[1239] The people of Capena, an ancient and important city of Etruria,

which, after long opposing the inroads of the Romans, was reduced to

submission shortly after the fall of Veii, B.C. 393. It existed and

held municipal rank till the time of the Emperor Aurelian, after which

all traces of its name or existence were lost, till 1750, when Galetti

fixed its site with great accuracy at Civitucola or San Martino, about

24 miles from Rome. It was situate on the banks of a small river now

called the Grammiccia, and in its territory was the celebrated ‘Lucus

Feroniæ’ previously mentioned.

[1240] The new and old colonists of the city of Clusium, who probably

enjoyed distinct municipal rights. The modern Chiusi stands on its site.

[1241] The modern Fiorenze or Florence occupies the site of their city.

[1242] The village of Fiesole stands on its site. Extensive remains of

the ancient city are still to be found.

[1243] The site of Ferentinum is now uninhabited, but is still known

by the name of Ferento. The rivers of the ancient city are very

considerable; it was finally destroyed by the people of Viterbo in the

12th century.

[1244] An ancient town of Etruria near Falisci. Cluver thinks that

it was situate at Gallese, a village nine miles north of Civita

Castellana; but Dennis considers its site to have been between

Borghetto on the Tiber and Corchiano, where there are considerable

remains of an Etruscan city. The spot is named San Silvestro, from a

ruined church there.

[1245] Or Horta; the spot now called Orte, where numerous Etruscan

remains are found; it probably derived its name from the Etruscan

goddess Horta. Hortanum, the name given to it by Pliny, is perhaps an

adjective form of the name, “oppidum” being understood.

[1246] Possibly the same as ‘Urbs Vetus,’ on the side of which the

present Orvieto stands.

[1247] Now Nepi, near the river Pozzolo.

[1248] According to Hardouin the site of the Novem Pagi, or nine

Boroughs, is occupied by the modern Il Mignone, near Civita Vecchia.

[1249] Its site is generally supposed to have been at Oriuolo, about

five miles north of Bracciano; but Dennis informs us that there are no

ancient remains at that place. Being a præfecture it may have consisted

of only a number of little villages, united in one jurisdiction.

[1250] The modern Pistoia stands on its site.

[1251] Now Perugia.

[1252] Supposed by Hardouin to have inhabited the site of the modern

Sovretto.

[1253] Probably situate in the modern duchy of Castro.

[1254] The people of Tarquinii near Rome, the head of the Etruscan

confederation. It was here that Demaratus the Corinthian, the father

of Tarquinius Priscus, settled. It was deserted by its inhabitants in

the eighth or ninth century, who founded the town of Corneto on a hill

opposite to it. The ruins are known as Turchina, a corruption of the

ancient name.

[1255] The site of their town is probably marked by the modern

Toscanella.

[1256] The ruins of their town still retain somewhat of their ancient

name in that of “Vetulia.”

[1257] The people of the powerful city of Veii, subdued by Camillus.

Its ruins have been discovered in the vicinity of the village of Isola

Farnese.

[1258] Their town stood on the site of the present Bisontia.

[1259] The people of Volaterræ, the present Volterra, one of the twelve

cities of the Etruscan Confederation. It was for a time the residence

of the kings of Lombardy. The modern town covers only a small portion

of the area of the ancient city, of which there are some interesting

remains.

[1260] The people of Volci or Vulci, of which the ruins bear the same

name. Its sepulchres have produced vast treasures of ancient art.

[1261] The people of Volsinii or Vulsinii, now called Bolsena. This

was one of the most ancient and powerful of the twelve cities of the

Etruscan confederation. On their subjugation by the Romans the Etruscan

city was destroyed, and its inhabitants were compelled to settle on a

less defensible site. The new city was the birth-place of Sejanus, the

worthless favourite of Tiberius. Of the ancient city there are scarcely

any remains.

[1262] Called also Crustumeria, Crustumium, and Crustuminium. It was a

city of Latium on the borders of the Sabine country, and was subdued

by Romulus, though it afterwards appears as independent in the time

of Tarquinius Priscus. The territory was noted for its fertility. The

exact site of the city is unknown; a place called Marcigliana Vecchia,

about nine miles from Rome, seems the most probable.

[1263] The site of Caletra is quite unknown. It was situate at some

point in the present valley of the Albegna.

[1264] The First Region extended from the Tiber to the Gulf of

Salernum, being bounded in the interior by the Apennines. It consisted

of ancient Latium and Campania, comprising the modern Campagna di Roma,

and the provinces of the kingdom of Naples.

[1265] Livy, B. i. c. 3, and Ovid, Fasti, B. iii. l. 389, inform us

that the name of Albula was changed into Tiberis in consequence of king

Tiberinus being accidentally drowned in it.

[1266] Still known by that name. The Glanis is called la Chiana.

[1267] According to D’Anville, now known as Citta di Castello.

[1268] A municipal town of Umbria, situate near the confluence of the

rivers Nar and Tiber, and on the Flaminian Way. There are the ruins of

an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, and some temples, now the modern Otricoli.

[1269] The territory of Umbria extended from the left bank of the

Tiber, near its rise, to the Adriatic.

[1270] The Sabines occupied the left bank of the Tiber from the Umbri

to the Anio. The Crustumini and the Fidenates probably occupied the

southern part of the district about the river Alba.

[1271] The Nera and the Teverone. The exact situation of the district

of Vaticanum has not been ascertained with exactness.

[1272] As not so much causing mischief by its inundations, as giving

warning thereby of the wrath of the gods and of impending dangers;

which might be arrested by sacrifices and expiatory rites.—See Horace,

Odes, B. i. 2. 29.

[1273] The frontier of ancient Latium was at Circeii, but that of

modern Latium extended to Sinuessa.

[1274] A town of Latium, situate at the foot of the Mons Circeius, now

Monte Circello. It was used as a place of retirement, and Tiberius and

Domitian had villas there. The Triumvir Lepidus was banished thither

by Octavius after his deposition. It was also famous for its oysters,

which were of the finest quality. Considerable remains of it are still

to be seen on the hill called Monte di Citadella, about two miles from

the sea.

[1275] Now the Garigliano, the same river which he previously calls the

Glanis. It was the boundary between Latium and Campania.

[1276] Founded by Ancus Martius, as we learn from Livy. It was

abandoned under the Emperor Claudius, who built the Portus Romanus or

Portus Augusti in its vicinity; and it only continued famous for its

salt-works, which had been established there by Ancus Martius. Its

ruins, still called Ostia, are nearly three miles from the coast, in

consequence of the receding of the sea.

[1277] Now San Lorenzo. It was between Ostia and Antium.

[1278] By some, Æneas was supposed to have been worshiped by that name.

[1279] Now the river Numico.

[1280] The ruins of this once great city may still be seen near

the present village of the same name. Its situation was peculiarly

unhealthy. Another tradition, besides the one mentioned by Pliny, was,

that it was founded by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was twenty-four

miles distant from Rome.

[1281] A temple of Venus, of which the ruins are still to be seen.

[1282] Its few ruins are still known as Anzio Rovinato. It was famous

for its temple of Fortune, addressed by Horace, Odes, i. 35. Near the

site is the modern village of Porto d’Anzo.

[1283] This island was occupied by villas of the Roman nobility, and

was the resort of Cicero, Augustus and Tiberius. There is still a

fortified town called the Torre di Astura.

[1284] The modern Ninfa.

[1285] “The Roman Bulwarks.” They were thrown up to protect the

frontier of the ancient kingdom of Rome from the inroads of the

Volscians.

[1286] To our previous note we may add that this spot was supposed to

have been once inhabited by the enchantress Circe, the daughter of the

Sun, and from her to have taken its name.

[1287] This has been also translated “dedicated to Nicodorus, the

Archon of Athens,” but nothing appears to be known of such a fact as

the dedication to Nicodorus of any of his works.

[1288] Now called the “Palude Pontine.” They are again mentioned in B.

xxvi. c. 9.

[1289] Now called Il Portatore.

[1290] It was situate fifty-eight miles from Rome; the modern town of

Terracina stands on its site. The remains of the ancient citadel are

visible on the slope of Montecchio.

[1291] The exact site of this place is unknown. Servius, in his

Commentary on B. x. of the Æneid, l. 564, tells the same story of the

serpents.

[1292] This was near Amyclæ. A villa was situate there called

“Speluncæ,” from the cavities in the rock, in one of which the Emperor

Tiberius nearly lost his life by the falling in of the roof. The modern

village of Sperlonga, eight miles west of Gaëta, marks its site.

[1293] Now Lago di Fondi.

[1294] Now Gaëta, said to have received its name from being the

burial-place of Caieta, the nurse of Æneas. The shore was studded

with numerous villas of the Roman nobility. It is now a city of great

opulence; in its vicinity extensive ruins are to be seen.

[1295] On the spot now called Mola di Gaëta. Many of the wealthy

Romans, and among them Cicero, had villas here: and at this place he

was put to death. It was destroyed by the Saracens in the year 856. The

remains of antiquity to be seen on this spot are very extensive.

[1296] Homer places these Cannibals on the coast of Sicily, but the

Romans in general transplanted them to the vicinity of Circeii, and

suppose Formiæ to have been built by Lamus, one of their kings. It is

more probable however that it was founded by the Laconians, from whom

it may have received its name of Hormiæ (from the Greek ὅρμος), as

being a good roadstead for shipping.

[1297] Its site is occupied by the present Trajetta. In its marshes,

formed by the overflow of the Liris, Caius Marius was taken prisoner,

concealed in the sedge.

[1298] The town of Minturnæ stood on both banks of the river.

[1299] Its ruins are probably those to be seen in the vicinity of Rocca

di Mondragone. It was a place of considerable commercial importance. On

its site Livy says there formerly stood the Greek city of Sinope.

[1300] “Felix illa Campania.”

[1301] Now Sezza.

[1302] A marshy district of Latium, extending about eight miles along

the coast from Terracina to Speluncæ, famous in the time of Horace for

the first-rate qualities of its wines.

[1303] A district famous for its wines, extending from the Massican

Hills to the north bank of the Volturnus.

[1304] According to Hardouin, the town of Calenum was on the site of

the present Calvi near Capua.

[1305] Now called Monte Marsico, and as famous for its wine (called

Muscatella) as it was in the Roman times.

[1306] Now Monte Barbaro. The wines of most of these places will be

found fully described by Pliny in B. xiv.

[1307] More fully mentioned, B. xviii. c. 29, where the ‘alicæ’ or

fermenty made from the spelt grown here is again referred to.

[1308] Of Baiæ, Puteoli, and Stabiæ, for instance.

[1309] The modern Saove.

[1310] Now called the Volturno, with a small place on its banks called

Castel Volturno.

[1311] The present village of Torre di Patria is supposed to occupy its

site.

[1312] Strabo describes Cumæ as a joint colony of the Chalcidians of

Eubœa and the Cymæans of Æolis. Its sea-shore was covered with villas

of the Roman aristocracy, and here Sylla spent the last years of

his life. Its site is now utterly desolate and its existing remains

inconsiderable.

[1313] Now Capo or Punta di Miseno; a town built on a promontory of

Campania, by Æneas, it was said, in honour of his trumpeter, Misenus,

who was drowned there. It was made by Augustus the principal station

of the Roman fleet. Here was the villa of Marius, which afterwards

belonged to Lucullus and the Emperor Tiberius, who died here.

