Houtman, Cornelius, i., 168, 169, 177; ii., 353.
Huish, ——, ii., 345.
Hyōgo, Province Settsu, ii., 49.
“Ideals of the East, The,” ii., 345.
Idols, i., 193, 399, 400; ii., 45, 106-108.
_See also_ Temples.
“Illustrations of Japan,” i., 79; ii., 81, 147, 168, 174.
Image-trampling.
_See_ Figure-treading.
Imhoff, author of Dutch memoir, i., 272; ii., 110.
_Imi_, ii., 186, 187.
Incomes of princes, i., 240, 256-259.
“Indian History,” i., 14.
Indulgence-boxes, i., 401.
Ingen, Buddhist priest, i., 275-277.
Inns, i., 187, 216; ii., 2-13, 29, 36-41, 328.
“Intercourse between the United States and Japan, The,” ii., 273.
Interest, ii., 127.
Interpreters, i., 302-306, 369, 370; ii., 34, 117, 164.
Ise Temple, i., 68, 69; ii., 20, 21, 69.
“Island of Formosa, The,” i., 302; ii., 345.
Iyeyasu (Tokugawa Iyeyasu), i., 161-163, 175-177, 190-193, 200, 201,
218-223, 230.
Izu, Cape, ii., 283, 328.
Jacatra (Batavia), i., 237; ii., 354.
Jancigny.
_See_ De Jancigny.
“Japan” (De Jancigny), ii., 254, 277.
“Japan” (Dickson), ii., 345.
“Japan” (Reed), ii., 345.
“Japan—An Interpretation,” ii., 344.
“Japan and her People,” ii., 344.
“Japan and its Art,” ii., 345.
“Japan in Art and Industry,” ii., 345.
“Japan in History, Folk-lore, and Art,” ii., 344.
“Japan, its Architecture, Art, and Art Manufactures,” ii., 345.
“Japan: presented in Sketches of the Manners and Customs of that
Realm, especially of the Town of Nagasaki,” ii., 249.
Japan Society, London, i., 8.
“Japanese Armour,” ii., 149.
“Japanese Art,” ii., 345.
“Japanese Boy, A,” ii., 344.
“Japanese Calendars,” i., 352.
“Japanese Costume,” ii., 154.
“Japanese Education,” ii., 345.
“Japanese Fairy World” (Griffis), ii., 344.
“Japanese Fairy World, The” (Ozaki), ii., 344.
“Japanese Fans,” i., 376.
“Japanese Funeral Rites,” ii., 183.
“Japanese Girls and Women,” ii., 344.
“Japanese Heraldry,” i., 117.
“Japanese Homes,” ii., 344.
Japanese in America, i., 152.
“Japanese Life in Town and Country,” ii., 344.
“Japanese Plays,” ii., 345.
“Japanese Rituals,” i., 66.
Jarves, J. J., ii., 345.
Jesuits.
_See_ Order of Jesuits.
Jewels, ii., 332.
Jizō, Idol of, i., 399; ii., 45.
Jodogawa, River, ii., 50.
Johannis Botanicus, ii., 201.
Jones, Sir William, ii., 164.
Jontoux, Father, ii., 118.
“Journal of Commerce” (New York), ii., 293.
Jūdo, i., 74, 277.
_Jugulans nigra_, ii., 144.
_Junrei_, ii., 22.
_Kago_, i., 377-379.
Kahei, Takataya, ii., 228-243.
Kakegawa, ii., 70.
Kamakura image of Buddha, i., 218.
Kamakura, Island of, ii., 74.
_Kamban_, i., 323-325.
Kamel, George Joseph, ii., 125.
_Kami_, i., 66.
_See also_ Shintō.
Kämpfer’s account of Japan, i., 8, 27, 32, 59, 64, 66, 196, 202, 225,
240, 244, 249, 256, 257, 267, 272, 274-401; ii., 1-109, 118, 125,
146, 159, 169, 250, 254, 300.
Kanagawa, ii., 74, 293, 300, 303, 334.
_Kanrin-maru_, Japanese steamer, ii., 336.
“Keramic Art of Japan,” ii., 345.
Kinosita, Yetaro, ii., 345.
Kitchin, ——, ii., 345.
_Kitō_, i., 60, 276; ii., 167.
Kiūshiū.
_See_ Shimo.
Klaproth, Heinrich, i., 32, 69, 181, 257, 357, 359, 391; ii., 46, 62,
67, 72, 89, 108, 112, 165, 199.
Knapp, A. M., ii., 344.
Knox, Dr., ii., 112.
Knox, G. W., ii., 344.
Kōbō, saint and sage, ii., 147.
Kochebecker, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 261.
“Kojiki,” i., 359; ii., 346.
“Kokoro,” ii., 344.
_Koku_, i., 240.
Kokura, capital of Buzen, ii., 48.
Konishi Settsu-no-Kami, i., 163.
Kōshi (Confucius), ii., 68.
Koxinga, Chinese pirate, i., 302.
Koya, near Miyako, i., 292.
Kōzukeno-Suke, secretary to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.
Kramer, Conrad, i., 252.
Krusenstern, Captain, ii., 196, 197.
Kublai Khan, i., 2, 4, 8-10.
Kubō-Sama, i., 58, 61, 62, 64.
Kuchiki Samon, ii., 163.
Kuchinotsu, i., 94, 102.
_Kuge_ (patricians), i., 62, 66; ii., 21.
Kuno, Fortress of, ii., 71.
_Kuri_, i., 300, 308.
Kurile Islands, i., 123, 221, 265; ii., 190, 212, 213.
Kurume, Castle of, ii., 47.
Kuwana, Province of Owari, ii., 69.
Kwambacudono, i., 118, 123, 140, 149, 150.
Kwannon Temple, ii., 107.
Kyōto (Miyako, _which see_), i., 215.
_Ladoga_, American whaler, ii., 266, 269.
_Lady Pierce_, American ship, ii., 312-314.
_Lady Rowena_, ii., 258.
Lampacau Island, i., 19.
Lancaster, Captain, i., 167, 177.
“Land of the Morning, The,” ii., 345.
Langsdorff, Attaché, ii., 197.
Lanterns, i., 373; ii., 329.
La Perouse, Voyage of, i., 124, 221, 265; ii., 190.
La Salle, ii., 364.
Lattices, ii., 91.
_Lawrence_, American whaler, ii., 265.
Laws, i., 78, 206, 260, 354; ii., 161, 162, 245.
Laxman, Lieut., ii., 191, 192, 196, 219.
Lay, ——, ii., 183.
Leeds, ——, ii., 351, 352.
Lepers, i., 164.
“Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611-1623,”
i., 178, 207, 219.
Lew Chew Islands, i., 31, 124, 181, 281; ii., 312, 355.
Liano, Spanish gentleman, i., 142.
Linschooten, Hugh, i., 168.
Liverwort used as charm, i., 401.
“Log of a Japanese Journey,” ii., 345.
Lowell, P., ii., 344.
Loyola, Ignatius, i., 42, 43, 90.
“L’univers, ou Histoire et Description de tout les Peuples,” ii., 254.
Macartney, Lord, ii., 164.
Mackay, ——, ii., 345.
Maclay, A. C., ii., 345.
Maffei, ——, i., 14, 81, 165.
Mahay, Jacques, i., 169, 170.
Maize, ii., 317.
Makino Bingo-no-Kami, ii., 84.
Malela, Father, i., 7.
_Malva Mauritiana_, ii., 124.
_Mamori_, ii., 179.
Manchu dynasty, i., 274.
_Manjū_, a cake, ii., 13, 98.
_Mankoku_, i., 240.
Manners, ii., 174.
_See also_ Civility of Japanese.
“Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century,”
ii., 254.
Manufactures, i., 77;
of Miyako, ii., 63, 64;
of Suruga, ii., 71.
Manuscript history, ii., 168.
Maple-trees, ii., 141.
Maps, ii., 157, 251, 252.
Marco Polo, i., 1-6, 13.
_Mariner_, English ship, ii., 272, 273.
“Marriage Ceremonies,” ii., 170, 172.
Marriages, i., 259; ii., 174-183, 225.
Marsden, ——, translator, i., 2, 4, 6.
Matheson, Commander, ii., 272, 273.
Mats, Floor, i., 391; ii., 5, 52, 89, 91, 131, 152.
Matsumae, ii., 220, 226.
Matsumae Island.
_See_ Matsumaye Island.
Matsumaye (Yezo or Matsumae) Island, i., 123, 124, 220, 221, 262-265;
ii., 222.
_Matsuri_ (public spectacle at Nagasaki), i., 296, 356-365.
Matsuura Hoin.
_See_ Hirado, Prince of.
“Matthew Galbraith Perry,” ii., 324.
May, Henry, i., 178.
McClatchie, ——, ii., 345.
McCoy, American seaman, ii., 270, 271.
McDonald, Ranald, American seaman, ii., 271, 272.
Meals, ii., 39, 133.
Measures and weights, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.
Medhurst, Mr., ii., 210.
Medicine and surgery, i., 26, 28, 77; ii., 68, 93, 94, 118, 122,
145-147.
_Melea azedarach_, ii., 125.
Melis, Thomas, i., 169.
“Memoir on the Trade of Japan, and the Causes of its Decline,”
i., 272; ii., 110.
“Mémoires concernant les Chinois,” i., 7.
“Memoirs of the Shōguns” (or Djoguns), i., 98; ii., 168.
“Memorable Embassies of the Dutch to the Emperors of Japan,” i., 266,
272; ii., 88.
“Memorials of the Empire of Japan,” i., 225.
_Mentha piperita_, ii., 124.
_Mercator_, American whaler, ii., 260, 261.
Merchant class, ii., 139, 174, 243, 244.
Merchant marine of Japan, i., 180, 181.
_See also_ Trade.
Mermaids, ii., 53.
_Mespillus japonica_, ii., 159.
Messengers, ii., 2.
Meylan, G. F., ii., 248-250.
Mimitsuka Chapel, ii., 108.
Mindanao, Island of, i., 55, 56.
Mines, ii., 111, 112, 250.
“Mirror of Yedo,” i., 257.
Mirrors, ii., 133.
_Miseratsie_, or wall adornments, ii., 4, 6-8.
Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit, i., 147-149, 151, 152,
155-160, 163, 164, 179, 223, 228-232, 241-248, 268.
