

to your majesty, and of audience from you. For that express purpose

I have caused him to come into my kingdom, knowing him very well to

be of good extraction, though by misfortunes of war stripped of his

property; but re-established by me in his former condition, and even

elevated in honor and dignity, to make him more worthy to approach

your high and sovereign majesty with all due respect. An additional

motive for selecting him was fear lest another person, from ignorance

of the wise ordinances and customs established by your majesty, might

do something in contravention of them, and so might fall under your

majesty’s displeasure; whence I have judged the said Francis Caron

the most capable to present my letter and my requests, with such

solemnities as might secure for them the best reception on the part

of your majesty, and to make known my good affection and my frank

desire to grant to your sovereign majesty whatever you may ask of me,

in return for the grant of what I ask: which is, that the merchants

of my kingdoms, who have united themselves into a company, may have

free commerce throughout your majesty’s empire, without trouble or

hindrance. I send you the present of trifling value here noted.... I

hope it may be agreeable to your majesty, and that some things useful

to your majesty may be found in my country, of which I voluntarily

leave open and free all the ports.

“At Paris, the twenty-fourth year of my reign [1666].

“THE KING LOUIS.”

NOTE.—What is said above of Caron’s good extraction, of his having

lost his fortune by the chances of war, and of his re-establishment

in his former position by the favor of the king, was, it is

probable, merely intended to reconcile the Japanese to receiving as

an envoy from the king of France a man whom they had known only in

the—according to their ideas—low character of a Dutch merchant.

In the instructions drawn up for the bearer of this letter, the

following curious directions were given as to the answer to be made

to the inquiries of the Japanese on the topic of religion: “As to the

article of religion you will say, that the religion of the French

is of two kinds—one the same with that of the Spaniards, the other

the same with that of the Dutch;[136] and that his majesty, knowing

that the religion of the Spaniards is disliked in Japan, has given

orders that those of his subjects who go thither shall be of the

Dutch religion; that this distinction will be carefully attended to;

and that no Frenchman will ever be found wishing to contravene the

imperial orders.[137] Should they advance as an objection, that the

king of France depends upon the Pope, like the king of Spain, you will

answer, that he does not depend upon him; that the king of France

acknowledges no superior, and that the nature of his dependence upon

the Pope may easily be seen in what has happened within two years, in

consequence of an outrage at Rome upon the person of his majesty’s

ambassador. The Pope not making a sufficiently speedy reparation, his

majesty had sent an array into Italy, to the great terror of all the

Italian princes, and of the Pope himself, who sent a legate to him

charged with the most humble and pressing supplications, whereby his

majesty was induced to recall his troops, which already had encamped

in the Pope’s territories. So that the king is not only sovereign

and absolute in his own domain, but also gives the law to many other

potentates; being a young prince, twenty-five years of age, valiant,

wise, and more powerful than any of his ancestors; and, withal, so

curious that, besides a particular knowledge of all Europe, he eagerly

seeks to know the constitution of the other countries of the world.”

INDEX

Abegawa, River, i., 385.

Acorns, Edible, ii., 142.

_Acorus_, ii., 124.

Actors, i., 212, 360-365; ii., 160, 161.

Acupuncture, ii., 145, 202.

Adams, ——, ii., 345.

Adams, Captain Robert, i., 240.

Adams, Thomas, i., 172.

Adams, William, i., 169-179, 192, 199-204, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213,

224, 225, 239, 240.

Ainslie, Dr., ii., 208.

“Ainu and their Folk-lore, The,” ii., 345.

“Ainu of Japan, The,” ii., 345.

Akechi Mitsuhide, i., 116, 117.

_Alcea rosea_, ii., 124.

Alcock, ——, ii., 345.

Almeida, Louis, i., 93, 95, 96, 153, 165.

Alphabets in use, i., 78; ii., 164.

Alvarez, George, i., 38, 50.

Ambassadors to the Pope, i., 103-115, 121, 122, 126, 128, 132.

