[1888] Now called Oderzo, on the river Montegano, which flows into the

Liquenza. The conduct of the people of this place, in the wars between

Pompey and Cæsar, is mentioned by Lucan, in his Pharsalia, B. iv. l.

462.

[1889] From inscriptions we find that this place was called Colonia

Julia Concordia, from which it seems probable that it was one of the

colonies founded by Augustus to celebrate the restoration of peace. It

rapidly rose into importance, and is often mentioned during the later

ages of the Roman Empire, as one of the most important cities in this

part of Italy. It is now a poor village, with the same name, and no

remains of antiquity beyond a few inscriptions.

[1890] The Romatinum is the modern Lemene. Pliny seems to imply,

(though from the uncertainty of the punctuation it is not clear,)

that on the Romatinum there was a port of that name. If so, it would

probably occupy the site of the present Santa Margherita, at the mouth

of the Lemene.

[1891] The greater Tiliaventum is the modern Tagliamento; and Hardouin

suggests that the smaller river of that name is the Lugugnana.

[1892] This river is supposed to be the same with the modern Stella,

and the Varamus the Revonchi, which joins the Stella.

[1893] Now called the Ansa. The Natiso is the modern Natisone, and the

Turrus the Torre; the former flowed past Aquileia on the west, the

latter on the east, in former times, but their course is probably now

changed, and they fall into the Isonzo, four miles from the city.

[1894] The capital of Venetia, and one of the most important cities of

Northern Italy. In the year A.D. 452 it was besieged by Attila, king

of the Huns, taken by storm, and plundered and burnt to the ground. On

its site, which is very unhealthy, is the modern village of Aquileia,

with about 1400 inhabitants. No ruins of any buildings are visible, but

the site abounds with coins, shafts of columns, inscriptions, and other

remains of antiquity.

[1895] Ptolemy states that Concordia and Aquileia were situate in the

district of the Carni.

[1896] Still called the Timavo.

[1897] Castel Duino stands on its site. It will be found again

mentioned in B. xiv. C. 8, for the excellence of its wines.

[1898] Now the Gulf of Trieste. Tergeste was previously an

insignificant place, but made a Roman colony by Vespasian. The modern

city of Trieste occupies its site.

[1899] Most probably the modern Risano. Cluver and D’Anville are of

that opinion, but Walckenaer thinks that it was a small stream near

Muja Yecchia; which seems however to be too near Trieste.

[1900] In the time of Augustus, and before Istria was added as a

province to Italy.

[1901] He alludes to an old tradition that the Argonauts sailed into

the Ister or Danube, and then into the Save, till they came to the spot

where the modern town of Upper Laybach stands, and that here they built

Nauportus, after which they carried their ship across the mountains on

men’s shoulders into the Adriatic. He intends to suggest therefore that

the place had its name from the Greek ναῦς “a ship” and πορθμὸς “a

passage.”

[1902] The modern town of Laybach stands on its site. It is situate on

the Save, and on the road from Aquileia to Celeia. The Roman remains

prove that the ancient city exceeded the modern one in magnitude.

According to tradition it was founded by the Argonauts. It subsequently

became a Roman colony, with the title of Julia Augusta. It is again

mentioned in C. 28.

[1903] Now the Golfo di Quarnaro. Liburnia was separated from Istria on

the north-west by the river Arsia, and from Dalmatia on the south by

the river Titus or Kerka, corresponding to the western part of modern

Croatia, and the northern part of modern Dalmatia. Iapydia was situate

to the north of Dalmatia and east of Liburnia, or the present military

frontier of Croatia, between the rivers Kulpa and Korana to the north

and east, and the Velebich mountains to the south. Istria consisted of

the peninsula which still bears the same appellation.

[1904] This passage, “while others make it 225,” is omitted in many

of the MSS. and most of the editions. If it is retained, it is not

improbable that his meaning is, “and the circumference of Liburnia

which joins it, with the Flanatic Gulf, some make 225, while others

make the compass of Liburnia to be 180 miles.” It depends on the

punctuation and the force of “item,” and the question whether the

passage is not in a corrupt state; and it is not at all clear what his

meaning really is.

[1905] He alludes to C. Sempronius Tuditanus, Consul B.C. 129. He

gained his victory over the Iapydes chiefly through the skill of his

legatus, D. Junius Brutus. He was a distinguished orator and historian.

He was the maternal grandfather of the orator Hortensius.

[1906] This place is only mentioned by Pliny, but from an inscription

found, it appears that the emperor Justin II. conferred on it the title

of Justinopolis. It is thought that it occupied the site of the present

town of Capo d’Istria.—Parentium stood on the site of the present

Parenzo.

[1907] It still retains its name.

[1908] Supposed to have occupied the site of the modern Castel Nuovo,

past which the Arsia, now the Arsa, flows.

[1909] Since Istria had been added to it by Augustus.

[1910] Livy seems to imply that Cremona was originally included in

the territory of the Insubres. A Roman colony being established there

it became a powerful city. It was destroyed by Antonius, the general

of Vespasian, and again by the Lombard king Agilulfus in A.D. 605. No

remains of antiquity, except a few inscriptions, are to be seen in the

modern city.

[1911] The modern city of Este stands on the site of Ateste. Beyond

inscriptions there are no remains of this Roman colony.

[1912] Asolo stands on its site.

[1913] It was said to have been founded by the Trojan Antenor. Under

the Romans it was the most important city in the north of Italy, and by

its commerce and manufactures attained great opulence. It was plundered

by Attila, and, by Agilulfus, king of the Lombards, was razed to the

ground. It was celebrated as being the birth-place of Livy. Modern

Padua stands on its site, but has no remains of antiquity.

[1914] Now called Belluno. Vicetia has been succeeded by the modern

Vicenza.

[1915] Mantua was not a place of importance, but was famous as being

the birth-place of Virgil; at least, the poet, who was born at the

village of Andes, in its vicinity, regarded it as such. It was said to

have had its name from Manto, the daughter of Tiresias. Virgil, in the

Æneid, B. x., alludes to its supposed Tuscan origin.

[1916] Led by Antenor, as Livy says, B. i.

[1917] The Cenomanni, a tribe of the Cisalpine Gauls, seem to have

occupied the country north of the Padus, between the Insubres on the

west and the Veneti on the east. From Polybius and Livy we learn that

they had crossed the Alps within historical memory, and had expelled

the Etruscans and occupied their territory. They were signalized for

their amicable feelings towards the Roman state.

[1918] Their town was Fertria or Feltria, the modern Feltre.

[1919] The modern city of Trento or Trent occupies the site of

Tridentum, their town. It is situate on the Athesis or Adige. It became

famous in the middle ages, and the great ecclesiastical council met

here in 1545.

[1920] It was a Roman colony under the name of Colonia Augusta, having

originally been the capital of the Euganei, and then of the Cenomanni.

It was the birth-place of Catullus, and according to some accounts, of

our author, Pliny. Modern Verona exhibits many remains of antiquity.

[1921] D’Anville says that the ruins of this town are to be seen at the

modern Zuglio.

[1922] Hardouin thinks that their town, Flamonia, stood on the site of

the modern Flagogna.

[1923] Their town, Forum Julii, a Roman colony, stood on the site of

the modern Friuli. Paulus Diaconus ascribes its foundation to Julius

Cæsar.

[1924] Supposed by Miller to have inhabited the town now called Nadin

or Susied.

[1925] Their town was probably on the site of the modern Quero, on the

river Piave, below Feltre.

[1926] Probably the same as the Tarvisani, whose town was Tarvisium,

now Treviso.

[1927] The conqueror of Syracuse. The fact here related probably took

place in the Gallic war.

[1928] This must be the meaning; and we must not, as Holland does,

employ the number as signifying that of the lakes and rivers; for the

Ticinus is in the eleventh region.

[1929] Now the Adda, running through Lago di Como, the Tesino through

Lago Maggiore, the Mincio through Lago di Garda, the Seo through Lago

di Seo, and the Lambro now communicating with the two small lakes

called Lago di Pusiano and Lago d’Alserio, which in Pliny’s time

probably formed one large lake.

[1930] Now Vado in Liguria, the harbour of Sabbata or Savo. Using the

modern names, the line thus drawn runs past Vado, Turin, Como, Brescia,

Verona, Vicenza, Oderzo, Aquileia, Trieste, Pola, and the Arsa.

[1931] It is from this people that the group of volcanic hills between

Padua and Verona derive their present name of Colli Euganei or the

“Euganean Hills.” From the Triumpilini and the Camuni, the present Val

Camonica and Val Trompia derive their names.

[1932] Probably meaning, that for a sum of money they originally

acknowledged their subjection to the Roman power.

[1933] The Lepontii probably dwelt in the modern Val Leventina and the

Val d’Osula, near Lago Maggiore; the Salassi in the Val d’Aosta.

[1934] Making it to come from the Greek verb λείπω, “to leave behind.”

[1935] As though being εὐγένειοι or εὐγενεῖς, “of honourable descent,”

or “parentage.”

[1936] Strabo mentions the Stoni or Stœni among the minor Alpine

tribes. Mannert thinks that they dwelt near the sources of the river

Chiese, about the site of the modern village of Storo.

[1937] It has been suggested that from them the modern Valtelline takes

its name.

[1938] Hardouin suggests that the Suanetes, who are again mentioned,

are the people here meant.

[1939] They are supposed to have dwelt in the present canton of

Martignac in the Valais, and the Vaudois.

[1940] They dwelt in the Tarantaise, in the duchy of Savoy. The village

called Centron still retains their name.

[1941] The states subject to Cottius, an Alpine chief, who having

gained the favour of Augustus, was left by him in possession of this

portion of the Alps, with the title of Præfect. These states, in

the vicinity of the modern Mount Cenis, seem to have extended from

Ebrodunum or Embrun in Gaul, to Segusio, the modern Susa, in Italy,

including the Pass of Mont Genèvre. The territory of Cottius was united

by Nero to the Roman empire, as a separate province called the “Alpes

Cottiæ.”

[1942] They dwelt in the vicinity of Ebrodunum or Embrun already

mentioned.

[1943] The “mountaineers.” Some editions read here “Appuani,” so called

from the town of Appua, now Pontremoli.

[1944] The Vagienni, and the Capillati Ligures, or “Long-haired

Ligurians,” have been previously mentioned in Chap. 7.

[1945] The trophy or triumphal arch which bore this inscription is that

which was still to be seen at Torbia near Nicæa in Illyria, in the time

of Gruter, who has given that portion of the inscription which remained

unobliterated, down to “gentes Alpinæ,” “the Alpine nations.” Hardouin

speaks of another triumphal arch in honour of Augustus at Segusio or

Susa in Piedmont, which appears to have commenced in a somewhat similar

manner, but only the first twelve words were remaining in 1671.

[1946] Adopted son of his great uncle Julius Cæsar.

[1947] Most of the MSS. omit the figures XVII here, but it is evidently

an accident; if indeed they were omitted in the original.

[1948] They are supposed to have occupied the Val Venosco, at the

sources of the Adige. The Isarci dwelt in the Val de Sarra or Sarcha,

near Val Camonica; and the Breuni in the Val Brounia or Bregna, at the

source of the Tessino.

[1949] D’Anville thinks that they inhabited the Val d’Agno, near

Trento, between Lake Como and the Adige. He also detects the name of

the Focunates in the village of Vogogna.

[1950] They inhabited the banks of the river Lech, their town being,

according to Strabo, Damasia, afterwards Augusta Vindelicorum, now

Augsburg.

[1951] Probably the Sarunetes, already mentioned. The Brixentes

inhabited the modern Brixen in the Tyrol. The Lepontii have been

previously mentioned. The Seduni occupied the present Sion, the capital

of the Valais. The Salassi have been already mentioned. According to

Bouche, the Medulli occupied the modern Maurienne in Savoy. The Varagri

dwelt in Le Chablais.

[1952] The Uceni, according to Hardouin, occupied Le Bourg d’Oysans in

the modern Graisivaudan; the Caturiges, the modern Chorges according to

Ansart; the Brigiani, probably Briançon, and the Nemaloni, as Hardouin

thinks, the place called Miolans.

[1953] They probably dwelt in the Ville de Seyne, in Embrun; the

Esubiani near the river Hubaye, in the Vallée de Barcelone in Savoy;

the Veamini in Senez, the Triulatti at the village of Alloz, the Ecdini

near the river Tinea, and the Vergunni in the vicinity of the district

of Vergons.