Missionaries, Jesuit, i., 38-41, 45-56, 60, 63-65, 67, 70-72, 81-91,
93-98, 100-103, 116-121, 124-136, 138, 142, 143, 145-149, 151-160,
162-164, 175, 179, 205, 222, 227-234, 241-248, 263, 264, 268, 269,
279, 280; ii., 169, 259.
Missionaries, Protestant, i., 147; ii., 255, 259, 266.
_Mississippi_, American frigate, ii., 281, 282, 287, 291, 314, 315.
Mitford, A. B. F., ii., 344.
“Mito Yashiki,” ii., 345.
Mitsukuri, Dr., ii., 210.
Miya (Atsuta), ii., 69.
_Miya_ (Shintō temples), i., 67-69, 398, 399; ii., 302.
Miyako, i., 61, 83, 96, 97, 155, 161, 163, 164, 192, 222; ii., 58,
62-66, 104-108, 140.
Mongols, i., 2, 6-10.
“Moniteur des Indes,” ii., 274.
Monsoons, i., 316.
Moor, Captain, ii., 228, 229, 236.
Mōri Motonari, i., 90, 95, 103.
_Morrison_, American brig, ii., 255-258, 284.
Morse, E. S., ii., 344.
_Morus papyrifira_, ii., 132.
Mossman, ——, ii., 345.
Mountain priests, i., 74; ii., 23-25, 72.
Mountains, i., 386, 387; ii., 134, 255.
Mourning, ii., 178, 185-187.
Moxa, ii., 126, 145, 146.
Mulberry-trees, i., 76; ii., 132.
Munro, ——, ii., 310.
Murakami, N., i., 226.
Murakawn, K., i., 178.
Murray, D., ii., 158, 344.
Murray, Lieut., ii., 302.
Mushrooms, ii., 159.
Music and musicians, i., 212, 213, 357, 362; ii., 28, 315.
Nabores, Hieronymo de, i., 270.
Nagasaki, i., 97, 102, 125, 128, 143, 145, 156-160, 164, 234, 235,
244, 275, 284, 285, 291-294, 337-353, 355-365, 397.
_Naibun_, ii., 241.
_Namida_ (Sanscrit prayer), i., 344; ii., 27, 73.
“Narrative of a Japanese, The,” ii., 346.
Natural history researches, ii., 251-253.
Nettles, ii., 124.
“New Japan,” ii., 345.
“New Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,” i., 150.
New Moon ceremonies, ii., 316.
New Year’s Day (European), ii., 126.
New Year’s Day (Japanese), i., 357; ii., 127, 225, 226.
“New York Times,” ii., 310.
“New York Tribune,” ii., 301, 316.
Newbury, John, ii., 351, 352.
_Niagara_, U. S. frigate, ii., 337.
Nicholson, Lieut., ii., 302.
_Nihombashi_, or great bridge at Yedo, i., 380; ii., 78, 200.
Nikkō Temple, i., 230, 253.
Ningpo, i., 13.
Ni-ō-mon, “gate of the two kings,” ii., 108.
Nippon, i., 1, 27, 57, 124.
“Nippon Ōdai Ichiran,” ii., 165.
“Nippon, or Archives for the Description of Japan,” ii., 254.
Nitobe, I. O., ii., 273, 344.
Nobles, i., 240, 256-260; ii., 70, 81, 149-153.
Nobunaga (Oda Nobunaga), i., 96-98, 102, 103, 116, 117, 139.
Noises of the town, i., 344; ii., 189.
Noort, Oliver, i., 169, 171.
_Norimono_, i., 347, 377-379; ii., 327.
_Noshi_, ii., 177.
“Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam in the Seventeenth
Century,” ii., 354.
“Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits,” ii., 165.
“Noto, an Unexplored Corner of Japan,” ii., 344.
“Nouveau Journal Asiatique,” i., 181; ii., 112.
“Nouveau Mélanges Asiatique,” ii., 146, 165.
Nugnes Barreto, Father, i., 88-90.
Nuyts, Peter de, i., 252-254; ii., 355.
Oaks, ii., 142.
Oars, i., 389.
Ōbaku, papal residence of Ingen, i., 276.
Odawara, ii., 73.
Official life at Nagasaki, i., 345-350.
Ōgosho-Sama, i., 163.
_See also_ Iyeyasu.
_Oharai_, or indulgence, ii., 21.
Ōigawa, River, i., 384, 385; ii., 71.
Ōita, i., 27.
Okakara, ——, ii., 345.
Okasaki, ii., 69.
Ōmura, town and bay, ii., 45.
Opium war, ii., 259.
Order of Jesuits, i., 41-46, 54.
_See_ Missionaries, Jesuit.
Orfanel, Father Fray Jacinto, i., 246.
Oriental Translation Fund, ii., 165.
“Oriental Travels,” Marco Polo, i., 1-6.
“Origin of Spanish and Portuguese Rivalry in Japan, The,” i., 135.
“Origin of the Riches of Japan,” ii., 112.
_Oryris japonica_, ii., 142.
Ōsaka, i., 118, 127, 155, 161, 164, 175, 195, 214, 215, 230, 382;
ii., 49-54, 324, 334.
Ōshima, Island of, ii., 305.
Ōtsu, town and lake, ii., 63, 67.
Outcast Japanese, i., 249; ii., 192, 258.
Oxen, ii., 59, 137.
Ozaki, Miss, ii., 344.
Pacheco, Father, i., 245.
Pack-horses and travellers’ equipment, i., 370-377.
Palaces, i., 188, 189, 340; ii., 80.
_See also_ Castles _and_ Emperor, Castle of.
Palanquins, i., 216.
Paper, ii., 132, 133.
Paper-hangings, i.,340, 392; ii., 52.
Parish priests, i., 180, 229.
Parker, Dr., ii., 255.
“Parli, the Last of the Missionaries,” ii., 345.
“Past and Present of Japanese Commerce, The,” ii., 345.
Paul of the Holy Faith.
_See_ Anjirō.
Pazio, Father Francis, i., 163.
Pearls, ii., 45, 46.
Pears, ii., 140.
Peel’s Island, ii., 282.
Pellew, Captain, ii., 204, 205.
“Peregrinations in the East,” i., 14, 15; ii., 348-350.
Perry, Commodore, ii., 238, 276-324.
Persecution of Catholic missionaries, i., 119, 120, 125, 126,
155-160, 164, 205, 222, 227-234, 240-251, 261.
_Phaeton_, English frigate, ii., 204, 205, 208.
_Phascolus_, ii., 124, 159.
_Philadelphia_, U. S. steamer, ii., 336.
Philippine Islands, i., 56, 134, 135, 152, 166.
Physicians, i., 28, 29; ii., 68, 93, 94, 103, 144-147, 157, 172, 250.
“Pictorial Arts of Japan, The,” ii., 345.
Pilgrimages, i., 69; ii., 20-22, 69.
Pillows, ii., 5, 133.
Pilotage rates, ii., 311.
Pilots, i., 387.
Pinkerton’s collection, i., 261, 267.
Pinto, Fernam Mendez, i., 14-31, 34-38, 49, 52, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92;
ii., 112, 348-350.
_Pinus abies_, ii., 144.
_Pinus silvestris_, ii., 142.
_Pisum sativum_, ii., 124.
Plane-trees, ii., 82.
Ploughing, i., 216.
_Plymouth_, American sloop, ii., 282.
Police protection, i., 188, 214, 349-353, 356.
_Pologonum_, ii., 124.
Population, i., 186, 190, 192, 195, 257; ii., 53, 57, 65, 74.
Portraits, i., 33.
Portuguese in the East, i., 11-34, 36-41, 45, 48, 49, 57, 58, 64,
71, 84, 90, 91, 102, 103, 120, 127, 134-136, 138, 139, 142, 145,
147, 153, 154, 158, 159, 164, 166, 167, 174-176, 179, 181, 182,
196-199, 208, 209, 221, 228, 248-251, 255, 261-265, 269-271, 278.
Post-houses, ii., 1, 2.
Potatoes, ii., 124, 317.
Poverty, i., 77, 87, 395; ii., 162.
_Powhatan_, United States ship, ii., 297, 324, 336.
Prayers for the dead, i., 344.
_Preble_, American ship, ii., 265-269, 271, 272.
Precious metals, Export of, ii., 112, 113.
Presents, i., 217, 367, 368; ii., 59, 85, 96, 97, 104, 141, 175.
Pring, Martin, i., 237-239.
Printing, ii., 157.
Prisons, ii., 217, 220-222.
Protestants in Japanese missions.
_See_ Missionaries, Protestant.
Provinces, as found by Portuguese, i., 57, 58;
division by “Circuits, “vii., 343.
Purcell, ——, ii., 345.
Purchas, ——, i., 165, 177, 184, 220, 225, 232, 236, 240; ii., 349, 354.
“Pure Shintō,” i., 66.
“Quarterly Review,” ii., 247.
Radishes, i., 286, 383; ii., 215.
Raffles, Sir Stamford, i., 272; ii., 110-112, 195, 196, 202, 208-210.
Rain-coats, i., 375; ii., 143.
Rain-maker, Priestly, i., 276.
Rank, The distinction of, i., 60.
Rationalists.
_See_ Jūdo.
_Rebecca_, American ship, ii., 206.
“Recollections of Japan,” ii., 194, 195.
Reed, ——, ii., 345.
Regamey, ——, ii., 345.
“Relation du Japon,” i., 224.
“Religions of Japan, The,” i., 74; ii., 344.
Religious sects and beliefs, i., 65-74, 138, 139, 194, 195, 207, 261,
291; ii., 65.
Rémusat, Abel, i., 70; ii., 146, 165, 169.
Resanoff, Count, ii., 196-199.
_Rhus succedanea_, ii., 125.
_Rhus vernix_, i., 76; ii., 125.
Rice, i., 76, 257, 343; ii., 47, 59, 136, 159.
Riess, Dr. L., i., 178, 240.
Rikord, Captain, ii., 226-243.
Riordan, R., and Takayanagi, T., ii., 344.
Rivers, i., 384, 385; ii., 50, 63.
Road-books, i., 376; ii., 13.
_Roanoke_, U. S. steamer, ii., 336.
Rodriguez, Father, i., 32, 60, 63, 133, 136, 156, 158, 162, 165.
Roofs, i., 339, 392; ii., 52, 130, 303, 306, 321.
Rowing, Method of, i., 389.
_Rubia cordata_, ii., 124.