Ambergris, i., 329.

Amboyna, Massacre of, i., 240, 241; ii., 355.

“America in the East,” ii., 273.

“American anchorage,” ii., 291.

American relations with Japan. _See_ United States’ relations with

Japan.

Amida, the god and his idols, i., 399; ii., 49, 65.

Amiot, Père, i., 7.

“Amœnitates Exoticae,” i., 289, 315.

_Amomum miōga_, ii., 124.

_Anas galericulata_, ii., 135.

Ancestor worship, ii., 188.

Anderson, W., ii., 345.

Angelis, Jerome de, i., 220, 265.

Animals and birds eaten for food, i., 54, 75, 187; ii., 135;

those not eaten, ii., 253.

Anise-tree, i., 401; ii., 126.

Anjirō, i., 38, 39, 41, 49-54, 82, 359.

“Annales des Voyages,” ii., 349.

“Annals des Dairi,” ii., 89.

“Annals des Empereurs du Japon,” i., 257, 391; ii., 108, 165.

“Annals of the Dairi,” i., 357.

Apples, ii., 140.

Arai, ii., 65, 70.

Arai Hakuseki, ii., 112.

_Aratame_, ii., 65.

Architecture, domestic, i., 77, 187, 218, 339, 340, 390-392, 395; ii.,

52, 63, 79, 129-131, 306, 318-322.

“Archives of Japan,” i., 8.

_Argonaut_, English ship, ii., 191.

Arima, King of, i., 98, 102, 126.

Armies and soldiery, i., 59, 215, 258.

Armor, i., 139.

Arms, or mark, upon clothing, etc., i., 116, 188, 371, 373; ii., 17,

18, 285, 322.

_Artemisia_, ii., 146.

_See also_ Wormwood.

“Arts and Crafts of Old Japan,” ii., 345.

_Arum dracontium_ and _esculentum_, ii., 142.

Asakawa, ——, ii., 345.

“Asiatic Journal,” i., 195; ii., 46, 72, 108, 254, 352.

Aston, W. G., i., 8, 145; ii., 199, 206, 345.

Astronomers, ii., 143, 201, 223, 251.

Asukagawa, River, i., 385.

“Atlas Japonensis,” i., 266.

_Atotsuke_, i., 370, 372.

Atsuta (Miya), ii., 69.

Audiences with emperor and princes, i., 175, 189-191, 217; ii., 55,

56, 60-62, 85-104, 149-153, 331-334.

Audsley, ——, and Bowes, ——, ii., 345.

Austerities practised by both bonzes and Jesuits, i., 71, 88.

Autographs of travellers, i., 218.

Awa, Provinces of, ii., 283.

Azuchiyama, i., 103, 116.

Bacon, Miss, ii., 344.

Baggage, i., 370-377.

Baker, Edmund, i., 177.

Baptiste, Father Pierre, i., 242.

Barley, i., 76.

Batchelor, John, ii., 345.

Baths, ii., 9, 52, 134.

Batoli, Father Daniel, i., 115.

Bedding, ii., 5, 133, 156.

Beechey, Captain, ii., 282.

Beer, ii., 207.

Beggars, ii., 23-28, 58.

Bell in Miyako temple, ii., 105, 108.

Benriū, River, i., 385.

Bent, Lieut., ii., 302.

Bettelheim, Rev. B. J., ii., 266, 267.

Biddle, Commodore, ii., 261-265.

Bidinger, Mr., ii., 300.

_Bikuni_ (nuns), ii., 23, 24.

Binding of prisoners, ii., 214, 270.

Bird, Miss, ii., 344.

Birds eaten for food, ii., 135.

Biscanio, Sebastian, i., 270.

Biwa, Lake, ii., 63, 67.

Black, ——, ii., 345.

Blindness, ii., 29.

Blomhoff, Herr, ii., 245, 247.

Blomhoff, Mme., ii., 245.

_Blossom_, English ship, ii., 282.