[1954] The Eguituri probably dwelt near the modern town of Guillaumes,

the Oratelli at the place now called Le Puget de Théniers, and the

Velauni near the modern Bueil.

[1955] Or subjects of Cottius, previously mentioned.

[1956] A mistake for L. Æmilius Papus. He and C. Regulus were Consuls

in B.C. 225. They successfully opposed the Cisalpine Gauls, who invaded

Italy; but Regulus was slain in the engagement.

[1957] It is difficult to say what is the exact force of “parci” here;

whether in fact it means that Italy shall be wholly exempted from such

treatment, as an indignity offered to her soil, or whether her minerals

were to be strictly kept in reserve as a last resource. Ajasson, in his

Translation, seems to take the former view, Littré the latter.

[1958] From the river now called the Arsa to that called the Kerka.

[1959] Hardouin thinks that “Ismeni” is the proper reading here; but

all the MSS. seem to be against him.

[1960] Mentioned in the next Chapter.

[1961] Their town was Aluus or Aloüs.

[1962] Their town was Flanona, which gave name to the Sinus Flanaticus

or Golfo di Quarnero. The chief town of the Lopsi was Lopsica, and of

the Varvarini, Varvaria.

[1963] The island of Fertina is supposed to have been the modern

Berwitch or Parvich. Curicta is now called Karek or Veglia. The

Illyrian snails mentioned by our author, B. ix. c. 56, are very

numerous here. Caius Antonius, the brother of Marcus, acting under

Julius Cæsar, was besieged here by Libo. See the interesting account in

Lucan’s Pharsalia, B. iv. l. 402-464.

[1964] The places on their sites are now called Albona, Fianona,

Tersact or Tersat near Fiume, Segna, Lopsico, Ortopia, and Veza.

[1965] Now Carin. Ænona is now called Nona, and the Tedanius is the

modern Zermagna.

[1966] The whole of this group of islands were sometimes called the

Absyrtides, from Absyrtus, the brother of Medea, who according to

tradition was slain there. See the last Chapter, p. 266. Ovid, however,

in his “Tristia,” states that, this took place at Tomi, on the Pontus

Euxinus or Black Sea, the place of his banishment.

[1967] Said by D’Anville to be now called Arbe, and Crexa to be the

modern Cherso. Gissa is thought to have been the modern Pago.

[1968] It was the capital of Liburnia. The city of Zara or Zara Vecchia

stands on its site. There are but little remains of the ancient city.

[1969] Supposed to be the present Mortero.

[1970] The Titus or Kerka. Scardona still retains its name.

[1971] Now called the Cabo di San Nicolo.

[1972] This measurement would make it appear that the present

Sabioncello is meant, but that it ought to come below, after Narona. He

probably means the quasi peninsula upon which the town of Tragurium,

now Trau Vecchio, was situate; but its circumference is hardly fifty

miles. So, if Sicum is the same as the modern Sebenico, it ought to

have been mentioned previously to Tragurium.

[1973] Spalatro, the retreat of Diocletian, was in the vicinity of

Salona. Its ancient name was Spolatum, and at the village of Dioclea

near it, that emperor was born. On the ruins of the once important city

of Salona, rose the modern Spalato or Spalatro.

[1974] Its site is unknown, though D’Anville thinks that it was

probably that of the modern Tain.

[1975] Clissa is supposed to occupy its site. Tribulium is probably the

modern Ugliane.

[1976] The people of the island of Issa, now Lissa, off the coast of

Liburnia. It was originally peopled by a Parian or a Syracusan colony.

It was famous for its wine, and the beaked ships “Lembi Issaici,”

rendered the Romans good service in the war with Philip of Macedon.

[1977] The modern Almissa stands on its site; and on that of Rataneum,

Mucarisca.

[1978] Now called Narenta; the river having the same name.

[1979] The localities of all these peoples are unknown.

[1980] Or Epidaurus. It is not noticed in history till the civil war

between Pompey and Cæsar, when, having declared in favour of the

latter, it was besieged by M. Octavius. The site of it is known as

Ragusa Vecchia, or Old Ragusa, but in the Illyric language it is called

Zaptal. Upon its destruction, its inhabitants moved to Rausium, the

present Ragusa. There are no remains extant of the old town.

[1981] It still retains the name of Risine, upon the Golfo di Cattaro,

the ancient Sinus Rhizonicus.

[1982] In the former editions called “Ascrivium.” The modern Cattaro is

supposed to occupy its site. Butua is the modern Budua, and Olcinium,

Dulcigno. It is probable that the derivation of the name of this last

place, as suggested by Pliny, is only fanciful.

[1983] Now called Drin and Drino.

[1984] Now called Scutari or Scodar, the capital of the province called

by the Turks Sangiac de Scodar.

[1985] According to Hardouin, the modern Endero stands on the site of

their capital.

[1986] Grabia, mentioned by Pouqueville, in his “Voyage de la Grèce,”

seems to retain the name of this tribe.

[1987] Pouqueville is of opinion that they occupied the district now

known as Musaché.

[1988] Dalechamp thinks that the two words “Retinet nomen” do not

belong to the text, but have crept in from being the gloss of some more

recent commentator. They certainly appear to be out of place. This

promontory is now called Cabo Rodoni.

[1989] The modern Albania.

[1990] Pouqueville is of opinion that they inhabited the district about

the present village of Presa, seven leagues N.E. of Durazzo.

[1991] From Ptolemy we learn that Lychnidus was their town; the site

of which, according to Pouqueville, is still pointed out at a spot

about four leagues south of Ochrida, on the eastern bank of the Lake of

Ochrida.

[1992] Now called El Bassan; though Pouqueville says Tomoros or

De Caulonias. Commencing in Epirus, they separated Illyricum from

Macedonia. See Lucan’s Pharsalia, B. vi. l. 331.

[1993] The Romans are said to have changed its Greek name Epidamnum,

from an idea that it was inauspicious, as implying “damnum” or “ruin.”

It has been asserted that they gave it the name of Durrhachium or

Dyrrhachium, from “durum,” rugged, on account of the ruggedness of

its locality. This however cannot be the case, as the word, like its

predecessor, is of Greek origin. Its unfortunate name, “Epidamnus,” is

the subject of several puns and witticisms in that most amusing perhaps

of all the plays of Plautus, the Menæchmi. It was of Corcyræan origin,

and after playing a distinguished part in the civil wars between Pompey

and Cæsar, was granted by Augustus to his veteran troops. The modern

Durazzo stands on its site.

[1994] Now called the Voioussa.

[1995] The monastery of Pollina stands on its site. It was founded by

the Corinthians and Corcyræans. There are scarcely any vestiges of it

remaining.

[1996] See further mention of this spot in B. ii. c. 110.

[1997] Pouqueville states that the ruins of Amantia are to be seen near

the village of Nivitza, on the right bank of the river Suchista. The

remains of Bullis, the chief town of the Buliones, according to the

same traveller, are to be seen at a place called Gradista, four miles

from the sea.

[1998] The same writer states that Oricum was situate on the present

Gulf De la Vallona or d’Avlona, and that its port was the place now

called by the Greeks Porto Raguseo, and by the Turks Liman Padisha.

[1999] The “Heights of Thunder.” They were so called from the frequent

thunderstorms with which they were visited. The range however was more

properly called the “Ceraunii Montes,” and the promontory terminating

it “Acroceraunii” or “Acroceraunia,” meaning “the end of the Ceraunii.”

The range is now called the Mountains of Khimara, and the promontory,

Glossa, or in Italian, Linguetta, meaning “the Tongue.”

[2000] In C. 15 of the present Book.

[2001] About 70 English miles is the distance.

[2002] The Donau or Danube.

[2003] Noricum corresponded to the greater part of the present Styria

and Carinthia, and a part of Austria, Bavaria, and Salzburg.

[2004] According to D’Anville the modern Wolk-Markt, on the river Drau

or Drave. Celeia is the modern Cilley in Carniola. Teurnia, according

to Mannert, is the Lurnfelde, near the small town of Spital.

[2005] According to Mannert it was situate near the modern town of

Innichen, near the sources of the Drave.

[2006] Supposed to be the same as the Vindobona or Vindomona of other

authors, standing on the site of the modern city of Vienna.

[2007] According to Cluver, it stood on the site of the modern Clausen

in Bavaria.

[2008] Mannert says that this place was the same with the modern

Solfeld, near Klagenfurt.

[2009] D’Anville and other writers think that this is the Neusiedler

See, not far from Vienna. Mannert, however, is of opinion that the name

ought to be written Pelso, and that the modern Balaton or Platten See

is meant.

[2010] The mountainous and woody tract in the vicinity of the Lake

Balaton, on the confines of ancient Noricum and Pannonia.

[2011] Now Sarvar on the river Raab, on the confines of Austria and

Hungary.

[2012] According to Hardouin, the modern Sopron or Œdenburg.

[2013] This province corresponded to the eastern part of Austria,

Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the whole of Hungary between the Danube

and Saave, Slavonia, and part of Croatia and Bosnia. It was reduced by

Tiberius, acting under the orders of Augustus.

[2014] Now Laybach, previously mentioned in c. 22. Sissia has been

succeeded by the modern Sissek on the Saave.

[2015] The modern Draave or Drau.

[2016] Now the Sau or Saave.

[2017] According to Hardouin the Serretes and the Serrapilli inhabited

the modern Carinthia on both sides of the Draave. The sites of the

other nations here mentioned are unknown.

[2018] So called from the river Colapis. The other tribes are unknown.

[2019] Probably the same as the mountain range near Warasdin on the

Draave. The nations mentioned here dwelt on the western and eastern

slopes of this range.

[2020] Now known as Zagrabia.

[2021] Now the Culpa.

[2022] Dion Cassius, B. xix., says that the river Colapis or Colops

flowed past the walls of the town of Siscia, but that Tiberius Cæsar

caused a trench to be dug round the town, and so drew the river round

it, leading it back on the other side into its channel. He calls the

island Segetica.

[2023] Now the Bossut. Sirmium occupied the site of the present Sirmich.

[2024] The modern Tzeruinka, according to D’Anville and Brotier.

[2025] Now the Walpo and the Sarroiez, according to Hardouin; or the

Bosna and the Verbas, according to Brotier and Mannert.

[2026] Corresponding to the present Servia and Bulgaria.

[2027] Of the Danube with the Saave or Savus just mentioned.

[2028] Now the Morava, which runs through Servia into the Danube. The

Pingus is probably the Bek, which joins the Danube near Gradistic. The

Timachus is the modern Timoch, and the Œscus is the Iscar in Bulgaria.

[2029] Now called the Vid, the Osma, and the Jantra, rising in the

Balkan chain.

[2030] Ajasson remarks here that the name of Illyricum was very

vaguely used by the ancients, and that at different periods, different

countries were so designated. In Pliny’s time that region comprised

the country between the Arsia and the mouth of the Drilo, bounding it

on the side of Macedonia. It would thus comprehend a part of modern

Carniola, with part of Croatia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, and Upper Albania. In

later times this name was extended to Noricum, Pannonia, Mœsia, Dacia,

Macedonia, Thessalia, Achaia, Epirus, and even the Isle of Crete.

[2031] Here meaning that part of the Mediterranean which lies between

Italy and Greece south of the Adriatic. In more ancient times the

Adriatic was included in the Ionian Sea, which was probably so called

from the Ionian colonies which settled in Cephallenia and the other

islands on the western coast of Greece.

[2032] More properly “Diomedeæ,” being a group of small islands off

the coast of Apulia now called Isole di Tremiti, about eighteen miles

from the mouth of the Fortore. They were so called from the fable that

here the companions of Diomedes were changed into birds. A species of

sea-fowl (which Pliny mentions in B. x. c. 44) were said to be the

descendants of these Greek sailors, and to show a great partiality for

such persons as were of kindred extraction. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses,

B. xiv. l. 500. The real number of these islands was a matter of

dispute with the ancients, but it seems that there are but three,

and some mere rocks. The largest of the group is the island of San

Domenico, and the others are San Nicola and Caprara. The small island

of Pianosa, eleven miles N.E., is not considered one of the group, but

is not improbably the Teutria of Pliny. San Domenico was the place of

banishment of Julia, the licentious daughter of Augustus.

[2033] Now called the Bagni di Monte Falcone. See B. ii. c. 106.