Rundall, ——, i., 225, 230, 240.
Russian American Company, ii., 203.
Russian relations with Japan, ii., 190-192, 196-199, 203, 212-244, 323.
Ryōzayemon, a Russian prisoner, ii., 226-229.
Saddles, i., 371, 377.
Sadono-Kami, president of Prince Hideyori’s council, i., 201.
Saga, capital of Hizen, ii., 46, 47, 129.
Sagami, Cape, ii., 283.
_Saguer_, a rare tree, ii., 11.
_Saikaidō_, i., 381.
Sakai, i., 95, 118, 215; ii., 49.
_Sakana_, ii., 38.
_Sake_, i., 76, 216, 343; ii., 54, 324.
Sakhalin, i., 123, 124, 265; ii., 212.
Salt butter as a remedy, ii., 127.
Salutation, Ceremony of, i., 210.
Samisen, i., 212; ii., 315.
Sancian Island, i., 13.
“San Francisco Herald,” ii., 313.
_San Jacinto_, American steamer, ii., 325.
_San Philip_, Spanish galleon, i., 151, 152, 154, 159, 160, 180.
Santvoort, Melichor von, i., 203, 244.
Sao harbor, ii., 70.
_Saramang_, English frigate, ii., 259.
_Saratoga_, American sloop, ii., 282.
Saris, Captain John, i., 196, 207-225, 229, 232, 343.
Satow, ——, i., 66, 86, 135; ii., 354.
Sawaas (or Sowas), i., 330, 344.
Sayer, agent of English East India Company, i., 230.
Scherer, J. A. B., ii., 344.
Scheuchzer, Dr. I. G., i., 290.
Schools, ii., 135.
Science, Study of, i., 77.
Scurvy, ii., 229.
Sea-weeds, Edible, ii., 213.
Segaki, ii., 26.
Seimei, and the table of unfortunate days, ii., 41-44.
Seminary at Goa, i., 41, 49, 55.
Serfs, i., 59.
Serqueyra, Father Louis (Bishop of Japan), i., 227, 242.
Servants, i., 354; ii., 177.
_Sesamum orientale_, ii., 125.
Settsu-no-Kami, governor of Nagasaki, i., 347; ii., 100.
“Seven Gods of Happiness,” i., 359.
Shaëp, Captain, i., 263, 265.
Shigemi, S., ii., 344.
_Shikimi_ (anise-tree), ii., 126.
_See also Hanashikimi_.
Shikoku Island, i., 123, 124.
_Same as_ Sikoku Island.
Shimabara Fortress, i., 94, 248, 261.
Shimada, ii., 71.
Shimo, i., 27, 57, 93, 97, 98, 119, 124, 125, 145, 164, 213, 228.
Shimoda, town and river, ii., 301, 302, 305, 316-324, 326.
Shimonoseki, i., 368, 381; ii., 48, 49.
Shinagawa, ii., 75, 247, 248.
Shintō, i., 66-70, 138, 139, 342, 359, 360, 399; ii., 65.
Shintō clergy, i., 74, 342, 359, 360, 398; ii., 65.
Shintō temples (Miya), i., 67, 342, 399; ii., 65.
Shiota, ii., 129.
_See also_ Shiwota.
Ships and Harbor Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312, 348.
Ships and boats, i., 77, 387-390; ii., 72.
Shōgun-Sama, i., 230, 247.
Shōguns, The, i., 58; ii., 158, 166-173.
Shooting of birds, ii., 308.
Shops, i., 394; ii., 11, 52, 77, 247, 319-323.
Shotten, Timothy, i., 169.
“Sidney Gazette,” ii., 258.
Siebold, Dr. Philipp Franz von, i., 8, 9, 31, 33, 123, 338, 351;
ii., 43, 46, 125, 149, 237, 248, 250-254, 274, 310.
Signs, ii., 320, 323.
Sikoku Island, i., 57, 119.
_Same as_ Shikoku.
Silk, i., 76, 101, 321.
Sitting posture, ii., 133, 303.
Sloane, Sir Hans, i., 290.
Small-pox, i., 400.
_Smilax China_, ii., 124.
Smoke-holes, i., 3.
Smoking articles, ii., 37, 38.
Smuggling, i., 300, 314, 328, 332, 333, 353, 397; ii., 115, 116, 275.
Soap, ii., 126.
Soil, i., 76.
Soldiers, ii., 223, 224.
_See also_ Armies and Soldiery.
Solis, Jean de, i., 135, 136, 142, 143.
Sotelo, Father Louis, i., 203-205, 245, 246.
“Soul of the Far East, The,” ii., 344.
Sowaas.
_See_ Sowas.
Sowas (_or_ Sawaas), i., 330, 344, 377.
Soy, ii., 13, 119, 159.
Spanish in the East, i., 56, 134-136, 142, 143, 147, 148, 151-154,
159, 160, 166, 167, 179, 180, 191, 197, 199, 202-204, 208, 209,
221, 228, 237, 241, 261, 270, 271.
Spex, Jacob, i., 197, 198, 202, 203, 206.
Spinola, ——, i., 241.
_Spirea_, ii., 142.
Springs, ii., 46, 129.
Spy Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312, 348.
State’s Island, i., 124, 265.
Sterling, Admiral, ii., 323.
Stevens, Thomas, ii., 350, 351.
Stewart, Captain, ii., 193-196.
St. Michael, patron saint of Japan, i., 98.
Stockings, ii., 143.
Story, ——, ii., 351.
“Story of Japan,” ii., 158, 344.
Street-government of cities, i., 188, 349-353, 356, 361-363;
ii., 51, 80, 330.
“Suburb of Yedo, A,” ii., 345.
Sugar, ii., 117, 275.
Sun-Goddess (Tenshō-daijin), i., 66, 67, 69, 224, 357-359.
“Sunrise Stories,” ii., 344.
Superstitions, i., 48, 74, 207, 401; ii., 68, 223.
Suruga, i., 163, 186, 190, 217; ii., 71.
_Susquehanna_, American frigate, ii., 282, 291, 314, 315.
Suwa, Festivals of, i., 296, 356-365.
Suwa, Temple of, i., 356, 357.
Suyematsu, ——, ii., 345.
Sweetmeats, ii., 13, 29, 331.
Swine, ii., 138.
Swords, i., 59, 106, 185, 210, 290, 349, 369; ii., 149, 155, 168, 243.
Taikō-Sama. _See_ Hashiba.
Taikō-Sama, Castle of, i., 118; ii., 54.
Taikō-Sama, Temple and Tomb of, i., 193.
Takayanagi, T., and Riordan, R., ii., 344.
“Tales of Old Japan,” ii., 344.
Tanners, i., 334, 349.
Tartars, i., 5-10.
Tashima, Legend of, ii., 42.
Taxes, i., 258, 355, 356.
Tea, i., 76, 216; ii., 13, 14, 128, 158, 220.
Teisuke, Murakami, ii., 221, 223, 226, 239.
Temples, i., 67, 68, 71, 161, 193, 194, 216, 218, 222, 275, 342,
356, 357, 397-399; ii., 59, 69, 75, 79, 104-108, 304, 307, 316.
“Temples of Riches,” i., 275.
Tennōji, ii., 54.
Tenriū, River, i., 385.
Tenshō-daijin.
_See_ Sun-Goddess.
Tenza, The, i., 164.
_Tera_ (Buddhist temples), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., 65, 304.
Terazawa, i., 145, 146, 156.
Theatrical representations, i., 77, 212, 213, 360-365; ii., 53, 160.
Thevenot, ——, i., 243, 261, 265; ii., 354.
Threshing, ii., 158.
Thunberg, Charles Peter, i., 60, 290, 376, 391, 392; ii., 16, 114-163,
169, 210, 213, 254.
_Thuya dolebrata_, ii., 141.
_Tiger_, English ship, ii., 353, 354.
Tillage of the soil, i., 76, 381, 386, 387; ii., 134, 136-138, 317.
Time, Division of, i., 351.
Time-measurers, ii., 126, 251.
Titsingh, Isaac, i., 59, 79, 98, 230, 240, 257, 276, 281, 351, 357,
376; ii., 43, 81, 85, 112, 146, 147, 163-189.
Tobacco culture, ii., 123.
_Tōkaidō_, i., 382; ii., 15, 23.
_Toko_, or cupboard, ii., 4, 7, 178.
_Tokowaki_, or side cupboard, ii., 5.
Tolls, i., 385.
“Tomb of Ears,” ii., 108.
Tomb of Taikō-Sama, i., 193, 194.
Torey (Stewart, Captain), ii., 196.
Torment of the Fosse, i., 246, 247.
Torres, Cosme de, i., 52, 54-56, 87, 91, 97.
_Toshitoku_, i., 359.
Towns and villages, i., 394, 395; ii., 57, 74.
“Townsend Harris,” ii., 325.
Toyohashi (Yoshida), ii., 70.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, ii., 54.
_See also_ Hashiba.
Trade, i., 77; ii., 202, 274, 275.
Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, i., 376.
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, i., 32, 66, 86, 117,
135, 145, 178, 204, 226, 257, 290, 352, 359; ii., 7, 77, 112, 144,
149, 154, 174, 183, 199, 206, 210, 315, 346, 354.
Translations, i., 121, 122, 158, 222, 223, 280; ii., 122, 123, 164,
165, 210, 222.
Transportation in the interior, i., 216, 347, 371-385.
Travellers on the highways, ii., 15-36, 41, 42, 45, 58, 329.
Trays, ii., 333.
Trial by torture, i., 353, 354.
Trials, i., 78, 355; ii., 218.
Trigault, Nicholas, i., 232.
Tsadanil trees, ii., 57.
_Tsubaki_, ii., 125.
Tsuchi Yama, ii., 69.
_Tsuitachi_, or first day of the month, ii., 58.
Tsuni Yoshi, Emperor, ii., 85.
Turks, i., 16.
Ukondono, i., 117-119, 129, 229.
Umenoki, ii., 68.
“Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,” ii., 344.
Unicorns’ horns, ii., 117, 118.
United States’ relations with Japan, ii., 193-196, 206, 255-258,
260-273, 276-339.
Uraga, i., 218.
Utensils and dishes, ii., 8.
_Vaccinia_, ii., 142.
Valignani, Father Alexander, i., 100-103, 121, 126-136, 138, 143,
162, 165; ii., 349.
Van Braam, ——, ii., 164.
