#316. MATERIALITY.—N. materiality, mater_Roget's Thesaurus

corporality[obs3]; substantiality, substantialness, flesh and blood,

plenum; physical condition. matter, body, substance, brute matter,

stuff, element, principle, parenchyma[Biol], material, substratum,

hyle[obs3], corpus, pabulum; frame. object, article, thing, something;

still life; stocks and stones; materials &c. 635. [Science of matter]

physics; somatology[obs3], somatics; natural philosophy, experimental

philosophy; physicism[obs3]; physical science, philosophie

positive[Fr], materialism; materialist; physicist; somatism[obs3],

somatist[obs3]. Adj. material, bodily; corporeal, corporal; physical;

somatic, somatoscopic[obs3]; sensible, tangible, ponderable, palpable,

substantial. objective, impersonal, nonsubjective[obs3], neuter,

unspiritual, materialistic.

#317. Immateriality.—N. immateriality, immaterialness;

incorporeity[obs3], spirituality; inextension[obs3]; astral plane.

personality; I, myself, me; ego, spirit &c. (soul) 450; astral

body;

immaterialism[obs3]; spiritualism, spiritualist.

V. disembody, spiritualize.

Adj. immaterial, immateriate[obs3]; incorporeal, incorporal[obs3];

incorporate, unfleshly[obs3]; supersensible[obs3]; asomatous[obs3],

unextended[obs3]; unembodied[obs3], disembodied; extramundane,

unearthly;

pneumatoscopic[obs3]; spiritual &c. (psychical) 450[obs3].

personal, subjective, nonobjective.

#318. World.—N. world, creation, nature, universe; earth, globe,

wide world; cosmos; kosmos[obs3]; terraqueous globe[obs3], sphere;

macrocosm, megacosm[obs3]; music of the spheres. heavens, sky, welkin|,

empyrean; starry cope, starry heaven, starry host; firmament; Midgard;

supersensible regions[obs3]; varuna; vault of heaven, canopy of heaven;

celestial spaces. heavenly bodies, stars, asteroids; nebulae; galaxy,

milky way, galactic circle, via lactea[Lat], ame no kawa [Jap.]. sun,

orb of day, Apollo[obs3], Phoebus; photosphere, chromosphere; solar

system; planet, planetoid; comet; satellite, moon, orb of night, Diana,

silver-footed queen; aerolite[obs3], meteor; planetary ring; falling

star, shooting star; meteorite, uranolite[obs3]. constellation, zodiac,

signs of the zodiac, Charles's wain, Big Dipper, Little Dipper, Great

Bear, Southern Cross, Orion's belt, Cassiopea's chair, Pleiades.

colures[obs3], equator, ecliptic, orbit. [Science of heavenly bodies]

astronomy; uranography, uranology[obs3]; cosmology, cosmography[obs3],

cosmogony; eidouranion[obs3], orrery; geodesy &c. (measurement) 466;

star gazing, star gazer[obs3]; astronomer; observatory; planetarium.

Adj. cosmic, cosmical[obs3]; mundane, terrestrial, terrestrious|,

terraqueous[obs3], terrene, terreous|, telluric, earthly, geotic[obs3],

under the sun; sublunary[obs3], subastral[obs3]. solar, heliacal[obs3];

lunar; celestial, heavenly, sphery[obs3]; starry, stellar; sidereal,

sideral[obs3]; astral; nebular; uranic. Adv. in all creation, on the

face of the globe, here below, under the sun. Phr. die Weltgeschichte

ist das Weltergesicht[Ger]; "earth is but the frozen echo of the silent

voice of God" [Hageman]; "green calm below, blue quietness above"

[Whittier]; "hanging in a golden chain this pendant World" [Paradise

Lost]; "nothing in nature is unbeautiful" [Tennyson]; "silently as a

dream the fabric rose" [Cowper]; "some touch of nature's genial glow"

[Scott]; "this majestical roof fretted with golden fire" [Hamlet];

"through knowledge we behold the World's creation" [Spenser].

#319. Gravity.—N. gravity, gravitation; weight; heaviness &c. adj.;

specific gravity; pondorosity[obs3], pressure, load; burden,

burthen[obs3];

ballast, counterpoise; lump of, mass of, weight of.

lead, millstone, mountain, Ossa on Pelion.

weighing, ponderation[obs3], trutination|; weights; avoirdupois

weight, troy weight, apothecaries' weight; grain, scruple,

drachma[obs3],

ounce, pound, lb, arroba[obs3], load, stone, hundredweight, cwt, ton,

long

ton, metric ton, quintal, carat, pennyweight, tod[obs3].

[metric weights] gram, centigram, milligram, microgram, kilogram;

nanogram, picogram, femtogram, attogram.

[Weighing Instrument] balance, scale, scales, steelyard, beam,

weighbridge[obs3]; spring balance, piezoelectric balance, analytical

balance, two-pan balance, one-pan balance; postal scale, baby scale.

[Science of gravity] statics.

V. be heavy &c. adj.; gravitate, weigh, press, cumber, load.

[Measure the weight of] weigh, poise.

Adj. weighty; weighing &c. v.; heavy as lead; ponderous,

ponderable;

lumpish[obs3], lumpy, cumbersome, burdensome; cumbrous, unwieldy,

massive.

incumbent, superincumbent[obs3].

#320. Levity.—N. levity; lightness &c. adj.; imponderability,

buoyancy, volatility.

feather, dust, mote, down, thistle, down, flue, cobweb, gossamer,

straw, cork, bubble, balloon; float, buoy; ether, air.

leaven, ferment, barm[obs3], yeast.

lighter-than-air balloon, helium balloon, hydrogen balloon, hot

air

balloon.

convection, thermal draft, thermal.

V. be light &c. adj.; float, rise, swim, be buoyed up.

render light &c. adj.; lighten, leaven.

Adj. light, subtile, airy; imponderous[obs3], imponderable;

astatic[obs3], weightless, ethereal, sublimated; gossamery;

suberose[obs3],

suberous[obs3]; uncompressed, volatile; buoyant, floating &c. v.;

portable.

light as a feather, light as a thistle, light as air; lighter than

air; rise like a balloon, float like a balloon.

SECTION II. INORGANIC MATTER

1. Solid Matter

#321. Density..—N. density, solidity; solidness &c. adj.;

impenetrability, impermeability; incompressibility; imporosity[obs3];

cohesion &c. 46; constipation, consistence, spissitude|. specific

gravity; hydrometer, areometer[obs3]. condensation; caseation[obs3];

solidation[obs3], solidification; consolidation; concretion,

coagulation; petrification &c. (hardening) 323; crystallization,

precipitation; deposit, precipitate; inspissation[obs3]; gelation,

thickening &c. v. indivisibility, indiscerptibility[obs3],

insolubility, indissolvableness. solid body, mass, block, knot, lump;

concretion, concrete, conglomerate; cake, clot, stone, curd, coagulum;

bone, gristle, cartilage; casein, crassamentum|; legumin[obs3].

superdense matter, condensed states of matter; dwarf star, neutron

star. V. be dense &c. adj.; become solid, render solid &c. adj.;

solidify, solidate[obs3]; concrete, set, take a set, consolidate,

congeal, coagulate; curd, curdle; lopper; fix, clot, cake, candy,

precipitate, deposit, cohere, crystallize; petrify &c. (harden) 323.

condense, thicken, gel, inspissate[obs3], incrassate[obs3]; compress,

squeeze, ram down, constipate. Adj. dense, solid; solidified &c. v.;

caseous; pukka[obs3]; coherent, cohesive &c. 46; compact, close,

serried, thickset; substantial, massive, lumpish[obs3]; impenetrable,

impermeable, nonporous, imporous[obs3]; incompressible; constipated;

concrete &c. (hard) 323; knotted, knotty; gnarled; crystalline,

crystallizable; thick, grumous|, stuffy. undissolved, unmelted[obs3],

unliquefied[obs3], unthawed[obs3]. indivisible, indiscerptible[obs3],

infrangible[obs3], indissolvable[obs3], indissoluble, insoluble,

infusible.

#322. Rarity.—N. rarity, tenuity; absence of solidity &c. 321;

subtility[obs3]; subtilty[obs3], subtlety; sponginess, compressibility.

rarefaction, expansion, dilatation, inflation,

subtilization[obs3].

vaporization, evaporation, diffusion, gassification[obs3].

ether &c. (gas) 334.

V. rarefy, expand, dilate, subtilize[obs3].

Adj. rare, subtile, thin, fine, tenuous, compressible, flimsy,

slight;

light &c. 320; cavernous, spongy &c. (hollow) 252.

rarefied &c. v.; unsubstantial; uncompact[obs3],

incompressed[obs3];

rarefiable[obs3].

#323. Hardness.—N. hardness &c. adj.; rigidity; renitence[obs3],

renitency; inflexibility, temper, callosity, durity [obs3].

induration, petrifaction; lapidification[obs3], lapidescence[obs3];

vitrification, ossification; crystallization. stone, pebble, flint,

marble, rock, fossil, crag, crystal, quartz, granite, adamant; bone,

cartilage; hardware; heart of oak, block, board, deal board; iron,

steel; cast iron, decarbonized iron, wrought iron; nail; brick,

concrete; cement. V. render hard &c. adj.; harden, stiffen, indurate,

petrify, temper, ossify, vitrify; accrust[obs3]. Adj. hard, rigid,

stubborn, stiff, firm; starch, starched; stark, unbending, unlimber,

unyielding; inflexible, tense; indurate, indurated; gritty, proof.

adamant, adamantine, adamantean[obs3]; concrete, stony, granitic,

calculous, lithic[obs3], vitreous; horny, corneous[obs3]; bony;

osseous, ossific[obs3]; cartilaginous; hard as a rock &c. n.; stiff as

buckram, stiff as a poker; stiff as starch, stiff as a board.

#324. Softness.—N. softness, pliableness &c. adj.; flexibility;

pliancy, pliability; sequacity[obs3], malleability; ductility,

tractility[obs3]; extendibility, extensibility; plasticity;

inelasticity,

flaccidity, laxity.

penetrability.

clay, wax, butter, dough, pudding; alumina, argil; cushion,

pillow,

feather bed, down, padding, wadding; foam.

mollification; softening &c.v.

V. render -soft &c. adj.; soften, mollify, mellow, relax, temper;

mash, knead, squash.

bend, yield, relent, relax, give.

plasticize'.

Adj. soft, tender, supple; pliant, pliable; flexible, flexile;

lithe,

lithesome; lissom, limber, plastic; ductile; tractile[obs3], tractable;

malleable, extensile, sequacious[obs3], inelastic; aluminous[obs3];

remollient[obs3].

yielding &c. v.; flabby, limp, flimsy.

doughy, spongy, penetrable, foamy, cushiony[obs3].

flaccid, flocculent, downy; edematous, oedematous[obs3],

medullary[Anat], argillaceous, mellow.

soft as butter, soft as down, soft as silk; yielding as wax,

tender as

chicken.

#325. Elasticity.—N. elasticity, springiness, spring, resilience,

renitency, buoyancy.

rubber, India(n) rubber, latex, caoutchouc, whalebone, gum

elastic,

baleen, natural rubber; neoprene, synthetic rubber, Buna-S, plastic.

flexibility, Young's modulus.

V. stretch, flex, extend, distend, be elastic &c. adj.; bounce,

spring

back &c. (recoil) 277.

Adj. elastic, flexible, tensile, spring, resilient, renitent,

buoyant;

ductile, stretchable, extendable.

Phr. the stress is proportional to the strain.

#326. Inelasticity.—N. want of elasticity, absence of elasticity

&c. 325; inelasticity &c. (softness) 324,

Adj. unyielding, inelastic, inflexible &c. (soft) 324;

irresilient[obs3].

#327. Tenacity.—N. {ant. 328} tenacity, toughness, strength;

(cohesion) 46; grip, grasp, stickiness, (cohesion) 46;

sequacity[obs3];

stubbornness &c. (obstinacy); glue, cement, glutinousness[obs3],

sequaciousness[obs3], viscidity, (semiliquidity) 352.

leather; white leather, whitleather[obs3]; gristle, cartilage.

unbreakability, tensile strength.

V. be tenacious &c. adj.; resist fracture.

grip, grasp, stick (cohesion) 46.

Adj. tenacious, tough, strong, resisting, sequacious[obs3],

stringy,

gristly cartilaginous, leathery, coriaceous[obs3], tough as

whitleather[obs3]; stubborn &c. (obstinate) 606.

unbreakable, indivisible; atomic.

#328. Brittleness.—N. {ant. 327} brittleness &c. adj.; fragility,

friability, frangibility, fissibility[obs3]; house of cards, house of

glass. V. be brittle &c. adj.; live in a glass house. break, crack,

snap, split, shiver, splinter, crumble, break short, burst, fly, give

way; fall to pieces; crumble to, crumble into dust. Adj. brittle, brash

[U.S.], breakable, weak, frangible, fragile, frail, gimcrack|, shivery,

fissile; splitting &c. v.; lacerable[obs3], splintery, crisp, crimp,

short, brittle as glass.

#329. [Structure.] Texture.—N. structure (form) 240, organization,

anatomy, frame, mold, fabric, construction; framework, carcass,

architecture; stratification, cleavage.

substance, stuff, compages[obs3], parenchyma[Biol]; constitution,

staple, organism.

[Science of structures] organography[obs3], osteology, myology,

splanchnology[obs3], neurology, angiography[obs3], adeology[obs3];

angiography[obs3], adenography[obs3].

texture, surface texture; intertexture[obs3], contexture[obs3];

tissue, grain, web, surface; warp and woof, warp and weft; tooth, nap

&c.