[2034] Now called Cherso and Osero, off the Illyrian coast. Ptolemy

mentions only one, Apsorrus, on which he places a town of that name and

another called Crepsa. The Pullaria are now called Li Brioni, in the

Sinus Flanaticus, opposite the city of Pola.

[2035] See p. 258.

[2036] In B. xxxvii. c. 11, he again mentions this circumstance, and

states that some writers have placed them in the Adriatic opposite

the mouths of the Padus. Scymnus of Chios makes mention of them in

conjunction with the Absyrtides. This confusion probably arose from

the fact previously noted that the more ancient writers had a confused

idea that the Ister communicated with the Adriatic, at the same time

mistaking it probably for the Vistula, which flows into the Baltic.

At the mouth of this last-mentioned river, there were Electrides or

“amber-bearing” islands.

[2037] “Vanitatis.”

[2038] Crexa, Grissa, and Colentum, in c. 25.

[2039] According to Brotier, these are situate between the islands of

Zuri and Sebenico, and are now called Kasvan, Capri, Smolan, Tihat,

Sestre, Parvich, Zlarin, &c. Some writers however suggest that there

were no islands called Celadussæ, and that the name in Pliny is a

corruption of Dyscelados in Pomponius Mela; which in its turn is

supposed to have been invented from what was really an epithet of Issa,

in a line of Apollonius Rhodius, B. iv. l. 565. Ἰσσά τε δυσκέλαδος,

“and inauspicious Issa.” See Brunck’s remarks on the passage.

[2040] Now Brazza. According to Brotier the island is still celebrated

for the delicate flavour of the flesh of its goats and lambs. Issa is

now called Lissa, and Pharia is the modern Lesina. Baro, now Bua, lies

off the coast of Dalmatia, and was used as a place of banishment under

the emperors.

[2041] Now Curzola, or, in the Sclavonic, Karkar. It obtained its name

of Nigra or Melæna, “black,” from the dark colour of its pine woods.

Sir G. Wilkinson describes it in his “Dalmatia and Montenegro,” vol. i.

[2042] Now called Meleda or Zapuntello. It is more generally to the

other island of Melita or Malta that the origin of the “Melitæi” or

Maltese dogs is ascribed. Some writers are of opinion that it was upon

this island that St. Paul was shipwrecked, and not the larger Melita.

[2043] So called from their resemblance to a stag, ἔλαφος, of which the

modern Giupan formed the head, Ruda the neck, Mezzo the body, Calamotta

the haunches, and the rock of Grebini or Pettini the tail. They produce

excellent wine and oil, and are looked upon as the most valuable part

of the Ragusan territory.

[2044] Still known as Sasino. It is ten miles from Ragusa, the port of

Oricum, according to Pouqueville.

[2045] The original numbers are lost.

[2046] He was a Spaniard by birth, a native of Mellaria in Hispania

Bætica. He is mentioned by Cicero as a man of great learning, and

is probably the same person that is mentioned by Ovid in his Pontic

Epistles, B. iv. ep. xvi. l. 29, as a distinguished tragic writer.

[2047] See end of B. ii.

[2048] See end of B. ii.

[2049] M. Porcius Cato, or Cato the Elder; famous as a statesman, a

patriot, and a philosopher. He wrote “De Re Rustica,” a work which

still survives, and “Letters of Instruction to his Son,” of which

only some fragments remain. He also wrote a historical work called

“Origines,” of which Pliny makes considerable use. Of this also only a

few fragments are left. His life has been written by Cornelius Nepos,

Plutarch, and Aurelius Victor.

[2050] M. Vipsanius Agrippa, the distinguished partisan of Augustus,

to whose niece Marcella he was married, but he afterwards divorced her

for Julia, the daughter of Augustus by Scribonia, and the widow of

Marcellus. He distinguished himself in Gaul, at Actium, and in Illyria.

He constructed many public works at Rome, and among them the Pantheon;

he also built the splendid aqueduct at Nismes. He died suddenly in

his 51st year. His body was buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus, who

pronounced his funeral oration. He wrote memoirs of his own life. Pliny

often refers to the “Commentarii” of Agrippa, by which are meant, it is

supposed, certain official lists drawn up by him in the measurement of

the Roman world under Augustus. His map of the world is also mentioned

by Pliny in c. 3 of the present Book.

[2051] See end of B. ii.

[2052] From Servius, Suetonius and Plutarch we learn that Augustus

wrote Memoirs of his Life, in thirteen books; from Suetonius, that he

composed a Summary of the Empire (which was probably that referred to

in the above note on Agrippa); and from Quintilian, Aulus Gellius,

and Pliny, B. xviii. c. 38, that he published Letters written to his

grandson Caius.

[2053] P. Terentius Varro, surnamed Atacinus, from the Atax, a river

of Gallia Narbonensis, in which province he was born, B.C. 82. Of his

“Argonautica,” his “Cosmographia” (probably the same with his “Iter”),

his “Navales Libri,” and his Heroic and Amatory Poems, only a few

fragments now exist. Of his life nothing whatever is known.

[2054] Valerias Antias. See end of B. ii.

[2055] C. Julius Hyginus, a native of Spain, and freedman of Augustus,

by whom he was placed at the Palatine Library. He lived upon terms of

intimacy with Ovid. He wrote works on the sites of the cities of Italy,

the Nature of the Gods, an account of the Penates, an account of Virgil

(probably the same as the work called “Commentaries on Virgil”), on the

Families of Trojan descent, on Agriculture, the “Propempticon Cinnæ,”

the Lives of Illustrious Men (quoted by John of Salisbury in his

“Polycraticon”), a book of Examples, and a work on the Art of War, also

mentioned by John of Salisbury. A book of Fables, and an Astronomical

Poem, in four books, are ascribed to him, but they are probably

productions of a later age.

[2056] L. Antistius Vetus, Consul with Nero, A.D. 55. While commanding

in Germany he formed the project of connecting the Moselle and the

Saone by a canal, thus establishing a communication between the

Mediterranean and the Northern Ocean. Nero having resolved on his

death, he anticipated his sentence by opening his veins in a warm bath.

His mother-in-law Sextia, and his daughter Pollentia, in a similar

manner perished with him.

[2057] He was born, it is supposed, at Tingentera, or Cingentera, on

the bay of Algesiras, and probably flourished in the reign of Claudius.

He was the first Roman author who wrote a treatise on Geography. It is

still extant, and bears marks of great care, while it is written in

pure and unaffected language.

[2058] C. Scribonius Curio, the third known of that name. He was the

first Roman general who advanced as far as the Danube. Like his son

of the same name, he was a violent opponent of Julius Cæsar. He was

eloquent as an orator, but ignorant and uncultivated. His orations were

published, as also an invective against Cæsar, in form of a dialogue,

in which his son was introduced as one of the interlocutors. He died

B.C. 53.

[2059] L. Cælius Antipater. See end of B. ii.

[2060] L. Arruntius, Consul, A.D. 6. Augustus declared in his last

illness that he was worthy of the empire. This, with his riches and

talents, rendered him an object of suspicion to Tiberius. Being charged

as an accomplice in the crimes of Albucilla, he put himself to death

by opening his veins. It appears not to be certain whether it was this

person or his father who wrote a history of the first Punic war, in

which he imitated the style of Sallust.

[2061] Statius Sebosus. See end of B. ii.

[2062] Licinius Crassus Mucianus. See end of B. ii.

[2063] Of this writer no particulars whatever are known.

[2064] In most editions this name appears as L. Ateius Capito, but

Sillig separates them, and with propriety it would appear, as the name

of Capito the great legist was not Lucius. Ateius here mentioned was

probably the person surnamed Prætextatus, and Philologus, a freedman

of the jurist Ateius Capito. For Sallust the historian he composed an

Abstract of Roman History, and for Asinius Pollio he compiled precepts

on the Art of Writing. His Commentaries were numerous, but a few only

were surviving in the time of Suetonius.

[2065] C. Ateius Capito, one of the most famous of the Roman legists,

and a zealous partisan of Augustus, who had him elevated to the

Consulship A.D. 5. He was the rival of Labeo, the republican jurist.

His legal works were very voluminous, and extracts from them are to be

found in the Digest. He also wrote a work on the Pontifical Rights and

the Law of Sacrifices.

[2066] A distinguished grammarian of the latter part of the first

century B.C. He was entrusted by Augustus with the education of his

grandsons Caius and Lucius Cæsar. He died at an advanced age in the

reign of Tiberius. He wrote upon antiquities, history, and philosophy:

among his numerous works a History of the Etruscans is mentioned, also

a treatise on Orthography. Pliny quotes him very frequently.

[2067] See end of B. ii.

[2068] He is mentioned in c. 17, but nothing more is known of him.

[2069] Nothing is known of him. The younger Pliny addressed three

Epistles to a person of this name, B. ii. Ep. 15, B. v. Ep. 4, 14.

[2070] See end of B. ii.

[2071] Also called by Pliny Cornelius Alexander. Suidas states that he

was a native of Ephesus and a disciple of Crates, and during the war of

Sylla in Greece was made prisoner and sold as a slave to C. Lentulus,

who made him the tutor of his children, and afterwards restored him

to freedom. Servius however says that he received the franchise from

L. Cornelius Sylla. He was burnt with his house at Laurentum. Other

writers say that he was a native of Catiæum in Lesser Phrygia. The

surname of “Polyhistor” was given to him for his prodigious learning.

His greatest work seems to have been a historical and geographical

account of the world, in forty-two books. Other works of his are

frequently mentioned by Plutarch, Photius, and other writers.

[2072] The historian of the Peloponnesian war, and the most famous,

perhaps, of all the ancient writers in prose.

[2073] Of Eresus in Lesbos; the favourite disciple of Aristotle, and

designated by him as his successor in the presidency of the Lyceum. He

composed more than 200 works on various subjects, of which only a very

few survive.

[2074] See end of B. ii.

[2075] See end of B. ii.

[2076] He is frequently mentioned by Cicero, and was famous for his

eloquence. Pliny informs us in his 34th book, that from his hatred of

the Romans he was called the “Roman-hater.” It is probable that he was

the writer of a Periegesis, or geographical work, from which Pliny

seems to quote.

[2077] No particulars of this author are known. He probably wrote on

geography.

[2078] He is again mentioned by Pliny in B. iv. c. 13, and B. vi. c.

31, and by Solinus, c. xxii. 60. It is supposed that he was the author

of a Periplus or Circumnavigation of the Earth, mentioned by Pliny B.

vii. c. 48; but nothing further is known of him.

[2079] Diodorus Siculus was a native of Agyra or Agyrium, and not of

Syracuse, though he may possibly have resided or studied there. It

cannot be doubted that he is the person here meant, and Pliny refers in

his preface by name to his Βιβλιοθήκη, “Library,” or Universal History.

A great portion of this miscellaneous but valuable work has perished.

We have but few particulars of his life; but he is supposed to have

written his work after B.C. 8.

[2080] Of Syracuse; an historian probably of the time of Philip and

Alexander. He was the author of a Periplus of Asia, and an account of

Sicily and Sardinia. From his stories in the last he obtained the name

of “Thaumatographus” or “writer of wonders.”

[2081] Of Calliphanes the Geographer nothing is known.

[2082] Probably Timagenes, the rhetorician of Alexandria. He was taken

prisoner and brought to Rome, but redeemed from captivity by Faustus,

the son of Sylla. He wrote many works, but it is somewhat doubtful

whether the “Periplus,” in five Books, was written by this Timagenes.

He is also supposed to have written a work on the Antiquities of Gaul.

[2083] Now called Monti della Chimera, or Mountains of Khimara. See p.

262.

[2084] The Ægean Sea, the present Archipelago.

[2085] This country contained, according to Pouqueville, the present

Sangiacs of Janina, Delvino, and Chamouri, with the Vavodilika or

Principality of Arta. This name was originally given to the whole of

the west of Greece, from the Promontory of Acroceraunia to the entrance

of the Corinthian Gulf, in contradistinction to Corcyra and the island

of Cephallenia.

[2086] This district, according to Pouqueville, occupied the present

Cantons of Chimera, Iapouria, Arboria, Paracaloma, and Philates.

[2087] They occupied the site of the present Paramythia, according to

Pouqueville.

[2088] Antigonia was about a mile distant, Pouqueville says, from the

modern town of Tebelen.