_Vandalia_, ii., 293.
Van Linschoten, John Huigen, ii., 351, 352.
Van Sturlen, director of the Company, ii., 250.
Varnish-tree, i., 76; ii., 125.
Vasco da Gama, i., 11.
Vault, for fire protection, ii., 52.
Vaz, Alvares, i., 49, 50.
Vega, Lopo de, Spanish poet, i., 231.
Vegetables, i., 76; ii., 124, 159, 317.
Verhagen’s fleet (Dutch), i., 169-177.
Verhœven fleet (Dutch), i., 182, 196, 198.
_Viburna_, ii., 142.
_Vicia faba_, ii., 124.
Vilela, Father Gaspard, i., 89, 94, 95, 97, 133, 165; ii., 189.
_Vincennes_, American frigate, ii., 261-265, 283.
Vivero, Don Rodrigo de, governor of Manila, i., 180, 185-261, 265,
266; ii., 118, 355.
Volcanoes, ii., 46, 170, 173, 305.
“Voyage around the World, A,” ii., 203.
“Voyages au Nord,” i., 250, 254, 261, 265, 266; ii., 118, 355.
“Voyages Curieuse,” i., 261.
“Voyages des Indes,” i., 243, 252, 254, 261; ii., 355.
Waardenaar, Heer, ii., 207, 208.
Wada Iga-no-kami, i., 96, 97.
Wadenaar, Heer, ii., 195.
Waganaar, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.
Walnuts, ii., 144.
Warm drinks, i., 216.
Water-clocks, ii., 251.
Water supply, i., 293, 343; ii., 54.
Weapons, ii., 149.
Webster, Daniel, ii., 276-281.
Weddell, Admiral, i., 255.
“Wee Ones of Japan, The,” 344.
Weights and measures, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.
Whale fishery, i., 255.
Wheat, i., 76, 216.
Wheeled vehicles, ii., 137, 138.
Whiskey, ii., 206.
Whiting, Lieut., ii., 302.
Whitney, Dr., ii., 144.
Williams, S. W., ii., 255, 258, 284, 310, 318-323.
Windows, i., 391; ii., 4, 130, 131, 322.
Wine, ii., 206.
Wittert, Admiral, i., 197.
Women, i., 98, 120, 127, 149, 161, 211, 212, 214, 243, 259, 260, 279,
292, 340, 341, 345, 361; ii., 23, 24, 29, 30, 47, 58, 70, 91, 96,
97, 120-122, 127, 153-156, 161, 167, 169, 174-183, 211, 225,
231-233, 242, 249, 304, 315, 329, 330.
Wormwood, ii., 125, 146.
Written language, i., 77, 78.
Xavier, Francis, i., 38, 39, 41-43, 46-55, 64, 71, 72, 81-88, 98;
ii., 353.
Yakushi, patron of physicians, ii., 68.
Yamabu.
_See_ Yamabushi.
_Yamabushi_, or mountain priests, i., 74; ii., 23-25, 72.
Yamaguchi, capital of Nagato, i., 82, 89, 90, 96.
Yams, ii., 124.
Yebisu, patron of fishermen, i., 359.
_Yebumi_ (figure-treading, _which see_), i., 352.
Yedo, i., 163, 186, 187, 218, 230, 265, 380; ii., 76-83, 324, 326, 330.
“Yedo Kagami” (“Mirror of Yedo”), i., 257.
Yezo Island.
_See_ Matsumaye Island.
Yodo, ii., 50, 57.
Yokkaichi, ii., 69.
Yokohama.
_See_ Kanagawa.
Yoritomo, Prince, ii., 28-30.
Yoshida, ii., 70.
Yoshimune, i., 119, 120, 125, 127, 144, 145.
“Young Japan” (Black), ii., 345.
“Young Japan” (Scherer), ii., 344.
Zelandia, Fort, in Formosa, i., 262, 302.
_Zeni_, i., 372, 373; ii., 309.
Zipangu, i., 1, 3-6, 14.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] It is also used as a toilet-box, in which to keep combs, brushes,
etc.
[2] See Conder’s illustrated paper in vol. xvii of the Transactions of
the Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.
[3] The most recent visitors to Japan all agree in representing the
common tea of the country as an inferior article, not suited for
exportation.
[4] These great retinues are thus accounted for by Thunberg: “As both
the monarch himself and all the princes of the country are clothed and
dress their hair in the same manner as the rest of the inhabitants,
and being destitute of thrones, jewels, and other like paraphernalia,
cannot be so distinguished from others, they have adopted the expedient
of exhibiting themselves on journeys and festive occasions according to
their condition in life, and the dignity of their respective offices,
with a great number of people, officers, and attendants hovering about
them.” The statement already quoted from Caron (see vol. i, p. 259) as
to the numbers composing these princely retinues, is much less than
that given above, and probably nearer the truth.
[The numbers of the retinues which Kämpfer gives are too large.—K. M.]
[5] This is the Sanscrit.
[6] The letters of the Jesuit missionaries contain accounts of Buddhist
devotees who went so far as to drown or otherwise destroy themselves.
Kämpfer, and the writers since his time, make no mention of such
extreme fanaticism, which, however, is a natural outgrowth from the
doctrine of the Buddhists.
[7] Great numbers of the Japanese musicians, as Kämpfer tells us
in another place, are blind men, who constitute a sort of order or
society which boasts as its legendary founder a certain general of the
family of the Heiji, who, at the time of the civil war which ended
in the destruction of that family, was taken prisoner by Yoritomo.
Notwithstanding repeated attempts at escape, he was very kindly
treated, and was pressed to enter into the service of his captor. But,
not being able to look upon the destroyer of the Heiji without an
irresistible desire to kill him, not to be outdone in generosity, he
plucked out his eyes and presented them to Yoritomo on a plate!
There is another—more ancient, but less numerous—order of the blind,
composed exclusively of ecclesiastical persons, and claiming as its
founder a legendary prince, who cried himself blind at the death of his
beautiful mistress.
The blind are numerous, and disorders of the eyes are very common in
Japan.
[8] Froez, in one of his letters, defines this Japanese word as
signifying a kind of salted vegetable, like olives. It seems to include
all kinds of refreshment occasionally offered to visitors.
[9] The total expense of the entire journey, including the presents to
the emperor and others, is estimated by Kämpfer at twenty thousand rix
dollars, equivalent to about the same number of our dollars.
[10] The fox is regarded by the Japanese as a sort of divinity, though,
according to Siebold, they seem in doubt whether to reckon it a god or
devil. If a Japanese is placed in circumstances of doubt or difficulty,
he sets out a platter of rice and beans as a sacrifice to his fox; and
if the next day any of it is gone, that is regarded as a favorable
omen. Wonderful stories (equal to any of our spirit-rapping miracles)
are told of the doings of these foxes. Titsingh gives the following
by way of specimen: The grandfather of his friend, the imperial
treasurer of Nagasaki, and who had in his time filled the same office,
despatched one day a courier to Yedo with very important letters for
the councillors of state. A few days after he discovered that one of
the most important of the letters had been accidentally left out of the
package,—a forgetfulness which exposed him to great disgrace. In his
despair he recurred to his fox and offered him a sacrifice. The next
morning he saw, to his great satisfaction, that some of it had been
eaten; after which, upon going into his cabinet, the letter which he
had forgotten to send was nowhere to be found. This caused him great
uneasiness, till he received a message from his agent at Yedo, who
informed him that, upon opening the box which contained the despatches,
the lock of it appeared to have been forced by a letter pressed in
between the box and its cover from without,—the very same letter, as it
proved, left behind at Nagasaki. The more intelligent, says Titsingh,
laugh at this superstition, but the great body of the people have firm
faith in it. There are in Japan, according to Siebold, two species of
foxes, very much like the ordinary ones of Europe and America, and,
from the immunity which they enjoy, great nuisances. The white fox, of
which the skin is much prized, is found only in the Kurile Islands.
[11] Of these pearls Kämpfer says, in another place, that they are
found almost everywhere about Kiūshiū in oysters and several other sea
shells. Everybody is at liberty to fish for them. Formerly the natives
had little or no value for them till they were sought for by the
Chinese. The Japanese pretend, as to one particular kind, that when put
into a box full of a peculiar sort of complexion-powder made of another
shell, one or two young pearls will grow out at the sides, and when
they come to maturity, as they do in two or three years, will drop off;
but Kämpfer, having never seen this phenomenon, is not willing to vouch
for its reality.
[12] The same tree Kämpfer found on his return (May 6) in full
blossom, and a very beautiful sight. It was noticed as still standing
in 1826, by Siebold, who found it by measurement to be fifty feet in
circumference.
[13] Caron also speaks of these springs, some of which he describes as
intermittent. Some are boiling hot, and their waters had been used, as
we have seen, in the torture of the Catholics. They are all found in a
volcanic mountain, having several craters which eject black sand and
smoke. In the interior of the province of Higo, on the opposite shore
of the gulf of Shimabara, is another volcano. The province of Satsuma
is entirely volcanic, and off its southern extremity is an island that
burns incessantly.—_Klaproth_, from Japanese authorities, “_Asiatic
Journal_,” vol. xxx.
[14] On Kämpfer’s second journey to Yedo (1692), the second night was
passed at Kurume, which they reached by crossing the bay of Shimabara
in boats, thus leaving the principality of Ōmura and the city of Saga
on their left. The next day at noon they struck into the road followed
on the first journey.
[15] “Some years ago,” says Kämpfer, “our East India Company sent over
from Batavia a Casuar (a large East India bird, who would swallow
stones and hot coals) as a present to the emperor. This bird having
the sad ill luck not to please our rigid censors, the governors of
Nagasaki, and we having thereupon been ordered to send him back to
Batavia, a rich Japanese assured us that if he could have obtained
leave to buy him, he would have willingly given a thousand taels for
him, as being sure within a year’s time to get double that money only
by showing him at Ōsaka.” The mermaids exhibited in Europe and America
to the great profit of enterprising showmen, have been of Japanese
manufacture.
[16] A mistake for Yamashiro.—EDR.
[17] Name of a town on Lake Biwa.—EDR.
[18] The _Aratame_ is a sort of an inquisition into the life and family
of every inhabitant, the number of his children and domestics, the sect
he professes or the temples he belongs to, made very punctually, once
every year, in every city and district, by commissioners appointed for
this purpose.