[1314] Famous for its warm springs, and the luxurious resort of the

Roman patricians. Marius, Lucullus, Pompey, and Cæsar had villas

here. In later times it became the seat of every kind of pleasure and

dissipation. It is now rendered unwholesome by the Malaria, and the

modern Castello di Baja, with numerous ruins, alone marks its site.

[1315] The modern village of Baolo stands near its site. It was here

that Hortensius had his fish-ponds, mentioned by Pliny in B. ix. c.

55. It rivalled its neighbour Baiæ in ministering to the luxury of the

wealthy Romans, and was occupied by numerous villas so late as the

reign of Theodosius.

[1316] Probably the inner part of the Gulf of Cumæ or Puteoli, but

separated from the remainder by an embankment eight stadia in length.

It was famous for its oyster-beds. Behind it was the Lake Avernus,

occupying the crater of an extinct volcano, and supposed by the

Greeks to be the entrance to the Infernal Regions. Agrippa opened a

communication with the Lucrine Lake to render Lake Avernus accessible

to ships. The Lucrine Lake was filled up by a volcanic eruption in

1538, and a mountain rose in its place. The Lake Avernus is still

called the Lago di Averno.

[1317] Or “the town Cimmerium.” Nothing is known of it.

[1318] Now Pozzuolo. The Romans called it Puteoli, from the strong

smell of its mineral springs. There are still many ruins of the ancient

town, which was destroyed by Alaric, Genseric, and Totila, and as many

times rebuilt.

[1319] Now called Salpatara. This was the name given to the volcanic

plain extending from Cumæ to Capua, and supposed to have been once

covered with fire; whence the name, from φλέγω, “to burn.”

[1320] Now the Lago di Fusaro. It seems to have had its name from its

vicinity to Avernus, the supposed entrance to the infernal regions. Its

banks were, in the later times of the Roman republic, adorned with the

villas of the wealthy.

[1321] Neapolis, or the “New City,” was founded by the Chalcidians of

Cumæ on the site of Parthenope, the supposed burial-place of the Siren

of that name. It was so called as being only a ‘new quarter’ of the

neighbouring city of Cumæ. The modern city of Naples stands nearly on

its site.

[1322] Said to have been founded by Hercules. It was on the occasion of

its destruction by an eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79, that our author

unfortunately met his death, a martyr to his thirst for knowledge.

Its closer proximity to Vesuvius caused it to be buried under a more

solid body of materials ejected from the mountain than was the case

with Pompeii; which seems to have been suffocated with ashes, while

Herculaneum was covered with volcanic tufa most probably hardened by

the agency of water. A few scattered inhabitants are supposed to have

afterwards settled upon the site where it was buried, which for many

centuries was utterly forgotten, till brought to light in 1738. Part of

the site over the buried town is occupied by the villages of Resina and

Portici. The works of art found here far exceed in value and interest

those discovered at Pompeii.

[1323] This seems to have been a town of Oscan origin. The first traces

of it were found in 1689, but excavations were not commenced till 1721.

It perished in the same eruption of Vesuvius as Herculaneum.

[1324] Now the Sarno. Its course was changed by the great eruption of

Vesuvius previously mentioned.

[1325] The modern Nocera stands on its site. Pompeii was used as its

harbour.

[1326] Now Sorrento.

[1327] Now also called Capo della Minerva.

[1328] It probably had its name from Campania, of which it was the

capital, and which was so called from its extensive _campi_ or plains.

The site of this luxurious and magnificent city is now occupied by the

village of Santa Maria di Capoua, the modern city of Capua being on the

site of ancient Casilinum. Of ancient Capua there are but few remains.

It was made a Roman colony by Julius Cæsar.

[1329] Originally a city of the Volscians: Cicero had a villa there,

and Juvenal and the emperor Pescennius Niger were natives of it. The

present Aquino stands on its site, and there are considerable remains

of it to be seen.

[1330] Or Suessa Aurunca, to distinguish it from the Volscian city of

Suessa Pometia. The poet Lucilius was a native of it. The modern Sessa

stands in its vicinity.

[1331] The modern Venafri stands near its site. It was famous for the

excellence of its olives.

[1332] On the banks of the Suris, and the most northerly town of the

Volsci. The modern Sora is in its vicinity, and the remains of its

walls are still to be seen.

[1333] The modern Teano occupies its site. It was famous for the

medicinal springs in its vicinity. There was another Teanum, in Apulia.

[1334] The town on its site still preserves the name. Bells were made

here, whence in the later writers they are called “Nolæ.” There is also

an ecclesiastical tradition that church bells were first used by Saint

Paulinus, bishop of this place, whence they were called ‘Campanæ.’ The

emperor Augustus died here.

[1335] The remains of the ancient town, of which the ruins are

very extensive, are called Avella Vecchia. It was famous for its

fruit, especially its filberts, to which it gives name in the French

“Avelines.” It was first a Greek colony, and then a town of the Oscans.

[1336] A city of Latium, sixteen miles from Rome, and said to have been

of Sicilian origin. The modern town of La Riccia occupies the site of

its citadel. It was celebrated for the temple and grove of Diana, whose

high priest was always a fugitive slave who had killed his predecessor,

and was called “Rex nemorensis,” or “king of the grove.” See Ovid,

Fasti, B. vi. l. 59; Art of Love, B. i. l. 260; and Lucan, B. vi. l. 74.

[1337] The ancient city was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius, king of

Rome. The Roman colony here was probably but small. The Roman patrician

families, the Julii, Servilii, Tullii, and Quintii, are said to have

migrated from Alba Longa, which, according to tradition, had given to

Rome her first king.

[1338] The people of Acerra, still called by the same name; it was

plundered and burnt by Hannibal, B.C. 216, but was rebuilt by order of

the Roman senate.

[1339] The people of Allifæ, a former city of Samnium, on the borders

of Campania. The modern city of Alife, a decayed place, stands on its

site. There are considerable remains.

[1340] The people of Atina, an ancient city of the Volscians. The

modern city of Atina, noted for the bleakness of its situation, stands

on its site. There are extensive ruins of the ancient city.

[1341] The people of Aletrium or Alatrium, an ancient city of the

Hernici. The modern Alatri stands on its site; there are but few

ancient remains.

[1342] The people of Anagnia in Latium, still called Anagni. There are

scarcely any remains of the ancient place, which was of considerable

importance.

[1343] The people of Atella, an ancient city of Campania. Some remains

of its ruins are to be seen two miles east of the town of Aversa, near

the villages of San Arpino and San Elpidio.

[1344] The people of Affilæ, an ancient Hernican town. It is still

called Affile, and has many ancient remains.

[1345] The people of Arpinum, once a famous city of the Volscians. The

present Arpino occupies its site; there are few Roman remains, but

its ancient walls, of Cyclopean construction, still exist. It was the

birth-place of Marius and Cicero. The villa of the latter was on the

banks of the adjoining river Fibrenus. It was, and is still, famous for

its woollen manufactures.

[1346] The people of Auximum, a city of Picenum. Its site is occupied

by the modern Osimo; there are numerous remains of antiquity to be seen.

[1347] Or perhaps “Abellini,” people of Abelliacum; which, if meant,

ought not to be included in this division, being a city of the Hirpini.

This city was finally destroyed in the wars of the Greeks and Lombards,

and the modern Avellino rose on its site. There are considerable

ruins in the vicinity. According to Hardouin, this place also claimed

the honour of giving name to filberts, which grew abundantly in

its vicinity. If such is the case, it seems probable that both it

and Abella took their names from that fruit as called by the early

inhabitants. See Note [1335] p. 198.

[1348] An ancient city of Latium. Its ruins are to be seen in the

vicinity of the Via Appia. See a curious story connected with it in

Ovid’s Fasti, B. iii. l. 667 _et seq._

[1349] There were two cities of this name on the confines of Samnium

and Campania, one in the valley of the Volturnum, the modern Caiazzo,

the other in Campania, between Capua and Beneventum, whose ruins are

probably those to be seen at Le Galazzi, between Caserta and Maddaloni.

[1350] Once a considerable city of Latium. The modern city of San

Germano has risen on its ruins, while the name of Monte Casino has been

retained by the monastery founded near it by St. Bernard A.D. 529.

[1351] The present Calvi probably occupies its site.

[1352] It is not named in history. Its site was probably between

Palestrina and Il Piglio.

[1353] The people of Cereatæ, a town of Latium. It is supposed that the

ancient monastery of Casamari occupied its site.

[1354] The people of Cora, an ancient city of Latium. The present Cori

stands on its site, and there are considerable remains of the ancient

walls and other buildings.

[1355] The people of Castrimœnium, a colony of Sylla. It has been

suggested that these were the same people whom Pliny speaks of at a

subsequent place in this chapter as the Munienses, an extinct people

of Latium. If so, the name was perhaps changed on the establishment

here by Sylla of his colony. It probably stood near the modern city of

Marino.

[1356] The people of Cingulum, a city of Picenum, the site of which is

occupied by the modern Cingoli.

[1357] It is conjectured that Fabia was on the same site as the present

village of Rocca di Papa.

[1358] The inhabitants of Forum Popilii in Campania; its site is

unknown.

[1359] The people of Frusino, originally a Volscian city. The modern

Frosinone occupies its site.

[1360] The people of Ferentinum, a city of the Hernici: the present

city of Ferentino stands on its site. The ruins are very extensive.

[1361] Probably the people of Fregellæ, an ancient city of the

Volscians. Its site is now unknown, but it was probably on the banks of

the Liris, opposite to the modern Ceprano.

[1362] The people of Fabrateria or Frabateria, a Volscian city. A Roman

colony was placed there B.C. 124, by C. Gracchus, and probably the old

inhabitants for that reason styled themselves “Veteres.” The ruins at

San Giovanni in Cerico, about three miles from Falvaterra, are supposed

to be those of this place, or at least of the new town or colony. In

such case Falvaterra may occupy the site of the original city.

[1363] The people of Ficulnea or Ficulia, a city of ancient Latium, on

the Via Nomentana. It is supposed to have decayed soon after the reign

of M. Aurelius. Its site was probably on the modern domain of Cesarini,

though some separate the ancient Latin city from the Roman town, and

fix the locality of the former on the hill called Monte Gentile, or

that of the Torre Lupara.

[1364] These are omitted in most editions, but if a correct reading,

the word must signify the “people of Fregellæ,” and the Freginates

must be the people of Fregenæ in Etruria; although they do not appear

properly to belong to this locality.

[1365] “The Market of Appius.” It was distant forty-three miles from

Rome, and we learn from Horace, that it was the usual resting-place

for travellers at the end of one day’s journey from Rome. It is also

mentioned in the account of the journey of St. Paul (Acts xxviii. 15)

as one of the usual resting-places on the Appian way. There are now no

inhabitants on the spot, but considerable ruins still exist, as well as

the forty-third milestone, which is still to be seen.

[1366] Probably the inhabitants of Ferentium or Ferentinum, now

Ferento, five miles from Viterbo, a city of Etruria, of which very

considerable remains exist.

[1367] The people of Gabii, formerly one of the most famous cities of

Latium. On its site the ruins of a mediæval fortress now stand, known

as Castiglione. Some remains of the walls still exist.

[1368] The people of Interamna Lirinas, a Roman colony on the banks

of the Liris; and as there were several cities of the same name, it

was generally distinguished by the epithet “Lirinas.” Pliny no doubt

calls it “Succasina,” from its vicinity to Casinum. Its site, though

uninhabited, is still called Terame, and there are numerous remains of

antiquity.