Bonin Islands, ii., 282, 292.

Books, i., 77; ii., 118, 123, 224.

Bōshū (Awa) Province, ii., 283.

“Botanical Magazine” (Curtis), ii., 125.

Botany, i., 374, 375; ii., 123, 157, 162, 253.

Bowes, ——, and Audsley, ——, ii., 345.

Bowmen, ii., 149.

Bramhall, Mrs., ii., 344.

_Brassica orientalis_, ii., 124, 137.

_Breskens_, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262-264.

Bridges, i., 385; ii., 50, 51, 57, 58, 67, 78, 329.

Brixiano, Father Organtino, i., 149.

Broadcloth, English, i., 224.

Broughton, Captain, i., 265; ii., 191.

Brown, Mr., ii., 302.

Buddha, The great, ii., 108.

Buddhism, i., 65, 70-74, 139, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., 28, 65.

Buddhist clergy, i., 72-74, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., 65.

Buddhist temples (_Tera_), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., 65, 304.

_Buke_ (military nobility), i., 63.

_Buku_, ii., 187.

Bullocks, ii., 317.

_See also_ Oxen.

Bungo, Kingdom of, i., 25-29, 34-36, 84-86, 93, 98, 102, 118-120,

124, 125, 145.

Burger, Dr., ii., 252.

Burial service, Jesuit, i., 88.

Burrows, Silas E., ii., 312-314.

Burying-grounds, ii., 123, 296, 307, 316.

“Bushido—The Soul of Japan,” ii., 344.

Cabot, Sebastian, i., 167.

Cabral, Father, i., 97, 98, 100-101.

_Cactus ficus_, ii., 159.

_Caladium_, ii., 142.

Calendar, Japanese, i., 32, 357.

California, ii., 276, 278.

Call to arms, i., 34, 35.

Cambodia River, ii., 354.

_Camellia sasankwa_, ii., 125.

Campbell, ——, i., 302; ii., 345.

Campbell, Archibald, ii., 203.

Camphor-tree, i., 76; ii., 46, 125, 250.

Candles, ii., 38, 39.

Canvas batteries, ii., 257.

“Capital of the Tycoon, The,” ii., 345.

_Capsicum_, ii., 124.

“Captive of Love, A,” ii., 345.

“Captivity in Japan,” i., 33.

Carac of Macao, Cargo of, i., 153, 154, 269, 270.

Card games, ii., 224.

Caron, Francis, i., 224, 240, 243, 253-257, 260, 261, 266, 267, 273,

343, 352, 368, 373; ii., 16, 30, 46, 65, 135, 355, 365, 366.

Carvilho, Father Valentine, i., 227, 242.

Cassa, Heer, ii., 207, 209.

Castles, i., 186, 392-394; ii., 48, 54, 58, 63, 69, 80-83, 86-88.

_Castricoom_, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262, 264, 265.

Casuar, rare Batavian bird, i., 265, 368; ii., 53.

Catechists, Native, i., 100, 127, 128, 231.

Catholic Church in the East, i., 40, 41, 45-47, 65, 205, 235, 261,

267, 277, 396.

_See also_ Missionaries _and_ Xavier, Francis.

Cats, ii., 138, 253.

Cavendish, Thomas, i., 167, 271.

Cecille, Admiral, ii., 265.

Cedar-trees, ii., 141.

_Celastrus alatus_, ii., 124.

Cevicos, Don Jean, i., 245, 246.

Chamberlain, ——, ii., 345.

Chaplin-Ayrton, Mrs., ii., 344.

Charlevoix, Father, i., 20, 85, 101, 115, 154, 232, 246, 265, 290.

Charms against evil spirits, ii., 323.

Cherry-trees, ii., 10, 140.

“Child Life in Japan,” ii., 344.

Children, i., 259, 260, 353; ii., 41, 73, 121, 135, 211.

China trade, i., 12, 270, 273-275, 277-281; ii., 111, 275, 276.