[19] The worshippers of Amida were the most numerous, amounting
to 159,113. The other principal sects had, respectively, 99,728,
99,016, 54,586. Caron had noticed and mentioned this division into
twelve sects, or observances. He states, and other subsequent authors
have repeated, that, notwithstanding this division, they have no
controversies or religious quarrels; but this does not agree with the
accounts of the Catholic missionaries. Every resident of Miyako, except
the Shintō priests, and, perhaps, the household of the Dairi, would
seem to belong to some Buddhist sect.
[20] According to Klaproth, following Japanese authorities, it is
seventy-two and one-half English miles long, and twenty-two and
one-quarter at its greatest breadth. [The lake Biwa is meant.]
[21] Kōshi is the Japanese name for Confucius, who, however, can
scarcely be meant here.—EDR.
[22] Fuji-no-yama, in the province of Suruga, on the borders of Kai,
is an enormous pyramid, generally covered with snow, detached from
and southerly of the great central chain of Nippon. It is the largest
and most noted of the volcanoes of Japan. In the year 1707 there was
an eruption from it which covered all the neighborhood with masses
of rock, red-hot sand, and ashes, which latter fell, even in Yedo,
some inches deep.—_Klaproth_ (from Japanese authorities), in “Asiatic
Journal,” vol. xxxii.
[23] A mistake for Enoshima.—EDR.
[24] At the date of these travels, and indeed at a much later period
similar exhibitions might have been seen in Europe.
[25] See papers on Yedo in vols. i and vii of the “Transactions of the
Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
[26] One of these Japanese plans is published as a frontispiece to
Titsingh’s “Illustrations of Japan.” This plan would seem to embrace
only what Kämpfer speaks of, further on, as “the palace itself.”
[27] The 23d a considerable shock of an earthquake was felt. The
weather that day was excessively hot. The next day it was very cold,
with snow.
[28] The reigning emperor was Tsuni Yoshi, who had succeeded to the
empire in 1681, the fourth in succession from Gongen-Sama, the founder
of the dynasty. The Japanese accounts, according to Titsingh, give him
but a bad character.
[29] _Sen_ is not a hundred, but a thousand. According to Klaproth
(_Annals des Dairi_, p. 184), _ken_ does not signify a mat, as Kämpfer
translates it (though mats were made of that length), but a space
between columns. It was a measure of length divided into six Japanese
feet, but equal to seven feet four inches and a half, Rhineland measure.
[30] In his account of his second visit to Yedo, a year later, Kämpfer
gives the following account of this second audience: “Soon after we
came in, and had, after the usual observances, seated ourselves in
the place assigned us, Bingo-sama welcomed us in the emperor’s name,
and then desired us to sit upright, to take off our cloaks, to tell
him our names and age, to stand up, to walk, to turn about, to sing
songs, to compliment one another, to be angry, to invite one another to
dinner, to converse one with another, to discourse in a familiar way
like father and son, to show how two friends or man and wife compliment
or take leave of one another, to play with children, to carry them
about in our arms, and to do many more things of a like nature. They
made us kiss one another like man and wife, which the ladies, by their
laughter, showed themselves to be particularly well pleased with. It
was already four in the afternoon when we left the hall of audience,
after having been exercised after this manner for two hours and a half.”
[31] This is what Kämpfer, in another place, describes as a sort of
round cakes, which the Japanese had learned to make of the Portuguese,
as big as a common hen’s egg, and sometimes filled within with bean
flour and sugar.
[32] See the character given of Settsu-no-kami, as a harsh enemy of the
Dutch, or at least, a strict disciplinarian over them; vol. i 347, 348.
[33] “Annals des Empereurs du Japan,” p. 405, note, and in the “Asiatic
Journal” for September, 1831.
[34] The history of this image, derived from the same source, is given
in a note on p. 193. The roof of the temple is supported on ninety-two
columns, each upwards of six feet in diameter.
[35] In one thousand parts, eight hundred and fifty-four were pure
gold. The pure metal in our American coins is nine hundred parts in one
thousand; or, in the old phraseology, they are twenty-one carats and
twelve grains fine.
[36] Having been discovered by Sir Stamford Raffles among the public
documents at Batavia, he published an abstract of it in the appendix B
to his “History of Java.”
[37] Yet Pinto, whose knowledge of Japan preceded the time of Nobunaga,
represents silver as very abundant there; and, indeed, it seems to have
been this abundance which first attracted the Portuguese trade. On the
whole, one does not derive a very high idea, from this tract, of the
extent or correctness of the knowledge possessed by the Japanese of
their own history, even the more recent periods of it.
[See Dr. Knox’s paper on Arai Hakuseki in vol. xxx of the “Transactions
of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.]
[38] This was a considerable improvement upon the state of things in
the time of Xavier, when every third vessel was expected to be lost.
See p. 51.
[39] Kämpfer had seen the ginseng cultivated in gardens in Japan, but
it was not supposed to possess the virtues of the Chinese article.
Father Jontoux, one of the Jesuit missionaries in China, employed by
the emperor in preparing a map of the region north of the great wall,
had an opportunity to see the ginseng growing wild. He sent home,
in 1711, a full account of it, with drawings (which may be found in
“Voyages au Nord,” vol. iv), and suggested, from the similarity of the
climate, that the same plant might be found in Canada, as it soon was
by the Jesuit missionaries there.
[40] This sauce, used in great quantities in Japan, and exported to
Batavia by the Dutch, whence it has become known throughout the East
Indies and also in Europe, is made from the soy bean (_Dolichos Soia_),
extensively used by the Japanese in the making of soup. The soy is
prepared as follows: the beans are boiled till they become rather soft,
when an equal quantity of pounded barley or wheat is added. These
ingredients being mixed, the compound is set away for twenty-four hours
in a warm place to ferment. An equal quantity of salt is then added,
and twice and a half as much water. It is stirred several times a day
for several days, and then stands well covered for two or three months,
when the liquid portion is decanted, strained, and put in wooden casks.
It is of a brown color, improves with age, but varies in quality,
according to the province where it is made. The Dutch of Deshima cork
up the better qualities in glass bottles, boiling the liquor first in
an iron kettle, to prevent fermentation, by which it is liable to be
spoiled.
[41] The murdering of the children may be explained by the following
passage from one of the letters of Cocks, the English factor, written
at Hirado, in December, 1614: “James Turner, the fiddling youth, left
a wench with child here, but the w—e, the mother, killed it so soon as
it was born, although I gave her two taels in plate (silver) before to
nourish it, because she should not kill it, it being an ordinary thing
here.”
[42] Cocks also had noticed their existence a century and a half
earlier.
[43] This was doubtless the lexicon printed at Amakusa in 1595. See
note, p. 158.
[44] A precedent of a similar permission, formerly granted to the
medical men of the factory, was found, but, upon a critical examination
of Thunberg’s commission, he appeared to be a surgeon, whereas he to
whom permission had formerly been granted had been surgeon’s mate, and
it took three months to get over this difficulty, and to persuade the
Japanese that these two officers were in substance the same.
[45] This species, the _Dioscorea Japonica_ (confounded sometimes with
the sweet potato), has been lately introduced into the United States.
[46] Kämpfer who describes the Camellia under the Japanese name of
_Tsubaki_, speaks of it as a large shrub, almost a tree. Thunberg
represents it as attaining the size of a large tree, exceedingly common
in groves and gardens, and a very great favorite, as well for its
polished, evergreen leaves as from the size, beauty, and variety of
its blossoms, which appear from April to October, single and red in
the wild ones, but double and of several colors, red, purple, white,
etc., in the cultivated varieties, of which the Japanese assured
Kämpfer there were several hundreds. Siebold describes the wild kind as
a small tree, growing in clumps and thickets, often with many shoots
from the same root, from fifteen to twenty feet high; while a much
larger size is attained by the cultivated kinds. The name of Camellia
was given to the genus by Linnæus, in honor of George Joseph Kamel,
a Jesuit missionary, who sent to Ray descriptions of the plants of
the Philippine Islands, published by him at the end of his “History
of Plants.” The single-flowering variety was introduced into England,
about 1739, by Lord Petre probably from China, of which it is a native,
in common with quite a number of plants, to which the specific epithet
_Japanese_ has been applied. As late as 1788 (as appears from Curtis’
“Botanical Magazine,” vol. i) it was very rare and costly. Down to that
time it had been treated as a stove-plant, but soon after, on Curtis’
suggestion, it was introduced into conservatories, of which it soon
became the pride, and was even found hardy enough to bear the winter in
the open air. Previous to 1806 a number of varieties were imported from
China; many others were produced in Europe, and already by 1825 these
varieties had become very numerous (see “Botanical Magazine,” vols. xl
and lvi). The _Camellia sasankwa_ is smaller, with smaller leaves and
flowers, very closely resembling the tea-plant; and, in packing their
teas, the Chinese are in the habit of putting some of the blossoms into
the chests. It is extensively cultivated for its oil, in China as well
as in Japan.
[47] The Japanese paper, as well for writing and printing as for the
household uses to which it is so extensively put, is manufactured from
the bark of the young twigs of the paper mulberry (_Morus papyrifira_).
Kämpfer has given a particular account of it in the appendix to his
work. That account, which, now that so many experiments are on foot for
the manufacture of paper, may suggest some useful hints, is abridged by
Thunberg as follows:
“After the tree has shed its leaves in the month of December, they cut
off the young shoots about three feet in length, which they tie up
in bundles and boil in a lye of ashes, standing inverted in a copper
kettle till the bark is so shrunk that half an inch of the woody part
is seen bare at the ends. If the twigs grow dry before they can be
boiled, they are first soaked in water for four-and-twenty hours. When
sufficiently boiled, they are taken out and the bark cut lengthwise
and stripped off. After being soaked in water for three hours, the
exterior black skin and the green part beneath it is scraped off with
a knife, and the bark is then sorted into qualities; that which is
a full year’s growth makes the best paper, and the less mature an
inferior quality. Thus prepared and sorted, it is again boiled in a
clear lye, being perpetually stirred, and fresh lye supplied to make
up for the evaporation; and this process is continued till the bark
is dissolved, as it were, separating into flocks and fibres. It must
then be washed,—a process requiring care and judgment, as, if not
carried far enough, the paper will be coarse, and if too far, thin and
slazy. This is done in a running stream, by means of a sieve containing
the material, which is perpetually stirred till it is diluted into a
delicate, soft pap. For the finer kinds this washing is repeated, a
piece of linen being substituted for the sieve, to prevent the finer
parts from being carried away. After being washed, it is beaten with
sticks of hard wood, on a wooden table, till it is brought to a pulp,
which if put into water will dissolve and disperse like meal.