[1369] Probably the people of Lavinium were thus called from their

supposed Trojan descent. The town was said to have been founded by

Æneas in honour of his wife Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus. In the

times of the Antonines it was united with Laurentum; their ruins are to

be seen at Casale di Copocotta.

[1370] The people of Norba, a town of Latium. It is now called Norma,

and there are still some remains of the ancient walls.

[1371] Nomentum, now called La Mentana, was a Latin town, fourteen

miles from Rome.

[1372] The people of Præneste, one of the most ancient towns of Latium.

It was originally a Pelasgic city, but claimed a Greek origin, and was

said to have been built by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. During summer

it was much frequented by the Romans for its delightful coolness. The

remains of its ancient walls are still to be seen at Palestrina.

[1373] The people of Privernum, now Piperno, an ancient city of Latium.

[1374] The people of Setia, now Sesse or Sezza, an ancient town of

Latium, to the east of the Pomptine marshes. It was famous for its wine.

[1375] The people of Signia, now Segni, a town of Latium founded by

Tarquinius Priscus. There are still some remains of its walls.

[1376] The people of Suessula, now Castel di Sessola.

[1377] The people of Telesia, a town of Samnium seven leagues from

Capua, now called Telese.

[1378] Trebula was distinguished probably by this surname from a town

of that name in Samnium. There seem to have been two places of the name

in the Sabine territory, but it is not known which is here meant. The

ruins of one of them are supposed to be those not far from Maddaloni.

[1379] The people of Treba, now Trevi, a town of Latium.

[1380] The people of Tusculum, an ancient town of Latium, the ruins of

which are to be seen on a hill about two miles distant from the modern

Frascati. Cicero’s favourite residence was his Tusculan villa, and Cato

the censor was a native of this place.

[1381] The people of Verulæ, a town of the Hernici, in Latium, now

Veroli.

[1382] The people of Velitræ, an ancient town of the Volsci, now

Velletri. It was the birth-place of the emperor Augustus.

[1383] The people of Ulubræ, a small town of Latium, near the Pomptine

Marshes; its site is unknown.

[1384] The people of Urbinum; there were two places of that name in

Umbria, now called Urbeno and Urbania.

[1385] The name probably by which the city was called in the mystical

language of the priesthood. It has been said that this mysterious name

of Rome was Valentia; if so, it appears to be only a translation of her

name Græcized—Ῥώμη, “strength.” This subject will be found again

mentioned in B. xxviii. c. 4.

[1386] Solinus says that he was put to death as a punishment for his

rashness. M. Sichel has suggested that this mysterious name was no

other than Angerona.

[1387] It is not known whether this mystical divinity was the goddess

of anguish and fear, or of silence, or whether she was the guardian

deity of Rome. Julius Modestus says that she relieved men and cattle

when visited by the disease called “angina,” or “quinsy,” whence her

name.

[1388] The Carmental, the Roman, and the Pandanian or Saturnian gates,

according to Varro.

[1389] Titus was saluted Imperator after the siege of Jerusalem, and

was associated with his father Vespasian in the government. They also

acted together as Censors.

[1390] The Lares Compitales presided over the divisions of the city,

which were marked by the _compita_ or points where two or more streets

crossed each other, and where ‘ædiculæ’ or small chapels were erected

in their honour. Statues of these little divinities were erected at

the corner of every street. It was probably this custom which first

suggested the idea of setting up images of the Virgin and Saints at

the corners of the streets, which are still to be seen in many Roman

Catholic countries at the present day.

[1391] This was a gilded column erected by Augustus in the Forum, and

called “milliarium aureum;” on it were inscribed the distances of the

principal points to which the “viæ” or high-roads conducted.

[1392] Supposing the circuit of the city to have been as he says,

13-2/5 miles, he must either make a great miscalculation here, or the

text must be very corrupt. The average diameter of the city would be

in such case about 4-1/2 miles, the average length of each radius

drawn from the mile-column 2-1/4 miles, and the total amount 83-1/4

miles, whereas he makes it but 20-3/4 miles, or little better than an

average of half-a-mile for each radius. We may also remark that the

camp of the Prætorian cohorts here mentioned was established by the

emperor Tiberius, by the advice of Sejanus. Ajasson’s translation makes

the measurement to be made to _twelve_ gates only, but the text as it

stands will not admit of such a construction.

[1393] The Aventine, Cælian, and Quirinal hills.

[1394] Such as Ocriculum, Tibur, Aricia, &c.

[1395] Near Antium. Casale di Conca stands on its site.

[1396] Suæssa Pometia. It was destroyed by the consul Servilius, and

its site was said, with that of twenty-two other towns, to have been

covered by the Pomptine Marsh, to which it gave its name.

[1397] A town of Latium destroyed by Ancus Martius.

[1398] An ancient city of Latium, conquered by Romulus; on which

occasion he slew its king Acron and gained the _spolia opima_. Nibby

suggests that it stood on the Magugliano, two miles south-east of Monte

Gentile. Holstein says that it stood where the present Sant’ Angelo or

Monticelli stands.

[1399] Also destroyed by Ancus Martius. A farm called Dragonello,

eleven miles from Rome, is supposed to have stood upon its site.

Tellene was also destroyed by the same king. Tifata was a town of

Campania.

[1400] A city of Latium, which was conquered by Tarquinius Priscus. It

has been suggested that its ruins are visible about a mile to the north

of Monte Sant’ Angelo.

[1401] A Sabine town, the people of which were incorporated by

Tarquinius Priscus with the Roman citizens. It is supposed to have

stood on the present Monte Sant’ Angelo.

[1402] An ancient city of Latium, subdued by Tarquinius Priscus, on

which occasion Ocrisia, the mother of Servius Tullius, fell into the

hands of the Romans as a captive. It was probably situate on one of the

isolated hills that rise from the plain of the Campagna.

[1403] Both Virgil and Ovid allude to this tradition.

[1404] Said to have been so called from being “opposite” to the ancient

city of Saturnia. The Janiculus or Janiculum was a fortress on the

opposite bank of the Tiber, and a suburb of Rome, connected with it by

the Sublician bridge.

[1405] A very ancient city situate three miles from Rome, and said

to have been so called from its position on the Tiber, _ante amnem_.

In the time of Strabo it had become a mere village. It stood at the

confluence of the Anio and the Tiber.

[1406] An ancient city of Latium reduced by Tarquinius Priscus. It

has been suggested that the town of Palombara, near the foot of Monte

Gennaro, stands on its site.

[1407] An ancient city of Latium. It probably gradually fell into

decay. Lucius Tarquinius, the husband of Lucretia, is represented as

dwelling here during the siege of Ardea. Its site is thought by some

to have been at Castellaccio or Castel dell’ Osa, and by others at

Lunghezza, which is perhaps the most probable conjecture.

[1408] An ancient city of the Sabines. Its ruins are visible at San

Vittorino, a village near Aquila.

[1409] An ancient town of the Volsci, five leagues from Velletri.

Sermonata now stands on its site. It must not be confounded with the

town of the Peligni, the birth-place of Ovid.

[1410] “Populi Albenses.” It does not appear to be exactly known what

is the force of this expression, but he probably means either colonies

from Alba, or else nations who joined in the confederacy of which Alba

was the principal. Niebuhr looks upon them as mere demi or boroughs of

the territory of Alba.

[1411] “Accipere carnem.” Literally, “to take the flesh.” It appears

that certain nations, of which Alba was the chief, were in early times

accustomed to meet on the Alban Mount for the purposes of sacrifice.

The subject is full of obscurity, but it has been suggested that this

minor confederacy co-existed with a larger one including all the Latin

cities, and there can be little doubt that the common sacrifice was

typical of a bond of union among the states that partook therein.

It does not necessarily appear from the context that more than the

thirty-one states _after_ mentioned took part therein, though the text

may be so construed as to imply that the Latin nations previously

mentioned also shared in the sacrifice; if so, it would seem to imply

that Alba was the chief city of the _whole_ Latin confederacy. See this

subject ably discussed in Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Ancient Geography,

under the article _Latini_.

[1412] The people of Æsulæ. Of this Latin city nothing is known. The

territory is mentioned by Horace, and Gell places its site on the Monte

Affiliano.

[1413] The people of Bubentum. Nothing is known of this Latin city or

of the preceding ones.

[1414] Bola was an ancient city of Latium, taken successively by

Coriolanus and M. Postumius. Its site is supposed to have been five

miles from the modern Palestrina, at the modern village of Lugnano.

[1415] The people of Corioli. It was probably a Latian town, but fell

into the possession of the Volsci, from whom it was taken by Cn.

Marcius, who thence obtained the name of “Coriolanus.” Monte Giove,

nineteen miles from Rome, has been suggested as its site.

[1416] Pliny is supposed to be in error in representing Fidenæ, the

early antagonist of Rome, as being extinct in his time, and he will be

found in the sequel reckoning it in the Fourth Region. This ancient

Latian town never lost its municipal rank, though it had no doubt in

his time become a mere country town. The present Castel Giubilco is

supposed to be situate on its site.

[1417] The people of Horta, a town of Etruria, now Horte. Many Etruscan

remains have been discovered there.

[1418] The people of Longula, a Volscian town. Buon Riposo now occupies

its site.

[1419] The people of Pedum; nothing is known of it. The rest of these

nations are either almost or entirely unknown.

[1420] This was an ancient town between Pompeii and Surrentum. After

its overthrow, as mentioned by Pliny, it was in some measure rebuilt,

possibly after this passage was penned. It was finally destroyed by the

great eruption of Vesuvius in the year A.D. 79, and it was here that

our author breathed his last.

[1421] A town three miles west of Capua. It was of much importance as a

military position, and played a considerable part in the second Punic

war. The period of its final destruction is unknown; but modern Capua

is built on its site.

[1422] This city took the lead in the war of the Latin cities against

Tarquinius Priscus. Gell and Nibby think that it was situate about

eleven miles from Rome, a mile to the south of the Appian way, where

there are some remains that indicate the site of an ancient city, near

the stream called the Fosso delle Fratocche. Livy tells us that with

the spoils thence derived, Tarquinius celebrated the _Ludi Magni_ for

the first time.

[1423] Opposite Capreæ, and situate on the Promontory of Minerva.

Sorrento now stands on its site.

[1424] The modern Silaro; it was the boundary between Lucania and

Campania, and rises in the Apennines.

[1425] A town in the south of Campania, at the head of the Gulf of

Pæstum. In consequence of the aid which they gave to Hannibal, the

inhabitants were forced to abandon their town and live in the adjoining

villages. The name of Picentini was given, as here stated, to the

inhabitants of all the territory between the Promontory of Minerva and

the river Silarus. They were a portion of the Sabine Picentes, who

were transplanted thither after the conquest of Picenum, B.C. 268. The

modern Vicenza stands on its site.

[1426] The Argonaut. Probably this was only a vague tradition.

[1427] By using the genitive ‘Salerni,’ he would seem to imply that

the Roman colony of Salernum then gave name to the district of which

Picentia was the chief town. Ajasson however has translated it merely

“Salernum and Picentia.” ‘Intus’ can hardly mean “inland,” as Picentia

was near the coast, and so was Salernum.