(roughness) 256; flatness (smoothness) 255; fineness of grain;

coarseness

of grain, dry goods.

silk, satin; muslin, burlap.

[Science of textures] histology.

Adj. structural, organic; anatomic, anatomical.

textural, textile; fine grained, coarse grained; fine, delicate,

subtile, gossamery, filmy, silky, satiny; coarse; homespun.

rough, gritty; smooth.

smooth as silk, smooth as satin.

#330. Pulverulence.—N. powderiness[obs3][State of powder.],

pulverulence[obs3]; sandiness &c. adj.; efflorescence; friability.

powder, dust, sand, shingle; sawdust; grit; meal, bran, flour, farina,

rice, paddy, spore, sporule[obs3]; crumb, seed, grain; particle &c.

(smallness) 32; limature|, filings, debris, detritus, tailings, talus

slope, scobs[obs3], magistery[obs3], fine powder; flocculi[Lat]. smoke;

cloud of dust, cloud of sand, cloud of smoke; puff of smoke, volume of

smoke; sand storm, dust storm. [Reduction to powder] pulverization,

comminution[obs3], attenuation, granulation, disintegration,

subaction[obs3], contusion, trituration[Chem], levigation[obs3],

abrasion, detrition, multure[obs3]; limitation; tripsis[obs3]; filing

&c.v.. [Instruments for pulverization] mill, arrastra[obs3], gristmill,

grater, rasp, file, mortar and pestle, nutmeg grater, teeth, grinder,

grindstone, kern[obs3], quern[obs3], koniology[obs3]. V. come to dust;

be disintegrated, be reduced to powder &c. reduce to powder, grind to

powder; pulverize, comminute, granulate, triturate, levigate[obs3];

scrape, file, abrade, rub down, grind, grate, rasp, pound, bray,

bruise; contuse, contund[obs3]; beat, crush, cranch[obs3],

craunch[obs3], crunch, scranch[obs3], crumble, disintegrate; attenuate

&c. 195. Adj. powdery, pulverulent[obs3], granular, mealy, floury,

farinaceous, branny[obs3], furfuraceous[obs3], flocculent, dusty,

sandy, sabulous[obs3], psammous[obs3]; arenose[obs3], arenarious[obs3],

arenaceous[obs3]; gritty, efflorescent, impalpable; lentiginous[obs3],

lepidote[obs3], sabuline[obs3]; sporaceous[obs3], sporous[obs3].

pulverizable; friable, crumbly, shivery; pulverized &c. v.;

attrite[obs3]; in pieces.

#331. Friction.—N. friction, attrition; rubbing, abrasion, scraping

&c. v.; confrication|, detrition, contrition|, affriction[obs3],

abrasion,

arrosion|, limature|, frication[obs3], rub; elbow grease; rosin;

massage;

roughness &c. 256.

rolling friction, sliding friction, starting friction.

V. rub, scratch, scrape, scrub, slide, fray, rasp, graze, curry,

scour, polish, rub out, wear down, gnaw; file, grind &c. (reduce to

powder)

330.

set one's teeth on edge; rosin.

Adj. anatriptic[obs3]; attrite[obs3].

#332. [Absence of friction. Prevention of friction.] Lubrication.—

N. smoothness &c. 255; unctuousness &c. 355.

lubrication, lubrification[obs3]; anointment; oiling &c. v.

synovia[Anat]; glycerine, oil, lubricating oil, grease &c. 356;

saliva; lather.

teflon.

V. lubricate, lubricitate|; oil, grease, lather, soap; wax.

Adj. lubricated &c. v.; lubricous.

2. FLUID MATTER

_1. Fluids in General_

#333. Fluidity.—N. fluidity, liquidity; liquidness &c. adj[obs3].;

gaseity &c. 334[obs3].

fluid, inelastic fluid; liquid, liquor; lymph, humor, juice, sap,

serum, blood, serosity[obs3], gravy, rheum, ichor[obs3], sanies[obs3];

chyle[Med].

solubility, solubleness[obs3].

[Science of liquids at rest] hydrology, hydrostatics,

hydrodynamics.

V. be fluid &c. adj.; flow &c. (water in motion) 348; liquefy,

melt,

condense &c. 335.

Adj. liquid, fluid, serous, juicy, succulent, sappy;

ichorous[obs3];

fluent &c. (flowing) 348.

liquefied &c. 335; uncongealed; soluble.

#334. Gaseity.—N. gaseity[obs3]; vaporousness &c. adj.; flatulence,

flatulency; volatility; aeration, aerification.

elastic fluid, gas, air, vapor, ether, steam, essence, fume, reek,

effluvium, flatus; cloud &c. 353; ammonia, ammoniacal gas[obs3];

volatile

alkali; vacuum, partial vacuum.

[Science of elastic fluids] pneumatics, pneumatostatics[obs3];

aerostatics[obs3], aerodynamics.

gasmeter[obs3], gasometer[obs3]; air bladder, swimming bladder,

sound

(of a fish).

V. vaporize, evaporate, evanesce, gasify, emit vapor &c. 336;

diffuse.

Adj. gaseous, aeriform[obs3], ethereal, aerial, airy, vaporous,

volatile, evaporable[obs3], flatulent.

#335. Liquefaction.—N. liquefaction; liquescence[obs3],

liquescency[obs3]; melting &c. (heat) 384; colliquation|,

colliquefaction|; thaw; liquation|, deliquation|, deliquescence;

lixiviation[obs3], dissolution. solution, apozem[obs3], lixivium[obs3],

infusion, flux. solvent, menstruum, alkahest[obs3]. V. render liquid

&c. 333; liquefy, run; deliquesce; melt &c. (heat) 384; solve;

dissolve, resolve; liquate|; hold in solution; condense, precipitate,

rain. Adj. liquefied &c. v., liquescent, liquefiable; deliquescent,

soluble, colliquative[obs3].

#336. Vaporization.—N. vaporization, volatilization; gasification,

evaporation, vaporation[obs3]; distillation, cupellation[Chem],

cohobation,

sublimination[obs3], exhalation; volatility.

vaporizer, still, retort; fumigation, steaming; bay salt, chloride

sodium|!.

mister, spray.

bubble, effervescence.

V. render -gaseous &c. 334; vaporize, volatilize; distill,

sublime;

evaporate, exhale, smoke, transpire, emit vapor, fume, reek, steam,

fumigate; cohobate[obs3]; finestill[obs3].

bubble, sparge, effervesce, boil.

Adj. volatilized &c. v.; reeking &c. v.; volatile;

evaporable[obs3],

vaporizable.

bubbly, effervescent, boiling.

_2. Specific Fluids_

#337. Water.—N. water; serum, serosity[obs3]; lymph; rheum;

diluent; agua[Sp], aqua, pani[obs3]. dilution, maceration, lotion;

washing &c. v.; immersion|, humectation[obs3], infiltration,

spargefaction|, affusion[obs3], irrigation, douche, balneation[obs3],

bath. deluge &c. (water in motion) 348; high water, flood tide. V. be

watery &c. adj.; reek. add water, water, wet; moisten &c. 339; dilute,

dip, immerse; merge; immerge, submerge; plunge, souse, duck, drown;

soak, steep, macerate, pickle, wash, sprinkle, lave, bathe,

affuse[obs3], splash, swash, douse, drench; dabble, slop, slobber,

irrigate, inundate, deluge; syringe, inject, gargle. Adj. watery,

aqueous, aquatic, hydrous, lymphatic; balneal[obs3], diluent; drenching

&c. v.; diluted &c. v.; weak; wet &c. (moist) 339. Phr. the waters are

out.

#338. Air.—N. air &c. (gas) 334; common air, atmospheric air;

atmosphere; aerosphere[obs3].

open air; sky, welkin; blue sky; cloud &c. 353.

weather, climate, rise and fall of the barometer, isobar.

[Science of air] aerology, aerometry[obs3], aeroscopy[obs3],

aeroscopy[obs3], aerography[obs3]; meteorology, climatology;

pneumatics;

eudioscope[obs3], baroscope[obs3], aeroscope[obs3], eudiometer[obs3],

barometer, aerometer[obs3]; aneroid, baroscope[obs3]; weather gauge,

weather glass, weather cock.

exposure to the air, exposure to the weather; ventilation;

aerostation[obs3], aeronautics, aeronaut.

V. air, ventilate, fan &c. (wind) 349.

Adj. containing air, flatulent, effervescent; windy &c. 349.

atmospheric, airy; aerial, aeriform[obs3]; meteorological;

weatherwise[obs3].

Adv. in the open air, a la belle etoile[Fr], al fresco; sub jove

dio[Lat].

#339. Moisture.—N. moisture; moistness &c. adj.; humidity,

humectation[obs3]; madefaction|, dew; serein[obs3]; marsh &c. 345;

hygrometry, hygrometer.

V. moisten, wet; humect[obs3], humectate[obs3]; sponge, damp,

bedew;

imbue, imbrue, infiltrate, saturate; soak, drench &c. (water) 337.

be moist &c. adj.; not have a dry thread; perspire &c. (exude)

295.

Adj. moist, damp; watery &c. 337; madid[obs3], roric[obs3];

undried[obs3], humid, sultry, wet, dank, luggy[obs3], dewy; roral|,

rorid|;

roscid[obs3]; juicy.

wringing wet, soaking wet; wet through to the skin; saturated &c.

swashy[obs3], soggy, dabbled; reeking, dripping, soaking, soft,

sodden,

sloppy, muddy; swampy &c. (marshy) 345; irriguous[obs3].

#340. Dryness.—N. dryness &c. adj.; siccity[obs3], aridity,

drought, ebb tide, low water.

exsiccation|, desiccation; arefaction|, dephlegmation|, drainage;

drier.

[CHEMSUB which renders dry] desiccative, dessicator.

[device to render dry] dessicator; hair drier, clothes drier, gas

drier, electric drier; vacuum oven, drying oven, kiln; lyophilizer.

clothesline.

V. be dry &c. adj..

[transitive] render dry &c. adj.; dry; dry up, soak up; sponge,

swab,

wipe; drain.

desiccate, dehydrate, exsiccate[obs3]; parch.

kiln dry; vacuum dry, blow dry, oven dry; hang out to dry.

mummify.

be fine, hold up.

Adj. dry, anhydrous, arid; adust[obs3], arescent|; dried &c. v.;

undamped; juiceless[obs3], sapless; sear; husky; rainless, without

rain,

fine; dry as a bone, dry as dust, dry as a stick, dry as a mummy, dry

as a

biscuit.

water proof, water tight.

dehydrated, dessicated.

#341. Ocean—N. sea, ocean, main, deep, brine, salt water, waves,

billows, high seas, offing, great waters, watery waste, "vasty deep";

wave,

tide, &c. (water in motion) 348.

hydrography, hydrographer; Neptune, Poseidon, Thetis, Triton,

Naiad,

Nereid; sea nymph, Siren; trident, dolphin.

Adj. oceanic; marine, maritime; pelagic, pelagian; seagoing;

hydrographic; bathybic[obs3], cotidal[obs3].

Adv. at sea, on sea; afloat.

#342. Land.—N. land, earth, ground, dry land, terra firma.

continent, mainland, peninsula, chersonese[Fr], delta; tongue of

land,

neck of land; isthmus, oasis; promontory &c. (projection) 250; highland

&c.

(height) 206.

coast, shore, scar, strand, beach; playa; bank, lea; seaboard,

seaside, seabank[obs3], seacoast, seabeach[obs3]; ironbound coast; loom

the land; derelict; innings; alluvium, alluvion[obs3]; ancon.

riverbank, river bank, levee.

soil, glebe, clay, loam, marl, cledge[obs3], chalk, gravel, mold,

subsoil, clod, clot; rock, crag.

acres; real estate &c. (property) 780; landsman[obs3].

V. land, come to land, set foot on the soil, set foot on dry land;

come ashore, go ashore, debark.

Adj. earthy, continental, midland, coastal, littoral, riparian;

alluvial; terrene &c. (world) 318; landed, predial[obs3], territorial;

geophilous[obs3]; ripicolous.

Adv. ashore; on shore, on land.

#343. Gulf. Lake—N. land covered with water, gulf, gulph[obs3],

bay, inlet, bight, estuary, arm of the sea, bayou [U.S.], fiord,

armlet; frith[obs3], firth, ostiary|, mouth; lagune[obs3], lagoon;

indraught[obs3]; cove, creek; natural harbor; roads; strait; narrows;

Euripus; sound, belt, gut, kyles[obs3]; continental slope, continental

shelf. lake, loch, lough[obs3], mere, tarn, plash, broad, pond, pool,

lin[obs3], puddle, slab, well, artesian well; standing water, dead

water, sheet of water; fish pond, mill pond; ditch, dike, dyke, dam;

reservoir &c. (store) 636; alberca[obs3], barachois[obs3], hog wallow

[U.S.]. Adj. lacustrine[obs3].

#344. Plain.—N. plain, table-land, face of the country; open

country, champaign country[obs3]; basin, downs, waste, weary waste,

desert, wild, steppe, pampas, savanna, prairie, heath, common,

wold[obs3], veldt; moor, moorland; bush; plateau &c. (level) 213;

campagna[obs3]; alkali flat, llano; mesa, mesilla [obs3][U.S.], playa;

shaking prairie, trembling prairie; vega[Sp]. meadow, mead,

haugh[obs3], pasturage, park, field, lawn, green, plat, plot,

grassplat[obs3], greensward, sward, turf, sod, heather; lea, ley, lay;

grounds; maidan[obs3], agostadero[obs3]. Adj. champaign[obs3],

alluvial; campestral[obs3], campestrial[obs3], campestrian[obs3],

campestrine[obs3].