“Chinese Repository,” ii., 254, 255, 258, 284.

“Chiushingura, the Loyal League,” ii., 345.

Chronicles, Japanese, i., 1, 64.

_Citrus tripoliata_, ii., 142.

Civility of Japanese, i., 287; ii., 34, 41.

“Classical Poetry of the Japanese,” ii., 345.

Clement, Ernest W., i., 78; ii., 343, 357, 360.

_Cleopatra_, French frigate, ii., 265.

Climate, ii., 162.

Clocks, ii., 126, 251.

Coal, ii., 311, 312.

Cocks, Richard, i., 213, 223-225, 229, 234, 236, 239, 240; ii., 121,

122.

Coimbra (Portugal) University, i., 45;

Jesuit college, i., 46, 85.

Coins and currency, i., 59, 60, 257, 272, 273, 277, 278, 322, 372;

ii., 109-111, 309-311, 337.

“Coins of Japan, The,” ii., 310.

Colbert, ——, i., 266, 368; ii., 355, 364.

Colds and catarrh, ii., 134.

Colewort, ii., 124.

Colic, Treatment of, ii., 145.

Collado, Father, i., 244-246.

_Columbus_, American ship, ii., 261-265, 283.

Company of Jesus.

_See_ Order of Jesuits _and_ Missionaries, Jesuit.

Company’s Island, i., 124, 265.

Compliments, i., 27.

Concubines and courtesans, i., 260, 279, 292, 310, 340, 341, 356;

ii., 23, 30, 120, 121, 175, 249.

Conder, ——, ii., 7.

Contee, Mr., ii., 284.

“Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Japanese Empire,” ii., 247.

Converts, native, i., 84, 85, 88, 94-98, 100, 102, 103, 118-121,

124-129, 134, 140, 141, 145, 155-158, 162-164, 195, 207, 211, 222,

227-234, 243-248, 267, 268.

_See also_ Missionaries.

Cook-shops, ii., 12, 13.

Cooper, Captain, ii., 260, 261.

Copper, i., 329; ii., 159, 202, 203.

Corean expedition, i., 128, 140, 141, 144, 145, 151, 162; ii., 108.

Corvailho, Father.

_Same as_ Carvilho, Father Valentine.

Couros, Father Matthew de, i., 159.

Cows, ii., 137.

Craftsmen segregate, i., 187, 217.

Credit on accounts, ii., 127.

Crucifixion, i., 156.

_Crusado_, i., 17.

Cuello, Father Gaspard, i., 102, 119, 126.

_Cupressus japonica_, ii., 141.

_Cyprus_, English brig, ii., 254.

Daguerreotypes, ii., 302.

Daibutsu Temple, ii., 106.

Daifu-Sama.

_See_ Iyeyasu.

_Daikoku_, i., 359.

Dairi, or Mikado, i., 60-66; ii., 166, 167.

Dale, Sir Thomas, i., 237, 238.

Date Masamune, i., 204.

Davidson, J. W., i., 302; ii., 345.

Davis, pilot of Dutch vessel, i., 169, 177; ii., 353, 354.

Dee-yee-no-skee, Japanese seaman, ii., 312-314.

De Jancigny, ——, ii., 254, 274, 277, 310.

Dening, ——, i., 150.

Deshima, Island of, i., 248, 262, 291-294; ii., 117.

Devereux, Captain, ii., 194.

_Diana_, Russian sloop, ii., 212, 226-243, 324.

“Diary of Richard Cocks,” i., 226, 267.

Dick, Stewart, ii., 345.

Dickins, ——, ii., 345.

Dickson, ——, ii., 345.

Dictionary, Japanese-Dutch, ii., 210.

_Dioscorea Japonica_, ii., 124.

Distance, Measures of, i., 382, 391; ii., 89.

Dixon, ——, ii., 345.

Doeff, Heer Hendrick, ii., 194-212, 245.

Dogs, ii., 138, 253.

_Dolichos polystachos_, ii., 159.