[1428] This was an ancient town of Campania, at the innermost corner of

the Gulf of Pæstum, situate near the coast, on a height at the foot of

which lay its harbour. It attained great prosperity, as Salerno, in the

middle ages, and was noted for its School of Health established there;

which issued periodically rules for the preservation of health in Latin

Leonine verse.

[1429] “Græciæ maxime populi.” This may also be rendered “a people who

mostly emigrated from Greece,” in reference to the Siculi or Sicilians,

but the other is probably the correct translation.

[1430] A town of Lucania, colonized by the Sybarites about B.C. 524. In

the time of Augustus it seems to have been principally famous for the

exquisite beauty of its roses. Its ruins are extremely magnificent.

[1431] Now the Golfo di Salerno.

[1432] A Greek town founded by the Phocæans. It was the birth-place

of the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno, who founded a school of

philosophy known as the Eleatic. Castell’ a Mare della Brucca stands on

its site.

[1433] Now Capo di Palinuro; said to have received its name from

Palinurus, the pilot of Æneas, who fell into the sea there and was

murdered by the natives. See Virgil, Æneid, B. vi. l. 381 _et seq._

[1434] Now the Golfo di Policastro.

[1435] This tower or column was erected in the vicinity of Rhegium on

the Straits of Sicily. It was 100 stadia, or about eight miles, from

the town, and at it passengers usually embarked for Sicily. The spot is

now called Torre di Carallo.

[1436] Now the Faraone.

[1437] A Greek colony. The present Policastro occupies very nearly its

site. It seems to have received its name from the cultivation of box

trees in its vicinity.

[1438] Or more properly Laos, originally a Greek colony. In the

vicinity is the modern town of Laino, and the river is called the Lao.

[1439] Ptolemy mentions it as an inland town, and Livy speaks of it

as a Lucanian city. It probably stood near the modern Maratea, twelve

miles south-east of Policastro.

[1440] The modern Bato.

[1441] The bay of Bivona, formerly Vibo, the Italian name for the Greek

city of Hippo or Hippona. On its site stands the modern Bivona.

[1442] “Locus Clampetiæ.” Clampetia or Lampetia stood in the vicinity

of the modern Amantia. From other authors we find that it was still

existing at this time. If such is the fact, the meaning will be “the

place where the former _municipal town_ of Clampetia stood,” it being

supposed to have lost in its latter years its municipal privileges.

[1443] One of the ancient Ausonian towns, and afterwards colonized by

the Ætolians. Like its namesake in Cyprus it was famous for its copper.

Its site is now occupied by Torre di Lupi.

[1444] A Greek city, almost totally destroyed by Hannibal; Santa

Eufemia occupies its site.

[1445] One of the cities of the Bruttii; now Cosenza.

[1446] The part which now constitutes the Farther Calabria.

[1447] Supposed to be the same as the Arconte, which falls into the

Crathis near Consentia. Nothing is known of the town here alluded to,

but it must not be confounded with Acherontia, the modern Acerenza, in

Apulia, which was a different place.

[1448] Supposed to have been the same as the modern port of Tropea.

[1449] The modern Marro.

[1450] Its ruins are supposed to be those seen near Palmi.

[1451] Probably the modern Melia stands on its site.

[1452] A town on the promontory of the same name, now called Scilla or

Sciglio, where the monster Scylla was fabled to have dwelt.

[1453] Homer says (Odyssey, xii. 124), that it had its name from the

nymph Cratæis, the mother of Scylla. It is probably the small stream

now called Fiume di Solano or dei Pesci.

[1454] The modern Capo di Cavallo, according to the older commentators;

but more recent geographers think that the Punta del Pezzo was the

point so called.

[1455] Now called Capo di Faro, from the lighthouse there erected.

[1456] Originally a Greek colony; a Roman colony was settled there by

Augustus. The modern city of Reggio occupies its site.

[1457] it extended south of Consentia to the Sicilian Straits, a

distance of 700 stadia. It produced the pitch for which Bruttium was so

celebrated. Its site still has the name of Sila.

[1458] Or White Rock, now Capo dell’ Armi. It forms the extremity of

the Apennine Chain.

[1459] The site of the city of Locri is supposed to have been that of

the present Motta di Burzano.

[1460] He says that they were called Epizephyrii, from the promontory

of Zephyrium, now the Capo di Burzano; but according to others, they

had this name only because their colony lay _to the west_ of their

native Greece. Strabo says that it was founded by the Locri Ozolæ, and

not the Opuntii, as most authors have stated.

[1461] This expression is explained by a reference to the end of the

First Chapter of the present Book.

[1462] Called by some the Canal de Baleares.

[1463] Or Southern Sea.

[1464] The modern Iviza and Formentera.

[1465] The Greek for which is πίτυς.

[1466] Less than two leagues in width.

[1467] The real distance is 34 miles from the northern point of

Iviza, called Punta de Serra, to the southern point of Formentera,

namely—across Iviza 22 miles, across the sea 5, and across Formentera 7.

[1468] Now Denia.

[1469] This is not correct: the distance is but 45 miles.

[1470] This is incorrect: taken at the very greatest, the distance is

only 522 stadia, eight to the mile.

[1471] The Xucar in Spain.

[1472] We more generally find it stated that the isle of Formentera,

one of the Pityussæ, was called Colubraria. He probably refers to the

islands of the group about twenty leagues from the coast of Spain, now

known by the name of Columbrete; but they are not near the Xucar, from

which, as well as from the Pityussæ, they are distant about seventy

miles. The latter islands are now generally considered as part of the

group of the Baleares.

[1473] Now Majorca and Minorca, with the ancient Pityussæ.

[1474] They served as mercenaries, first under the Carthaginians and

afterwards under the Romans. The ancient writers generally derive the

name of the people from their skill as archers—βαλεαρεῖς, from βάλλω,

“to throw”; but Strabo assigns to the name a Phœnician origin, as

being equivalent to the Greek γυμνῆται, “light-armed soldiers.” It is

probably from their light equipment that the Greeks gave to the islands

the name of Γυμνησίαι. Livy says that they used to go naked during the

summer.

[1475] Seventy miles is the real length of Majorca, and the

circumference is barely 250 miles.

[1476] Still called Palma. This and Pollentia were Roman colonies

settled by Metellus.

[1477] Now Pollenza.

[1478] Now Sineu on the Borga.

[1479] The circumference is about 110 miles, the length 32.

[1480] Now Ciudadela.

[1481] Now Port Mahon. The site of Sanisera, which was probably more

inland, is unknown.

[1482] Now Cabrera. The distance is not twelve, but nine miles.

[1483] Now called the Malgrates.

[1484] Now Dragonera.

[1485] Now El Torre.

[1486] As already mentioned he seems to confound Formentera, which was

called Ophiusa, with the present group of Columbrete, which islands

were probably called Colubraria.

[1487] The former editions mostly omit “nec”; and so make it that

Ebusus _does_ produce the rabbits. Certainly, it does seem more likely

that he would mention that fact than the absence of it, which even to

Pliny could not appear very remarkable.

[1488] D’Anville thinks that this is Metapina, but D’Astruc thinks that

the flat islands, called Les Tignes, are meant.

[1489] Now called Brescon, near Agde, according to D’Anville.

[1490] Who were of Greek origin, and so called them, because they stood

in a row, στοῖχος.

[1491] Now called Porqueroles. Prote signifies the first, Mese the

middle one, and Hypæa the one below the others.

[1492] Now Port Croz. D’Anville considers that Pliny is mistaken

in identifying this island with Pomponiana or Pompeiana, which he

considers to be the same with the peninsula now called Calle de Giens,

which lies opposite to Porqueroles.

[1493] Now called the Ile du Levant or du Titan. The group is called

the Islands of Hières or Calypso.

[1494] These are probably the little islands now known as Ratoneau,

Pomègue, and If. It has however been suggested that these names belong

to the islands of Hières already mentioned in the text, and that

Sturium is the present Porquerolles, Phœnice Port-Croz, and Phila,

Levant or Titan.

[1495] Now Antibes, or Antiboul in the Provençal idiom.

[1496] Now Saint Honorat de Lérins. The island of Lero is the present

Sainte Marguerite de Lérins, and is nearer to Antibes than Lerina.

The Lerinian monastery was much resorted to in the early ages of

Christianity.

[1497] In ancient Etruria, now Torre di Vada. The distance is, in

reality, about ninety miles.

[1498] Mariana was situate in the northern part of the island, and

the ruins of Aleria are still to be seen on the banks of the river

Tavignano, near the coast.

[1499] Probably near the present Monte Cristo.

[1500] He probably means the _group_ of islands called Formicole, which

are situate only thirty-three miles from Corsica, and not near sixty.

[1501] Now La Gorgona.

[1502] Both of these names meaning “Goat island.” It is now called

Capraia.

[1503] The modern Giglio.

[1504] Now Gianuto, opposite Monte Argentaro on the main-land.

[1505] These are probably the small islands now called Formiete or

Formicole di Grossetto, Troja, Palmajola, and Cervoli.

[1506] The modern Elba.

[1507] Now Pianosa.

[1508] Astura still retains its ancient name, Palmaria is the present

Palmarola, Sinonia is now Senone, and Pontiæ is the modern Isola di

Ponza.

[1509] Now Ventotiene.

[1510] Deriving its name from the Greek word προχυτὸς, meaning “poured

forth.”

[1511] The present island of Ischia, off the coasts of Campania. The

name of Pithecusæ appears to have been given by the Greeks to the two

islands of Ænaria and Prochyta collectively.

[1512] Ovid, like many other writers, mentions Inarime as though a

different island from Pithecusæ. See Met. B. xiv. l. 89. As is here

mentioned by Pliny, many persons derived the name “Pithecusæ” from

πίθηκος “an ape,” and, according to Strabo, “Aremus” was the Etrurian

name for an ape. Ovid, in the Metamorphoses, _loc. cit._, confirms this

tradition by relating the change of the natives into apes. The solution

of its name given by Pliny appears however extremely probable, that it

gained its name from its manufacture of πιθηκὰ, or earthen vessels.

Virgil is supposed to have coined the name of “Inarime.”

[1513] Now Posilippo. It is said to have derived its name from the

Greek παυσίλυπον, as tending to drive away care by the beauty of its

situation. Virgil was buried in its vicinity.

[1514] The modern Castel del’ Ovo.

[1515] Now Capri. Here Tiberius established his den of lustfulness

and iniquity. He erected twelve villas in the island, the remains of

several of which are still to be seen.

[1516] The distance between is hardly five miles.

[1517] These rocks appear at the present day to be nameless. The old

name seems to mean, the “Rabbit Warrens.”

[1518] Phintonis, according to Hardouin, is the modern Isola di Figo,

according to Mannert, Caprera. Cluver makes Fossæ to be the present

Isola Rossa, while Mannert considers it to be the same with Santa

Maddalena.

[1519] Ταφρὸς being the Greek for the Latin word “fossa,” the ordinary

meaning of which is an “excavation.”

[1520] Probably the Cape of Carbonara, from which however Africa is

distant only 121 miles, and the gulf of Gades or Cadiz 980.

[1521] Now Capo Falcone.

[1522] Now Asinara or Zavara, and Isola Piana.

[1523] Now called Santo Antiocho, off La Punta dell’ Ulga.

[1524] According to Cluver, the modern Coltelalzo.

[1525] The “Baths of Juno.” The identity of these islands does not

appear to have been ascertained.