#345. Marsh.—N. marsh, swamp, morass, marish[obs3], moss, fen, bog,

quagmire, slough, sump, wash; mud, squash, slush; baygall [obs3][U.S.],

cienaga[obs3], jhil[obs3], vlei[obs3]. Adj. marsh, marshy; swampy,

boggy, plashy[obs3], poachy[obs3], quaggy[obs3], soft; muddy, sloppy,

squashy; paludal[obs3]; moorish, moory; fenny.

#346. Island.—N. island, isle, islet, eyot[obs3], ait[obs3],

holf[obs3], reef, atoll, breaker; archipelago; islander.

Adj. insular, seagirt; archipelagic[obs3].

_3. Fluids in Motion_

#347. [Fluid in motion.] Stream.—N. stream &c. (of water) 348, (of

air) 349.

flowmeter.

V. flow &c. 348; blow &c. 349.

#348. [Water in motion.] River.—N. running water.

jet, spirt[obs3], spurt, squirt, spout, spray, splash, rush, gush,

jet d'eau[Fr]; sluice. water spout, water fall; cascade, force,

foss[obs3]; lin[obs3], linn[obs3]; ghyll[obs3], Niagara; cataract,

rapids, white water, catadupe|, cataclysm; debacle, inundation,

deluge; chute, washout. rain, rainfall; serein[obs3]; shower,

scud; downpour; driving rain, drenching rain, cloudburst;

hyetology[obs3], hyetography[obs3]; predominance of

Aquarius[obs3], reign of St. Swithin; mizzle[obs3], drizzle,

stillicidum[obs3], plash; dropping &c. v.; falling weather;

northeaster, hurricane, typhoon. stream, course, flux, flow,

profluence[obs3]; effluence &c. (egress) 295; defluxion[obs3];

flowing &c. v.; current, tide, race, coulee. spring, artesian

well, fount, fountain; rill, rivulet, gill, gullet, rillet[obs3];

streamlet, brooklet; branch [U.S.]; runnel, sike[obs3], burn,

beck, creek, brook, bayou, stream, river; reach, tributary.

geyser, spout, waterspout. body of water, torrent, rapids, flush,

flood, swash; spring tide, high tide, full tide; bore, tidal bore,

eagre[obs3], hygre[obs3]; fresh, freshet; indraught[obs3], reflux,

undercurrent, eddy, vortex, gurge[obs3], whirlpool, Maelstrom,

regurgitation, overflow; confluence, corrivation|. wave, billow,

surge, swell, ripple; ἀνήριθμον γέλασμα[obs3][Grk]; beach comber,

riffle [U.S.], rollers, ground swell, surf, breakers, white

horses, whitecaps; rough sea, heavy sea, high seas, cross sea,

long sea, short sea, chopping sea. [Science of fluids in motion]

hydrodynamics; hydraulics, hydraulicostatics[obs3]; rain gauge,

flowmeter; pegology[obs3]. irrigation &c. (water) 337; pump;

watering pot, watering cart; hydrant, syringe; garden hose, lawn

spray; bhisti[obs3], mussuk[obs3]. V. flow, run; meander; gush,

pour, spout, roll, jet, well, issue; drop, drip, dribble, plash,

spirtle[obs3], trill, trickle, distill, percolate; stream,

overflow, inundate, deluge, flow over, splash, swash;

guggle[obs3], murmur, babble, bubble, purl, gurgle, sputter,

spurt, spray, regurgitate; ooze, flow out &c. (egress) 295. rain

hard, rain in torrents, rain cats and dogs, rain pitchforks; pour

with rain, drizzle, spit, set in; mizzle[obs3]. flow into, fall

into, open into, drain into; discharge itself, disembogue[obs3].

[Cause a flow] pour; pour out &c. (discharge) 297; shower down,

irrigate, drench &c. (wet) 337; spill, splash. [Stop a flow]

stanch; dam, up &c. (close) 261; obstruct &c. 706. Adj. fluent;

diffluent[obs3], profluent[obs3], affluent; tidal; flowing &c. v.;

meandering, meandry[obs3], meandrous[obs3]; fluvial, fluviatile;

streamy[obs3], showery, rainy, pluvial, stillicidous|;

stillatitious[obs3]. Phr. "for men may come and men may go but I

go on forever" [Tennyson]; "that old man river, he just keeps

rolling along" [Showboat].

#349. [Air in motion] Wind.—N.. wind, draught, flatus, afflatus,

efflation[obs3], eluvium[obs3]; air; breath, breath of air; puff,

whiff, zephyr; blow, breeze, drift; aura; stream, current, jet stream;

undercurrent. gust, blast, squall, gale, half a gale, storm, tempest,

hurricane, whirlwind, tornado, samiel, cyclone, anticyclone, typhoon;

simoon[obs3], simoom; harmattan[obs3], monsoon, trade wind, sirocco,

mistral, bise[obs3], tramontane, levanter; capful of wind; fresh

breeze, stiff breeze; keen blast; blizzard, barber [Can.],

candelia[obs3], chinook, foehn, khamsin[obs3], norther, vendaval[obs3],

wuther[obs3]. windiness &c. adj.; ventosity|; rough weather, dirty

weather, ugly weather, stress of weather; dirty sky, mare's tail; thick

squall, black squall, white squall. anemography[obs3], aerodynamics;

wind gauge, weathercock, vane, weather-vane, wind sock; anemometer,

anemoscope[obs3]. sufflation[obs3], insufflation[obs3],

perflation[obs3], inflation, afflation[obs3]; blowing, fanning &c. v.;

ventilation. sneezing &c.v.: errhine[obs3]; sternutative[obs3],

sternutatory[obs3]; sternutation; hiccup, hiccough; catching of the

breath. Eolus, Boreas, Zephyr, cave of Eolus. air pump, air blower,

lungs, bellows, blowpipe, fan, ventilator, punkah[obs3];

branchiae[obs3], gills, flabellum[obs3], vertilabrum[obs3]. whiffle

ball. V. blow, waft; blow hard, blow great guns, blow a hurricane &c.

n.; wuther[obs3]; stream, issue. respire, breathe, puff; whiff,

whiffle; gasp, wheeze; snuff, snuffle; sniff, sniffle; sneeze, cough.

fan, ventilate; inflate, perflate|; blow up. Adj. blowing &c. v.;

windy, flatulent; breezy, gusty, squally; stormy, tempestuous,

blustering; boisterous &c. (violent) 173. pulmonic[Med], pulmonary.

Phr. "lull'd by soft zephyrs" [Pope]; "the storm is up and all is on

the hazard" [Julius Caesar]; "the winds were wither'd in the stagnant

air" [Byron]; "while mocking winds are piping loud" [Milton]; "winged

with red lightning and tempestuous rage" [Paradise Lost].

#350. [Channel for the passage of water.] Conduit.—N. conduit,

channel, duct, watercourse, race; head race, tail race; abito[obs3],

aboideau[obs3], aboiteau[Fr], bito[obs3]; acequia[obs3],

acequiador[obs3], acequiamadre[obs3]; arroyo; adit[obs3], aqueduct,

canal, trough, gutter, pantile; flume, ingate[obs3], runner; lock-weir,

tedge[obs3]; vena[obs3]; dike, main, gully, moat, ditch, drain, sewer,

culvert, cloaca, sough, kennel, siphon; piscina[obs3]; pipe &c. (tube)

260; funnel; tunnel &c. (passage) 627; water pipe, waste pipe;

emunctory[obs3], gully hole, artery, aorta, pore, spout, scupper;

adjutage[obs3], ajutage[obs3]; hose; gargoyle; gurgoyle[obs3];

penstock, weir; flood gate, water gate; sluice, lock, valve; rose;

waterworks. pipeline. Adj. vascular &c. (with holes) 260.

#351. [Channel for the passage of air.] Airpipe.—N. air pipe, air

tube; airhole[obs3], blowhole, breathinghole[obs3], venthole; shaft,

flue, chimney, funnel, vent, nostril, nozzle, throat, weasand[obs3],

trachea; bronchus, bronchia[Med]; larynx, tonsils, windpipe, spiracle;

ventiduct[obs3], ventilator; louvre, jalousie, Venetian blinds;

blowpipe &c. (wind) 349; pipe &c. (tube) 260; jhilmil[obs3];

smokestack. screen, window screen. artificial lung, iron lung, heart

and lung machine.

3. IMPERFECT FLUIDS

#352. Semiliquidity.—N. semiliquidity; stickiness &c. adj.;

viscidity, viscosity; gummosity[obs3], glutinosity[obs3],

mucosity[obs3]; spissitude[obs3], crassitude[obs3]; lentor[obs3];

adhesiveness &c. (cohesion) 46. inspissation[obs3], incrassation[obs3];

thickening. jelly, mucilage, gelatin, gluten; carlock[obs3], fish glue;

ichthyocol[obs3], ichthycolla[obs3]; isinglass; mucus, phlegm, goo;

pituite[obs3], lava; glair[obs3], starch, gluten, albumen, milk, cream,

protein|!; treacle; gum, size, glue (tenacity) 327; wax, beeswax.

emulsion, soup; squash, mud, slush, slime, ooze; moisture &c. 339;

marsh &c. 345. V. inspissate[obs3], incrassate[obs3]; thicken, mash,

squash, churn, beat up. sinter. Adj. semifluid, semiliquid;

tremellose[obs3]; half melted, half frozen; milky, muddy &c. n.;

lacteal, lactean[obs3], lacteous[obs3], lactescent[obs3],

lactiferous[obs3]; emulsive, curdled, thick, succulent,

uliginous[obs3]. gelatinous, albuminous, mucilaginous, glutinous;

glutenous, gelatin, mastic, amylaceous[obs3], ropy, clammy, clotted;

viscid, viscous; sticky, tacky, gooey; slab, slabby[obs3]; lentous|,

pituitous[obs3]; mucid[obs3], muculent[obs3], mucous; gummy.

#353. [Mixture of air and water.] Bubble. [Cloud.]—N. bubble, foam,

froth, head, spume, lather, suds, spray, surf, yeast, barm[obs3],

spindrift. cloud, vapor, fog, mist, haze, steam, geyser; scud,

messenger, rack, nimbus; cumulus, woolpack[obs3], cirrus, stratus;

cirrostratus, cumulostratus; cirrocumulus; mackerel sky, mare's tale,

dirty sky; curl cloud; frost smoke; thunderhead. [Science of clouds]

nephelognosy[obs3]; nephograph[obs3], nephology[obs3]. effervescence,

fermentation; bubbling &c. v. nebula; cloudliness &c. (opacity)

426[obs3]; nebulosity &c. (dimness) 422. V. bubble, boil, foam, froth,

mantle, sparkle, guggle[obs3], gurgle; effervesce, ferment, fizzle.

Adj. bubbling &c. v.; frothy, nappy[obs3], effervescent, sparkling,

mousseux[French: frothy], up. cloudy &c. n.; thunderheaded[obs3];

vaporous, nebulous, overcast. Phr. "the lowring element scowls o'er the

darkened landscip" [Paradise Lost].

#354. Pulpiness.—N. pulpiness &c. adj.; pulp, taste, dough, curd,

pap, rob, jam, pudding, poultice, grume[obs3].

mush, oatmeal, baby food.

Adj. pulpy &c. n.; pultaceous[obs3], grumous[obs3]; baccate[obs3].

#355. Unctuousness.—N. unctuousness &c. adj.; unctuosity[obs3],

lubricity; ointment &c. (oil) 356; anointment; lubrication &c. 332.

V. oil &c. (lubricate) 332.

Adj. unctuous, oily, oleaginous, adipose, sebaceous;

unguinous[obs3];

fat, fatty, greasy; waxy, butyraceous, soapy, saponaceous[obs3],

pinguid,

lardaceous[obs3]; slippery.

#356. Oil.—N. oil, fat, butter, cream, grease, tallow, suet, lard,

dripping exunge|, blubber; glycerin, stearin, elaine[Chem],

oleagine[obs3]; soap; soft soap, wax, cerement; paraffin, spermaceti,

adipocere[obs3]; petroleum, mineral, mineral rock, mineral crystal,

mineral oil; vegetable oil, colza oil[obs3], olive oil, salad oil,

linseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, nut oil; animal oil, neat's

foot oil, train oil; ointment, unguent, liniment; aceite[obs3],

amole[obs3], Barbados tar[obs3]; fusel oil, grain oil, rape oil, seneca

oil; hydrate of amyl, ghee[obs3]; heating oil, "#2 oil", No. 2 oil,

distillate, residual oils, kerosene, jet fuel, gasoline, naphtha;

stearin.

#356a. Resin.—N. resin, rosin; gum; lac, sealing wax; amber,

ambergris; bitumen, pitch, tar; asphalt, asphaltum; camphor; varnish,

copal[obs3], mastic, magilp[obs3], lacquer, japan.

artificial resin, polymer; ion-exchange resin, cation-exchange

resin,

anion exchange resin, water softener, Amberlite[obs3], Dowex[Chem],

Diaion.

V. varnish &c. (overlay) 223.

Adj. resiny[obs3], resinous; bituminous, pitchy, tarry; asphaltic,

asphaltite.