[2089] From Ἀ “not,” and ὄρνις “a bird.” Its site is now unknown. There

were many places of this name. Avernus or Aornos in Campania has been

previously mentioned.

[2090] The remains of Cestria are still to be seen at Palea Venetia,

near the town of Filiates. Pouqueville calls the place Chamouri.

[2091] According to Pouqueville, the modern Zagori stands on the site

of Perrhæbia. Pindus is sometimes called Grammos, but is still known by

its ancient name.

[2092] Cassiope or Cassope stood near the sea, and near the present

village of Kamarina. Its extensive ruins are still to be seen.

[2093] Their district, according to Pouqueville, was in the present

Canton of Drynopolis.

[2094] The Selli or Sellæ lived in the vicinity of the temple of

Jupiter at Dodona, in the modern canton of Souli, according to

Pouqueville.

[2095] The country about Dodona is called Hellopia by Hesiod. By some

the Helli or Hellopes are considered the same as the Selli. Pouqueville

thinks that the Hellopes dwelt in the modern cantons of Janina,

Pogoniani, Sarachovitzas, and Courendas, and that the temple of Jupiter

stood at the spot now called Proskynisis, near Gardiki, the town of

Dodona being near Castritza. Leake is of the same opinion as to the

site of the town; but, as has been a subject of remark, it is the only

place of celebrity in Greece of which the situation is not exactly

known. Leake however thinks that the temple stood on the peninsula now

occupied by the citadel of Joanina.

[2096] Pouqueville thinks that this is the hill to be seen at the

modern village of Gardiki. He is also of opinion that the springs

here mentioned are those at the modern village of Besdounopoulo. His

opinions however on these points have not been implicitly received.

[2097] B. iii. c. 26. The Dardani, Triballi, and Mœsi are mentioned in

c. 29. The localities of the other tribes here mentioned are not known

with any exactness.

[2098] It retains the same name or that of Khimara, and gives its name

to the Acroceraunian range. It was situate at the foot of the chain,

which begins at this spot.

[2099] “Aquæ regiæ.” Pouqueville suggests, without good reason, as

Ansart thinks, that this spring was situate near the modern Drimodez or

Dermadez.

[2100] The place called Palæo-Kistes now stands on its site, and some

remains of antiquity are to be seen.

[2101] Now the Calama.

[2102] Its ruins are to be seen near the modern Butrinto. It was said

to have been founded by Helenus, the son of Priam. Pomponius Atticus

had an estate here.

[2103] This corresponds to the present Gulf of Arta, and was especially

famous for being the scene of the battle of Actium. The city of

Ambracia lay to the north of it. The present Arta is generally believed

to occupy its site.

[2104] Pouqueville has shown that Pliny is in error here, and he says

that the Acheron is the modern Mavro Potamos; but according to Leake,

the name of it is Gurla, or the river of Suli. It flows into the Port

Fanari, formerly called Glykys Limen, or Sweet Harbour, from the

freshness of the water there. The Acherusian Lake is probably the great

marsh that lies below Kastri.

[2105] It is now called the Arta, and gives name to the Gulf.

[2106] The site of Anactoria or Anactorium, like that of its neighbour

Actium, has been a subject of much dispute; but it is now pretty

generally agreed that the former stood on the modern Cape Madonna, and

Actium on the headland of La Punta.

[2107] Pouqueville takes the ruins in the vicinity of Turco Palaka,

eight miles from Margariti, to be those of Pandosia.

[2108] This district probably occupied the present cantons of Vonitza

and Xeromeros. It was called Curetis from the Curetes, who are said to

have come from Ætolia and settled in Acarnania after their expulsion by

Ætolus and his followers.

[2109] The modern Vonitza is supposed to stand on its site.

[2110] Leake places its site at Ai Vasili, where some ruins are to be

seen.

[2111] “The city of Victory.” Founded by Augustus on the spot where he

had pitched his camp before the battle of Actium.

[2112] Now called Capo Ducato or Capo tis Kiras. It is situate at the

extremity of the island of Leucas, and opposite to Cephallenia. Sappho

is said to have leapt from this rock on finding her love for Phaon

unrequited: the story however is devoid of all historical truth.

[2113] Now the island of Santa Maura. It was originally a peninsula,

and Homer speaks of it as such; but the Corinthians cut a canal through

the isthmus and converted it into an island. After the canal had been

choked up for some time with sand, the Romans reopened it. It is at

present dry in some parts.

[2114] Probably from its town Nericus, mentioned by Homer.

[2115] From the Greek word διορυκτὸς, a “foss” or “trench.”

[2116] It probably had this name from the circumstance of the

inhabitants of Nericus being removed thither by the Corinthians under

Cypselus. The remains of Leucas, which was ravaged by the Romans B.C.

197, are still to be seen.

[2117] Its remains are still to be seen in the valley of Kandili, south

of Vonitza.

[2118] Pouqueville says that very extensive and perfect ruins of this

place are to be seen near the village of Lepenou.

[2119] This famous city was deserted on the foundation of Nicopolis by

Augustus. The place of its site has been a subject of much dispute, but

it is considered most probable that Leake has rightly suggested that

the ruins in the plain of Vlikha, at the village of Neokhori, are those

of this city.

[2120] Now the Aspropotamo.

[2121] One of the group of the Echinades; small islands off the coast

of Acarnania, which are mentioned by Pliny, in C. 19 of the present

Book. It is now quite united to the mainland.

[2122] Pouqueville says that Athamania occupied the localities now

known as Djoumerca and Radovitch. It properly belonged to Epirus, and

Pliny makes a mistake in considering it as a part of Ætolia.

[2123] According to Pouqueville the ruins of Tymphæa are to be seen

near the village of Paliouri, four miles from Janina.

[2124] Ephyre, a town of the Agræi, is also mentioned by Strabo, but

nothing whatever is known of it.

[2125] The main body of the Perrhæbi were a people of Thessaly.

[2126] Dolopia, now called Anovlachia, was properly reckoned part of

Epirus.

[2127] They are probably not the same people as the inhabitants of

Atrax in Thessaly, which will be found mentioned in the 15th Chapter of

this Book.

[2128] The most famous city of Ætolia in its day, and the residence of

Œneus, father of Meleager and Tydeus, and grandfather of Diomedes. The

greater part of its inhabitants were removed by Augustus to his new

city of Nicopolis. Leake supposes its ruins to be those seen by him at

Kurt-Aga, to the east of the river Evenus.

[2129] Now called the Fidaris.

[2130] Pouqueville supposes the site of Macynia to have been that of

the modern Koukio-Castron, and that of Molycria the present Manaloudi.

[2131] Probably the present Varassova; there was a town called Chalcis,

or Hypochalcis, at its foot. The present Kaki-Skala was probably the

mountain of Taphiassus.

[2132] Opposite the Promontory of Rhium, at the entrance of the

Corinthian Gulf. It is now called the Castle of Roumelia, or the Punta

of the Dardanelles of Roum Ili.

[2133] Leake and Dodwell make it a mile and a half.

[2134] Or Rhium. It is now called the Castle of the Morea.

[2135] The modern Enebatché or Lepanto; whence the Corinthian Gulf

takes its modern name.

[2136] Proschium was built at a later period on the site of Pylene. Its

site appears to be unknown. The modern Kyra-tis-Irinis is thought to

occupy the site of Pleuron.

[2137] Leake supposes some ruins between Kurt-aga, the site of

Chalcedon, and the east end of the Lagoon of Missolonghi, to be the

remains of Halicyrna.

[2138] Leake supposes it to be identical with the high mountain now

called Kelberini. Others again identify it with Gribovo.

[2139] Pliny erroneously places this mountain in Acarnania. It was a

range of Ætolia, now called Zygos.

[2140] Perhaps the modern Djourmerca.

[2141] Either the present Plocopari, or perhaps, more probably, Viena.

[2142] A part of Mount Taphiassus. It is mentioned only by Pliny.

[2143] They are supposed to have inhabited the modern districts of

Malandrino and Salone. They were called “Ozolæ” or ‘strong-smelling,’

either from the undressed skins worn by them, or from the quantities of

asphodel that grew in their country; or else from the vapours thrown

off by the mineral springs in those parts.

[2144] Pouqueville imagines its ruins to be those seen about two

leagues from the modern Galaxidi.

[2145] Lapie marks this in his map as the modern port of Ianakhi.

[2146] So called from the ancient town of Crissa, which stood on it. It

is the same as the modern Gulf of Salona.

[2147] Or Eupalium. Leake supposes it to have stood in the plain of

Marathia, opposite the islands of Trazonia, where some ruins still

exist.

[2148] Pausanias makes this town to be the same with the Homeric

Crissa, but Strabo distinguishes the two places, and his opinion is now

generally followed; Cirrha being thought to have been built at the head

of the Crissæan gulf, as the port of Crissa. Its ruins are thought to

be those which bear the modern name of Magula.

[2149] Or Chalæum. Pliny erroneously calls it a town of Phocis, it

being on the coast of the Locri Ozolæ. He is wrong also in placing it

seven miles from Delphi, and not improbably confounded it with Cirrha.

Leake suggests that its site was the present Larnaki.

[2150] The modern village of Kastri stands on part of the site of

ancient Delphi. Its ruins have been explored by Chandler, Leake, and

Ulrichs.

[2151] The two highest summits of the range of Parnassus in the

vicinity of Delphi were Tithorea, now Velitza, to the N.W., and

Lycorea, now Liakura, to the N.E. Its rocks above Delphi were called

the Phædriades or “Resplendent.”

[2152] The famed Castalian spring is now called the Fountain of St.

John, from the chapel of that saint which stands close to its source.

[2153] Now the Mavro-Potamo.

[2154] Its ruins are still to be seen about three leagues from Kastri.

[2155] Or Crisso. It was situate inland to the S.W. of Delphi. Its

ruins are to be seen at a short distance from the modern village of

Chryso.

[2156] It is supposed that the few ruins seen near the modern Aspra

Spitia are those of this place. It was famous for its hellebore, which

was extensively used for the cure of madness. There were two other

places of the same name.

[2157] The people of Bulis, near the Crissæan Gulf. Its ruins are

situate at a short distance from the monastery of Dobé.

[2158] Ansart suggests that this was the present port of Agio-Sideri or

Djesphina.

[2159] It occupied the site of the modern Salona; the walls of its

ancient Acropolis are still to be seen. It was the chief town of the

Locri Ozolæ.

[2160] Pouqueville thinks that the ruins seen near Moulki are those of

Tithrone, and that Tritea stood on the site of the present Turcochorion.

[2161] Or Amphrysus, famous for the strength of its fortifications and

its scarlet berries for dyeing. Some remains of it are to be seen at

the modern village of Dhistomo.

[2162] On the frontiers of Doris and Phocis. Leake thinks that its

ruins are those seen midway between Kamares and Glamista. Daulis was

also the name of an ancient town of Phocis, the ruins of which are to

be seen at the modern village of Dhavlia.

[2163] Probably the present Palæo Kastro, at the Port de Dobrena or

Polaca.

[2164] Leake thinks that the Corsian Thebes, a port of Bœotia, is

represented by the modern Khosia.

[2165] Helicon is a range of mountains with several summits, the

loftiest of which is now called Paleovuni. Helicon was a grove of the

Muses, and the fountain of Aganippe was supposed to impart poetic

inspiration to those who drank of it.

[2166] See p. 288.

[2167] From Apis, the son of Phoroneus, or Telchines, according to

Pausanias. After the arrival of Pelops, it took from him its name of

Peloponnesus, or the “Island of Pelops.”

[2168] The Ionian from the north, and the Ægean, or rather, Myrtoan,

Sea from the east.

[2169] That part of Greece proper which lies to the north of the

Isthmus.

[2170] Now the Gulfs of Lepanto and Egina.

[2171] Lecheæ was the harbour of Corinth on the Corinthian, and

Cenchreæ on the Saronic Gulf. The name of the latter is still preserved

in the modern appellation Kechries, which is given to its ruins.

[2172] Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of Macedonia, son of Antigonus, king

of Asia.

[2173] Caius Caligula, the Emperor.

[2174] The Emperor Nero actually commenced the work, having opened

the undertaking with great pomp, and cut away a portion of the earth

with his own hands. He had advanced four stadia, when the work was

interrupted by the insurrection of Julius Vindex in Gaul.