_Dolichos soia_, ii., 159.

Dominicans in Japanese missions.

_See_ Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.

Dosha powder, ii., 147.

Dōshin, or imperial soldiers, i., 257, 346; ii., 223.

Drake, Sir Francis, i., 167; ii., 351.

Draughts, Game of, ii., 224, 225.

Dress, i., 105, 210-212, 276, 375, 376; ii., 55, 56, 58, 143, 154-156,

248, 285, 331, 332.

Dress, ease of adjustment, ii., 9, 133, 156.

Dresser, ——, ii., 345.

Drinking, i., 343; ii., 39, 226.

Dutch East India Company, i., 169, 209, 238, 251-253, 261, 272,

283-336, 366; ii., 31-41, 101, 109-111, 114-120, 122, 123, 126-129,

136, 139, 193-209, 245, 246.

_See also_ Dutch in Japan.

Dutch in Japan, i., 165, 167-175, 177, 179, 181-185, 191, 192,

195-204, 206-209, 220, 221, 223, 228, 233-238, 240, 241, 251-256,

261-267, 271-273, 277-281, 284-301; ii., 274, 275, 325.

_See also_ Dutch East India Company.

_Dyosperos kaki_, ii., 159.

“Early Institutional Life of Japan,” ii., 345.

“Early Study of Dutch in Japan, The,” ii., 210.

Earthquakes, i., 77, 151, 391, 392; ii., 50, 85, 143, 173, 324.

_Eclipse_, American ship, ii., 203.

Eclipses, ii., 143, 223.

Edicts, i., 395, 396.

_Edmund_, English whaler, ii., 273.

Education, i., 77, 88.

Elephant, ii., 209, 223.

Elgin, Lord, ii., 335.

_Eliza_, American ship, ii., 193, 194.

Elserak, Dutch director, i., 264.

Embassy to Washington, ii., 335-339.

Emperor, Castle of, ii., 80-83, 86-91, 148-153.

Emperors, Chronology of, ii., 158, 166, 360, 361.

Empress, ii., 91.

English East India Company, i., 178, 219, 220, 225, 236-241, 267.

_See also_ English in the East.

English in the East, i., 167, 169, 175, 178, 179, 207-209, 219-221,

228, 230, 233-240, 278; ii., 246, 259, 260, 272, 273, 323, 324, 335.

_See also_ English East India Company.

Enoshima, Island of, ii., 74.

“Essay on the Commerce of Japan,” ii., 274.

Everett, Hon. Edward, ii., 280.

“Evolution of the Japanese, The,” ii., 344.

“Examiner” (London), ii., 259.

Executions and tortures, i., 156, 214, 246, 247, 333-335, 349, 353,

354, 396; ii., 75.

Eye diseases, ii., 29, 123.

Fans, i., 376.

Farming class, ii., 159.

“Fauna Japonica,” ii., 253.

Feith, M., ii., 157.

Fernandes, Jean, i., 52.

Ferreyra, Father Christopher, i., 247, 248, 264.

Ferry-boats, i., 385.

Festivals, i., 69, 223, 224, 356-365; ii., 188, 189, 225, 226.

“Feudal and Modern Japan,” ii., 344.

_Figara peperita_, ii., 124.

Figure-treading, Ceremony of, i., 298, 352, 396; ii., 128, 271.

Fillmore, President, ii., 276-281.

Firearms, i., 24, 25, 33; ii., 149, 224, 346-348.

Fire-extinguishers, i., 367; ii., 52, 79, 303.

Fire-flies, ii., 158.

Firemen, ii., 76, 79, 200.

Fires, i., 77; ii., 70, 71, 78, 79, 143, 173, 200, 303, 321.

Fir-trees, ii., 141.

Fischer, ——, i., 33.

_Fiscus pumila_ and _erecta_, ii., 124.

Fishermen, i., 214; ii., 213.

Fisscher, Herr, ii., 210, 247-250.