SECTION III. ORGANIC MATTER

1. VITALITY

_1. Vitality in general_

#357. Organization.—N. organized world, organized nature; living

nature, animated nature; living beings; organic remains, fossils.

protoplasm, cytoplasm, protein; albumen; structure &c. 329;

organization, organism. [Science of living beings] biology; natural

history, organic chemistry, anatomy, physiology; zoology &c. 368;

botany; microbiology, virology, bacteriology, mycology &c. 369;

naturalist. archegenesis &c. (production) 161[obs3]; antherozoid[obs3],

bioplasm[obs3], biotaxy[obs3], chromosome, dysmeromorph[obs3]; ecology,

oecology; erythroblast[Physiol], gametangium[obs3], gamete, germinal

matter, invagination[Biol]; isogamy[obs3], oogamy[obs3];

karyaster[obs3]; macrogamete[obs3], microgamete[obs3]; metabolism,

anabolism, catabolism; metaplasm[obs3], ontogeny, ovary, ovum,

oxidation, phylogeny, polymorphism, protozoa, spermary[obs3],

spermatozoon, trophoplasm[obs3], vacuole, vertebration[obs3],

zoogloea[obs3], zygote. Darwinism, neo-Darwinism, Lamarkism,

neoLamarkism, Weismannism. morphology, taxonomy. Adj. organic,

organized; karyoplasmic[obs3], unsegmentic[obs3], vacuolar,

zoogloeic[obs3], zoogloeoid[obs3].

#358. Inorganization.—N. mineral world, mineral kingdom;

unorganized matter, inorganic matter, brute matter, inanimate matter.

[Science of the mineral kingdom] mineralogy, geology,

geognosy[obs3],

geoscopy[obs3]; metallurgy, metallography[obs3]; lithology;

oryctology|,

oryctography|.

V. turn to dust; mineralize, fossilize.

Adj. inorganic, inanimate, inorganized[obs3]; lithoidal[obs3];

azoic;

mineral.

#359. Life.—N. life, vitality, viability; animation; vital spark,

vital flame, soul, spirit.

respiration, wind; breath of life, breath of one's nostrils;

oxygen,

air.

[devices to sustain respiration] respirator, artificial

respirator,

heart and lung machine, iron lung; medical devices &c. 662.

lifeblood; Archeus[obs3]; existence &c. 1.

vivification; vital force; vitalization; revivification &c. 163;

Prometheus; life to come &c. (destiny) 152.

[Science of life] physiology, biology; animal ecology.

nourishment, staff of life &c. (food) 298.

genetics, heredity, inheritance, evolution, natural selection,

reproduction (production) 161.

microbe, aerobe, anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate aerobe,

obligate anaerobe, halophile[Microbiol], methanogen[Microbiol],

archaebacteria[Microb], microaerophile[Microbiol].

animal &c. 366; vegetable &c. 367.

artificial life, robot, robotics, artificial intelligence.

[vital signs] breathing, breathing rate, heartbeat, pulse,

temperature.

preservation of life, healing (medicine) 662.

V. be alive &c. adj.; live, breathe, respire; subsist &c. (exist)

walk the earth "strut and fret one's hour upon the stage" [Macbeth]; be

spared.

see the light, be born, come into the world, fetch breath, draw

breath, fetch the breath of life, draw the breath of life; quicken;

revive;

come to life.

give birth to &c. (produce) 161; bring to life, put into life,

vitalize; vivify, vivificate[obs3]; reanimate &c. (restore) 660; keep

alive, keep body and soul together, keep the wolf from the door;

support

life.

hive nine lives like a cat.

Adj. living, alive; in life, in the flesh, in the land of the

living;

on this side of the grave, above ground, breathing, quick, animated;

animative[obs3]; lively &c. (active) 682; all alive and kicking;

tenacious

of life; full of life, yeasty.

vital, vitalic[obs3]; vivifying, vivified, &c. v.; viable,

zoetic[obs3]; Promethean.

Adv. vivendi causa[Lat].

Phr. atqui vivere militare est [Lat][Seneca]; non est vivere sed

valere vita [Lat][Marial].

#360. Death.—N. death; decease, demise; dissolution, departure,

obit, release, rest, quietus, fall; loss, bereavement; mortality,

morbidity. end of life &c. 67, cessation of life &c. 142, loss of life,

extinction of life, ebb of life &c. 359. death warrant, death watch,

death rattle, death bed; stroke of death, agonies of death, shades of

death, valley of death, jaws of death, hand of death; last breath, last

gasp, last agonies; dying day, dying breath, dying agonies; chant du

cygne[Fr]; rigor mortis[Lat]; Stygian shore. King of terrors, King

Death; Death; doom &c. (necessity) 601; "Hell's grim Tyrant" [Pope].

euthanasia; break up of the system; natural death, natural decay;

sudden death, violent death; untimely end, watery grave; debt of

nature; suffocation, asphyxia; fatal disease &c. (disease) 655; death

blow &c. (killing) 361. necrology, bills of mortality, obituary; death

song &c. (lamentation) 839. V. die, expire, perish; meet one's death,

meet one's end; pass away, be taken; yield one's breath, resign one's

breath; resign one's being, resign one's life; end one's days, end

one's life, end one's earthly career; breathe one's last; cease to

live, cease to breathe; depart this life; be no more &c. adj.; go off,

drop off, pop off; lose one's life, lay down one's life, relinquish

one's life, surrender one's life; drop into the grave, sink into the

grave; close one's eyes; fall dead, drop dead, fall down dead, drop

down dead; break one's neck; give up the ghost, yield up the ghost; be

all over with one. pay the debt to nature, shuffle off this mortal

coil, take one's last sleep; go the way of all flesh; hand in one's

checks, pass in one's checks, hand in one's chips, pass in one's chips

[U.S.]; join the greater number, join the majority; come to dust, turn

to dust; cross the Stygian ferry, cross the bar; go to one's long

account, go to one's last home, go to Davy Jones's locker, go to the

wall; receive one's death warrant, make one's will, step out, die a

natural death, go out like the snuff of a candle; come to an untimely

end; catch one's death; go off the hooks, kick the bucket, buy the

farm, hop the twig, turn up one's toes; die a violent death &c. (be

killed) 361. Adj. dead, lifeless; deceased, demised, departed, defunct,

extinct; late, gone, no more; exanimate[obs3], inanimate; out of the

world, taken off, released; departed this life &c. v.; dead and gone;

dead as a doornail, dead as a doorpost[obs3], dead as a mutton, dead as

a herring, dead as nits; launched into eternity, gone to one's eternal

reward, gone to meet one's maker, pushing up daisies, gathered to one's

fathers, numbered with the dead. dying &c. v.; moribund, morient|;

hippocratic; in articulo, in extremis; in the jaws of death, in the

agony of death; going off; aux abois[Fr]; one one's last legs, on one's

death bed; at the point of death, at death's door,, at the last gasp;

near one's end, given over, booked; with one foot in the grave,

tottering on the brink of the grave. stillborn; mortuary; deadly &c.

(killing) 361. Adv. post obit, post mortem[Lat]. Phr. life ebbs, life

fails, life hangs by a thread; one's days are numbered, one's hour is

come, one's race is run, one's doom is sealed; Death knocks at the

door, Death stares one in the face; the breath is out of the body; the

grave closes over one; sic itur ad astra [Lat][Vergil]; de mortuis nil

nisi bonum[Lat]; dulce et decorum est pro patria mori [Lat][Horace];

honesta mors turpi vita potior [Lat][Tacitus]; "in adamantine chains

shall death be bound" [Pope]; mors ultima linea rerum est

[Lat][Girace]; ominia mors aequat [Lat][Claudianus]; "Spake the grisly

Terror" [Paradise Lost]; "the lone couch of this everlasting sleep"

[Shelley]; nothing is certain but death and taxes.

#361. [Destruction of live; violent death.] Killing.—N. killing &c.

v.; homicide, manslaughter, murder, assassination, trucidation|,

iccusion|; effusion of blood; blood, blood shed; gore, slaughter,

carnage, butchery; battue[obs3]. massacre; fusillade, noyade[obs3];

thuggery, Thuggism[obs3]. deathblow, finishing stroke, coup de grace,

quietus; execution &c. (capital punishment) 972; judicial murder;

martyrdom. butcher, slayer, murderer, Cain, assassin, terrorist,

cutthroat, garroter, bravo, Thug, Moloch, matador, sabreur[obs3];

guet-a-pens; gallows, executioner &c. (punishment) 975; man-eater,

apache[obs3], hatchet man [U.S.], highbinder [obs3][U.S.]. regicide,

parricide, matricide, fratricide, infanticide, feticide,

foeticide[obs3], uxoricide[obs3], vaticide[obs3]. suicide, felo de

se[obs3], hara-kiri, suttee, Juggernath[obs3]; immolation, auto da fe,

holocaust. suffocation, strangulation, garrote; hanging &c. v.;

lapidation[obs3]. deadly weapon &c. (arms) 727; Aceldama[obs3].

[Destruction of animals] slaughtering; phthisozoics[obs3]; sport,

sporting; the chase, venery; hunting, coursing, shooting, fishing; pig-

sticking; sportsman, huntsman, fisherman; hunter, Nimrod;

slaughterhouse, meat packing plant, shambles, abattoir. fatal accident,

violent death, casualty. V. kill, put to death, slay, shed blood;

murder, assassinate, butcher, slaughter, victimize, immolate; massacre;

take away life, deprive of life; make away with, put an end to;

despatch, dispatch; burke, settle, do for. strangle, garrote, hang,

throttle, choke, stifle, suffocate, stop the breath, smother,

asphyxiate, drown. saber; cut down, cut to pieces, cut the throat;

jugulate[obs3]; stab, run through the body, bayonet, eviscerate; put to

the sword, put to the edge of the sword. shoot dead; blow one's brains

out; brain, knock on the head; stone, lapidate[obs3]; give a deathblow;

deal a deathblow; give a quietus, give a coupe de grace. behead,

bowstring, electrocute, gas &c. (execute) 972. hunt, shoot &c. n. cut

off, nip in the bud, launch into eternity, send to one's last account,

sign one's death warrant, strike the death knell of. give no quarter,

pour out blood like water; decimate; run amuck; wade knee deep in

blood, imbrue one's hands in blood. die a violent death, welter in

one's blood; dash out one's brains, blow out one's brains; commit

suicide; kill oneself, make away with oneself, put an end to oneself,

put an end to it all. Adj. killing &c. v.; murderous, slaughterous;

sanguinary, sanguinolent[obs3]; blood stained, blood thirsty;

homicidal, red handed; bloody, bloody minded; ensanguined[obs3], gory;

thuggish. mortal, fatal, lethal; dead, deadly; mortiferous|,

lethiferous[obs3]; unhealthy &c. 657; internecine; suicidal. sporting;

piscatorial, piscatory[obs3]. Adv. in at the death. Phr. "assassination

has never changed the history of the world" [Disraeli].

#362. Corpse.—N. corpse, corse[obs3], carcass, cadaver, bones,

skeleton, dry bones; defunct, relics, reliquiae[Lat], remains, mortal

remains, dust, ashes, earth, clay; mummy; carrion; food for worms, food

for

fishes; tenement of clay this mortal coil.

shade, ghost, manes.

organic remains, fossils.

Adj. cadaverous, corpse-like; unburied &c. 363;

sapromyiophyllous[obs3].

#363. Interment.—N. interment, burial, sepulture[obs3];

inhumation|; obsequies, exequies[obs3]; funeral, wake, pyre, funeral

pile; cremation. funeral, funeral rite, funeral solemnity; kneel,

passing bell, tolling; dirge &c. (lamentation) 839; cypress; orbit,

dead march, muffled drum; mortuary, undertaker, mute; elegy; funeral,

funeral oration, funeral sermon; epitaph. graveclothes[obs3], shroud,

winding sheet, cerecloth; cerement. coffin, shell, sarcophagus, urn,

pall, bier, hearse, catafalque, cinerary urn[obs3]. grave, pit,

sepulcher, tomb, vault, crypt, catacomb, mausoleum, Golgotha, house of

death, narrow house; cemetery, necropolis; burial place, burial ground;

grave yard, church yard; God's acre; tope, cromlech, barrow, tumulus,

cairn; ossuary; bone house, charnel house, dead house; morgue; lich

gate[obs3]; burning ghat[obs3]; crematorium, crematory; dokhma[obs3],

mastaba[obs3], potter's field, stupa[obs3], Tower of Silence. sexton,

gravedigger. monument, cenotaph, shrine; grave stone, head stone, tomb

stone; memento mori[Lat]; hatchment[obs3], stone; obelisk, pyramid.

exhumation, disinterment; necropsy, autopsy, post mortem

examination[Lat]; zoothapsis[obs3]. V. inter, bury; lay in the grave,

consign to the grave, lay in the tomb, entomb, in tomb; inhume; lay

out, perform a funeral, embalm, mummify; toll the knell; put to bed

with a shovel; inurn[obs3]. exhume, disinter, unearth. Adj. burried &c.

v.; burial, funereal, funebrial[obs3]; mortuary, sepulchral,

cinerary[obs3]; elegiac; necroscopic[obs3]. Adv. in memoriam; post

obit, post mortem[Lat]; beneath the sod. Phr. hic jacet[Lat][obs3],

ci-git[Fr]; RIP; requiescat in pace[Lat]; "the lone couch of his

everlasting sleep" [Shelley]; "without a grave- unknell'd, uncoffin'd,

and unknown" [Byron]; "in the dark union of insensate dust" [Byron];

"the deep cold shadow of the tomb" [Moore].

_2. Special Vitality_

#364. Animality.—N. animal life; animation, animality[obs3],

animalization[obs3]; animalness, corporeal nature, human system;

breath.

flesh, flesh and blood; physique; strength &c. 159.

Adj. fleshly, human, corporeal.