[2175] We cannot agree with Hardouin that “exitus” here means “death,”

in allusion to the unfortunate end of all those who had made the

attempt. The opinion of Spanheim seems rather deserving of support

(though censured by Hardouin), that it merely means “the result”

in each case; it being the fact, that in all the instances the

contemplated undertaking was interrupted by some unforeseen event.

Periander and Herodes Atticus also contemplated the formation of this

channel.

[2176] It is not known when it exchanged this name for that of Corinth;

being called by both names in Homer. Scarcely any remains of it are now

to be seen. The small town on its site is called Gortho, a corruption

of its ancient name. The water of the famed spring of Pirene is now

only used for washing clothes.

[2177] Now Patras. There are few remains of the ancient city, which

was one of the twelve cities of Achaia. It was made a Roman colony by

Augustus.

[2178] See C. 3 of the present Book, p. 275.

[2179] Originally a district in the south of Thessaly had this name;

but to distinguish it from that in the Peloponnesus, its people were

called the Phthiotian Achæi.

[2180] From the Greek word αἰγιαλὸς, “the sea-shore.”

[2181] Situate on the coast, about five miles from the present Vostitza.

[2182] In the interior. The modern Trikala stands on its site.

[2183] Helice was the place of meeting of the Achæan league; when, in

B.C. 373, together with Bura, it was swallowed up by an earthquake,

and their sites were covered by the sea. Such of the people as escaped

fled to the places mentioned above by Pliny. Pouqueville says that some

remains of these places may still be seen emerging from the sea.

[2184] The modern Basilico or Vasilika stands on its site.

[2185] The places called Palæo-Kastro and Vostitza are supposed

to occupy the sites of Ægira and Ægium. To the east of Vostitza

considerable ruins are still to be seen.

[2186] Supposed to be the present Artotina.

[2187] Towns of Roman Argolis. The ruins of the former are supposed to

be those at a spot still called Klenes, near the village of Curtesi.

The remains of Hysiæ, on the road from Argos to Tegea, stand on a hill

above the plain of Achladokampos.

[2188] Now called Tekieh; fifteen stadia from Rhium.

[2189] Or Pharæ; 150 stadia from Patræ.

[2190] The modern Kato-Achaia.

[2191] Its remains are to be seen near the modern village of

Karavostasi. Pliny is mistaken probably in calling it a colony, as we

know that it was placed under the authority of the colony of Patræ,

which alone was allowed to enjoy the privilege of self-government.

[2192] Pouqueville thinks that it was situate on the river now called

the Verga. Leake supposes that the town of Hyrmine stood on the site of

the present Kastro Tornese on the peninsula of Khlemutzi; but Boblaye

and Curtius place it further north, at the modern harbour of Kunupeli,

where there are some ancient ruins.

[2193] Now Capo Papa.

[2194] The locality of Cyllene is doubtful. Most writers place it at

Glarentza but Pouqueville suggests Andravida or Andravilla, and Mannert

places it near Clarenza. Chelinates or Chelonatas was probably the name

originally of the whole peninsula of Khlemutzi, but the point here

mentioned was most probably the modern Cape Tornese.

[2195] It lay in the interior, south of Sicyonia, and north of Argos.

Pouqueville found its ruins on the banks of the Asopus.

[2196] Strabo says that this was the name of the most ancient town of

Phliasia, and that the inhabitants afterwards deserted it for Phlius.

[2197] Some small ruins of it are to be seen at the foot of the hill of

Kaloskopi, its ancient Acropolis.

[2198] By Olympiads, which were reckoned according to the order of

celebration of the Olympic games: they were established in the year

B.C. 776, and were celebrated every fourth year.

[2199] It was destroyed in the year B.C. 572 by the Eleans, not a

vestige of it being left. The Alpheus retains the name of Alfio.

[2200] Or “the Fish,” from its peculiar shape. It is now called

Katakolo.

[2201] Probably situate in the valley between Elis and Messenia, which

was so called. It is not elsewhere mentioned; and its ruins are thought

to be those near the sea, on the right bank of the river Cyparissus.

Leprion is again mentioned in c. x.

[2202] Or Platamodes. Supposed to be the present Aja Kyriaki.

[2203] This city survived through the middle ages, when it was called

Arkadia. In 1525 it was destroyed by the Turks, and when rebuilt

resumed nearly its ancient name as Cyparissia, by which it is now

called. The bay or gulf is called the Gulf of Arkadia.

[2204] Messenian Pylos probably stood on the site of the modern Erana;

Pouqueville says however that it is still called Pilo, and other

writers place it at Zonchio. It stood on the modern Bay of Navarino.

[2205] Its site was at the spot called Palæo Kastro, near the modern

town of Modon. The site of Messenian Helos, so called from its position

in the marshes, τὸ ἕλος, is now unknown.

[2206] Now Capo Gallo.

[2207] It stood on the western side of the Messenian Gulf, which

from it was called the Asinæan Gulf. Grisso, or, according to some,

Iaratcha, occupies its site. Koroni however is most probably the spot

where it stood, the inhabitants of ancient Corone having removed to

it. Petalidhi stands on the site of Corone. A small portion of the

Messenian Gulf was probably called the Coronean.

[2208] Now Cape Matapan.

[2209] Now the Pyrnatza.

[2210] Its ruins, which are extensive, are to be seen in the vicinity

of the modern village of Mavromati. Ithome was the citadel of Messene,

on a mountain of the same name, now called Vourcano.

[2211] It is supposed that in ancient times it occupied the site of the

more modern Samos or Samia in Triphylia. The modern Sareni is thought

to occupy its site.

[2212] Dorion or Dorium, the spot where, according to Homer, the Muses

punished Thamyris with blindness, is supposed to have been situate on

the modern plain of Sulima.

[2213] Nothing seems to be known of this place; but it is not

improbable that it gave its name to the place so called in Sicily,

originally a Messenian colony.

[2214] Or Tænarus, afterwards called Cænopolis. The present town of

Kisternes, or Kimaros, occupies its site.

[2215] Its site is generally placed at Sklavokhori, six miles from

Sparta; but Leake supposes it to have been situate on the hill called

Aghia Kyriaki, between that place and Sparta.

[2216] Or Pharis. The present Chitries occupies its site.

[2217] Or Leuctrum, on the river Pamisus, now called Levtros. It must

not be confounded with the town in Bœotia where the Thebans defeated

the Spartans, B.C. 371.

[2218] Or Lacedæmon. Its site is occupied by the modern villages of

Magula and Psykhiko. The principal modern town in the vicinity is

Mistra.

[2219] Or Therapnæ, on the left bank of the Eurotas. Some ruins of it

are still to be seen.

[2220] Considerable ruins of it are still to be seen to the N.E. of the

modern town of Skarhamula.

[2221] Authors are not agreed as to the site of this town and that of

Anthea or Anthene.

[2222] Memorable for the pitched battle between 300 Argives and 300

Spartans,—Othryades being the sole survivor of the Spartans, and

Alcenor and Chromius of the Argives.

[2223] By Homer called Enope.

[2224] Pente Dactylon, or Pente Dactyli, the “Five Fingers,” is the

present name of the range of Taygetus. Its principal summits are now

St. Elias and Paixamadhi. The river Eurotas is now called Iris and

Niris in its upper and middle course, and Basili-potamo from the

Spartan plain to the sea.

[2225] Ægila, according to Leake, occupied the site of the present

Scutari; if so, this gulf was probably the Gulf of Scutari. Psamathus

was near the point of Tænarum.

[2226] Or Gythium, near the mouth of the Eurotas. It was famous for

its cheeses. The ruins are called Paleopoli, a little to the north of

Marathonisi.

[2227] Now Capo Santo Angelo.

[2228] Now Capo Skillo.

[2229] Or BϾ. Its ruins are to be seen at the head of the Gulf of

Vatika.

[2230] It stood on the site of the place called Palæ-Emvasia, above

Monembasia.

[2231] Its site is the modern Porto Kari, according to Ansart.

[2232] Leake places Cyphanta either at Cyparissi, or farther north, at

Lenidhi. Ansart makes it the modern Porto Botte, or Stilo.

[2233] Now the Banitza. The Erasinus is the modern Kephalari.

[2234] So called from its breed of horses. It is now also called Argos;

three leagues from Napoli di Romania.

[2235] Its site is now called Milos. In the marshes in its vicinity

Hercules was said to have killed the Lernæan Hydra.

[2236] Karvata is the name of the place on its site. Its ruins are

numerous, and of great magnificence.

[2237] Its ruins are of the most interesting nature, presenting

enormous masses of stone, of Cyclopian architecture. The spot is at the

present day called Palæ-Nauplia.

[2238] It must not be confounded with the place in Arcadia, where

Epaminondas fell. Its site appears to be unknown.

[2239] Or Apesas, in the territory of Cleonæ, now called Fuka. Artemius

is probably the present Malvouni, or Malcyo.

[2240] A river of the same name rose in this mountain; its identity is

unknown.

[2241] So called from Niobe, the sister of Pelops and wife of Amphion,

king of Thebes. The spring of Amymone ran into the lake of Lerna.

[2242] Its ruins are to be seen in the vicinity of the modern village

of Castri: they are very extensive.

[2243] The modern Dhamala occupies the site of Trœzen.

[2244] The identity of this Coryphasium seems to be unascertained.

There was a promontory of that name in Messenia; but it cannot be the

place here spoken of.

[2245] It is supposed that Pliny here alludes to Argos Hippium, which

he has previously mentioned; but only in connection with the rivers

Inachus and Erasinus, and not as included in the list of the towns of

Argolis. The origin of the term “Dipsian” is probably unknown. It could

hardly allude to drought, as Argos was abundantly supplied with water.

But see B. vii. c. 57.

[2246] Ansart says that this is the modern Porto Estremo, at the mouth

of the Saronic Gulf.

[2247] Hesychius says that oaks were called σαρωνιδὲς in the language

of ancient Greece. This gulf is now called the Gulf of Egina, or of

Athens.

[2248] He was worshipped here under the form of a serpent; and his

temple, five miles from Epidaurus, was resorted to by patients from

all parts of Greece for the cure of their diseases. The ruins of this

temple are still to be seen, and those of the theatre at Epidaurus are

very extensive. The village of Pidharvo stands in the midst of the

ruins.

[2249] The modern Capo Franco.

[2250] Lapie takes Anthedus, or Anthedon, to be the place now called

Porto d’Athene.

[2251] This appears to have been a port of Corinth, on a promontory

of the same name, meaning, probably from its shape, the “Bull’s Head

Point.”

[2252] Called the ‘Posideium’; in its vicinity the games were

celebrated. The Isthmian Sanctuary was especially famous as a place of

refuge.

[2253] From δρυμωδὴς, “woody,” it being filled with groves and forests.

[2254] Now called the Khan of Tripotamo.

[2255] Now called Paleopoli. Here Epaminondas fell, fighting against

the Spartans, B.C. 362.

[2256] In the N.E. of Arcadia. Its ruins are supposed to be those seen

near the modern Chionia. It was in the vicinity of the lake of the same

name, the scene of one of the labours of Hercules.

[2257] An important city: the modern Piali marks its site.

[2258] Built upon the ruins of the ancient Mantinea.

[2259] An ancient town mentioned by Homer, N.W. of Mantinea. The modern

Kalpaki stands on its site.

[2260] Or Pheneus, on the N.W. of Arcadia. Phonia stands on its site.

[2261] Near Tegea; said to have been the birth-place of Evander. On the

foundation of Megalopolis, it was nearly deserted, but was restored by

Antoninus Pius. Its ruins are supposed to be those seen near the modern

village of Thana, according to Ansart.

[2262] It being said to have been so called in compliment to Evander, a

native, as above stated, of Palantium.

[2263] Founded by the advice of Epaminondas, after the battle of

Leuctra, B.C. 371, near the frontiers of Messenia. The ruins of its

theatre, once the largest in Greece, are the only remains of it now to

be seen, near the modern village of Sinano.

[2264] It contained a famous temple of Æsculapius. Its ruins are to be

seen near the village of Atzikolo. The exact site of Bucolion, which

was near Megalopolis, is probably unknown, though Ansart says that the

spot is called Troupiais. Of Carnion nothing is known.

[2265] The town of Parrhasia, which is mentioned by Homer, seems to

have given name to the Parrhasian district. Leake thinks it to be the

same as Lycosura.

[2266] On the river Ladon: its ruins are seen near the modern Vanena.

[2267] In the west of Arcadia, on the river Alpheus.