[1526] Said by Pausanias to have been descended from persons who

escaped on the fall of Troy under the command of Iolaüs.

[1527] Of the town of Sulcis. Its ruins are probably those seen at the

village of Sulci, near the port Palma di Solo.

[1528] Their town was probably on the site of the present Iglesias.

[1529] Their town was probably either the present Napoli or Acqua di

Corsari.

[1530] Their town is probably indicated by the ruins on the river

Gavino.

[1531] Their town was Caralis, the present Cagliari.

[1532] Their town was probably Nora, the present Torre Forcadizo.

[1533] “At Libyso’s Tower.”

[1534] From the Greek ἴχνος, “a footstep.”

[1535] Now La Licosa, a small rocky island.

[1536] Now Torricella, Praca, and Brace, with other rocks.

[1537] Posidonius, quoted by Strabo, says 550.

[1538] Meaning that it comes from the Greek verb ῥηγνύμι, “to break.”

This is probably only a fanciful origin of the name.

[1539] The present Garofalo. At the present day small boats approach it

without danger.

[1540] In Chap. x. Pelorus is the modern Capo di Faro.

[1541] Now Capo di Passaro.

[1542] The present Capo di Boco Marsala.

[1543] Now Cape Bon. The real distance is but seventy-eight miles.

[1544] The following are more probably the correct distances: 150, 210,

and 230 miles.

[1545] Now Messina.

[1546] The modern Capo di Santo Alessio.

[1547] Now called Taormini; the remains of the ancient town are very

considerable.

[1548] Probably the present Alcantara.

[1549] The present Madonia and Monte di Mele.

[1550] Now called I Fariglioni.

[1551] In modern times called “Lognina Statione,” according to Hardouin.

[1552] The modern city of Catania stands on its site.

[1553] The Fiume di Santo Leonardo, according to Hardouin, but Mannert

says the river Lentini. Ansart suggests the Guarna Lunga.

[1554] Now Lentini. The ruins of Megaris are still to be seen,

according to Mannert.

[1555] Now the Porcaro.

[1556] The modern city of Siracosa.

[1557] See B. xxxi. c. 30, for particulars of this fountain.

[1558] According to Mirabella, these springs are in modern times called

Fonte di Canali, Cefalino, Fontana della Maddalena, Fonte Ciane, and

Lampismotta.

[1559] The modern Fonte Bianche. The Elorus, according to Hardouin, is

the modern Acellaro, according to Mannert, the Abisso.

[1560] The southern side.

[1561] Now the Maulo, or Fiume di Ragusa.

[1562] Still called Camarina. Scarcely any vestiges of the ancient city

now remain.

[1563] According to Hardouin the Fiume Salso; but according to

D’Anville and Mannert, the Fiume Ghiozzo.

[1564] Now Girgenti. Gigantic remains of the ancient city are still to

be seen.

[1565] See note [1572] in this page.

[1566] The Achates is the modern Belice, the Mazara retains its name,

and the Hypsa is now the Marsala.

[1567] So called by the Greeks from its abundant growth of parsley,

called by them σέλινον. Its remains are still to be seen at the spot

called Selenti.

[1568] Now Trapani. Some vestiges of its ancient mole are to be seen.

[1569] The present Monte San Juliano.

[1570] The great city of Palermo stands on its site. It was founded by

the Phœnicians.

[1571] The modern Solunto.

[1572] Himera was destroyed by the Carthaginians, B.C. 408, upon which

its inhabitants founded Thermæ, so called from its hot springs. This

was probably the colony of Thermæ mentioned above by Pliny, though

wrongly placed by him on the southern coast between Selinus and

Agrigentum. The modern town of Termini stands on the site of Thermæ;

remains of its baths and aqueduct are still to be seen. Himera stood

on a river of the same name, most probably the present Fiume Grande,

and Fazello is of opinion that the town was situate on the site now

occupied by the Torre di Bonfornello. Himera was the birth-place of the

poet Stesichorus.

[1573] Or Cæphalœdium. Some remains of it are to be seen at the spot

called Cefalu.

[1574] Probably on the site now occupied by the town of San Marco.

Fazello and Cluver however place Aluntium near San Filadelfo, where

some ruins were formerly visible, and regard San Marco as the site of

Agathyrna or Agathyrnum.

[1575] Probably situate near the church of Santa Maria at Tindari, now

the Capo di Mongioio.

[1576] Now called Melazzo.

[1577] Their city was Centuripa, on a hill S.W. of Ætna. The modern

Centorbi occupies its site, and some of its ruins may still be seen.

[1578] Netum probably stood on the spot now known as Noto Anticho.

[1579] The ruins of Segesta are supposed to be those near the river San

Bartolomeo, twelve miles south of Alcamo.

[1580] Asaro occupies its site.

[1581] A people dwelling at the foot of Mount Ætna, according to

D’Anville, at a place now called Nicolosi.

[1582] The people of Agyrium; the site of which is now called San

Filippo d’Argiro. Diodorus Siculus was a native of this place.

[1583] Acræ occupied a bleak hill in the vicinity of the modern

Pallazolo, where its ruins are still to be seen.

[1584] Their town was Bidis near Syracuse. The modern Bibino or San

Giovanni di Bidini is supposed to stand on its site.

[1585] The people of Cetaria, between Panormus and Drepanum. Its site

is unknown.

[1586] The people of Cacyrum, supposed to have stood on the site of

the modern Cassaro. The Drepanitani were so called from living on the

promontory of Drepanum.

[1587] The ruins near La Cittadella are probably those of Ergetium.

[1588] The people of Echetla. According to Faziello and Cluver its

ruins were those to be seen at the place called Occhiala or Occhula,

two miles from the town of Gran Michele.

[1589] The inhabitants of the city of Eryx, on the mountain of that

name, now San Giuliano. The ancient city stood probably half-way down

the mountain.

[1590] The town of Entella survived till the thirteenth century, when

it was destroyed by the Emperor Frederic II. The ruins were formerly to

be seen near Poggio la Reale.

[1591] Perhaps the people of Enna, once a famous city. According to

the story as related by Ovid and Claudian, it was from this spot that

Proserpine was carried off by Pluto. It stood on the same site as the

town of Castro Giovanni. This note may however be more applicable to

the Hennenses, mentioned below.

[1592] The ruins of Enguinum are probably those in the vicinity of the

modern town of Gangi.

[1593] The people of Gela, one of the most important cities of Sicily.

Its site was probably the modern Terranova, near the river Fiume di

Terranova.

[1594] The people probably of Galata or Galaria; on the site of which

the modern village of Galata is supposed to stand.

[1595] The people probably of Halesa; its ruins are supposed to be

those near the village of Tysa, near the river Pettineo.

[1596] The people of Hybla. There were three cities of this name in

Sicily, the Greater, the Less, and Hybla Megara. The name was probably

derived from the local divinity mentioned by Pausanias as being so

called.

[1597] The people of Herbita; the site of which was probably at

Nicosia, or else at Sperlinga, two miles south of it.

[1598] There were two places in Sicily known as Herbessus or

Erbessus—one near Agrigentum, the other about sixteen miles from

Syracuse, on the site, it is supposed, of the present Pantalica.

[1599] The people of Halicyæ, in the west of Sicily. The modern town of

Salemi is supposed to occupy its site.

[1600] The people of Adranum or Hadranum, a town famous for its temple

of the Sicilian deity Adranus. Its site is occupied by the modern town

of Aderno. The ruins are very considerable.

[1601] The people of Ietæ; the site of which town is said by Fazello to

be the modern Iato. The sites of the places previously mentioned cannot

be identified.

[1602] The site of their town is situate at the modern Mistretta, where

some ruins are still to be seen.

[1603] The site of their town was probably the present village of

Mandri Bianchi on the river Dittaino.

[1604] Probably the people of Motuca, mentioned by Ptolemy, now Modica.

[1605] Their town probably stood on the site of the present Mineo.

[1606] It has been suggested that these are the same as the people of

Tauromenium, said to have been a Naxian colony.

[1607] They are supposed to have dwelt on the site of the present Noara.

[1608] The ruins of the town of Petra are supposed to have been those

to be seen near Castro Novo, according to Mannert.

[1609] Fazello is of opinion that the present Colisano occupies the

site of the ancient Paropus.

[1610] The city of Phthinthias was peopled by the inhabitants of Gela,

by command of Phthinthias the despot of Agrigentum. Its ruins are

probably those seen in the vicinity of the modern Alicata.

[1611] The people of Selinus previously mentioned in p. 218.

[1612] Randazzo, at the foot of Ætna, is supposed to occupy the site of

the ancient Tissa.

[1613] The people of Triocala, now Troccoli, near Calata Bellota.

[1614] Zancle was the ancient Greek name of Messina, which was so

called from its similarity in shape to a sickle. The Messenian colony

of the Zanclæi probably dwelt in its vicinity.

[1615] Gaulos is the present Gozo, and Melita the important island of

Malta. The distance here mentioned is in reality only sixty-one miles

from Camerina.

[1616] Now Pantellaria.

[1617] The modern island of Maretimo.

[1618] Probably the present island of Limosa.

[1619] Galata still has the name of Calata, Lopadusa is the present

Lampedosa, and Æthusa, according to Mannert, is called Favignana.

[1620] Now Levanzo.

[1621] According to Mannert, this is the island Alicur, to the west of

the Æolian or Liparian islands. Ustica still retains its ancient name.

[1622] The least distance between these localities is forty-five miles.

[1623] There are now eleven, some of which are supposed to have risen

from the sea since the time of Pliny.

[1624] From Vulcan the god of fire, the Greek Hephæstus.

[1625] Now called the Great Lipara.

[1626] According to Solinus, c. vi., Æolus succeeded him. Its name

Melogonis was by some ascribed to its great produce of honey.

[1627] The shortest distance between these localities is forty-six

miles.

[1628] Now called Volcano.

[1629] Now Strongoli and Stromboli. It is the only one of these

mountains that is continually burning. Notwithstanding the dangers of

their locality, this island is inhabited by about fifty families.

[1630] Strabo makes the same mistake; the distance is twenty miles.

[1631] According to Hardouin and D’Anville this is the modern Saline,

but Mannert says Panaria. The geographers differ in assigning their

ancient names to the other three, except that Euonymos, from its name,

the “left-hand” island, is clearly the modern Lisca Bianca.

[1632] These are the Gulf of Locri, the Gulf of Scyllacium, and the

Gulf of Tarentum.

[1633] Now called the Sagriano, though some make it to be the modern

Alaro. The site of the town of Caulon does not appear to be known: it

is by some placed at Castel Vetere on the Alaro.

[1634] Said by Hardouin to be the modern Monasteraci or Monte Araci.

[1635] Supposed to have been situate on a hill near the modern Padula.

[1636] The modern Punta di Stilo, or “Point of the Column.”

[1637] The modern Gulf of Squillace.

[1638] Now Squillace.

[1639] Now the Gulf of Saint Eufemia.

[1640] “Hannibal’s Camp.” This was the seaport of Scyllacium, and its

site was probably near the mouth of the river Corace.

[1641] According to Strabo, B. vi., he intended to erect a high wall

across, and so divide it from the rest of Italy; but if we may judge,

from the use by Pliny of the word “intercisam,” it would seem that it

was his design to cut a canal across this neck of land.

[1642] According to Hardouin, the Carcines is the present river Corace,

the Crotalus the Alli, the Semirus the Simari, the Arocas the Crocchio,

and the Targines the Tacina.