#365. Vegetability|.—N. vegetable life; vegetation, vegetability|;

vegetality[obs3].

V. vegetate, grow roots, put down roots.

Adj. rank, lush; vegetable, vegetal, vegetive[obs3].

#366. Animal.—N. animal, animal kingdom; fauna; brute creation.

beast, brute, creature, critter [US dialect], wight, created

being; creeping thing, living thing; dumb animal, dumb creature;

zoophyte. [major divisions of animals] mammal, bird, reptile,

amphibian, fish, crustacean, shellfish, mollusk, worm, insect,

arthropod, microbe. [microscopic animals] microbe, animalcule &c.

193. [reptiles] alligator, crocodile; saurian; dinosaur [extinct];

snake, serpent, viper, eft; asp, aspick[obs3]. [amphibians] frog,

toad. [fishes] trout, bass, tuna, muskelunge, sailfish, sardine,

mackerel. [insects] ant, mosquito, bee, honeybee. [arthropods]

tardigrade, spider. [classification by number of feet] biped,

quadruped. flocks and herds, live stock; domestic animals, wild

animals; game, ferae naturae[Lat]; beasts of the field, fowls of

the air, denizens of the sea; black game, black grouse;

blackcock[obs3], duck, grouse, plover, rail, snipe. [domesticated

mammals] horse &c. (beast of burden) 271; cattle, kine[obs3], ox;

bull, bullock; cow, milch cow, calf, heifer, shorthorn; sheep;

lamb, lambkin[obs3]; ewe, ram, tup; pig, swine, boar, hog, sow;

steer, stot[obs3]; tag, teg[obs3]; bison, buffalo, yak, zebu, dog,

cat. [dogs] dog, hound; pup, puppy; whelp, cur, mongrel; house

dog, watch dog, sheep dog, shepherd's dog, sporting dog, fancy

dog, lap dog, toy dog, bull dog, badger dog; mastiff; blood hound,

grey hound, stag hound, deer hound, fox hound, otter hound;

harrier, beagle, spaniel, pointer, setter, retriever;

Newfoundland; water dog, water spaniel; pug, poodle; turnspit;

terrier; fox terrier, Skye terrier; Dandie Dinmont; collie.

[cats][generally] feline, puss, pussy; grimalkin[obs3]; gib cat,

tom cat. [wild mammals] fox, Reynard, vixen, stag, deer, hart,

buck, doe, roe; caribou, coyote, elk, moose, musk ox,

sambar[obs3]. bird; poultry, fowl, cock, hen, chicken,

chanticleer, partlet[obs3], rooster, dunghill cock, barn door

fowl; feathered tribes, feathered songster; singing bird, dicky

bird; canary, warbler; finch; aberdevine[obs3], cushat[obs3],

cygnet, ringdove[obs3], siskin, swan, wood pigeon. [undesirable

animals] vermin, varmint[Western US], pest. Adj. animal,

zoological equine, bovine, vaccine, canine, feline, fishy;

piscatory[obs3], piscatorial; molluscous[obs3], vermicular;

gallinaceous, rasorial[obs3], solidungulate[obs3], soliped[obs3].

#367. Vegetable.—N. vegetable, vegetable kingdom; flora, verdure.

plant; tree, shrub, bush; creeper; herb, herbage; grass. annual;

perennial, biennial, triennial; exotic. timber, forest; wood,

woodlands; timberland; hurst[obs3], frith[obs3], holt,

weald[obs3], park, chase, greenwood, brake, grove, copse, coppice,

bocage[obs3], tope, clump of trees, thicket, spinet, spinney;

underwood, brushwood; scrub; boscage, bosk[obs3], ceja[Sp],

chaparral, motte [obs3][U.S.].; arboretum &c. 371. bush, jungle,

prairie; heath, heather; fern, bracken; furze, gorse, whin; grass,

turf; pasture, pasturage; turbary[obs3]; sedge, rush, weed;

fungus, mushroom, toadstool; lichen, moss, conferva[obs3], mold;

growth; alfalfa, alfilaria[obs3], banyan; blow, blowth[obs3];

floret[obs3], petiole; pin grass, timothy, yam, yew, zinnia.

foliage, branch, bough, ramage[obs3], stem, tigella[obs3]; spray

&c. 51; leaf. flower, blossom, bine[obs3]; flowering plant; timber

tree, fruit tree; pulse, legume. Adj. vegetable, vegetal,

vegetive[obs3], vegitous|; herbaceous, herbal; botanic[obs3];

sylvan, silvan[obs3]; arborary[obs3], arboreous[obs3],

arborescent[obs3], arborical|; woody, grassy; verdant, verdurous;

floral, mossy; lignous[obs3], ligneous; wooden, leguminous;

vosky[obs3], cespitose[obs3], turf-like, turfy; endogenous,

exogenous. Phr. "green-robed senators of mighty woods" [Keats];

"this is the forest primeval" [Longfellow].

#368. [The science of animals.] Zoology.—N. zoology, zoonomy[obs3],

zoography[obs3], zootomy[obs3]; anatomy; comparative anatomy; animal

physiology, comparative physiology; morphology; mammalogy.

anthropology, ornithology, ichthyology, herpetology, ophiology[obs3],

malacology[obs3], helminthology[Med], entomology, oryctology[obs3],

paleontology, mastology[obs3], vermeology[obs3]; ichthy &c.

ichthyotomy[obs3]; taxidermy. zoologist &c. Adj. zoological &c. n.

#369. [The science of plants.] Botany.—N. botany; physiological

botany, structural botany, systematic botany; phytography[obs3],

phytology[obs3], phytotomy[obs3]; vegetable physiology,

herborization[obs3], dendrology, mycology, fungology[obs3],

algology[obs3]; flora, romona; botanic garden &c. (garden) 371[obs3];

hortus siccus[Lat], herbarium, herbal. botanist &c.; herbist[obs3],

herbarist[obs3], herbalist, herborist[obs3], herbarian[obs3]. V.

botanize, herborize[obs3]. Adj. botanical &c. n.; botanic[obs3].

#370. [The economy or management of animals.] Husbandry.—N.

husbandry, taming &c. v.; circuration[obs3], zoohygiantics[obs3];

domestication, domesticity; manege[Fr], veterinary art; farriery[obs3];

breeding, pisciculture. menagerie, vivarium, zoological garden; bear

pit; aviary, apiary, alveary[obs3], beehive; hive; aquarium, fishery;

duck pond, fish pond. phthisozoics &c. (killing) 361[obs3][Destruction

of animals]; euthanasia, sacrifice, humane destruction. neatherd[obs3],

cowherd, shepherd; grazier, drover, cowkeeper[obs3]; trainer, breeder;

apiarian[obs3], apiarist; bull whacker [U.S.], cowboy, cow puncher

[U.S.], farrier; horse leech, horse doctor; vaquero, veterinarian, vet,

veterinary surgeon. cage &c. (prison) 752; hencoop[obs3], bird cage,

cauf[obs3]; range, sheepfold, &c. (inclosure) 232. V. tame,

domesticate, acclimatize, breed, tend, break in, train; cage, bridle,

&c. (restrain) 751. Adj. pastoral, bucolic; tame, domestic.

#371. [The economy or management of plants.] Agriculture.—N.

agriculture, cultivation, husbandry, farming; georgics,

geoponics[obs3]; tillage, agronomy, gardening, spade husbandry,

vintage; horticulture, arboriculture[obs3], floriculture; landscape

gardening; viticulture. husbandman, horticulturist, gardener, florist;

agricultor[obs3], agriculturist; yeoman, farmer, cultivator, tiller of

the soil, woodcutter, backwoodsman; granger, habitat, vigneron[obs3],

viticulturist; Triptolemus. field, meadow, garden; botanic

garden[obs3], winter garden, ornamental garden, flower garden, kitchen

garden, market garden, hop garden; nursery; green house, hot house;

conservatory, bed, border, seed plot; grassplot[obs3], grassplat[obs3],

lawn; park &c. (pleasure ground) 840; parterre, shrubbery, plantation,

avenue, arboretum, pinery[obs3], pinetum[obs3], orchard; vineyard,

vinery; orangery[obs3]; farm &c. (abode) 189. V. cultivate; till the

soil; farm, garden; sow, plant; reap, mow, cut; manure, dress the

ground, dig, delve, dibble, hoe, plough, plow, harrow, rake, weed, lop

and top; backset [obs3][U.S.]. Adj. agricultural, agrarian,

agrestic[obs3]. arable, predial[obs3], rural, rustic, country;

horticultural.

#372. Mankind.—N. man, mankind; human race, human species, human

kind, human nature; humanity, mortality, flesh, generation. [Science of

man] anthropology, anthropogeny[obs3], anthropography[obs3],

anthroposophy[obs3]; ethnology, ethnography; humanitarian. human being;

person, personage; individual, creature, fellow creature, mortal, body,

somebody; one; such a one, some one; soul, living soul; earthling;

party, head, hand; dramatis personae[Lat]; quidam[Lat]. people,

persons, folk, public, society, world; community, community at large;

general public; nation, nationality; state, realm; commonweal,

commonwealth; republic, body politic; million &c. (commonalty) 876;

population &c. (inhabitant) 188. tribe, clan (paternity) 166; family

(consanguinity) 11. cosmopolite; lords of the creation; ourselves. Adj.

human, mortal, personal, individual, national, civic, public, social;

cosmopolitan; anthropoid. Phr. "am I not a man and a brother?"

[Wedgwood].

#373. Man.—N. man, male, he, him; manhood &c. (adolescence) 131;

gentleman, sir, master; sahib; yeoman, wight|!, swain, fellow, blade,

beau,

elf, chap, gaffer, good man; husband &c. (married man) 903; Mr.,

mister;

boy &c. (youth) 129.

[Male animal] cock, drake, gander, dog, boar, stag, hart, buck,

horse,

entire horse, stallion; gibcat[obs3], tomcat; he goat, Billy goat; ram,

tup; bull, bullock; capon, ox, gelding, steer, stot[obs3].

androgen.

homosexual, gay, queen[slang].

V. masculinize

Adj. male, he-, masculine; manly, virile; unwomanly, unfeminine.

Pron. he, him, his.

Phr. hominem pagina nostra sapit [Lat][Mar.]; homo homini aut

deus

aut lupus [Lat][Erasmus]; homo vitae commodatus non donatus est

[Lat][Syrus].

#374. Woman.—N. woman, she, her, female, petticoat.

feminality[obs3], muliebrity[obs3]; womanhood &c. (adolescence)

131.

womankind; the sex, the fair; fair sex, softer sex; weaker vessel.

dame, madam, madame, mistress, Mrs. lady, donna belle[Sp], matron,

dowager, goody, gammer[obs3]; Frau[Ger], frow[obs3], Vrouw[Dutch],

rani;

good woman, good wife; squaw; wife &c. (marriage) 903; matronage,

matronhood[obs3].

bachelor girl, new woman, feminist, suffragette, suffragist.

nymph, wench, grisette[obs3]; girl &c. (youth) 129.

[Effeminacy] sissy, betty, cot betty [U.S.], cotquean[obs3],

henhussy[obs3], mollycoddle, muff, old woman.

[Female animal] hen, bitch, sow, doe, roe, mare; she goat, Nanny

goat,

tabita; ewe, cow; lioness, tigress; vixen.

gynecaeum[obs3].

estrogen, oestrogen.

consanguinity &c. 166[female relatives], paternity &c. 11.

lesbian, dyke[slang].

V. feminize.

Adj. female, she-; feminine, womanly, ladylike, matronly,

maidenly,

wifely; womanish, effeminate, unmanly; gynecic[obs3], gynaecic[obs3].

Pron. she, her, hers.

Phr. "a perfect woman nobly planned" [Wordsworth]; "a lovely lady

garmented in white" [Shelley]; das Ewig-Weibliche zieht uns hinan

[Ger][Goethe]; "earth's noblest thing, a woman perfected" [Lowell]; es

vidrio la mujer[Sp]; "she moves a goddess and she looks a queen"

[Pope];

"the beauty of a lovely woman is like music" [G. Eliot]; varium et

mutabile

semper femina [Lat][Vergil]; "woman is the lesser man" [Tennyson].

#374a. Sexuality [human]—N. sex, sexuality, gender; male,

masculinity, maleness &c. 373; female, femininity &c. 374.

sexual intercourse, copulation, mating, coitus, sex; lovemaking,

marital relations, sexual union; sleeping together, carnal knowledge.

sex instinct, sex drive, libido, lust, concupiscence; hots, horns

[coll]; arousal, heat, rut, estrus, oestrus; tumescence; erection,

hard-on,

boner.

masturbation, self-gratification, autoeroticism, onanism,

self-abuse.

orgasm, climax, ejaculation.

sexiness, attractiveness; sensuality, voluptuousness.

[sexual intercourse outside of marriage] fornication, adultery.

[person who is sexy] sex symbol, sex goddess; stud, hunk.

one-night stand.

pornography, porn, porno; hardcore pornography, softcore

pornography;

pin-up, cheesecake; beefcake; Playboy[magazines with sexual photos],

Esquire, Hustler.

[unorthodox sexual activity] perversion, deviation, sexual

abnormality; fetish, fetishism; homosexuality, lesbianism, bisexuality;

sodomy, buggery; pederasty; sadism, masochism, sado-masochism; incest.

V. mate, copulate; make love, have intercourse, fornicate, have

sex,

do it, sleep together, fuck[vulg.]; sleep around, play the field..

masturbate, jerk off[coll.], jack off[coll.], play with oneself.

have the hots[coll]; become aroused, get hot; have an erection,

get it

up.

come, climax, ejaculate.