“It is then mixed in a tub with a clammy infusion, obtained by soaking
rice in cold water, and with another mucilaginous infusion, obtained
in the like manner from the root of Oreni (_Hibiscus manihot_). This
mixture, upon which much depends, and the proportions of which vary
with the season of the year, succeeds best in a narrow tub, and
requires perpetual stirring. The whole is then put into a larger tub,
from which the sheets are taken out and put between mats made of
delicate grass straw, and laid one upon another in heaps, being pressed
at first lightly, but gradually harder and harder, till the water is
squeezed out. They are then laid upon a board to dry in the sun; after
which they are packed in bundles for sale and use.
“For the coarser kinds of paper other sorts of bark are sometimes used.
“The Japanese paper is very close and strong. It will bear being
twisted into ropes, and is occasionally used even for dresses.”
[48] Caron, whose opportunities of knowledge upon this point were
much superior to those of Thunberg or any subsequent observer, is
very explicit upon this point. “The parents educate their children
with great care. They are not forever bawling in their ears, and they
never use them roughly. When they cry they show a wonderful patience
in quieting them, knowing well that young children are not of an age
to profit by reprimands. This method succeeds so well, that Japanese
children, ten or twelve years old, behave with all the discretion and
propriety of grown people. They are not sent to school till they are
seven or eight years old, and then they are not forced to study things
for which they have no inclination.”
[49] In Kämpfer’s time no personal intercourse was allowed with those
of whom articles were bought at Ōsaka, Miyako, and Yedo. In this
respect there would seem to have been a relaxation.
[50] Kämpfer had noticed similar three-wheeled carts, made very low,
and employed in drawing stone from a quarry. In unloading, the single
wheel was taken off, when the cart formed an inclined plane.
[51] Kämpfer says that the European apple-tree is unknown in Japan,
and that they have only one kind of pears, such as we call winter
pears. The fruit grows to a great size, but must be cooked to be eaten.
Cherry-trees are cultivated only for the flowers, as apricots and plums
often are, the blossoms being brought by art to be as big as roses.
Golownin, however, ate apples in northern Japan, though of an inferior
quality.
[52] Kämpfer says there are two species peculiar to Japan, the acorns
of which are boiled and eaten.
[53] Later accounts represent cloth or cotton stockings, or socks,
as frequently worn in cold weather, resembling mittens, in having
a separate accommodation for the great toe, so as to permit the
introduction between that and the others of the shoe-holding strap.
[54] See paper by Dr. Whitney, in vol. xii of the “Transactions of the
Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
[55] There have not been wanting attempts to introduce acupuncture into
European practice. See a sensible article on this subject by Rémusat
(“Nov. Mélanges Asiat.,” vol. i), in which he gives an analysis of a
Japanese treatise on acupuncture, which, with a translation of it, was
brought home by Titsingh.
[56] Kämpfer treats at length on the acupuncture and moxa, and gives in
his appendix a translation of a Japanese treatise on the parts to be
selected to be burned, according to the object to be accomplished.
[57] Of the Dosha powder, to which the Japanese ascribe singular
effects, M. Titsingh has given a curious account. “Illustrations,” p.
283. It was the invention of _Kōbō_, a great saint and sage, who, by
profound meditation on the writings both of his own sect and others,
had discovered that the great scourges of mankind are four; namely,
_Jigoku_, hell; _Gaki_, hungry demon, woman; _Chikushō_, the man with a
perverse heart; and _Shura_, war.
[58] From Thunberg’s account of the arms of the Japanese, they cannot
be regarded as very formidable soldiers. He mentions bows and arrows,
scymitars, halberts, and guns. Their bows are very large and their
arrows long, like those of the Chinese. The bowman, in order to shoot,
places himself on one knee, a position which renders it impossible to
discharge his arrows with any great rapidity. Guns were not ordinarily
employed. Thunberg saw them, apparently matchlocks, only as articles of
show in the houses of the imperial officers, displayed upon a stand in
the audience chamber. The few cannon at Nagasaki, which once belonged
to the Portuguese, were discharged only once in seven years, the
Japanese knowing little or not at all the proper management of them,
and fixing the match to a long pole, so as to touch them off at a safe
distance. Their longer swords are broad-backed, a little curved, a yard
long, and of excellent temper; the hilts somewhat roundish and flat,
furnished with a round substantial guard without any bow. The scabbard
is thick and rather flat, made of wood, and sometimes covered with
shagreen and lackered. The shorter sword is straight. These swords are
costly and rated at a high value.
From a Japanese work, Siebold states their method of making
sword-blades: “The blades, forged out of good bar-steel, are plastered
over with a paste of potash, porcelain clay, and powdered charcoal, and
dried in the sun. They are next exposed to the fire and heated till
the mass assumes a white hue. The glowing blades are then plunged into
luke-warm water, three-fifths boiling to two-fifths cold, and cooled
gradually. Often the edge only is heated, and then the cooling is with
cold water. The reforging of old blades is not uncommon.” Of the two
swords worn by the Japanese, one is long and slightly curved, the other
short and straight. [See also paper on “Japanese Armour,” in vol. ix of
the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.]
[59] This appears to have been the substitute for those private
interviews in which the doctor and secretary were expected to show off
for the entertainment of the Dutch, and of which Kämpfer has given so
curious an account.
[60] It would take a thousand of the ordinary Japanese mats to cover
such a floor; but Thunberg says the mats upon it were of an extra size.
[61] This was a different arrangement from that which prevailed in
Kämpfer’s time, when the ambassador had the whole, except those
presented by the emperor himself.
[62] See paper on “Japanese Costume,” in vol. viii of the “Transactions
of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
[63] The two swords, the badge of nobility, are worn stuck into the
belt, on the left side, with no belt of their own, a little crosswise,
and with the edge upwards. When a person is seated, the longer sword is
taken from the belt and laid on the ground by him.
[64] The bosom of the gown is also used for the same purpose. For
pocket-handkerchiefs, the Japanese carry about them a supply of small,
square bits of soft paper, which they throw away as they use them.
[65] The Japanese print entirely from stereotype plates. They do not
employ movable types, and they print on one side of the paper only.
[66] The emperors are seldom or never spoken of, in the Jesuit letters
and other contemporary memorials, by their personal or family names,
but only by some title, as Kubō-Sama; Kwambaku-dono,—the Kwambaku (or
bonnet-keeper) being a high dignitary in the court of the Dairi, regent
in case of a minority or a female Dairi;—Taikō-Sama, mighty lord;
Shōgun-Sama, etc., etc.
[67] For a complete list of Shōguns, see Appendix III of Murray’s
“Story of Japan.”—EDR.
[68] Kämpfer represents the Japanese strawberry as entirely insipid,
and the raspberries and brambleberries as not agreeable; and Golownin,
from his own experience, agrees with him in this statement.
[69] This plenty is in strong contrast with the famine, scarcity, and
distress frequently noted by the Jesuit missionaries, as prevailing
during the civil wars of their time; yet, even at present, occasional
seasons of scarcity seem to occur.
[70] See a notice of Titsingh’s collection, by Rémusat, in “Nouveau
Mélanges Asiatique,” vol. i. It included, besides the works since
published, a manuscript history of Japan, in eighty volumes (Japanese
volumes are quite thin), also a Chinese Japanese encyclopædia,
several copies of a large map of Japan, colored drawings of plants,
several botanical treatises, with wood-cuts, very well done, etc.,
etc. The encyclopædia was presented to the _Bibliothèque au Roy_, and
Rémusat has given a full analysis of it in “Notices et Extraits des
Manuscrits,” vol. xi.
[71] Theoretically the Shōgun is but an inferior officer at the court
of the Dairi. The first rank belongs to the Kwambaku, who represents
the Dairi when that dignity devolves on a woman or a child. The
Shōgun, it is said, cannot hold this office. It was assumed, however,
by Taikō-sama, and even conferred by him on his presumptive heir.
Ordinarily the Daijō daijin, or president of the council, is the
first officer; then follow the Sadaijin and Udaijin, officers of the
left and of the right hand. These constitute the Dairi’s council, and
theoretically the Shōgun can do nothing without their consent. It is
esteemed a great honor to the Shōgun to receive even the third of these
titles.
[72] There is no such consonant as Dj in Japanese, and the proper
reading is not Djogoun, but Shōgun. An English translation, including
both the Memoirs of the Djogouns and the other pieces, was published at
London, in 1822, with the title of “Illustrations of Japan.”
[73] These two were the very pupils of Thunberg, though he writes their
names somewhat differently.
[74] See also paper in vol. xiii of the “Transactions of the Asiatic
Society of Japan.”—EDR.
[75] There are three classes of women-servants. Those of the first
class make the clothes of the mistress, dress her hair, and keep
her apartments in order. Those of the second wait on her at meals,
accompany her when she goes abroad, and attend to other domestic
duties. Those of the third are employed in cooking and various menial
offices.
[76] The toko, as already described in Chapter XXXII, is a sort of
recess, or open closet, opposite the entrance, considered the most
honorable place in the room. The above ceremony might call to mind the
_confarratio_ of the ancient Roman marriage.
[77] This is a small, square or oblong bag, containing a small image
of metal, wood, or stone, supposed to operate as a sort of amulet,
something like the medicine-bag of our North American Indians.
[78] See Lay’s paper on “Japanese Funeral Rites,” in vol. xix of the
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.
[79] Better _sekihi_.—EDR.
[80] Father Vilela, in a letter written from Sakai, 1562, in the month
of August (at which time this festival happens), describes it in a very
lively manner. He represents the people as going out two days before,
as if to meet their dead relations, spreading a feast to refresh them
after their long journey, escorting them to their houses, talking
to them as if they were present, and, finally, dismissing them with
torches, lest they might stumble in the dark, or miss their way. This,
Vilela adds, is a great time for the bonzes, the very poorest offering
them some gift for their religious aid on this occasion.
[81] Krusenstern, in his narrative of the Russian embassy of Resanoff
(as to which see next paragraph of the text), speaks of the last
expedition of Stewart as fitted out by some English merchants in
Calcutta, and gives to the captain the name of Torey. Very likely he
had both names.