[2268] Or “Juno’s Town.” It was a place of great importance, situate

on the lower Alpheus. Its remains are to be seen on a hill west of the

village of Aianni, or St. John. They are very inconsiderable. Its wine

was highly esteemed, and still maintains its ancient celebrity.

[2269] Of Pylæ, Pallene, Agræ, and Epium, nothing appears to be known.

[2270] Or Cynætha, in the north of Arcadia, upon the Aroanian

mountains, beyond the natural boundaries of Arcadia. The modern village

of Kalavryta occupies its site; but there are scarcely any traces of

its remains.

[2271] Or Lepreum, so called to distinguish it from Lepreum in Elis.

[2272] Nothing seems to be known of this Parthenium. Alea lay between

Orchomenus and Stymphalus. Its ruins have been discovered in the dark

valley of Skotini, a mile to the N.E. of the village of Buyati.

[2273] Its site has the modern name of Palæopyrgos. The sites of

Enispe, mentioned by Homer, and Macistum, are unknown.

[2274] Or Cleitor, a famous town of Arcadia. Its ruins are to be seen

on the plain of Kalzana, or Katzanes. One of the rivulets that ran past

it still retains the name of Clitora.

[2275] Its ruins, few in number, but testifying its importance, are

found near the modern village of Kleves, not far from Kurtesi. The

Nemean games were celebrated in honour of Hercules in the grove of

Nemea, between Cleonæ and Phlius.

[2276] From the village of Bembina there, mentioned by Strabo, and on

which Koutzomati probably now stands.

[2277] Now called Olono. It received its name from the Centaur Pholus,

accidentally slain by one of the poisoned arrows of Hercules.

[2278] The modern Zyria.

[2279] Nomiai and Hellenitza are modern names given to this mountain.

[2280] In the south of Arcadia. It is now called Roïnon.

[2281] Or Artemisium, forming the boundary between Argolis and Arcadia.

It is now called Turniki.

[2282] The pass by this mountain from Argolis to Tegea is still called

Partheni.

[2283] Now called Zembi, according to Ansart.

[2284] The town of Nonacris stood at its foot. The river Styx took its

rise in these mountains.

[2285] Now called the Landona.

[2286] The town now called Fonia, already mentioned by Pliny. The

waters of its marshes were discharged by a subterranean passage, said

to have been made by Hercules.

[2287] Now called the Dogana. The two principal heights of Mount

Erymanthus are Olonos and Kalefoni.

[2288] The people of Aliphira, a town of Arcadia, in the district of

Cynura. Considerable remains of it are still to be seen on the hill of

Nerovitza.

[2289] The people of Abea, in Messenia.

[2290] The people of Pyrgos, in Arcadia.

[2291] The people of Paroræa, in Arcadia. Of the two next, nothing

appears to be known.

[2292] The inhabitants of Typaneæ, in Elis.

[2293] The people of Thrius, in Elis, near Patræ.

[2294] The people of Tritia, in Achaia, now Chalanthistra.

[2295] Nero abolished the institutions of the Roman province of

Achaia, which had been assigned to the Roman senate, and governed

by a proconsul, granting it its liberty. Vespasian, however, again

established the provincial government, and compelled the Greeks to pay

a yearly tribute.

[2296] Now Vostitza.

[2297] See p. 281.

[2298] From the Greek ἀκτὴ, “the sea-shore.”

[2299] It still retains its ancient name.

[2300] Or Pegæ. It lay on the borders of the Corinthian Gulf, being,

as Pliny says, the utmost point of the Peloponnesus on that side, as

Megara was on the Saronic Gulf. According to Kruse, Psato occupies its

site, but according to Lapie, Alepochori. The former is most probably

correct.

[2301] On the Corinthian Gulf. Porto Ghermano occupies its site.

[2302] On the Saronic Gulf, to the north of Cenchreæ. The present Porto

Cocosi occupies its site.

[2303] Now Leandra, according to Ansart.

[2304] Or Crommyon. It was the chief place on the Saronic Gulf, between

the Isthmus, properly so called, and Megara. Its ruins are thought to

be those seen near the chapel of Saint Theodorus. It was said to have

been the haunt of the wild boar killed by Theseus.

[2305] So called from being the scene of the ravages of the robber

Sciron. They are now called Kaki Scala.

[2306] Famous as the principal seat of the worship of the goddesses

Demeter and Persephone. Its remains are to be seen at the modern

Lefsina.

[2307] Pera Chora marks its site. It was a member of the Tetrapolis of

Attica, and Probalinthos another.

[2308] Ulrichs, the best authority, places the port of Phalerum at the

east corner of the great Phaleric Bay, in the vicinity of Tripirghi,

or the Three Towers. The three harbours of the Piræus are the present

Phanari, Stratiotiki or Paschalimani, and Drako or Porto Leone.

[2309] The Piræus was united to the city by two walls, called the “Long

Walls,” forty stadia in length. The length of the Phaleric wall was

thirty-five stadia.

[2310] It is to be regretted that such was his opinion. He could have

well spared space for a description of it.

[2311] The city of Cephisia, still called Kivisia, was one of the

twelve cities of Cecrops. The fountain of transparent water is still to

be seen here.

[2312] Or the “Nine Springs.” It was the only source of good water for

drinking purposes in Athens. This spring is still called by its ancient

name. Of Larine nothing seems to be known.

[2313] This is thought to have been the ancient name of the mountain

afterwards known as Pentelicus, so famous for its marble, now called

Mendeli or Penteli.

[2314] The northern or Greater Hymettus is now called Telo-Vuni, the

southern or Lesser Mavro-Vuni.

[2315] On the N.E. of Athens, now called the Hill of Saint George.

[2316] Probably on the river of the same name.

[2317] Now Capo Colonna.

[2318] North of Sunium and the modern bay of Panorimo. Thoricus was one

of the Demi of Attica.

[2319] This was the name of two Demi, though probably one place. It lay

on the east coast to the north of Thoricus. Its harbour was probably

the modern Dhaskalio; and the town is placed by Leake at the ruins

called Paleokastro, to the south of the village of Dardheza.

[2320] On the east coast, between Prasiæ and Brauron.

[2321] One of the twelve ancient cities of Cecrops, on the eastern

coast. Its name is supposed to be preserved in those of the villages

Vraona and Paleo Vraona.

[2322] A Demus belonging to the tribe Æantis. It was famous for its

temple of Nemesis, the goddess of retribution. The present Obrio Castro

occupies its site.

[2323] Memorable for the defeat of the Persians by the Athenians, B.C.

490. The site of the ancient town of Marathon is thought not to have

been at the modern village of Marathon, but a place called Vrana, to

the south of it.

[2324] The eastern part of the Eleusinian plain was thus called, from

the Demus of Thria. Its exact site is uncertain.

[2325] Melite was a Demus of the tribe Cecropis, of Athens, west of the

Inner Ceramicus.

[2326] Now Oropo, on the eastern frontiers of Bœotia and Attica, near

the Euripus. It originally belonged to the Bœotians.

[2327] Its ruins are supposed to be those seen eight miles from Egripo.

Lukisi has also been suggested.

[2328] Its ruins are still to be seen on the S.W. slope of Mount Faga.

[2329] On the S.E. slope of Mount Helicon. Its ruins are to be seen at

the modern Eremo or Rimokastro.

[2330] Now Livadhia. The celebrated cave of Trophonius stood in its

vicinity.

[2331] Extensive remains of it are still to be seen; but the modern

town of Theba or Stiva stands only on the site of its ancient Cadmea or

citadel.

[2332] To distinguish it from places of the same name in Egypt,

Phthiotis, and Lucania.

[2333] On the range of mountains of that name separating Bœotia from

Megaris and Attica. The forest abounded in game, and the vicinity was a

favourite scene of the poetic legends. Paleovuni is the highest summit

of the Heliconian range. Leake fixes the Grove of the Muses at the

present church of Saint Nicholas, at the foot of Mount Marandali, one

of the summits of Helicon.

[2334] These fountains or springs are very difficult to identify,

but Hippocrene, or the “Horse-Spring” (said to have been produced by

Pegasus striking the ground with his feet), was probably at the present

Makariotissa; while Aganippe is the fountain that flows midway between

Paleo-panaghia and Pyrgaki.

[2335] This place was originally a member of the Bœotian confederacy,

but joined the Athenians, though it did not become an Attic Demus.

Leake thinks that its ruins are those seen at Myupoli. Ross thinks

that it stood to the east of Ghyfto-kastro, while other writers are

of opinion that it stood more to the west, near the modern village of

Kundara.

[2336] Razed to the ground by the Roman prætor Lucretius, for having

espoused the cause of king Perseus. Its remains are seen about a mile

from the village of Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Lebadæa.

[2337] Memorable for the defeat of the Persians under Mardonius, B.C.

479.

[2338] Distant twenty stadia from Orchomenus. Leake places it at the

modern Izamali, Forchhammer at Avro-Kastro.

[2339] Its site is uncertain. Leake supposes it to be at Paleokastro,

between the north end of Lake Hylica and the foot of Mount Palea.

Ulrichs places it at the south end of the lake.

[2340] The modern Kakosia occupies its site.

[2341] At the foot of Mount Cithæron. Leake places it eastward of

Katzula, at the foot of the rocks there.

[2342] Leake identifies it with the ruins on the torrent of Plataniki,

below the mountain of Siamata. Pausanias says it was situate seven

stadia beyond Teumessus, and at the foot of Hypatus, now Siamata.

[2343] On Lake Copaïs. The modern village of Topolia occupies its site.

[2344] The waters of the Cephisus here burst forth from their

subterraneous channel.

[2345] On Lake Copaïs. Its ruins are at a short distance to the south

of the modern Kardhitza.

[2346] South of Mount Helicon. Its principal remains are those of its

theatre, a temple of Hera, and the agora or market-place.

[2347] On the borders of Phocis; famous for the battles fought in its

vicinity between the Athenians and Bœotians, B.C. 447, and between

Philip of Macedon and the Athenians and Bœotians, B.C. 338, and that in

which Sylla defeated the generals of Mithridates B.C. 86. It stood on

the site of the modern village of Kapurna.

[2348] On the river Copaïs, at the foot of Mount Tilphusion.

[2349] On the river of that name, and on the road from Thebes to

Anthedon.

[2350] Its site appears to be unknown.

[2351] Enumerated by Homer with Aulis. Ancient critics have, without

sufficient reason, identified it with Hysiæ.

[2352] It was sacked by the Athenians, B.C. 413, and in ruins in the

time of Pausanias.

[2353] The modern Grimadha or Grimala occupies its site.

[2354] The modern channel of Egripo.

[2355] The place where the Grecian fleet assembled when about to sail

for Troy. Leake says that its harbour is now called Vathy, evidently

from the Greek βαθὺς, “wide.”

[2356] So called from dwelling near Mount Cnemis.

[2357] Its ruins are to be seen three miles from the modern Talanti.

[2358] Now the Golfo di Talanti.

[2359] On the Eubœan Sea, which here extended to the Corinthian Gulf.

It was in ruins in the time of Strabo. Cynus was the chief sea-port of

the Locri Opuntii. Its site is marked by a tower called Palæopyrgo, and

some ruins to the south of the village of Livanates.

[2360] The modern village of Lefti stands on its site, and there are

some ruins to be seen.

[2361] In C. iv. of this Book.

[2362] Or Cnemides, a fortress built on the range of Mount Cnemis, near

the modern Nikoraki.

[2363] Ravaged by Philip of Macedon. Its ruins are near the modern

village of Vogdhani.

[2364] The Lower Larymna. Its ruins are seen between the modern

Matzumadi and Martini.

[2365] Its ruins are to be seen near the modern Andera.

[2366] Between Daphnus and Cynus. Gell found its ruins on a hill near

the sea-shore.

[2367] Its ruins are to be seen three miles from those of Thronium.

[2368] Now called the Gulf of Zeitoun. The people from whom it received

its name were the Malienses.

[2369] Its ruins are two leagues from the modern town of Zeitoun.

[2370] Or Sperchia.

[2371] Strabo says that it lay below the town of Pindus. It is perhaps

the present Palæo Choria.

[2372] Its ruins are placed by Leake near the modern Mariolates.

[2373] Like Pindus, one of the four towns or Tetrapolis of Doris. Its

site corresponds to the modern Gravia.