Adj. sexy, erotic, sexual, carnal, sensual.

hot, horny, randy, rutting; passionate, lusty, hot-blooded,

libidinous; up, in the mood.

homosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual.

2. SENSATION

_1. Sensation in general_

#375. Physical Sensibility.—N. sensibility; sensitiveness &c. adj.;

physical sensibility, feeling, impressibility, perceptivity,

aesthetics;

moral sensibility &c. 822.

sensation, impression; consciousness &c. (knowledge) 490.

external senses.

V. be sensible of &c. adj.; feel, perceive.

render sensible &c. adj.; sharpen, cultivate, tutor.

cause sensation, impress; excite an impression, produce an

impression.

Adj. sensible, sensitive, sensuous; aesthetic, perceptive,

sentient;

conscious &c. (aware) 490.

acute, sharp, keen, vivid, lively, impressive, thin-skinned.

Adv. to the quick.

Phr. "the touch'd needle trembles to the pole" [Pope].

#376. Physical Insensibility.—N. insensibility, physical

insensibility; obtuseness &c. adj.; palsy, paralysis,

paraesthesia[Med], anaesthesia; sleep &c. 823; hemiplegia[obs3], motor

paralysis; vegetable state; coma. anaesthetic agent, opium, ether,

chloroform, chloral; nitrous oxide, laughing gas; exhilarating gas,

protoxide of nitrogen[ISA:chemsubcfs]; refrigeration. V. be insensible

&c. adj.; have a thick skin, have a rhinoceros hide. render insensible

&c. adj.; anaesthetize[obs3], blunt, pall, obtund[obs3], benumb,

paralyze; put under the influence of chloroform &c. n.; stupefy, stun.

Adj. insensible, unfeeling, senseless, impercipient[obs3], callous,

thick-skinned, pachydermatous; hard, hardened; case hardened; proof,

obtuse, dull; anaesthetic; comatose, paralytic, palsied, numb, dead.

#377. Physical Pleasure.—N. pleasure; physical pleasure, sensual

pleasure, sensuous pleasure; bodily enjoyment, animal gratification,

hedonism, sensuality; luxuriousness &c. adj.; dissipation, round of

pleasure, titillation, gusto, creature comforts, comfort, ease; pillow

&c. (support) 215; luxury, lap of luxury; purple and fine linen; bed of

downs, bed of roses; velvet, clover; cup of Circe &c. (intemperance)

954. treat; refreshment, regale; feast; delice[Fr]; dainty &c. 394;

bonne bouche[Fr]. source of pleasure &c. 829; happiness &c. (mental

enjoyment) 827. V. feel pleasure, experience pleasure, receive

pleasure; enjoy, relish; luxuriate in, revel in, riot in, bask in, swim

in, drink up, eat up, wallow in; feast on; gloat over, float on; smack

the lips. live on the fat of the land, live in comfort &c. adv.; bask

in the sunshine, faire ses choux gras[Fr].. give pleasure &c. 829. Adj.

enjoying &c. v.; luxurious, voluptuous, sensual, comfortable, cosy,

snug, in comfort, at ease. pleasant, agreeable &c. 829. Adv. in comfort

&c. n.; on a bed of roses &c. n.; at one's ease. Phr. ride si sapis

[Lat][Martial]; voluptales commendat rarior usus [Lat][Juvenal].

#378. Physical Pain.—N. pain; suffering, sufferance,

suffrance[obs3]; bodily pain, physical pain, bodily suffering, physical

suffering, body pain; mental suffering &c. 828; dolour, ache; aching

&c. v.; smart; shoot, shooting; twinge, twitch, gripe, headache,

stomach ache, heartburn, angina, angina pectoris[Lat]; hurt, cut; sore,

soreness; discomfort, malaise; cephalalgia[Med], earache, gout,

ischiagra[obs3], lumbago, neuralgia, odontalgia[obs3], otalgia[obs3],

podagra[obs3], rheumatism, sciatica; tic douloureux[Fr], toothache,

tormina[obs3], torticollis[obs3]. spasm, cramp; nightmare,

ephialtes[obs3]; crick, stitch; thrill, convulsion, throe; throb &c.

(agitation) 315; pang; colic; kink. sharp pain, piercing pain,

throbbing pain, shooting pain, sting, gnawing pain, burning pain;

excruciating pain. anguish, agony; torment, torture; rack;

cruciation[obs3], crucifixion; martyrdom, toad under a harrow,

vivisection. V. feel pain, experience pain, suffer pain, undergo pain

&c. n.; suffer, ache, smart, bleed; tingle, shoot; twinge, twitch,

lancinate[obs3]; writhe, wince, make a wry face; sit on thorns, sit on

pins and needles. give pain, inflict pain; lacerate; pain, hurt, chafe,

sting, bite, gnaw, gripe; pinch, tweak; grate, gall, fret, prick,

pierce, wring, convulse; torment, torture; rack, agonize; crucify;

cruciate[obs3], excruciate|; break on the wheel, put to the rack; flog

&c. (punish) 972; grate on the ear &c. (harsh sound) 410. Adj. in pain

&c. n., in a state of pain; pained &c. v.; gouty, podagric[obs3],

torminous[obs3]. painful; aching &c. v.; sore, raw.

_2. Special Sensation_

_(1) Touch_

#379. [Sensation of pressure] Touch.—N. touch; tact, taction[obs3],

tactility; feeling; palpation, palpability; contrectation[obs3];

manipulation; massage. [Organ of touch] hand, finger, forefinger,

thumb, paw, feeler, antenna; palpus[obs3]. V. touch, feel, handle,

finger, thumb, paw, fumble, grope, grabble; twiddle, tweedle; pass the

fingers over, run the fingers over; manipulate, wield; throw out a

feeler. Adj. tactual, tactile; tangible, palpable; lambent.

#380. Sensations of Touch.—N. itching, pruritis &c. v[Med].;

titillation, formication[obs3], aura; stereognosis[obs3].

V. itch, tingle, creep, thrill, sting; prick, prickle; tickle,

titillate.

Adj. itching &c. v.; stereognostic[obs3], titillative.

#381. [insensibility to touch.] Numbness.—N. numbness &c. (physical

insensibility) 376; anaesthesia; pins and needles.

V. benumb &c. 376.

Adj. numb; benumbed &c. v.; deadened; intangible, impalpable.

_(2) Heat_

#382. Heat.—N. heat, caloric; temperature, warmth, fervor,

calidity[obs3]; incalescence[obs3], incandescence; glow, flush; fever,

hectic. phlogiston; fire, spark, scintillation, flash, flame, blaze;

bonfire; firework, pyrotechnics, pyrotechny[obs3]; wildfire; sheet of

fire, lambent flame; devouring element; adiathermancy[obs3];

recalescence[Phys]. summer, dog days; canicular days[obs3]; baking &c.

384 heat, white heat, tropical heat, Afric heat[obs3], Bengal

heat[obs3], summer heat, blood heat; sirocco, simoom; broiling sun;

insolation; warming &c. 384. sun &c. (luminary) 423. [Science of heat]

pyrology[obs3]; thermology[obs3], thermotics[obs3], thermodynamics;

thermometer &c. 389. [thermal units] calorie, gram-calorie, small

calorie; kilocalorie, kilogram calorie, large calorie; British Thermal

Unit, B.T.U.; therm, quad. [units of temperature] degrees Kelvin,

kelvins, degrees centigrade, degrees Celsius; degrees Fahrenheit. V. be

hot &c. adj.; glow, flush, sweat, swelter, bask, smoke, reek, stew,

simmer, seethe, boil, burn, blister, broil, blaze, flame; smolder;

parch, fume, pant. heat &c. (make hot) 384; recalesce[obs3]; thaw,

give. Adj. hot, warm, mild, genial, tepid, lukewarm, unfrozen; thermal,

thermic; calorific; fervent, fervid; ardent; aglow. sunny, torrid,

tropical, estival|!, canicular[obs3], steamy; close, sultry, stifling,

stuffy, suffocating, oppressive; reeking &c. v.; baking &c. 384. red

hot, white hot, smoking hot, burning &c. v. hot, piping hot; like a

furnace, like an oven; burning, hot as fire, hot as pepper; hot enough

to roast an ox, hot enough to boil an egg. fiery; incandescent,

incalescent[obs3]; candent[obs3], ebullient, glowing, smoking; live; on

fire; dazzling &c. v.; in flames, blazing, in a blaze; alight, afire,

ablaze; unquenched, unextinguished[obs3]; smoldering; in a heat, in a

glow, in a fever, in a perspiration, in a sweat; sudorific[obs3];

sweltering, sweltered; blood hot, blood warm; warm as a toast, warm as

wool. volcanic, plutonic, igneous; isothermal|!, isothermic|!,

isotheral|!. Phr. not a breath of air; "whirlwinds of tempestuous fire"

[Paradise Lost].

#383. Cold.—N. cold, coldness &c. adj.; frigidity, inclemency,

fresco. winter; depth of winter, hard winter; Siberia, Nova Zembla;

wind-chill factor. [forms of frozen water] ice; snow, snowflake, snow

crystal, snow drift; sleet; hail, hailstone; rime, frost; hoar frost,

white frost, hard frost, sharp frost; barf; glaze [U. S.], lolly

[obs3][N. Am.]; icicle, thick-ribbed ice; fall of snow, heavy fall;

iceberg, icefloe; floe berg; glacier; neve, serac[obs3]; pruina[obs3].

[cold substances] freezing mixture, dry ice, liquid nitrogen, liquid

helium. [Sensation of cold] chilliness &c. adj.; chill; shivering &c.

v.; goose skin, horripilation[obs3]; rigor; chattering of teeth;

numbness, frostbite. V. be cold &c. adj[intrans.].; shiver, starve,

quake, shake, tremble, shudder, didder[obs3], quiver; freeze, freeze to

death, perish with cold. [transitive] chill, freeze &c. (render cold)

385; horripilate[obs3], make the skin crawl, give one goose flesh. Adj.

cold, cool; chill, chilly; icy; gelid, frigid, algid[obs3]; fresh,

keen, bleak, raw, inclement, bitter, biting, niveous[obs3], cutting,

nipping, piercing, pinching; clay-cold; starved &c. (made cold) 385;

chilled to the bone, shivering &c. v.; aguish, transi de froid[Fr];

frostbitten, frost-bound, frost-nipped. cold as a stone, cold as

marble, cold as lead, cold as iron, cold as a frog, cold as charity,

cold as Christmas; cool as a cucumber, cool as custard. icy, glacial,

frosty, freezing, pruinose[obs3], wintry, brumal[obs3], hibernal[obs3],

boreal, arctic, Siberian, hyemal[obs3]; hyperborean, hyperboreal[obs3];

icebound; frozen out. unwarmed[obs3], unthawed[obs3]; lukewarm, tepid;

isocheimal[obs3], isocheimenal[obs3], isocheimic[obs3]. frozen, numb,

frost-bitten. Adv. coldly, bitterly &c. adj.; pierre fendre[Fr];

#384. Calefaction.—N. increase of temperature; heating &c. v.;

calefaction[obs3], tepefaction[obs3], torrefaction[obs3]; melting,

fusion; liquefaction &c. 335; burning &c. v.; ambustion[obs3],

combustion; incension|, accension[obs3]; concremation[obs3], cremation;

scorification[obs3]; cautery, cauterization; ustulation[obs3],

calcination; cracking, refining; incineration, cineration[obs3];

carbonization; cupellation[Chem]. ignition, inflammation,

adustion[obs3], flagration| [obs3]; deflagration, conflagration;

empyrosis[obs3], incendiarism; arson; auto dafe[Fr]. boiling &c. v.;

coction[obs3], ebullition, estuation[obs3], elixation|, decoction;

ebullioscope[obs3]; geyser; distillation (vaporization) 336. furnace

&c. 386; blanket, flannel, fur; wadding &c. (lining) 224; clothing &c.

225. still; refinery; fractionating column, fractionating tower,

cracking tower. match &c. (fuel) 388; incendiary; petroleuse[Fr];

[biological effects resembling the effects of heat][substances causing

a burning sensation and damage on skin or tissue] cauterizer[obs3];

caustic, lunar caustic, alkali, apozem[obs3], moxa[obs3]; acid, aqua

fortis[Lat], aqua regia; catheretic[obs3], nitric acid,

nitrochloro-hydric acid[ISA:CHEMSUB], nitromuriatic

acid[ISA:CHEMSUBPREFIX]; radioactivity, gamma rays, alpha particles,

beta rays, X-rays, radiation, cosmic radiation, background radiation,

radioactive isotopes, tritium, uranium, plutonium, radon, radium.

sunstroke, coup de soleil[Fr]; insolation. [artifacts requiring heat in

their manufacture] pottery, ceramics, crockery, porcelain, china;

earthenware, stoneware; pot, mug, terra cotta[Sp], brick, clinker.

[products of combustion] cinder, ash, scoriae, embers, soot; slag.