Fitch, Ralph, i., 269, 270; ii., 351, 352.

“Flora Japonica” (Siebold and Zaccarini), ii., 253.

“Flora Japonica” (Thunberg), ii., 162.

Floris, ——, ii., 354.

Flower-arrangements, ii., 7.

Flute, ii., 315.

Food, i., 54, 75, 76, 187, 216, 286, 343; ii., 12, 13, 38, 75, 98, 99,

102-104, 126, 127, 140, 159, 215, 217, 220, 317, 318, 333, 334.

Foot-coverings, ii., 142.

Fords, i., 384, 385.

Foreigners, Antipathy to, i., 214.

Forestry regulations, i., 381.

Formosa, i., 252-255, 262, 271, 274, 302; ii., 355.

“Formosa under the Dutch,” i., 302; ii., 345.

Fowls, Domestic, ii., 138.

Foxes, i., 75; ii., 42, 43.

Franciscans in Japanese missions.

_See_ Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.

_Franklin_, American ship, ii., 194.

“Free Press” (Serampore), ii., 265.

French East India Company, i., 266.

French in Japanese affairs, i., 266; ii., 265, 335.

Frisius, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.

Froez, Father Louis, i., 95, 96, 131, 133, 141, 159, 165, 266; ii., 38.

“Frog-in-a-well” policy, ii., 170, 171, 193.

“From Far Formosa,” ii., 345.

Fruits, ii., 140, 159.

Fuchū, i., 25, 27, 35, 36.

_Fucus saccharinus_, ii., 140.

Fujigawa, River, i., 385; ii., 72.

Fuji-jedagawa, River, i., 385.

Fuji-no-Yama, ii., 72, 141, 286, 328.

Funeral customs, ii., 183-189.

Furniture and interiors, i., 340, 391, 392; ii., 4-8, 52, 55, 62, 130,

131, 133, 303, 330.

Fushimi, i., 140, 151, 215; ii., 58.

Gago, Balthaza, i., 87, 90, 93.

Galvano, Antonio, i., 13, 14, 40, 41, 56.

_Gardenia Florida_, ii., 142.

Gardens, i., 194; ii., 10-12, 52, 82, 322.

Gate Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312.

“Gate of the two kings,” ii., 108.

Gaubil, Father, i., 8.

_Gege_ (plebeians), i., 62.

Geisenger, Captain, 266.

“Genji Monogatari,” ii., 345.

Gin, ii., 206.

Ginseng, ii., 118.

“Glimpse at the Art of Japan, A,” ii., 345.

“Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,” ii., 344.

_Globe_, English ship, ii., 354.

Globius (Takaro Sampei), ii., 201, 222, 223, 239, 248.

Glyn, Commander, ii., 266-269, 271.

Gnecchi, Father, i., 97, 103, 119, 146, 155, 159, 164.

Goa, i., 12, 38, 41, 48; ii., 350-353.

Godō, i., 277.

_Goede Frouw_, Dutch ship, ii., 206.

Go-kirai (The Tenza), i., 164.

Golownin, Vassili, i., 21, 22, 33, 59, 66, 124, 162, 221, 265; ii.,

140, 159, 200, 208, 212-244, 246.

Gomez, Father, i., 126.

Gongen-Sama (Iyeyasu, _which see_), i., 230.

Gordon, Captain, ii., 246.

Goseman, ——, ii., 205.

Gotō Shōzaburō, treasurer to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.

Governors of Nagasaki, i., 347.

Gowns presented to Company, ii., 104, 154;

to U. S. Consul, ii., 333.

Griffis, William Elliot, i., 74; ii., 273, 324, 344.

Gros, Baron, ii., 335.

Grote, George, i., 275.

Gruy, ——, ii., 345.

“Guitar” (samisen), ii., 315.

Gulick, Sidney, ii., 344.

Gusman, Father Luys de, i., 115, 131.

Gutzlaff, Mr., ii., 255.