[2374] He seems to think that the name Græcus is older than that of

Hellen, in which he is supported by Apollodorus.

[2375] So called from Echion, fabled to have sprung from the dragon’s

teeth. Its site is marked by the modern village called Akhino. The

Sperchius is now called the Ellada.

[2376] This famous spot still retains its name. It is also called Bocca

di Lupo.

[2377] From τραχὺς, “narrow,” in allusion to the narrowness of the

mountain passes. Brotier places it on the site of the modern Zeitoun,

but he is probably in error.

[2378] A peak of the range of Œta.

[2379] The name of a town and small district of Phthiotis: it

eventually gave its name to the whole of Greece, which by its

inhabitants was called Hellas.

[2380] Near the river Amphrysus. Leake places it at Kefalosi, at the

extremity of Mount Othrys.

[2381] The modern Zeitoun.

[2382] Said to have been the city of Achilles.

[2383] According to Stephanus of Byzantium, Cierium was identical with

Arne. Leake places it at the modern Mataranga.

[2384] So called from the people called Minyæ, who derived their name

from Minyas, the father of Orchomenus. In the time of Strabo, this

city, the capital of the Minyan empire, was in ruins. Its site is now

called Seripu.

[2385] Leake places its site on the left bank of the Peneius, opposite

the village of Gunitza.

[2386] The residence of Admetus, and in later times of the tyrants of

Thessaly. The modern Valestina occupies its site.

[2387] Spoken of in C. 17 of the present book.

[2388] The ancient capital of the Pelasgi. It is now called Larissa,

Larza, or Ienitchen.

[2389] Leake places Gomphi on the heights now called Episkopi, on the

left bank of the Bliuri.

[2390] Its ruins are said to be seen about eight miles from the modern

city of Volo.

[2391] The city of Volo stands on its site. The Gulf is called the Bay

of Volo.

[2392] This is not strictly correct. Demetrias was founded by Demetrius

Poliorcetes, about two or three miles to the west of Pagasa, the

inhabitants of which were removed to that place. Its remains are to

be seen, according to Leake, on the face of a maritime height called

Goritza.

[2393] Pharsalus, now Farsa or Fersala, in Thessaliotis. On its plain

Pompey was defeated by Cæsar, B.C. 48.

[2394] Or Cranon; said to have been anciently called Ephyre. Leake

places its site at some ruins called Palea Larissa, distant two hours

and twenty-seven minutes’ journey from Larissa. It was the residence of

the powerful family of the Scopadæ.

[2395] This range in Macedonia is now called Verria. Herodotus states

that it was impassably for cold, and that beyond were the gardens of

Midas, where roses grew spontaneously.

[2396] The name of the eastern part of the great mountain chain

extending west and east from the Promontory of Acroceraunia on the

Adriatic to the Thermaic Gulf. It is now called by the Greeks Elymbo,

and by the Turks Semavat-Evi, the “Abode of the Celestials.” A portion

of this range was called Pierus; and Ossa, now Kissavo, the “ivy-clad,”

was divided from Olympus on the N.W. by the Vale of Tempe. Othrys

extended from the south of Mount Pindus, to the eastern coast and the

Promontory between the Gulf of Pagasa and the northern point of Eubœa.

[2397] Now called Plessedhi or Zagora; situate in the district of

Magnesia in Thessaly, between lake Bœbeis and the Pagasæan Gulf.

[2398] Now the Gouropotamo.

[2399] Flowing into the Asopus near Thermopylæ.

[2400] In Pieria. Supposed to be the modern Litokhoro.

[2401] The modern Rajani.

[2402] This lake received the rivers Onchestus, Amyrus, and others.

It is now called Karla, from an adjoining village which has ceased to

exist. The town of Bœbe was in its vicinity.

[2403] Now the Salambria or Salamria.

[2404] The _jugerum_ was properly 240 feet long and 120 broad, but

Pliny uses it here solely as a measure of length; corresponding

probably to the Greek πλέθρον, 100 Grecian or 104 Roman feet long.

Tempe is the only channel through which the waters of the Thessalian

plain flow into the sea.

[2405] Il. B. ii. c. 262. He alludes to the poetical legend that the

Orcus or Titaresius was a river of the infernal regions. Its waters

were impregnated with an oily substance, whence probably originated the

story of the unwillingness of the Peneus to mingle with it. It is now

called the Elasonitiko or Xeraghi.

[2406] Near Libethrum; said to be a favourite haunt of the Muses,

whence their name “Libethrides.” It is near the modern Goritza.

[2407] Leake places its site on the height between the southernmost

houses of Volo and Vlakho-Makhala. No remains of it are to be seen.

[2408] Ansart says that on its site stands the modern Korakai Pyrgos.

[2409] Near Neokhori, and called Eleutherokhori.

[2410] Now Kortos, near Argalisti, according to Ansart.

[2411] Now Haghios Georgios, or the Promontory of St. George.

[2412] At the foot of Mount Pelion. Leake places it at some ruins near

a small port called Tamukhari. The chestnut tree derived its Greek and

modern name from this place, in the vicinity of which it still abounds.

[2413] Probably near the village of Hagia Eutimia, according to Ansart.

[2414] Now Trikeri.

[2415] Melibœa was near the modern Mintzeles, and Rhizus near Pesi

Dendra, according to Ansart.

[2416] Ansart says, in the vicinity of the modern Conomio.

[2417] Situate at the foot of Mount Homole, between Tempe and the

village of Karitza. Leake thinks that the Convent of St. Demetrius, on

the lower part of Mount Kissavo, stands on its site.

[2418] Now Tournovo, according to Ansart.

[2419] Now called Democo, according to Ansart.

[2420] Between the Titaresius and the Peneus. The modern village of

Tatari stands on its site.

[2421] Probably the place of the same name mentioned in the last

Chapter.

[2422] Probably the same as Acharræ on the river Pamisus, mentioned by

Livy, B. xxxii. c. 13.

[2423] On the Dotian Plain, mentioned by Hesiod, and probably the same

place that Pindar calls Lacereia.

[2424] The birth-place of Protesilaüs, the first victim of the Trojan

war.

[2425] Nothing is known of this place. The word “porro” appears instead

of it in some editions.

[2426] Philip, the Conqueror of Greece, and Alexander, the Conqueror of

Asia.

[2427] The original Emathia, as mentioned by Homer, is coupled with

Pieria as lying between the Hellenic cities of Thessaly and Pæonia, and

Thrace.

[2428] A tribe of the south-west of Mœsia, and extending over a part

of Illyricum. According to Strabo, they were a wild race, of filthy

habits, living in caves under dunghills, but fond of music.

[2429] A people of Mœsia, mentioned in C. 29 of the last Book.

[2430] Supposed by some writers to be the same place as Edessa. Ansart

says it is the spot now known as Moglena.

[2431] Now Verria in Roumelia. St. Paul and Silas withdrew to this

place from Thessalonica. The remains are very considerable.

[2432] Described by Livy as of great strength. It occupied the site of

the modern Stagus.

[2433] Surnamed Lyncestis; the chief town of Upper Macedonia. It must

have stood not far from the modern town of Felurina.

[2434] Now the Platamona.

[2435] Now Kitron. The Romans usually called it Citron or Citrus.

[2436] In the inmost recess of the Thermaic Gulf. Leake supposes it to

have occupied the site of the present Palea Khora, near Kapsokhori.

[2437] Now the Vistritza, by the Turks called Inje-Karra. Cæsar calls

it the boundary between Macedonia and Thessaly.

[2438] The people apparently of Aloros just mentioned.

[2439] Vallæ and Phylacæ appear to have been two towns of Pieria.

[2440] The people of Cyrrhus; probably on the site of the present

Vistritza. Leake however makes a place called Paleokastro to occupy its

site. Tyrissæ was probably in its vicinity.

[2441] Now Alaklisi, upon a lake formed by the Lydias. Philip made it

the capital of Macedonia, and it was the birth-place of Alexander the

Great. It was made a Roman colony under the name of Julia Augusta Pella.

[2442] Its ruins are still called Stoli.

[2443] There were two places of this name in Macedonia; one called

Antigonia Psaphara in Chalcidice, and the other in Pæonia.

[2444] Between Idomene and the plains of Pella. As Pliny here says, it

was a different place from Europus of Almopia, by which the Rhœdias

flows. Of the following places nothing seems to be known.

[2445] Coupled by Herodotus with Pella. Eordæa seems to have been the

name of the district on the river Eordaicus, identified with the modern

Devol.

[2446] They dwelt in the vicinity of Mount Scomium. The river Axius is

the modern Vardhari.

[2447] Or Thrace.

[2448] People of Paroræa in Thrace.

[2449] The people probably of Eordæa, already mentioned.

[2450] Leake thinks that Almopia was the name of the district now

called Moglena.

[2451] The Mygdones were a Thracian people in the east of Macedonia, on

the Thermaic Gulf.

[2452] The people of Arethusa, a town of Bisaltia in Macedonia, in the

pass of Aulon. Euripides, the tragic poet, was buried here.

[2453] A town of Mygdonia.

[2454] The people of Idomene, a town about twelve miles from the pass

of Stena, now Demirkapi, or the ‘Iron Gate,’ on the river Vardhari.

[2455] Their district of Doberus is supposed to have been near the

modern Doghiran.

[2456] It has been suggested that Garescus stood on the same site as

the modern Nurocopo. Many of these peoples are now entirely unknown.

[2457] The people of Lyncestis, in Macedonia, of Illyrian origin and on

the frontiers of Illyria. Lyncus was the ancient capital, Heraclæa the

more modern one.

[2458] Probably the inhabitants of the slopes of Mount Othrys.

[2459] Amantia was properly in Illyria, to the south of the river Aoüs.

Leake places it at Nivitza.

[2460] A people of the north of Epirus, on the borders of Macedonia.

They were said to have derived their name from Orestes, who, after the

murder of his mother, founded in their territory the town of Argos

Oresticum.

[2461] A Greek city of Illyria. Dr. Holland discovered its remains at

Graditza on the Aoüs or Viosa.

[2462] The bulwark of the Macedonian maritime frontier to the south.

Leake discovered its site near the modern Malathria.

[2463] On the right bank of the river Strymon in Thracian Macedonia. It

stood on the site of the modern Zervokhori.

[2464] A people of Epirus on the borders of Thessaly.

[2465] In Mygdonia, at the mouth of the Axius—King Perseus put all its

male inhabitants to death. Its site was at or near the modern Kulakia.

[2466] Now Saloniki. Its original name was Thermæ, but it was first

made an important city by Cassander, B.C. 315, who gave it its new name

in honour of his wife, the sister of Alexander the Great: St. Paul

visited it about A.D. 53, and two years after addressed from Corinth

two Epistles to his converts in the city.

[2467] Polybius says, in Strabo, B. vii., 267 miles.

[2468] As already mentioned, Thermæ became merged in Thessalonica, when

refounded by Cassander under that name.

[2469] Now the Gulf of Saloniki.

[2470] This is probably an error. Pydna, already mentioned, lay far

inland in the district of Pieria.

[2471] On the peninsula of Pallene. Its male inhabitants were put to

death by the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war.

[2472] Now Capo Paliuri, the extreme point of the Isthmus of Pallene.

[2473] The most westerly of the three peninsulas of Chalcidice. Phlegra

is generally understood to have been its former name.

[2474] Perhaps the same as Nyssa, between the rivers Nestus or Mestus,

and Strymon.

[2475] Its ruins are now called Pinaka. It was a colony of the

Corinthians but refounded by Cassander, King Philip having previously

destroyed the city.

[2476] South-east of Thessalonica, and north of Chalcidice. It was

given by King Philip to the Olynthians.

[2477] Near Mount Athos.

[2478] Now Molivo, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf, part of which

thence took its name.

[2479] The name of a promontory at the extremity of the peninsula of

Sithonia, in Chalcidice. It seems to correspond with the modern Capo

Kartali.

[2480] In the district of Chalcidice, on the S.W. of the peninsula of

Sithonia.

[2481] On the east of the peninsula of Sithonia. It gave its name to

the Sinus Singiticus or Singitic Gulf.

[2482] Now Monte Santo, at the end of the long peninsula running out

from Chalcidice.

[2483] This is a mistake. It is only forty miles in length. From Lieut.