[1643] The present Strongolo, according to D’Anville and Mannert.

[1644] The present Monte Monacello and Monte Fuscaldo are supposed to

form part of the range called Clibanus.

[1645] Meaning that it was sacred to Castor and Pollux. Such are the

changes effected by lapse of time that these two islands are now only

bleak rocks. The present locality of the other islands does not appear

to be known.

[1646] Now Capo di Colonne.

[1647] The real distance from Acroceraunium, now Capo Linguetta, is 153

miles, according to Ansart.

[1648] Or Crotona, one of the most famous Greek cities in the south of

Italy. No ruins of the ancient city, said by Livy to have been twelve

miles in circumference, are now remaining. The modern Cotrone occupies

a part of its site. Pythagoras taught at this place.

[1649] The modern Neto.

[1650] Now called Turi, between the rivers Crati and Sibari or Roscile.

[1651] A Greek town, famous for the inordinate love of luxury displayed

by its inhabitants, whence a voluptuary obtained the name of a

“Sybarite.” It was destroyed by the people of Crotona, who turned the

waters of the Crathis upon the town. Its site is now occupied by a

pestilential swamp.

[1652] A famous Greek city founded on the territory of the former

Ionian colony of Siris. The foundations of it may still be seen, it is

supposed, near a spot called Policoro, three miles from the sea. The

rivers are now called the Sinno and the Agri.

[1653] The modern Salandra or Salandrella, and the Basiento.

[1654] So called from its lying between the two seas. It was once a

celebrated Greek city, but was in ruins in the time of Pausanias. The

place called Torre di Mare now occupies its site.

[1655] The site of Aprustum is supposed to be marked by the village of

Argusto, near Chiaravalle, about five miles from the Gulf of Squillace.

Atina was situate in the valley of the Tanager, now the Valle di Diano.

The ruins of Atina, which are very extensive, are to be seen near the

village of Atena. Livy and Acron speak of Bantia as in Apulia, and not

in Lucania. An ancient abbey, Santa Maria di Vanze, still marks its

site.

[1656] The ruins of Eburi are supposed to be those between the modern

Eboli and the right bank of the Silarus. The remains of Grumentum, a

place of some importance, are still to be seen on the river Agri, half

a mile from the modern Saponara. Potenza occupies the site of ancient

Potentia.

[1657] The Sontini were probably situate on the river Sontia, now the

Sanza, near Policastro. The Sirini probably had their name from the

river Siris.

[1658] Volcentum was situate near the Silarus, probably on the spot now

called Bulcino or Bucino. The site of Numistro appears to be unknown.

[1659] In his work “De Originibus.”

[1660] Livy, B. viii., and Justin mention how that Alexander I. (in the

year B.C. 326) was obliged to engage under unfavourable circumstances

near Pandosia, on the Acheron, and fell as he was crossing the river;

thus accomplishing a prophecy of Dodona which had warned him to beware

of Pandosia and the Acheron. He was uncle to Alexander the Great, being

the brother of Olympias. The site of Pandosia is supposed to have been

the modern Castro Franco.

[1661] This word is understood in the text, and Ansart would have it to

mean that the “Gulf of Tarentum is distant,” &c., but, as he says, such

an assertion would be very indefinite, it not being stated what part of

the Gulf is meant. He therefore suggests that the most distant point

from Lacinium is meant; which however, according to him, would make but

117 miles straight across, and 160 by land. The city of Tarentum would

be the most distant point.

[1662] Messapus, a Bœotian, mentioned by Strabo, B. ix.

[1663] A son of Lycaon.

[1664] Of Lacinium and Acra Iapygia. About seventy miles seems to be

the real distance; certainly not, as Pliny says, 100.

[1665] The modern Taranto to Brindisi.

[1666] Probably situate at the further extremity of the bay on which

Tarentum stood.

[1667] According to D’Anville and Mannert, the modern Oria. Messapia is

the modern Mesagna.

[1668] The modern Santa Maria dell’ Alizza, according to D’Anville.

[1669] The modern Gallipoli, in the Terra di Otranto. The real distance

from Tarentum is between fifty and sixty miles.

[1670] The “Iapygian Point,” the present Capo di Santa Maria di Leuca.

[1671] Its site is occupied by the little village of Vaste near

Poggiordo, ten miles S.W. of Otranto. In the sixteenth century

considerable remains of Basta were still to be seen.

[1672] The modern Otranto stands on its site. In the fourth century it

became the usual place of passage from Italy to Greece, Apollonia, and

Dyrrhachium. Few vestiges of the ancient city are now to be seen.

[1673] Anciently Apollonia, in Illyria, now called Pallina or Pollona.

[1674] This was M. Terentius Varro, called “the most learned of the

Romans.” His design, here mentioned, seems however to have evinced

neither learning nor discretion.

[1675] Now called Soleto. The ruins of the ancient city, described by

Galateo as existing at Muro, are not improbably those of Fratuertium,

or, perhaps more rightly, Fratuentum.

[1676] The modern Lecce is supposed to occupy its site.

[1677] Called Valetium by Mela. Its ruins are still to be seen near San

Pietro Vernotico, on the road from Brindisi to Lecce. The site is still

called Baleso or Valesio.

[1678] Ansart takes this to be the modern village of Cavallo, on

the promontory of that name; but it is more probably the modern

Ceglie, situate on a hill about twelve miles from the Adriatic, and

twenty-seven miles west of Brindisi. Extensive ruins still exist there.

There was another town of the same name in the south of Apulia.

[1679] Now Brindisi. Virgil died here. The modern city, which is

an impoverished place, presents but few vestiges of antiquity. The

distance to Dyrrhachium is in reality only about 100 miles.

[1680] They occupied probably a portion of the modern Terra di Bari.

[1681] Said by Hardouin to be the modern Carouigna or Carovigni; but

Mannert asserts it to be the same as the modern Ruvo.

[1682] Or Gnatia, called by Strabo and Ptolemy a city of Apulia. It

was probably the last town of the Peucetians towards the frontiers of

Calabria. Horace, in the account of his journey to Brundusium (I. Sat.

i. 97-100), makes it his last halting-place, and ridicules a pretended

miracle shown by the inhabitants, who asserted that incense placed

on a certain altar was consumed without fire being applied. The same

story is referred to by Pliny, B. ii. c. 111, where he incorrectly

makes Egnatia a town of the Salentini. Its ruins are visible on the

sea-coast, about six miles S.E. of Monopali, and an old town still

bears the name of Torre d’Agnazzo.

[1683] Now Bari, a considerable city. In the time of Horace it was only

a fishing town. It probably had a considerable intercourse with Greece,

if we may judge from the remains of art found here.

[1684] It is difficult to identify these rivers, from the number of

small torrents between Brindisi and the Ofanto or Aufidus. According to

Mannert, the Pactius is the present Canale di Terzo.

[1685] An important city of Apulia, said to have been founded by

Diomedes. Horace alludes to its deficiency of water. The modern Canosa

is built on probably the site of the citadel of the ancient city, the

ruins of which are very extensive.

[1686] The ruins of this place are still to be seen at some little

distance from the coast, near the village of Salpi. The story about

Hannibal was very probably of Roman invention, for Justin and Frontinus

speak in praise of his continence and temperance. Appian however gives

some further particulars of this alleged amour.

[1687] The present Manfredonia has arisen from the decay of this town,

in consequence of the unhealthiness of the locality. Ancient Uria is

supposed to have occupied the site of Manfredonia, and the village of

Santa Maria di Siponto stands where Siponti stood.

[1688] Probably the Cervaro. Hardouin says the Candelaro.

[1689] The present Porto Greco occupies its site.

[1690] Still known as Gargano.

[1691] Probably the present Varano.

[1692] Now Lago di Lesina. The Frento is now called the Fortore.

[1693] To distinguish it from Teanum of the Sidicini, previously

mentioned.

[1694] Between the Tifernus and the Frento. Its remains are said to be

still visible at Licchiano, five miles from San Martino. The Tifernus

is now called the Biferno.

[1695] A people of Central Italy, occupying the tract on the east coast

of the peninsula, from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and from the

frontiers of Apulia to those of the Marrucini.

[1696] Strabo (B. vi.) refers to this tradition, where he mentions the

oracle of Calchas, the soothsayer, in Daunia in Southern Italy. Here

answers were given in dreams, for those who consulted the oracle had to

sacrifice a black ram, and slept a night in the temple, lying on the

skin of the victim.

[1697] The modern Lucera in the Capitanata.

[1698] The birth-place of Horace; now Venosa in the Basilicata.

[1699] The modern Canosa stands on the site of the citadel of ancient

Canusium, an Apulian city of great importance. The remains of the

ancient city are very considerable.

[1700] So called, it was said, in remembrance of Argos, the native city

of Diomedes. It was an Apulian city of considerable importance. Some

slight traces of it are still to be seen at a spot which retains the

name of Arpa, five miles from the city of Foggia.

[1701] The names of these two defunct cities were used by the Romans

to signify anything frivolous and unsubstantial; just as we speak of

“castles in the air,” which the French call “châteaux en Espagne.”

[1702] Livy and Ptolemy assign this place to Samnium Proper, as

distinguished from the Hirpini. It was a very ancient city of the

Samnites, but in the year B.C. 268, a Roman colony was settled there,

on which occasion, prompted by superstitious feelings, the Romans

changed its name Maleventum, which in their language would mean “badly

come,” to Beneventum or “well come.” The modern city of Benevento

still retains numerous traces of its ancient grandeur, among others a

triumphal arch, erected A.D. 114 in honour of the emperor Trajan.

[1703] The remains of Æculanum are to be seen at Le Grotte, one mile

from Mirabella. The ruins are very extensive.

[1704] There were probably two places called Aquilonia in Italy; the

remains of the present one are those probably to be seen at La Cedogna.

That mentioned by Livy, B. x. c. 38-43, was probably a different place.

[1705] These are supposed by some to be the people of Abellinum

mentioned in the first region of Italy. Nothing however is known of

these or of the Abellinates Marsi, mentioned below.

[1706] Æcæ is supposed to have been situate about nineteen miles from

Herdonia, and to have been on the site of the modern city of Troja,

an episcopal see. The Compsani were the people of Compsa, the modern

Conza; and the Caudini were the inhabitants of Caudium, near which

were the Fauces Caudinæ or “Caudine Forks,” where the Roman army was

captured by the Samnites. The site of this city was probably between

the modern Arpaja and Monte Sarchio; and the defeat is thought to have

taken place in the narrow valley between Santa Agata and Moirano, on

the road from the former place to Benevento, and traversed by the

little river Iselero. The enumeration here beginning with the Æclani

is thought by Hardouin to be of nations belonging to Apulia, and not

to the Hirpini. The Æclani, here mentioned, were probably the people

of the place now called Ascoli di Satriano, not far from the river

Carapella. Of the Aletrini and Atrani nothing appears to be known.

[1707] Probably the people of Affilæ, still called Affile, and seven

miles from Subiaco. Inscriptions and fragments of columns are still

found there.

[1708] The people of Atinum, a town of Lucania, situate in the upper

valley of the Tanager, now the Valle di Diano. Its site is ascertained

by the ruins near the village of Atena, five miles north of La Sala.

Collatia was situate on the Anio, now called the Teverone.