[products of heating organic materials] coke, carbon, charcoal; wood

alcohol, turpentine, tea tree oil; gasoline, kerosene,

naptha[ISA:CHEMSUB], fuel oil (fuel) 388; wax, paraffin; residue, tar.

inflammability, combustibility. [Transmission of heat]

diathermancy[obs3], transcalency[obs3], conduction; convection;

radiation, radiant heat; heat conductivity, conductivity. [effects of

heat 2.] thermal expansion; coefficient of expansion. V. heat, warm,

chafe, stive[obs3], foment; make hot &c. 382; sun oneself, sunbathe. go

up in flames, burn to the ground (flame) 382. fire; set fire to, set on

fire; kindle, enkindle, light, ignite, strike a light; apply the match

to, apply the torch to; rekindle, relume[obs3]; fan the flame, add fuel

to the flame; poke the fire, stir the fire, blow the fire; make a

bonfire of. melt, thaw, fuse; liquefy &c. 335. burn, inflame, roast,

toast, fry, grill, singe, parch, bake, torrefy[obs3], scorch; brand,

cauterize, sear, burn in; corrode, char, calcine, incinerate; smelt,

scorify[obs3]; reduce to ashes; burn to a cinder; commit to the flames,

consign to the flames. boil, digest, stew, cook, seethe, scald,

parboil, simmer; do to rags. take fire, catch fire; blaze &c. (flame)

382. Adj. heated &c. v.; molten, sodden; rchauff; heating &c. v.;

adust[obs3]. inflammable, combustible; diathermal[obs3],

diathermanous[obs3]; burnt &c. v.; volcanic, radioactive.

#385. Refrigeration.—N. refrigeration, infrigidation[obs3],

reduction of temperature; cooling &c. v.; congelation[obs3],

conglaciation| [obs3]; ice &c. 383; solidification &c. (density) 321;

ice box (refrigerator) 385.. extincteur[Fr]; fire annihilator;

amianth[obs3], amianthus[obs3]; earth-flax, mountain-flax; flexible

asbestos; fireman, fire brigade (incombustibility) 388a.

incombustibility, incombustibleness &c. adj[obs3]. (insulation) 388a.

air conditioning[residential cooling], central air conditioning; air

conditioner; fan, attic fan; dehumidifier. V. cool, fan, refrigerate,

refresh, ice; congeal, freeze, glaciate; benumb, starve, pinch, chill,

petrify, chill to the marrow, regelate[obs3], nip, cut, pierce, bite,

make one's teeth chatter, damp, slack quench; put out, stamp out;

extinguish; go out, burn out (incombustibility) 388a.. Adj. cooled &c.

v.; frozen out; cooling &c. v.; frigorific[obs3].

#386. Furnace.—N. furnace, stove, kiln, oven; cracker; hearth,

focus, combustion chamber; athanor[obs3], hypocaust[obs3],

reverberatory; volcano; forge, fiery furnace; limekiln; Dutch oven;

tuyere, brasier[obs3], salamander, heater, warming pan; boiler,

caldron, seething caldron, pot; urn, kettle; chafing-dish; retort,

crucible, alembic, still; waffle irons; muffle furnace, induction

furnace; electric heater, electric furnace, electric resistance heat.

[steel-making furnace] open-hearth furnace. fireplace, gas fireplace;

coal fire, wood fire; fire-dog, fire-irons; grate, range, kitchener;

caboose, camboose[obs3]; poker, tongs, shovel, ashpan, hob, trivet;

andiron, gridiron; ashdrop; frying-pan, stew-pan, backlog. [area near a

fireplace] hearth, inglenook. [residential heating methods] oil burner,

gas burner, Franklin stove, pot-bellied stove; wood-burning stove;

central heating, steam heat, hot water heat, gas heat, forced hot air,

electric heat, heat pump; solar heat, convective heat. hothouse,

bakehouse[obs3], washhouse[obs3]; laundry; conservatory;

sudatory[obs3]; Turkish bath, Russian bath, vapor bath, steam bath,

sauna, warm bath; vaporarium[obs3].

#387. Refrigerator.—N. refrigerator, refrigeratory[obs3];

frigidarium[obs3]; cold storage, cold room, cold laboratory; icehouse,

icepail, icebag, icebox; cooler, damper, polyurethane cooler; wine

cooler. freezer, deep freeze, dry ice freezer, liquid nitrogen freezer,

refigerator-freezer. freezing mixture[refrigerating substances], ice,

ice cubes, blocks of ice, chipped ice; liquid nitrogen, dry ice, dry

ice-acetone, liquid helium.

#388. Fuel.—N. fuel, firing, combustible.

[solid fuels] coal, wallsend[obs3], anthracite, culm[obs3], coke,

carbon, charcoal, bituminous coal, tar shale; turf, peat,

firewood, bobbing, faggot, log; cinder &c. (products of

combustion) 384; ingle, tinder, touchwood; sulphur, brimstone;

incense; port-fire; fire-barrel, fireball, brand; amadou[obs3],

bavin[obs3]; blind coal, glance coal; German tinder, pyrotechnic

sponge, punk, smudge [U. S.]; solid fueled rocket. [fuels for

candles and lamps] wax, paraffin wax, paraffin oil; lamp oil,

whale oil. [liquid fuels] oil, petroleum, gasoline, high octane

gasoline, nitromethane[ISA:CHEMSUB@fuel], petrol, gas, juice

[coll.], gasohol, alcohol, ethanol, methanol, fuel oil, kerosene,

jet fuel, heating oil, number 2 oil, number 4 oil, naphtha; rocket

fuel, high specific impulse fuel, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen,

lox. [gaseous fuels] natural gas, synthetic gas, synthesis gas,

propane, butane, hydrogen. brand, torch, fuse; wick; spill, match,

light, lucifer, congreve[obs3], vesuvian, vesta[obs3], fusee,

locofoco[obs3]; linstock[obs3]. candle &c. (luminary) 423; oil &c.

(grease) 356. Adj. carbonaceous; combustible, inflammable; high

octane, high specific impulse; heat of combustion,.

#388a. Insulation, Fire extinction. {ant. of 388}—insulation,

incombustible material, noncombustible material; fire retardant, flame

retardant; fire wall, fire door.

incombustibility, incombustibleness &c. adj.

extincteur[Fr]; fire annihilator; amianth[obs3], amianthus[obs3];

earth-flax, mountain-flax; asbestos; fireman, fire fighter, fire eater,

fire department, fire brigade, engine company; pumper, fire truck, hook

and

ladder, aerial ladder, bucket; fire hose, fire hydrant.

[forest fires] backfire, firebreak, trench; aerial water

bombardment.

wet blanket; fire extinguisher, soda and acid extinguisher, dry

chemical extinguisher, CO-two extinguisher, carbon tetrachloride, foam;

sprinklers, automatic sprinkler system; fire bucket, sand bucket.

[warning of fire] fire alarm, evacuation alarm,

[laws to prevent fire] fire code, fire regulations, fire; fire

inspector; code violation, citation.

V. go out, die out, burn out; fizzle.

extinguish; damp, slack, quench, smother; put out, stamp out;

douse,

snuff, snuff out, blow out.

fireproof, flameproof.

Adj. incombustible; nonflammable, uninflammable,

unflammable[obs3]; fireproof.

Phr. fight fire with fire

#389. Thermometer.—N. thermometer, thermometrograph[obs3], mercury

thermometer, alcohol thermometer, clinical thermometer, dry-bulb

thermometer, wet-bulb thermometer, Anschutz thermometer[Ger], gas

thermometer, telethermometer; color-changing temperature indicator;

thermopile, thermoscope[obs3]; pyrometer, calorimeter, bomb

calorimeter; thermistor, thermocouple. [temperature-control devices]

thermostat, thermoregulator.

_(3) Taste_

#390. Taste.—N. taste, flavor, gust, gusto, savor; gout, relish;

sapor|, sapidity[obs3]; twang, smack, smatch| [obs3]; aftertaste, tang.

tasting; degustation, gustation.

palate, tongue, tooth, stomach.

V. taste, savor, smatch[obs3], smack, flavor, twang; tickle the

palate

&c. (savory) 394; smack the lips.

Adj. sapid, saporific[obs3]; gustable|, gustatory; gustful[obs3];

strong, gamy; palatable &c. 394.

#391. Insipidity.—N. insipidity, blandness; tastelessness &c. adj.

V. be tasteless &c. adj.

Adj. bland, void of taste &c. 390; insipid; tasteless, gustless|,

savorless; ingustible|, mawkish, milk and water, weak, stale, flat,

vapid,

fade, wishy-washy, mild; untasted[obs3].

#392. Pungency.—N. pungency, piquance, piquancy, poignancy haut-

gout, strong taste, twang, race. sharpness &c. adj.; acrimony;

roughness &c. (sour) 392; unsavoriness &c. 395. mustard, cayenne,

caviare; seasoning &c. (condiment) 393; niter, saltpeter, brine

(saltiness) 392a; carbonate of ammonia; sal ammoniac[obs3], sal

volatile, smelling salts; hartshorn (acridity) 401a. dram, cordial,

nip. nicotine, tobacco, snuff, quid, smoke; segar[obs3]; cigar,

cigarette; weed; fragrant weed, Indian weed; Cavendish, fid[obs3],

negro head, old soldier, rappee[obs3], stogy[obs3]. V. be pungent &c.

adj.; bite the tongue. render -pungent &c. adj.; season, spice, salt,

pepper, pickle, brine, devil. smoke, chew, take snuff. Adj. pungent,

strong; high-, full-flavored; high-tasted, high- seasoned; gamy, sharp,

stinging, rough, piquant, racy; biting, mordant; spicy; seasoned &c.

v.; hot, hot as pepper; peppery, vellicating[obs3], escharotic[obs3],

meracious|; acrid, acrimonious, bitter; rough &c. (sour) 397; unsavory

&c. 395.

#392a. Saltiness.—N. saltiness.

niter, saltpeter, brine.

Adj. salty, salt, saline, brackish, briny; salty as brine, salty

as a

herring, salty as Lot's wife.

salty, racy (indecent) 961.

Phr. take it with a grain of salt.

#392b. Bitterness—N. bitterness, acridness[obs3], acridity,

acrimony; caustic, alkali; acerbity; gall, wormwood; bitters,

astringent

bitters.

[additive for alcoholic beverages]Angostura aromatic bitters.

sourness &c. 397; pungency &c. 392.

[bitter substances] alkaloids; turmeric.

Adj. bitter, bitterish, acrid, acerb, acerbic.

Phr. bitter as gall; bitter pill to take; sugar coating on a

bitter

pill.

#393. Condiment.—N. condiment, seasoning, sauce, spice, relish,

appetizer.

[exlist] salt; mustard, grey poupon mustard; pepper, black

pepper,

white pepper, peppercorn, curry, sauce piquante[Fr]; caviare, onion,

garlic, pickle; achar[obs3], allspice; bell pepper, Jamaica pepper,

green

pepper; chutney; cubeb[obs3], pimento.

[capsicum peppers] capsicum, red pepper, chili peppers, cayenne.

nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, oregano, cloves, fennel.

[herbs] pot herbs, parsley, sage, rosemary, thyme, bay leaves,

marjoram.

[fragrant woods and gums] frankincense, balm, myrrh.

[from pods] paprika.

[from flower stigmas] saffron.

[from roots] ginger, turmeric.

V. season, spice, flavor, spice up &c. (render pungent) 392.

#394. Savoriness.—N. savoriness &c. adj.; good taste,

deliciousness, delectability.

relish, zest; appetizer.

tidbit, titbit[obs3], dainty, delicacy, tasty morsel; appetizer,

hors

d'ouvres[Fr.]; ambrosia, nectar, bonne-bouche[Fr]; game, turtle,

venison;

delicatessen.

V. be savory &c. adj.; tickle the palate, tickle the appetite;

flatter

the palate.

render palatable &c. adj.

relish, like, smack the lips.

Adj. savory, delicious, tasty, well-tasted, to one's taste, good,

palatable, nice, dainty, delectable; toothful[obs3], toothsome;

gustful[obs3], appetizing, lickerish[obs3], delicate, exquisite, rich,

luscious, ambrosial, scrumptious, delightful.

Adv. per amusare la bocca

Phr[It]. cela se laisse manger[Fr].

#395. Unsavoriness.—N. unsavoriness &c. adj.; amaritude[obs3];

acrimony, acridity (bitterness) 392b; roughness &c. (sour) 397;

acerbity, austerity; gall and wormwood, rue, quassia[obs3], aloes;

marah[obs3]; sickener[obs3]. V. be unpalatable &c. adj.; sicken,

disgust, nauseate, pall, turn the stomach. Adj. unsavory, unpalatable,

unsweetened, unsweet[obs3]; ill-flavored; bitter, bitter as gall;

acrid, acrimonious; rough. offensive, repulsive, nasty; sickening &c.

v.; nauseous; loathsome, fulsome; unpleasant &c. 830.

#396. Sweetness.—N. sweetness, dulcitude[obs3].

sugar, syrup, treacle, molasses, honey, manna; confection,

confectionary; sweets, grocery, conserve, preserve, confiture[obs3],

jam,

julep; sugar-candy, sugar-plum; licorice, marmalade, plum, lollipop,

bonbon, jujube, comfit, sweetmeat; apple butter, caramel, damson,

glucose;

maple sirup[obs3], maple syrup, maple sugar; mithai[obs3], sorghum,

taffy.

nectar; hydromel[obs3], mead, meade[obs3], metheglin[obs3],

honeysuckle, liqueur, sweet wine, aperitif.

[sources of sugar] sugar cane, sugar beets.

[sweet foods] desert, pastry, pie, cake, candy, ice cream, tart,

puff,

pudding (food) 298.

dulcification|, dulcoration|.

sweetener, corn syrup, cane sugar, refined sugar, beet sugar,

dextrose; artificial sweetener, saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame,

Sweet'N

Low.

V. be sweet &c. adj.

render sweet &c. adj.; sweeten; edulcorate[obs3]; dulcorate|,

dulcify|; candy; mull. Adj. sweet; saccharine, sacchariferous[obs3];

dulcet, candied, honied[obs3], luscious, lush, nectarious[obs3],

melliferous[obs3]; sweetened &c. v.

sweet as a nut, sweet as sugar, sweet as honey.

sickly sweet.