[82] The whole party consisted of fifteen, but of these only five,
and those the most worthless, were willing to return home. The others
preferred to remain in Siberia.
[83] See also Aston’s paper in vol. i of the “Transactions of the
Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
[84] Golownin was informed, during his captivity at Matsumae, that it
is part of the duty of the Japanese soldiers to assist in extinguishing
fires, for which purpose they are provided with a fireman’s dress of
varnished leather. To extinguish a fire is stated to be considered a
glorious achievement. But, though fire is almost the only element the
Japanese soldiers have to contend with, they do not seem to be very
expert at subduing it.
[85] The expenses of the visits to Yedo, in 1804, were sixteen thousand
six hundred and sixty-six rix dollars.
[86] See “A Voyage Round the World,” by Archibald Campbell, a
Scotchman, who served as a common sailor on board this ship. Doeff also
mentions her arrival.
[87] See also Aston’s paper in vol. vii of the Transactions of the
Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.
[88] The ships of 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, and 1803 had been Americans.
The renewal of the war in Europe having again driven the Dutch flag
from the ocean, the ships of 1806 had been an American and a Bremener;
and those of 1807 an American and a Dane. One of the ships of 1809 was
also an American, the “Rebecca.”
[89] This is Doeff’s account, but, according to Golownin, at that time
a prisoner in the north of Japan (see next chapter), and who learned
from the Japanese the arrival of the two vessels above mentioned, he
communicated to the Japanese the fact of the capture of Batavia by the
English, which fact, it was afterwards reported to him, the Dutch had
confessed. Baffles also, in his memoirs, in speaking of Ainslie and his
good treatment by the Japanese, clearly implies that he was known to be
English.
[90] Mr. Medhurst, English missionary at Batavia, who has published
an English and Japanese vocabulary, enumerates, in a letter written
in 1827, as among his helps to the knowledge of the language, besides
five different Japanese and Chinese dictionaries, a Dutch, Japanese,
and Chinese one, in two thick 8vo volumes; also a corresponding one in
Japanese, Chinese, and Dutch. These were printed in Japan, and were,
perhaps, fruits of Doeff’s labors.
[See also paper on “The Early Study of Dutch in Japan,” by Dr.
Mitsukuri, in vol. v of the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of
Japan.—EDR.]
[91] The English translator of Golownin’s narrative mentions a species
of sea-weed collected for eating, on the northern coast of Scotland
and Ireland, and there called _dhulish_, or, when boiled, _sloak_, and
which, he says, answers exactly to Thunberg’s description of the edible
fucus of the Japanese.
[92] “The Japanese radish,” says Golownin, “is in form and taste very
different from ours. It is thin and extremely long. The taste is not
very acrid, but sweetish, almost like our turnips. Whole fields are
covered with it. A great part of the crop is salted, the remainder
is buried in the ground for winter, and boiled in soup. Not even the
radish-leaves remain unused; they are boiled in soup, or salted and
eaten as salad. They manure the radish fields with night-soil; this we
ourselves saw at Matsumae.”
[93] The fort on the island where they were taken prisoners, when first
seen from the ship, was hung round with striped cloths, which concealed
the walls. These cloths had embrasures painted on them, but in so
rough a manner that the deception could be perceived at a considerable
distance.
[94] The description of this prison corresponds very well to Kämpfer’s
description of the one at Nagasaki.
[95] The tea in common use, Golownin, like other travellers in Japan,
observed to be of a very inferior quality. Green tea was used as a
luxury on occasions of ceremony. Sugar was rare and costly, being
brought from Batavia by the Dutch, and packed for retail in small
baskets. Golownin saw also a very inferior kind, which he concluded to
be of domestic manufacture.
[96] This was the name of one of Golownin’s fellow-prisoners, who
had made himself quite famous among the Japanese by his skill as a
draftsman.
[97] Golownin mentions the scurvy as a prevailing disease among the
Japanese, perhaps occasioned by their thin diet.
[98] These released Japanese were sent to Matsumae, and, after
remaining about a week, were forwarded to Yedo. The shipwrecked men
did not give, so Golownin was informed, a very favorable account of
their entertainment in Kamtschatka. Ryōzayemon praised Irkutsk, but
represented eastern Siberia and Okhotsk as a miserable country, where
scarce anybody was to be seen except beggars and government officers.
He thought very meanly of the Russians, a few individuals excepted.
From their military spirit, even the boys in the street playing
soldier, he thought they must meditate conquest, probably that of Japan.
[99] There has been a great alteration in the last twenty years.
Siebold states that sixty-eight square-rigged vessels—mostly, no
doubt, American whalers—had been counted by the Japanese as passing
Matsumae and Hakodate in one year. According to a memorandum furnished
to Commodore Perry during his recent visit to Hakodate (May 3, 1854),
there had been, in the years 1847-1851, no less than five foreign
vessels wrecked in that vicinity.
[100] In Japan, as elsewhere, etiquette requires a good many things
to be done under feigned pretences, and on many occasions an affected
ignorance of what everybody knows. The Japanese have a particular term
(_naibun_) to express this way of doing things.
[101] Yet Kahei wore two swords, though perhaps he did it in the
character of a ship-master, or as an officer in authority in the island
to which he traded from Hakodate, carrying on the fishery there chiefly
by means of native Kuriles. These islands appear to have been farmed
out by the government to certain mercantile firms, which thus acquire a
certain civil authority over the inhabitants. The privilege of wearing
swords, like other similar privileges elsewhere, is probably rather
encroached upon by the unprivileged. On festival days, even the poorest
inhabitants of Nagasaki decked themselves out, according to Kämpfer,
with at least one sword. The present of a sword as a marriage gift—and
it is ceremonies practised among the mercantile class, to which
reference is made—is mentioned on p. 181.
[102] The old East India Company having become extinct, the Dutch trade
to Japan had been revived as a government affair. A new Dutch East
India Company having been formed, it was handed over to that company
in 1827, but, after a two years’ trial, was restored again to the
government, in whose hands it still remains.
[103] See London “Quarterly Review,” for July, 1819, in a note to an
article on Golownin’s narrative. The statement about bartering is
questionable.
[104] Siebold represents the Dutch at Deshima as humoring the Japanese
antipathy to change, by adhering in their dress to the old fashion,
and as rigged out in velvet coats and plumed hats, in the style of
Vandyke’s pictures.
[105] A series of numbers, professing to give the substance of the
recent works on Japan, principally Fisscher’s, Meylan’s, and Siebold’s,
appeared in the “Asiatic Journal” during the years 1839 and 1840, and
were afterwards collected and published at London in a volume, and
reprinted in Harper’s Family Library, with the title of “Manners and
Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century.” The same numbers,
to which some others were subsequently added in the “Asiatic Journal,”
were reprinted in the “Chinese Repository,” with notes, derived from
the information given to the editor by the shipwrecked Japanese, whom,
as mentioned above, it was attempted to carry home in the “Morrison.”
In the index to the “Chinese Repository” these numbers are ascribed to
a lady, a Mrs. B.
A still more elaborate and comprehensive work, based mainly on the same
materials, and often drawing largely from the one above referred to,
but rendered more complete by extracts from Kämpfer and Thunberg, is De
Jancigny’s “Japan,” published at Paris, in 1850, as a part of the great
French collection, entitled “L’univers, ou Histoire et Description de
tout les Peuples.”
Neither of these works contains any account of the Portuguese missions.
[106] Three accounts of this voyage have been published: one by
Williams (“Chinese Repository,” Nov. and Dec. 1837); a second by
Parker, London, 1838, and a third by King, New York, 1839. It is
possible that outrages by whaling vessels, which had begun to frequent
the seas of Japan in considerable numbers, might have somewhat
increased the antipathy of the Japanese towards foreigners. Of
transactions of that kind we should be little likely to hear, but that
they did sometimes occur seems to be proved by a paragraph in the
“Sidney Gazette” of February, 1842, warning mariners to be cautious how
they landed on Japan, as a Japanese village on the east coast of the
islands, somewhere near 43° north latitude, had been recently destroyed
by the crew of the Lady Rowena, then in the harbor of Sidney, and whose
captain openly boasted of the fact.
[107] Had the Japanese been readers of the London newspapers, they
might have found in the following paragraph, which appeared in the
“Examiner” of January 21, 1843, fresh motives for persisting in their
exclusive policy: “MISSIONARIES TO CHINA.—One of the largest meetings,
perhaps, ever held in Exeter Hall was held on Tuesday evening, convened
by the London Missionary Society, to consider the means of extending
and promoting in China the objects of the society. Wm. T. Blair,
Esq., of Bath, presided. Dr. Liefchild moved the first resolution,
_expressive of thanksgiving to God for the war between China and
Great Britain_ (the infamous opium war), and for the greatly enlarged
facilities secured by the treaty of peace for the introduction of
Christianity into that empire. This resolution was seconded by the Rev.
Dr. Adler, and was carried unanimously.” I have met with nothing in the
letters of the Jesuit missionaries, nor in the Jesuit missions, that
can be compared with this specimen of Protestant zeal.
[108] His instructions cautioned him not to do anything “to excite a
hostile feeling, or distrust of the United States.” The official papers
relating to this expedition, and to the subsequent one of the “Preble,”
will be found in “Senate Documents,” 1851-1852, vol. ix (Ex. Doc. No.
59).
[109] Dr. Bettelheim is at this moment in this country, anxious to
be employed as a missionary to Japan, for which his experience,
derived from a nine years’ residence in Lew Chew, gives him peculiar
qualifications. His treatment there was characteristic. The authorities
were anxious to get rid of him, but afraid to send him away by force,
while he was determined not to go. The inhabitants were ordered to
keep away from his house, to sell him nothing beyond a supply of food,
and to avoid him whenever he came near; while officers were appointed
to watch and to follow him wherever he went. See “Glyn’s Letter” in
Senate Documents, 1851-1852, vol. ix No. 59. There are also two curious
pamphlets on the subject, written by Dr. Bettelheim, and printed at
Canton.
[110] The same officers probably, designated by Kämpfer as deputies
of the governor, called by Thunberg, Banjoshū, and by the more recent
Dutch writers, Gobanjoshū.
[111] See also “America in the East” (Griffis) and “The Intercourse
between the United States and Japan” (Nitobe).—_Edr._
[112] By Siebold, in “Moniteur des Indes,” vol. ii, p. 346, in his
“Essay on the Commerce of Japan.”