[1709] The ruins of the town of Canuæ are still visible at a place

called Canne, about eight miles from Canosa. The Romans were defeated

by Hannibal, on the banks of the Aufidus in its vicinity, but there is

considerable question as to the exact locality. The ruins of the town

are still considerable.

[1710] Forentum was the site of the present Forenza in the Basilicate.

It is called by Horace and Diodorus Siculus, Ferentum. The ancient town

probably stood on a plain below the modern one. Some remains of it are

still to be seen.

[1711] On the site of Genusium stands the modern Ginosa. The ruins of

the ancient city of Herdonea are still to be seen in the vicinity of

the modern Ordona, on the high road from Naples to Otranto. This place

witnessed the defeat by Hannibal of the Romans twice in two years.

[1712] The mention of the Hyrini, or people of Hyrium or Hyria, is

probably an error, as he has already mentioned Uria, the same place,

among the Daunian Apulians, and as on the sea-shore. See p. 228. It is

not improbably a corrupted form of some other name.

[1713] From the Frento, on the banks of which they dwelt.

[1714] Viesta, on the promontory of Gargano, is said to occupy the site

of the ancient Merinum.

[1715] According to Mannert, the modern town of Noja stands on the site

of ancient Netium.

[1716] They inhabited Ruvo, in the territory of Bari, according to

Hardouin.

[1717] Their town was Silvium; probably on the site of the modern

Savigliano.

[1718] According to D’Anville their town was Strabellum, now called

Rapolla.

[1719] Their town is supposed to have been on the site of the modern

Bovino, in the Capitanata.

[1720] The people of Apamestæ; probably on the site of the modern San

Vito, two miles west of Polignano.

[1721] The people of Butuntum, now Bitonto, an inland city of Apulia,

twelve miles from Barium, and five from the sea. No particulars of it

are known. All particulars too of most of the following tribes have

perished.

[1722] D’Anville places their city, Sturni, at the present Ostuni, not

far from the Adriatic, and fourteen leagues from Otranto.

[1723] The people of Aletium already mentioned.

[1724] Their town possibly stood on the site of the present village of

Veste, to the west of Castro. The Neretini were probably the people of

the present Nardo.

[1725] Probably the people of the town which stood on the site of the

present San Verato.

[1726] They occupied what is now called the Abruzzo Inferiore.

[1727] Now the Trigno.

[1728] On the site of the present Vasto d’Ammone, five miles south of

the Punta della Penna. There are numerous remains of the ancient city.

[1729] According to Strabo Buca bordered on the territory of Teanum,

which would place its site at Termoli, a seaport three miles from the

mouth of the Biferno or Tifernus. Other writers, however, following

Pliny, have placed it on the Punta della Penna, where considerable

remains were visible in the 17th century. Ortona still retains its

ancient name.

[1730] Now the Pescara.

[1731] The sites of their towns are unknown; but D’Anville supposes the

Higher or Upper Carentum to have occupied the site of the modern Civita

Burella, and the Lower one the Civita del Conte.

[1732] Teate is supposed to be the present Chieti.

[1733] The people of Corfinium, the chief city of the Peligni. It is

supposed to have remained in existence up to the tenth century. Its

ruins are seen near Pentima, about the church of San Pelino.

[1734] The site of Superæquum is occupied by the present Castel Vecchio

Subequo.

[1735] The people of Sulmo, a town ninety miles from Rome. It was the

birth-place of Ovid, and was famous for the coldness of its waters, a

circumstance mentioned by Ovid in his Tristia, B. iv. ch. x. l. 4. It

is now called Sulmona.

[1736] The people of Anxanum or Anxa, on the Sangro, now known as the

city of Lanciano; in the part of which, known as Lanciano Vecchio,

remains of the ancient town are to be seen.

[1737] The people probably of Atina in Samnium, which still retains the

same name.

[1738] They probably took their name from the Lake Fucinus, the modern

Lago Fucino, or Lago di Celano.

[1739] They dwelt in a town on the verge of Lake Fucinus, known as

Lucus.

[1740] The ruins of Marruvium may still be seen at Muria, on the

eastern side of Lake Fucinus.

[1741] It has been suggested, from the discovery of a sepulchral

inscription there, that Capradosso, about nine miles from Rieti in the

upper valley of the Salto, is the site of ancient Cliternia. The small

village of Alba retains the name and site of the former city of Alba

Fucensis, of which there are considerable remains.

[1742] The modern town of Carsoli is situate three miles from the site

of ancient Carseoli, the remains of which are still visible at Civita

near the Ostoria del Cavaliere. Ovid tells us that its climate was cold

and bleak, and that it would not grow olives, though fruitful in corn.

He also gives some other curious particulars of the place.—Fasti, B.

iv. l. 683 _et seq._

[1743] The modern Civita Sant Angelo retains nearly its ancient name as

that of its patron saint. It is situate on a hill, four miles from the

Adriatic, and south of the river Matrinus, which separated the Vestini

from the territories of Adria and Picenum.

[1744] The village of Ofena, twelve miles north of Popoli, is supposed

to retain the site of ancient Aufina. Numerous antiquities have been

found here.

[1745] Cato in his ‘Origines’ stated that they were so called from the

fact of their being descended from the Sabines.

[1746] The site of the town of Bovianum is occupied by the modern

city of Bojano; the remains of the walls are visible. Mommsen however

considers Bojano to be the site of only Bovianum Undecumanorum, or

“of the Eleventh Legion,” and considers that the site of the ancient

Samnite city of Bovianum Vetus is the place called Piettrabondante,

near Agnone, twenty miles to the north, where there appear to be the

remains of an ancient city.

[1747] The people of Aufidena, a city of northern Samnium, in the upper

valley of the Sagrus or Sagro. Its remains, which show it to have been

a place of very great strength, are to be seen near the modern village

of Alfidena, on a hill on the left bank of the modern Sangro.

[1748] The people of Esernia, now Isernia.

[1749] The people of Ficulia or Ficolea, a city of ancient Latium

on the Via Nomentana. It is supposed that it was situate within the

confines of the domain of Cesarini, and upon either the hill now called

Monte Gentile, or that marked by the Torre Lupara.

[1750] Sæpinum is supposed to be the same with the modern Supino or

Sipicciano.

[1751] The ruins of the ancient Sabine city of Amiternum are still

visible at San Vittorino, a village about five miles north of Aquila.

Considerable remains of antiquity are still to be seen there.

[1752] The people of Cures, an ancient city of the Sabines, to the left

of the Via Salaria, about three miles from the left bank of the Tiber,

and twenty-four from Rome. It was the birth-place of Numa Pompilius.

Its site is occupied by the present villages of Correse and Arci, and

considerable remains of the ancient city are still to be seen.

[1753] Nothing is known of this place; but it has been suggested that

it stood in the neighbourhood of Forum Novum (or ‘New Market’), next

mentioned, the present Vescovio.

[1754] This Interamna must not be confounded with Interamna Lirinas,

mentioned in C. 9, nor Interamna Nartis, mentioned in C. 19. It was a

city of Picenum in the territory of the Prætutii. The city of Teramo

stands on its site; and extensive remains of the ancient city are still

in existence.

[1755] From their town, Norsia in the duchy of Spoleto is said to

derive its name.

[1756] The people of Nomentum, now La Mentana.

[1757] The people of Reate, now Rieti, below Mursia.

[1758] The people of Trebulæ Mutuscæ, said to have stood on the site

of the present Monte Leone della Sabina, below Rieti. This place

is mentioned in the seventh Æneid of Virgil, as the “Olive-bearing

Mutuscæ.”

[1759] Their town was Trebula Suffena, on the site of the present

Montorio di Romagna. The Tiburtes were the people of Tibur, the modern

Tivoli; and the Tarinates were the inhabitants of Tarinum, now Tarano.

[1760] The people of Cominium, the site of which is uncertain. It

is supposed that there were three places of this name. One Cominium

is mentioned in the Samnite wars as being about twenty miles from

Aquilonia, while Cominium Ceritum, probably another place, is spoken

of by Livy in his account of the second Punic War. The latter, it is

suggested, was about sixteen miles north-west of Beneventum, and on the

site of the modern Cerreto. The Comini here mentioned by Pliny, it is

thought, dwelt in neither of the above places. The sites of the towns

of many of the peoples here mentioned are also equally unknown.

[1761] Solinus, B. ii., also states, that this place was founded by

Marsyas, king of the Lydians. Hardouin mentions that in his time the

remains of this town were said to be seen on the verge of the lake near

Transaco.

[1762] From the Greek σέβεσθαι “to worship.”

[1763] The river Velinus, now Velino, rising in the Apennines, in

the vicinity of Reate, overflowed its banks and formed several small

lakes, the largest of which was called Lake Velinus, now Pie di Lugo or

Lago, while a smaller one was called Lacus Reatinus, now Lago di Santa

Susanna. In order to carry off these waters, a channel was cut through

the rocks by Curius Dentatus, the conqueror of the Sabines, by means of

which the waters of the Velinus were carried through a narrow gorge to

a spot where they fall from a height of several hundred feet into the

river Nar. This fall is now known as the Fall of Terni or the Cascade

Delle Marmore.

[1764] Still called Monte Fiscello, near the town of Civita Reale.

Virgil calls the Nar (now the Nera), “Sulphureâ Nar albus aquâ,” “The

white Nar with its sulphureous waters.”—Æneid, vii. 517.

[1765] A Sabine divinity said to have been identical with Victory.

The Romans however made her the goddess of leisure and repose, and

represented her as being worshiped by the husbandmen at harvest home,

when they were “vacui,” or at leisure. She is mentioned by Ovid in

the Fasti, B. vi. l. 307. The grove here alluded to was one of her

sanctuaries.

[1766] The modern Teverone, which rises near Tervi or Trevi.

[1767] A town of the Æqui, now known as Subiaco. In its vicinity was

the celebrated villa of Claudius and Nero, called the Villa Sublacencis.

[1768] This was a town of the Sabines between Reate and Interocrea,

in the vicinity of a small lake of the same name. It was a mere pool,

according to Dionysius, being but 400 feet in diameter. It is supposed

that the floating island was formed from the incrustations of carbonate

of lime on the banks, which, becoming detached, probably collected

in the middle. The lake still exists, but the floating island has

disappeared. There are some fine ruins of Roman baths in the vicinity

of the lake.

[1769] It was a custom with the early Italian nations, especially the

Sabines, in times of danger and distress, to vow to the deity the

sacrifice of all the produce of the ensuing spring, that is, of the

period from the first day of March till the last day of April. It is

probable that in early times human sacrifices were the consequence;

but at a later period the following custom was adopted instead. The

children were allowed to grow up, and in the spring of their twentieth

or twenty-first year were with covered faces driven across the frontier

of their native country, to go whithersoever chance or the guidance of

the deity might lead them. The Mamertini in Sicily were said to have

had this origin.

[1770] Now the Aterno, which falls into the sea at Atri or Ortona.

[1771] A famous city of Etruscan origin, which still retains its name

of Adria or Atri. It had very considerable intercourse with Greece,

and there are extensive remains of antiquity in its vicinity, towards

Ravegnano. The river is still called the Vomano.

[1772] These places are again mentioned in B. xiv. c. 8.

[1773] Or “New Castle.” It probably occupied the site of the now

deserted town of Santo Flaviano, near the banks of the river Tordino,

the Batinus of Pliny, and below the modern town of Giulia Nova.