Gysbert (or Guysbert), Roger, i., 243, 244, 352, 354.

Hackluyt’s translations, i., 14, 122, 150, 152, 165, 177, 178, 270;

ii., 350, 351.

Hagenaar, ——, i., 247, 253-255, 261, 343; ii., 355.

Hagendorp, Heer, ii., 196.

Hair, Manner of wearing, ii., 147, 148.

Hakata, Island of Shimo, i., 82, 213, 214.

Hakodate, Island of Matsumae, i., 221; ii., 191, 213, 216, 305, 306.

Hakone pass, ii., 65, 73, 141, 328.

Hamamatsu, ii., 70.

Hamilton, Dr., ii., 316.

_Hanashikimi_ (anise-tree), i., 401.

_See also_ Shikimi.

“Handbook of Modern Japan, A,” i., 78; ii., 343, 357, 360.

Handkerchiefs, ii., 155.

Harada Kiyemon, i., 134, 135, 142, 148.

Hara-kiri, i., 78, 79, 229, 260.

Harbors, i., 386, 387.

“Harper’s Magazine,” i., 166.

Harris, Mrs., ii., 345.

Harris, Townsend, ii., 325-335.

Hartman, S., ii., 345.

Hartshorne, Miss, ii., 344.

Hashiba (Taikō-Sama), i., 117-121, 123, 124, 126-144, 147-151, 155,

158-161, 193; ii., 54, 167.

Hatch, Arthur, i., 240.

Hawkins, Sir Richard and Sir John, i., 167.

Hay’s (John) translations, i., 115, 132, 150, 165, 205.

Healthfulness of houses, i., 392.

Hearn, Lafcadio, ii., 344.

Heating of houses, ii., 5, 6, 120, 131, 303, 321.

Hecr, ——, ii., 346.

Heine, Mr., ii., 302.

Hemmi, Adams’s estate, i., 225, 240.

Hemp, ii., 124.

Heusken, Mr., ii., 328, 332.

_Hibiscus manihot_, ii., 132.

Hidetsugu (Kwambacudono), i., 140, 149.

Hideyori, son of Taikō-Sama, i., 150, 161, 163, 197, 198, 229.

“Hideyoshi’s Invasion of Korea,” i., 145.

Hieizan, Mountain of, i., 98; ii., 67.

Highways, i., 189, 216, 380-384; ii., 15, 16, 33, 123, 328, 329.

Higo, Castle of, ii., 54.

Hildreth, Richard, i., 10; ii., 364.

Hiōgo, ii., 334.

Hirado, i., 254, 261.

Hirado, Prince of, i., 177, 184, 185, 196, 197, 210, 213.

“His Pilgrimes” (or “His Pilgrimage”), i., 177, 178, 220, 225, 232;

ii., 354.

“Hist. Gen. des Voyages,” i., 198.

“Histoire de la Dynastie des Mongoux,” i., 8.

“Histoire du Japon,” i., 20, 115, 246.

“Histoire Général de la China,” i., 7.

“Histoire Mythologique,” i., 357.

“Historia de la Compagnia de Gesu,” i., 115.

“History of Greece,” i., 275.

“History of Japan” (Adams), ii., 345.

“History of Japan” (Charlevoix), i., 290.

“History of Japan” (Kämpfer), i., 289-291.

“History of Japanese Literature,” ii., 345.

“History of Java,” i., 272; ii., 110-112.

“History of Plants,” ii., 125.

“History of the Empire of Japan,” ii., 346.

“History of the English Factory at Hirado,” i., 226.

“History of the United States,” ii., 364.

Hizen, Province of, i., 82, 120.

Hoffman, assistant to Siebold, i., 8.

Hōin-Sama.

_See_ Hirado, Prince of.

Homicide, Punishment for, i., 354.

“Honda the Samurai,” ii., 344.

Horseback-riding, i., 370-377.

Horse-shoes, i., 373.

Horses, i., 215; ii., 138, 317.

_Hotei_, i., 359.