Phr. eau sucre[Fr]; "sweets to the sweet" [Hamlet].

#397. Sourness.—N. sourness &c. adj.; acid, acidity, low pH;

acetous fermentation, lactic fermentation.

vinegar, verjuice[obs3], crab, alum; acetic acid, lactic acid.

V. be sour; sour, turn sour &c. adj.; set the teeth on edge.

render sour &c. adj.; acidify, acidulate.

Adj. sour; acid, acidulous, acidulated; tart, crabbed; acetous,

acetose[obs3]; acerb, acetic; sour as vinegar, sourish, acescent[obs3],

subacid[Chem]; styptic, hard, rough.

Phr. sour as a lemon.

_(4) Odor_

#398. Odor.—N. odor, smell, odorament|, scent, effluvium;

emanation, exhalation; fume, essence, trail, nidor|, redolence.

sense of smell; scent; act of smelling &c. v.; olfaction,

olfactories[obs3].

[pleasant odor] fragrance &c. 400.

odorant.

[animal with acute sense of smell] bloodhound, hound.

[smell detected by a hound] spoor.

V. have an odor &c. n.; smell, smell of, smell strong of; exhale;

give

out a smell &c. n.; reek, reek of; scent.

smell, scent; snuff, snuff up; sniff, nose, inhale.

Adj. odorous, odoriferous; smelling, reeking, foul-smelling,

strong-

scented; redolent, graveolent[obs3], nidorous[obs3], pungent; putrid,

foul.

[Relating to the sense of smell] olfactory, quick-scented.

#399. Inodorousness.—N. inodorousness[obs3]; absence of smell, want

of smell.

deodorant, deodorization, deodorizer.

V. be inodorous &c. adj[obs3].; not smell.

deodorize.

Adj. inodorous[obs3], onodorate; scentless; without smell, wanting

smell &c. 398.

deodorized, deodorizing.

#400. Fragrance.—N. fragrance, aroma, redolence, perfume, bouquet,

essence, scent; sweet smell, aromatic perfume. agalloch[obs3],

agallochium[obs3]; aloes wood; bay rum; calambac[obs3],

calambour[obs3]; champak[obs3], horehound[ISA:plant@mint],

lign-aloes[obs3], marrubium[obs3], mint, muskrat, napha water[obs3],

olibanum[obs3], spirit of myrcia[obs3]. essential oil. incense; musk,

frankincense; pastil[obs3], pastille; myrrh, perfumes of Arabia[obs3];

otto[obs3], ottar[obs3], attar; bergamot, balm, civet, potpourri,

pulvil|; nosegay; scentbag[obs3]; sachet, smelling bottle, vinaigrette;

eau de Cologne[Fr], toilet water, lotion, after-shave lotion;

thurification[obs3]. perfumer. [fragrant wood oils] eucalyptus oil,

pinene. V. be fragrant &c. adj.; have a perfume &c. n.; smell sweet.

scent[render fragrant], perfume, embalm. Adj. fragrant, aromatic,

redolent, spicy, savory, balmy, scented, sweet-smelling, sweet-scented;

perfumed, perfumatory[obs3]; thuriferous; fragrant as a rose,

muscadine[obs3], ambrosial.

#401. Fetor.—N. fetor[obs3]; bad &c. adj. smell, bad odor; stench,

stink; foul odor, malodor; empyreuma[obs3]; mustiness &c. adj.;

rancidity; foulness &c. (uncleanness) 653. stoat, polecat, skunk;

assafoetida[obs3]; fungus, garlic; stinkpot; fitchet[obs3],

fitchew[obs3], fourmart[obs3], peccary. acridity &c. 401a. V. have a

bad smell &c. n.; smell; stink, stink in the nostrils, stink like a

polecat; smell strong &c. adj., smell offensively. Adj. fetid;

strong-smelling; high, bad, strong, fulsome, offensive, noisome, rank,

rancid, reasty[obs3], tainted, musty, fusty, frouzy[obs3]; olid[obs3],

olidous|; nidorous[obs3]; smelling, stinking; putrid &c. 653;

suffocating, mephitic; empyreumatic[obs3].

#401a. Acridity—N. acridity, astringency, bite.

[acrid substances] tear gas; smoke, acrid fumes.

Adj. acrid, biting, astringent, sharp, harsh; bitter &c. 392b.

_(5) Sound_

(i) SOUND IN GENERAL

#402. Sound.—N. sound, noise, strain; accent, twang, intonation,

tone; cadence; sonorousness &c. adj.; audibility; resonance &c. 408;

voice &c. 580; aspirate; ideophone[obs3]; rough breathing. [Science, of

sound] acoustics; phonics, phonetics, phonology, phonography[obs3];

diacoustics[obs3], diaphonics[obs3]; phonetism[obs3]. V. produce sound;

sound, make a noise; give out sound, emit sound; resound &c. 408. Adj.

sounding; soniferous[obs3]; sonorous, sonorific[obs3]; resonant,

audible, distinct; stertorous; phonetic; phonic, phonocamptic[obs3].

Phr. "a thousand trills and quivering sounds" [Addison]; forensis

strepitus[Lat].

#403. Silence.—N. silence; stillness &c. (quiet) 265; peace, hush,

lull; muteness &c. 581; solemn silence, awful silence, dead silence,

deathlike silence. V. be silent &c. adj.; hold one's tongue &c. (not

speak) 585. render silent &c. adj.; silence, still, hush; stifle,

muffle, stop; muzzle, put to silence &c. (render mute) 581. Adj.

silent; still, stilly; noiseless, soundless; hushed &c. v.; mute &c.

581. soft, solemn, awful, deathlike, silent as the grave; inaudible &c.

(faint) 405. Adv. silently &c. adj.; sub silentio[Lat]. Int. hush!

silence! soft! whist! tush! chut[obs3]! tut! pax[Lat]! be quiet! be

silent! be still! shut up![rude]; chup[obs3]! chup rao[obs3]! tace[It]!

Phr. one might hear a feather drop, one might hear a pin drop, so quiet

you could hear a pin drop; grosse Seelen dulden still [German]; le

silence est la vertu de ceux qui ne sont pas sages [French]; le silence

est le parti le plus sar de celui se dfie de soi-meme[French];

"silence more musical than any song" [C. G. Rossetti]; tacent satis

laudant[Latin]; better to be silent and thought a fool than to speak up

and remove all doubt.

#404. Loudness.—N. loudness, power; loud noise, din; blare; clang,

clangor; clatter, noise, bombilation[obs3], roar, uproar, racket,

hubbub, bobbery[obs3], fracas, charivari[obs3], trumpet blast, flourish

of trumpets, fanfare, tintamarre[obs3], peal, swell, blast,

larum[obs3], boom; bang (explosion) 406; resonance &c. 408.

vociferation, hullabaloo, &c. 411; lungs; Stentor. artillery, cannon;

thunder. V. be loud &c. adj.; peal, swell, clang, boom, thunder, blare,

fulminate, roar; resound &c. 408. speak up, shout &c. (vociferate) 411;

bellow &c. (cry as an animal) 412. rend the air, rend the skies; fill

the air; din in the ear, ring in the ear, thunder in the ear; pierce

the ears, split the ears, rend the ears, split the head; deafen, stun;

faire le diable a quatre[Fr]; make one's windows shake, rattle the

windows; awaken the echoes, startle the echoes; wake the dead. Adj.

loud, sonorous; high-sounding, big-sounding; deep, full, powerful,

noisy, blatant, clangorous, multisonous[obs3]; thundering, deafening

&c. v; trumpet-tongued; ear-splitting, ear-rending, ear- deafening;

piercing; obstreperous, rackety, uproarious; enough to wake the dead,

enough to wake seven sleepers. shrill &c. 410 clamorous &c.

(vociferous) 411 stentorian, stentorophonic|. Adv. loudly &c. adj.

aloud; at the top of one's voice, at the top of one's lungs, lustily,

in full cry. Phr. the air rings with; "the deep dread-bolted thunder"

[Lear].

#405. Faintness.—N. faintness &c. adj.; faint sound, whisper,

breath; undertone, underbreath[obs3]; murmur, hum, susurration; tinkle;

"still small voice." hoarseness &c. adj.; raucity[obs3]. V. whisper,

breathe, murmur, purl, hum, gurgle, ripple, babble, flow; tinkle;

mutter &c. (speak imperfectly) 583; susurrate[obs3]. steal on the ear;

melt in the air, float on the air. Adj. inaudible; scarcely audible,

just audible; low, dull; stifled, muffled; hoarse, husky; gentle, soft,

faint; floating; purling, flowing &c. v.; whispered &c. v.; liquid;

soothing; dulcet &c. (melodious) 413; susurrant[obs3], susurrous[obs3].

Adv. in a whisper, with bated breath, sotto voce[Lat], between the

teeth, aside; piano, pianissimo; d la sourdine[obs3]; out of earshot

inaudibly &c. adj.

(ii) SPECIFIC SOUNDS

#406. [Sudden and violent sounds.] Snap.—N. snap &c. v.; rapping

&c. v.; decrepitation, crepitation; report, thud; burst, explosion,

blast,

boom, discharge, detonation, firing, salvo, volley.

squib, cracker, firecracker, cherry bomb, M80, gun, cap, cap gun,

popgun.

implosion.

bomb burst, atomic explosion, nuclear explosion (arms) 727.

[explosive substances] gunpowder, dynamite, gun cotton,

nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, plastic explosive, plastique, TNT,

cordite,

trinitrotoluene, picric acid, picrates, mercury fulminate (arms) 727.

whack, wham, pow.

V. rap, snap, tap, knock, ping; click; clash; crack, crackle;

crash;

pop; slam, bang, blast, boom, clap, clang, clack, whack, wham;

brustle[obs3]; burst on the ear; crepitate, rump.

blow up, blow; detonate.

Adj. rapping &c. v.

Int. kaboom! whamo! Heewhack! pow!

#407. [Repeated and protracted sounds.] Roll.—N. roll &c. v.;

drumming &c. v.; berloque[obs3], bombination[obs3], rumbling; tattoo,

drumroll; dingdong; tantara[obs3]; rataplan[obs3]; whirr; ratatat,

ratatat-

tat; rubadub; pitapat; quaver, clutter, charivari[obs3], racket;

cuckoo;

repetition &c. 104; peal of bells, devil's tattoo; reverberation &c.

408.

[sound of railroad train rolling on rails] clickety-clack.

hum, purr.

[animals that hum] hummingbird.

[animals that purr] cat, kitten (animal sounds) 412.

V. roll, drum, rumble, rattle, clatter, patter, clack;

bombinate[obs3].

hum, trill, shake; chime, peal, toll; tick, beat.

drum in the ear, din in the ear.

Adj. rolling &c. v.; monotonous &c. (repeated) 104; like a bee in

bottle.

#408. Resonance.—N. resonance; ring &c. v.; ringing,

tintinabulation &c. v.; reflexion[Brit], reflection, reverberation;

echo, reecho; zap, zot[coll.]; buzz (hiss) 409. low note, base note,

bass note, flat note, grave note, deep note; bass; basso, basso

profondo[It]; baritone, barytone[obs3]; contralto. [device to cause

resonance] echo chamber, resonator. [ringing in the ears]

tinnitus[Med]. [devices which make a resonating sound] bell, doorbell,

buzzer; gong, cymbals (musical instruments) 417. [physical resonance]

sympathetic vibrations; natural frequency, coupled vibration frequency;

overtone; resonating cavity; sounding board, tuning fork. [electrical

resonance] tuning, squelch, frequency selection; resonator, resonator

circuit; radio &c. @2.3.1.6.8. [chemical resonance] resonant structure,

aromaticity, alternating double bonds, non-bonded resonance; pi

clouds, unsaturation, double bond (valence) @2.3.2.2. V. resound,

reverberate, reecho, resonate; ring, jingle, gingle[obs3], chink,

clink; tink[obs3], tinkle; chime; gurgle &c. 405 plash, goggle, echo,

ring in the ear. Adj. resounding &c. v.; resonant, reverberant,

tinnient|, tintinnabulary; sonorous, booming, deep-toned,

deep-sounding, deep-mouthed, vibrant; hollow, sepulchral; gruff &c.

(harsh) 410. Phr. "sweet bells jangled, out of time and harsh"

[Hamlet]; echoing down the mountain and through the dell.

#408a. Nonresonance[obs3].—N. thud, thump, dead sound;

nonresonance[obs3]; muffled drums, cracked bell; damper; silencer.

V. sound dead; stop the sound, damp the sound, deaden the sound,

deaden the reverberations, dampen the reverberations.

Adj. nonresonant[obs3], dead; dampened, muffled.

#409. [Hissing sounds.] Sibilation.—N. sibilance, sibilation; zip;

hiss &c. v.; sternutation; high note &c. 410.

[animals that hiss] goose, serpent, snake (animal sounds) 412.

[animals that buzz] insect, bug; bee, mosquito, wasp, fly.

[inanimate things that hiss] tea kettle, pressure cooker; air

valve,

pressure release valve, safety valve, tires, air escaping from tires,

punctured tire; escaping steam, steam, steam radiator, steam release

valve.

V. hiss, buzz, whiz, rustle; fizz, fizzle; wheeze, whistle,

snuffle;

squash; sneeze; sizzle, swish.

Adj. sibilant; hissing &c. v.; wheezy; sternutative[obs3].

#316. MATERIALITY.—N. materiality, materialness; corporeity[obs3],