[113] The official documents relating to this expedition were printed
by order of U. S. Senate, 33d Cong., 2d Sess. Ex. Doc. No. 34.
[114] Japan, p. 197. Perry, to judge by his letters (Dec. 14, 1852,
May 6, 1853), did not place much reliance on the aid of the Dutch.
The British Admiralty showed their good will by furnishing the latest
charts and sailing directions for the Eastern seas.
[115] As some persons may feel a curiosity to see Mr. Webster’s
original letter, and as it is not to be found in the edition of Mr.
Webster’s writings edited by Mr. Everett, I have copied it from the
Senate Documents 1851-1852, vol. ix. The expansion given to it in the
letter actually sent was not according to Japanese taste, which greatly
affects brevity.
“TO HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN.
“GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND:
“I send you this letter by an envoy of my own appointment, an officer
of high rank in this country, who is no missionary of religion. He
goes by my command to bear to you my greeting and good wishes, and to
promote friendship and commerce between the two countries.
“You know that the United States of America now extend from sea to
sea; that the great countries of Oregon and California are parts of
the United States, and that from these countries which are rich in
gold, and silver, and precious stones, our steamers can reach the
shores of your happy land in less than twenty days.
“Many of our ships will now pass in every year, and some perhaps
in every week, between California and China. These ships must pass
along the coast of your empire; storms and winds may cause them to be
wrecked on your shores, and we ask and expect from your friendship and
your greatness, kindness for our men and protection for our property.
We wish that our people may be permitted to trade with your people;
but we shall not authorize them to break any laws of your empire.
“Our object is friendly commercial intercourse, and nothing more. You
have many productions which we should be glad to buy; and we have
productions which might suit your people.
“Your empire has a great abundance of coal; this is an article which
our steamships, in going from California to China, must use. They
would be glad that a harbor in your empire should be appointed to
which coal might be brought, and where they might always be able to
purchase it.
“In many other respects, commerce between your empire and our country
would be useful to both. Let us consider well what new interests arise
from these recent events which have brought our two countries so near
together, and what purposes of friendship, amity, and intercourse,
they ought to inspire in the breasts of those who govern both
countries. Farewell.
“Given under my hand and seal, at the city of Washington, the 10th
day of May, 1851, and of the independence of the United
(L. S.) States the seventy-fifth.
“M. FILLMORE.
“By the President:
“D. WEBSTER, _Secretary of State_.”
[116] These islands lie between 26° 30´ and 27° 45´ north latitude,
about five hundred miles west of Lew Chew and the same distance south
of Yedo, on the direct route from the Sandwich Islands to Shanghai,
three thousand three hundred miles from the former, and about one
thousand one hundred from the latter. They consist of three groups.
The largest island is about forty miles in circumference. There are
nine others, diminishing down to five or six miles of circumference,
and about seventy rocky islets, all evidently of volcanic origin. The
extent of the whole is about two hundred and fifty square miles. The
name is Japanese, and signifies “uninhabited,” descriptive of the state
in which they were found when discovered by a Japanese vessel in 1675;
and, except some ineffectual attempts at penal colonization by the
Japanese, so they remained till occupied, in 1830, by a colony from the
Sandwich Islands, partly Americans and Europeans, and partly Sandwich
Islanders. They had been visited and claimed for the British crown in
1827, by Captain Beechey, in the surveying ship “Blossom.” The larger
ones are fertile and well watered, but scantily wooded. The largest,
called Peel’s Islands by Beechey, has a good harbor, and here Perry
bought a piece of land from a squatter for a coal depot.
[117] There is another province of the same name in the island of
Shikoku. That above-mentioned is otherwise called Bōshū.
[118] The squadron had as Chinese interpreter Mr. S. W. Williams, an
American, long resident at Macao, one of the editors of the “Chinese
Repository,” and one of the party of the “Morrison,” to carry back the
shipwrecked Japanese, from whom he had obtained some knowledge of that
language.
[119] The account of this visit is drawn partly from Commodore Perry’s
official reports, and partly from the letters of Lieutenant Contee and
others, published in the newspapers.
[120] Mistake for Kanagawa.—EDR.
[121] Rather on their heels.
[122] The number of American officers present at these interviews was
from twenty to fifty.
[123] The treaty is dated at Kanagawa, probably because it was the
nearest town. See Kämpfer’s mention of it, p. 74. Mr. Bidinger,
chaplain of the squadron, in one of his excursions on shore, managed to
reach and pass through it. He found it a large town.
[124] See, as to the roofs in Hakodate, p. 306, and employ these two
passages to reconcile the discrepancy noticed in vol. i, p. 392, note.
[125] There is a volcanic island similar to this, off the south coast
of Satsuma, and another near Hirado.
[126] It is said that these coins are called koban, but that ancient
name can hardly be applied at the same time to three coins, of such
different values. The old koban of Kämpfer would be worth at present
rates about eleven taels; the new koban of 1708 not quite six taels.
For the above account of the Japanese coins and monetary system, on
which subject the official report of the two American commissioners is
rather blind, I have been much indebted to an elaborate paper on the
trade to Japan, written by S. Wells Williams, the Chinese interpreter
to the embassy, and originally published in the “N. Y. Times.” No
person in the fleet was so well prepared by previous studies and the
experience of a long residence in China and familiarity with Chinese
literature to make intelligent observations in Japan. Japan has, like
Europe, its numismatology. Jancigny mentions a Japanese treatise on
this subject, published at Yedo in 1822, in seven volumes, which
describes five hundred and fifty coins, with colored prints (the color
being given in the impression) of most of them. The Japanese coins are
not struck, but cast in a mould. They are, however, exceedingly well
finished, and the impression sharp. Siebold speaks of halfs, quarters,
and sixteenths of a koban in gold; and of eighths and sixteenths of
a koban in silver; and, according to his account, there are in some
provinces zeni, and eighths of a koban in paper notes. This practice
might have been borrowed from the Chinese—paper money being one of the
numerous inventions in which they anticipated us of the West. [See also
“The Coins of Japan” (Munro).—EDR.]
[127] The following is given in the “San Francisco Herald” as a copy of
the address presented to Mr. Burrows on this occasion:
“With pleasure we welcome you to Yedo Bay, and in doing so, can assure
you that your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce,’ is the first foreign vessel that
has been received by us with pleasure.
“Commodore Perry brought with him too many large guns and fighting
men to be pleasing to us; but you have come in your beautiful ship,
which is superior to any we have before seen, to visit us, without any
hostile weapons, and the Emperor has ordered that you shall have all
the kindness and liberty extended to you that Commodore Perry received.
“You have, Mr. Burrows, come here, relying on our friendship and
hospitality, and we assure you that, although we have been shut out
for ages from other nations of the world, yet you shall bear with you,
when returning to your country, the knowledge that our Emperor and the
Japanese his subjects will never fail of extending protection to those
who come as you do to Japan. But the Emperor is particularly desirous
that you should extend the terms of the treaty made with Commodore
Perry, wherever you may go, to prevent any more ships coming to Yedo
Bay, as all must hereafter go to Shimoda or Hakodate.
“It has given the Emperor and all the Japanese great pleasure that you
have returned to Japan our countryman, Dee-yee-no-skee[This name is
unintelligible, except that “skee” stands for “suke.”—EDR.], who was
shipwrecked, and who has been residing for some time in your country,
where he states he has been treated with the greatest kindness, and
particularly so on board your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce.’ That you should
have made a voyage to Japan to restore him to his friends and home,
without any other inducement, as you say, except to see Japan, and
to form a friendship with us, merits and will ever receive our most
friendly feelings; and be assured, if any of your countrymen, or other
people, are shipwrecked on our shores, we will extend the same kindness
to them that you have to our countrymen, and place them at Shimoda or
Hakodate, and thus open to the world that our religion, which is so
different from yours, governs the Japanese, in all their dealings, by
as correct principles as yours governs you. We understand what ships
of war are; also what whaling ships and merchant ships are; but we
never before heard, till you came here, of such a ship as yours,—a
private gentleman’s pleasure ship,—coming so far as you have, without
any money-making business of trade, and only to see Japan, to become
acquainted with us, and bring home one of our shipwrecked people, the
first that has returned to his country from America or foreign land.
“You offer us, as presents, all the rare and beautiful articles you
have in your ship; but have received orders from the Emperor that we
must not tax your kind feelings by taking anything from you, as you
have already been sufficiently taxed in returning Dee-yee-no-skee.
“The Emperor also directs that all the gold pieces you have presented
to the Japanese must be collected and returned to you, and to say that
he alone must make presents in Yedo Bay. He has directed presents to be
made to you, in the Emperor’s name, by the governor of Shimoda, where
he desires you will proceed in your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce,’ and land
Dee-yee-no-skee, which will be in compliance with the treaty.
“Your visit to Japan in the ‘Lady Pierce’ has been attended with great
interest to us, and you will not be forgotten by the Japanese. We hope
we may meet you again, and we hope you will come back to Japan.
“The Emperor has directed that two ships like yours shall be built,
and we thank you for having allowed us to take drawings of the ‘Lady
Pierce,’ and of all that we desired on board.”
[128] See papers on Japanese music in vol. xix of the “Transactions of
the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
[129] This, probably, is one of the Portuguese legacies to Japan.
[130] See also “Townsend Harris” (Griffis).—EDR.
[131] The title of a work ascribed to Valignani, the same visitor of
the Jesuit missions in the East, repeatedly mentioned in the text,
vol. i, pp. 100 _et seq._, and whom Purchas elsewhere calls the “great
Jesuit.”
[132] See Satow’s “Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam in
the Seventeenth Century” in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of
Japan.—EDR.
[133] See vol. i, p. 221.
[134] Sec vol. i, p. 250.
[135] See vol. i, p. 266. Colbert’s East India Company and scheme of
opening the commerce of China and Japan was simultaneous with his
West India Company, and his attempts to strengthen and build up the
establishments of the French in the Carribee Islands and in Canada.
La Salle, who immortalized himself as the discoverer of the Upper
Mississippi, and as first having traced that river to its mouth in the
Gulf of Mexico, came originally to Canada with a view to the discovery
of an overland western passage to China and Japan. See Hildreth’s
“History of the United States,” vol. ii, p. 113. The Japan enterprise,
however, proved a failure, and the letter given above never actually
reached Japan.
[136] This was before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
[137] This reads very much like the third clause in the American letter.