Smith (_Journal of Royal Geogr. Soc._ vol. vii. p. 65) we learn that

its average breadth is about four miles; consequently Pliny’s statement

as to its circumference must be greatly exaggerated. Juvenal, Sat.

x. l. 174, mentions the story of the canal as a specimen of Greek

falsehood; but distinct traces have survived, to be seen by modern

travellers, all the way from the Gulf of Monte Santo to the Bay of Erso

in the Gulf of Contessa, except about 200 yards in the middle, which

has been probably filled up.

[2484] Or Acrothoüm. Pliny, with Strabo and Mela, errs in thinking

that it stood _on_ the _mountain_. It stood on the _peninsula_ only,

probably on the site of the modern Lavra.

[2485] Or the ‘Heaven City,’ from its elevated position. It was founded

by Alexarchus, brother of Cassander, king of Macedon.

[2486] Probably on the west side of the peninsula, south of Thyssus.

[2487] Or “long-lived.”

[2488] Now Erisso; on the east side of the Isthmus, about a mile and a

half from the canal of Xerxes. There are ruins here of a large mole.

[2489] A little to the north of the Isthmus now called Stavro. It was

the birth-place of Aristotle the philosopher, commonly called the

Stagirite, and was, in consequence, restored by Philip, by whom it had

been destroyed; or, as Pliny says in B. vii. c. 30, by Alexander the

Great.

[2490] The name of the central one of the three peninsulas projecting

from Chalcidice. The poets use the word _Sithonius_ frequently as

signifying ‘Thracian.’

[2491] Possibly not the same as the Heraclea Sintica previously

mentioned.

[2492] Now called Pollina, south of Lake Bolbe, on the road from

Thessalonica to Amphipolis.

[2493] Sacred to Poseidon or Neptune. Now Capo Stavros in Thessaly,

the west front of the Gulf of Pagasa, if indeed this is the place here

meant.

[2494] On the left or eastern bank of the river Strymon, which flowed

round it, whence its name Amphi-polis, “round the city.” Its site is

now occupied by a village called Neokhorio, in Turkish Jeni-Keni or

“Newtown.” A few remains are still to be seen. The bay at the mouth of

the Strymon, now Struma or Kara-Sou, is called the Gulf of Orphano.

[2495] A Thracian people, extending from the river Strymon on the east

to Crestonica on the west.

[2496] In Mount Scomius namely, one of the Hæmus or Balkan range.

[2497] Under Alexander the Great. On his death his empire was torn in

pieces by the contentions of his generals.

[2498] In allusion to the legendary accounts of the Indian expeditions

of Bacchus and Hercules.

[2499] On the conquest of Perseus. Plutarch says that these seventy

cities were pillaged in one and the same hour. They were thus punished

for their support of Perseus.

[2500] Alexander the Great and Paulus Æmilius.

[2501] Or præfectures, as the Romans called them.

[2502] In the last Chapter.

[2503] An extensive tribe occupying the country about the rivers Axius,

Strymon, and Nestus or Mestus.

[2504] This river is now called the Mesto or Kara-Sou.

[2505] A range between the Strymon and the Nestus, now the Pangea or

Despoto-Dagh.

[2506] Probably a canton or division of the Bessi.

[2507] The most powerful people of Thrace; dwelling on both sides of

the Artiscus, and on the plain of the Hebrus.

[2508] Now the Maritza. It rises near the point where Mount Scomius

joins Mount Rhodope. The localities of most of the tribes here named

are unknown.

[2509] The name of this people is often used by the poets to express

the whole of Thrace. The district of Edonis, on the left bank of the

Strymon, properly extended from Lake Cercinitis as far east as the

river Nestus.

[2510] Or “Trouble City,” also called Eumolpias.

[2511] Or “Philip’s City,” founded by Philip of Macedon; still called

Philippopoli.

[2512] Because it stood on a hill with three summits. Under the Roman

empire it was the capital of the province of Thracia.

[2513] On account probably of the winding nature of the roads; as

the height of the Balkan range in no part exceeds 3000 feet. With

Theopompus probably originated the erroneous notion among the ancients

as to its exceeding height.

[2514] The people of Mœsia. The Aorsi and Getæ are again mentioned in

C. 25 of this Book.

[2515] The inhabitants of the present Bulgaria, it is supposed.

[2516] Following the account which represent him as a king of the

Cicones, and dwelling in the vicinity of Mount Rhodope. The Sithonii

here mentioned dwelt about the mouth of the Ister, or Danube, and were

a different people from those of Sithonia, in Chalcidice, referred to

in a previous note.

[2517] The Sea of Marmora.

[2518] It is difficult to conceive which place of this name is here

alluded to, as there seem to have been four places on this coast so

called, and all mentioned by Pliny in the present Book.

[2519] Called Æsyma by Homer; between the rivers Strymon and Nestus.

[2520] Now called Kavallo, on the Strymonic Gulf. The site of Datos

appears to be unknown.

[2521] Now called Filiba, or Felibejik, on a height of Mount Pangæus,

on the river Gangites, between the Nestus and the Strymon. It was

founded by Philip, on the site of the ancient town of Crenides, in the

vicinity of the gold mines. Here Augustus and Antony defeated Brutus

and Cassius, B.C. 42; and here the Apostle Paul first preached the

Gospel in Europe, A.D. 53. See Acts xvi. 12.

[2522] Its site seems unknown, but it is evidently a different place

from that mentioned in the last Chapter.

[2523] Also called Mestus.

[2524] Sintica, previously mentioned.

[2525] Now Aco Mamas, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf. It was the

most important Greek city on the coast of Macedon. It was taken and

destroyed by Philip, B.C. 347, and its inhabitants sold as slaves.

Mecyberna, already mentioned, was used as its sea-port.

[2526] On the coast, and east of the river Nestus. Its people were

proverbial for their stupidity, though it produced the philosophers

Democritus, Protagoras, and Anaxarchus. No traces of its site are to be

found.

[2527] Now called the Lagos Buru. The name of the Bistones is sometimes

used by the poets for that of the Thracians in general.

[2528] Or mares rather. Diomedes was the son of Ares, or Mars, and king

of the Bistones. He was slain by Hercules.

[2529] By some identified with the modern Curnu, by others with Bauron.

[2530] Or Ismarus, at the foot of Mount Ismarus.

[2531] Now Marogna.

[2532] A promontory opposite the island of Samothrace.

[2533] A town on a promontory of the same name, said to have been

frequented by Orpheus.

[2534] The Plain of Doriscus is now called the Plain of Romigik.

Parisot suggests the true reading here to be 100,000, or, as some MSS.

have it, 120,000, there being nothing remarkable in a plain containing

10,000 men. Pliny however does not mention it as being remarkable, but

merely suggests that the method used by Xerxes here for numbering his

host is worthy of attention.

[2535] Now the Maritza. At its mouth it divides into two branches, the

eastern forming the port of Stentor.

[2536] Still called Enos.

[2537] A son of Priam and Hecuba, murdered by Polymnestor, king of the

Thracian Chersonesus, to obtain his treasures. See the Æneid, B. iii.

[2538] From the Greek, μάκρον τεῖχος.

[2539] Now the Gulf of Enos.

[2540] Now Ipsala, or Chapsylar, near Keshan.

[2541] Now Rodosto, or Rodostshig, on the coast of the Propontis, or

Sea of Marmora.

[2542] Now called the Peninsula of the Dardanelles, or of Gallipoli.

The wall was built to protect it from incursions from the mainland.

[2543] He here skips nearly five degrees of latitude, and at once

proceeds to the northern parts of Thrace, at the mouth of the Danube,

and moves to the south.

[2544] Or, the “city of the Ister,” at the south of Lake Halmyris, on

the Euxine. Its site is not exactly known; but by some it is supposed

to have been the same with that of the modern Kostendsje.

[2545] Now Temesvar, or Jegni Pangola, the capital of Scythia Minor. It

was said to have been so called from the Greek τέμνω, “to cut,” because

Medea here cut to pieces the body of her brother Absyrtus. It is famous

as the place of Ovid’s banishment; and here he wrote his ‘Tristia’ and

his ‘Pontic Epistles.’

[2546] Usually identified with the modern Collat, or Collati.

[2547] Its site does not appear to be known, nor yet those of many of

the towns here mentioned.

[2548] This story no doubt arose from the similarity of its name to

γέρανος, “a crane;” the cranes and the Pigmies, according to the

poets, being in a state of continual warfare.

[2549] Supposed to be the present Varna.

[2550] Now called Daphne-Soui, according to D’Anville.

[2551] Said to have been built by Aristæus, son of Apollo.

[2552] Now Missivri.

[2553] Or Anchiale, now Akiali.

[2554] Now Sizeboli, famous for its temple of Apollo, with his statue,

thirty cubits in height, which Lucullus carried to Rome. In later times

it was called Sozopolis.

[2555] Now Tiniada.

[2556] The present Midjeh, according to D’Anville.

[2557] Afterwards called Zagora, which name it still bears.

[2558] Or Straits of Constantinople.

[2559] Between Galata and Fanar, according to Brotier.

[2560] Or Golden Horn; still known by that name.

[2561] The site of the present Constantinople.

[2562] These rivers do not appear to have been identified.

[2563] The present Silivri occupies its site.

[2564] An important town of Thrace. Eski Erckli stands on its site.

[2565] Now Vizia, or Viza.

[2566] He alludes to the poetical story of Tereus, king of Thrace,

Progne, and Philomela. Aldrovandus suggests that the real cause of the

absence of the swallow is the great prevalence here of northern winds,

to which they have an aversion.

[2567] So called probably from the Thracian tribe of the Cænici, or

Cæni.

[2568] Now called Erkene, a tributary of the Hebrus.

[2569] All that is known of it is, that it is mentioned as a fortress

on the Propontis.

[2570] Hexamila now occupies its site.

[2571] The isthmus or neck of the Peninsula of Gallipoli, or the

Dardanelles.

[2572] That of Corinth. They are both about five miles wide at the

narrowest part.

[2573] Now Cardia, or Caridia. It was the birth-place of king Eumenes.

[2574] From καρδία, in consequence of its supposed resemblance to a

heart.

[2575] Lysimachus destroyed Cardia, and, building Lysimachia, peopled

it with the inhabitants.

[2576] Mannert identities it with the ancient Ægos and the modern

Galata.

[2577] More generally called Ægospotamos, the “Goat River,” upon which

the town of Ægos stood. It was here that Lysander defeated the Athenian

fleet, B.C. 405, which put an end to the Peloponnesian war.

[2578] Antoninus, in his Itinerary, makes this distance twenty-six

miles.

[2579] B. ii. c. 92. The present Straits of Gallipoli.

[2580] Now Gallipoli, a place of considerable commercial importance.

[2581] Now Ialova; famous in Grecian poetry, with Abydos, for the loves

of Hero and Leander.

[2582] Now Lamsaki.

[2583] The village of Aidos, or Avido, probably marks its site. To the

north, Xerxes passed over to Sestos on his bridge of boats, B.C. 480.

[2584] Now Capo Helles.

[2585] Now Jeni-Hisari, the N.W. promontory of Troas. Here Homer places

the Grecian camp during the Trojan war.

[2586] Meaning the “Bitch’s tomb,” the fable being that Hecuba, in her

old age, was changed into that animal. It was near the town of Madytus.

[2587] Meaning that their fleet was anchored off here during the Trojan

war.

[2588] A magnificent temple was erected near his tomb at Eleus, where

he also had a sacred grove. It was greatly enriched by the votive

offerings of Greek travellers. According to D’Anville, its site lay to

the south of Mastusia.

[2589] Now called Kilidbahr. Near this place the Spartans were defeated

by the Athenians, who erected a trophy near the tomb of Hecuba.

[2590] In the present Chapter; where he says that the distance from

Byzantium to Dyrrhachium is 711 miles. See p. 305.

[2591] Αἲξ, “a goat.” Other authors give other derivations for the name

of Ægean,—from the town of Ægæ in Eubœa, or from Ægeus, the father

of Theseus, who threw himself into it; or from Ægæa, a queen of the

Amazons, who perished there; or from Ægæon, a god of the sea; or from

the Greek αἰγὶς, “a squall,” on account of its storms.

[2592] See c. 5 of this Book.

[2593] Both places in Eubœa, mentioned in c. 21 of this Book.

[2594] Now Corfu. Of its city of Corcyra only a few ruins now exist.

[2595] There are still some remains of it near the village called

Cassopo.

[2596] Now Fano, or Merlere.

[2597] Now Paxo and Antipaxo.