[1774] The river still has the name of Tronto; Porto di Martin Scuro

occupies the site of the town.

[1775] Who had crossed over as colonists from the opposite coast of

Illyricum.

[1776] According to Mannert the river Tesino is the same as the Albula,

and Tervium is the modern town of Grotte a Mare; but D’Anville makes

the latter to be the town of Cupra next mentioned.

[1777] This was called Cupra Maritima, to distinguish it from the town

of the Cuprenses Montani, afterwards mentioned. It is said by Strabo to

have had its name from the Tyrrhenian name of Juno. From the discovery

of an inscription belonging to her temple here, there is little doubt

that D’Anville is right in his suggestion that the site of Cupra is at

Grotte a Mare, eight miles from the mouth of the Truentus or Tronto.

[1778] “The Fortress of the Firmani,” five miles from Firmum, an

important city of Picenum. The Fortress was situate at the mouth of the

Leta, and was the port of the city. It is still called Porto di Fermo.

[1779] Often called “Asculum Picenum” to distinguish it from Asculum

in Apulia. It was a place of considerable strength, and played a great

part in the Social War. It is unknown at what period it became a Roman

colony. The modern city of Ascoli stands on its site.

[1780] Now called Monte Novano, according to D’Anville and Brotier.

[1781] Its site is supposed to have been that of the small town called

Santo Elpidio a Mare, four miles from the sea, and the same distance

north of Fermo. The remains of Potentia are supposed to be those in the

vicinity of the modern Porto di Recanati. Numana is supposed to be the

modern Umana, near the Cuscione, where, in the seventeenth century,

extensive ruins were to be seen.

[1782] It still retains its ancient name, which was derived from the

Greek ἀγκὼν “the elbow,” it being situate on a promontory which forms

a curve, and almost encloses the port. The promontory is still called

Monte Comero. A triumphal arch, erected in honour of Trajan, who

constructed a new mole for the port, is still in fine preservation, and

there are remains of an amphitheatre.

[1783] The modern city of Osimo stands on the site of Auximum, about

twelve miles south-west of Ancona. Numerous inscriptions, statues, and

other remains have been found there.

[1784] Cluver conjectures that Beregra stood at Civitella di Tronto,

ten miles north of Teramo; but nothing further relative to it is known.

Cingulum was situate on a lofty mountain; the modern town of Cingoli

occupies its site.

[1785] “The mountaineers.” They inhabited Cupra Montana, which is

supposed to have stood on the same site as the modern Ripa Transone.

[1786] The people of Falaria or Faleria. There are considerable remains

of this town about a mile from the village of Falerona, among which a

theatre and amphitheatre are most conspicuous. The remains of Pausula

are supposed to be those seen on the Monte dell’ Olmo. The town of

the Ricinenses is supposed to have been on the banks of the Potenza,

two miles from Macerata, where some remains were to be seen in the

seventeenth century.

[1787] Septempeda is supposed to have occupied the site of the modern

San Severino, on the river Potenza. Tollentinum or Tollentura was

probably on the site of the modern Tolentino. The town of the Treienses

is supposed to have occupied a site near the modern San Severino, in

the vicinity of Montecchio.

[1788] A colony of the people of Pollentia was established at Urbs

Salvia, occupying the site of the modern Urbisaglia on the bank of the

Chiento.

[1789] Cisalpine Gaul was so called because the inhabitants adopted the

use of the Roman toga.

[1790] This fanciful derivation would make their name to come from the

Greek ὄμβρος “a shower.”

[1791] Now the Esino.

[1792] So called from the Galli Senones. The modern city of Sinigaglia

occupies its site. The river Metaurus is still called the Metauro.

[1793] “The Temple of Fortune.” At this spot the Flaminian Way joined

the road from Ancona and Picenum to Ariminum. The modern city of Fano

occupies the site, but there are few remains of antiquity.

[1794] The modern Pesaro occupies the site of the town; the river is

called the Foglia.

[1795] This was a flourishing town of Umbria. Augustus showed it

especial favour and bestowed on it the Grove and Temple of Clitumnus,

though at twelve miles’ distance from the town. The modern town of

Spello occupies its site, and very extensive remains of antiquity

are still to be seen. It probably received two Roman colonies, as

inscriptions mention the “Colonia Julia Hispelli” and the “Colonia

Urbana Flavia.” It is considered probable that Hispellum, rather than

Mevania, was the birth-place of the poet Propertius. Tuder is supposed

to have occupied the site of the modern Todi, on the Tiber.

[1796] The people of Ameria, an important and flourishing city of

Umbria. There are still remains of the ancient walls; the modern town

of Amelia occupies its site.

[1797] The site of Attidium is marked by the modern village of Attigio,

two miles south of the city of Fabriano, to which the inhabitants of

Attidium are supposed to have migrated in the middle ages.

[1798] The people of Asisium. The modern city of Assisi (the

birth-place of St. Francis) occupies its site. There are considerable

remains of the ancient town.

[1799] The people of Arna, the site of which is now occupied by the

town of Civitella d’Arno, five miles east of Perugia. Some inscriptions

and other objects of antiquity have been found here.

[1800] The people of Æsis, situate on the river of the same name. It is

still called Iesi. Pliny, in B. xi. c. 97, mentions it as famous for

the excellence of its cheeses.

[1801] The people of Camerinum, a city of Umbria. The present Camerino

occupies its site. Its people were among the most considerable of

Umbria. The site of the Casuentillani does not appear to be known.

[1802] The people of Carsulæ, an Umbrian town of some importance. Its

ruins are still visible about half way between San Germino and Acqua

Sparta, ten miles north of Narni. Holsten states that the site was

still called Carsoli in his time, and there existed remains of an

amphitheatre and a triumphal arch in honour of Trajan. Nothing seems to

be known of the Dolates.

[1803] The people of Fulginium. From Cicero we learn that it was a

municipal town. The modern city of Foligno has risen on its site.

An inscription discovered here has preserved the name of Fulginia,

probably a local divinity.

[1804] The people of Forum Flaminii, situated on the Flaminian Way,

where it first entered the Apennines, three miles from Fulginium. It

was here that the Emperors Gallus and Volusianus were defeated and

slain by Æmilianus, A.D. 256. The ruins at the spot called Giovanni pro

Fiamma mark its site. The site of Forum Julii appears to be unknown, as

also that of Forum Brentani.

[1805] The people of Forum Sempronii, the only town in the valley of

the Metaurus. The modern city of Fossombrone, two miles distant, has

thence taken its name. Considerable vestiges of the ancient town are

still to be seen. The battle in which Hasdrubal was defeated by the

Roman consuls Livius and Nero, B.C. 207, was probably fought in its

vicinity.

[1806] The people of Iguvium, an ancient and important town of Umbria.

Its site is occupied by the modern city of Gubbio. Interamna on the Nar

has been previously mentioned.

[1807] The people of the town of Mevania, now called Bevagna, in the

duchy of Spoleto. The Mevanionenses were the people of Mevanio, or

Mevaniolæ, in the vicinity of Mevania, and thought by Cluver to be the

modern Galeata.

[1808] Their town was Matilica, which still retains that name. It is

situate in the Marches of Ancona.

[1809] Their town still retains the name of Narni.

[1810] Their town was surnamed Favonia and Camellaria, to distinguish

it from several others of the same name. The present Nocera stands on

its site.

[1811] The people of Ocriculum, now Otricoli, previously mentioned.

[1812] According to Hardouin, the ruins of Ostra are those near Monte

Nuovo, now Sinigaglia, but D’Anville thinks that the modern Corinaldo

marks its site.

[1813] Nothing is known of the Plestini, nor yet of the Pitulani, who

seem to have been a different people to those mentioned in the First

Region.

[1814] The town of Sentis, according to D’Anville and Mannert, was in

the vicinity of the modern town of Sasso Ferrato.

[1815] The people of Sarsina, an important town of Umbria, famous as

being the birth-place of the comic poet Plautus. It is now called

Sassina, on the Savio.

[1816] The people of Spoletum, now Spoleto. It was a city of Umbria on

the Via Flaminia, colonized by the Romans B.C. 242. In the later days

of the Empire it was taken by Totilas, and its walls destroyed. They

were however restored by Narses.

[1817] The people of Suasa; the remains of which, according to

D’Anville and Mannert, are those seen to the east of the town of San

Lorenzo, at a place called Castel Leone.

[1818] The monastery of Sestino is supposed to stand on the site of

Sestinum, their town, at the source of the river Pesaro.

[1819] The site of their town is denoted by the modern Sigello in the

Marches of Ancona.

[1820] Their town is supposed to have been also situate within the

present Marches of Ancona, where they join the Duchy of Spoleto.

[1821] Their town was Trebia. The modern Trevi stands on its site.

[1822] The people of Tuficum, which Holsten thinks was situate between

Matelica and Fabrianum, on the river called the Cesena.

[1823] The site of Tifernum Tiberinum is occupied by the present Citta

di Castello, and that of Tifernum Metaurense, or “on the Metaurus,” by

Sant Angelo in Vado in the Duchy of Urbino. The first-named place was

in the vicinity of the estates of the Younger Pliny.

[1824] D’Anville and Mannert are of opinion that Urbania on the

Metaurus, two leagues south-east of Urbino, marks the site of their

town. The Hortenses probably dwelt on the site of the present Urbino.

[1825] The site of their town was probably the present Bettona. The

site of the towns of the peoples next mentioned is unknown.

[1826] Nothing is known of its position. There were cities in Campania

and Cisalpine Gaul also called Acerræ. The first has been mentioned

under the First Region. Of the other places and peoples mentioned in

this Chapter no particulars seem to have come down to us.

[1827] Now the Conca. It is called “rapax Crustumium” by Lucan, B. ii.

l. 406.

[1828] One of the most important cities of Umbria. It played a

conspicuous part in most of the internal wars of the Romans. The modern

city of Rimini which stands on its site, still retains two striking

monuments of its grandeur; the Roman bridge of marble, which crosses

the river Ariminus, erected by Augustus and Tiberius, and a triumphal

arch of marble, erected in honour of Augustus. The river Ariminus is

now called the Marocchia, and the Aprusa is the Ausa.

[1829] A papal decree, issued in 1756, declared the river Lusa to

have been the ancient Rubicon, but the more general opinion is that

the Pisatello, a little to the north of it, has better claims to that

honour. On the north bank of the Rubicon a pillar was placed by a

decree of the Senate, with an inscription giving notice that whoever

should pass in arms into the Roman territory would be deemed an enemy

to the state. It is especially celebrated in history by Cæsar’s passage

across it at the head of his army, by which act he declared war against

the republic. See Lucan, B. i. l. 200-230.

[1830] The Sapis is the modern Savio, or Rio di Cesena; the Vitis is

the Bevano, and the Anemo is the Roncone.

[1831] Strabo and Zosimus however state that it was first founded by

the Thessalians. Ravenna first came into notice on being made one of

the two chief stations of the Roman fleet. The harbour which was made

for it was called “Classes,” and between it and Ravenna sprang up

the town of Cæsarea. Though not deemed unhealthy, it lay in a swampy

district. Theodoric made it the capital of the kingdom of the Goths.

The modern city stands on the site of the ancient town. The river

Bedesis is now called the Montone.

[1832] No remains of it are extant; but it is supposed that it stood

near the entrance of the Lagunes of Comacchio.

[1833] The modern Bologna stands on its site, and there are but few

remains of antiquity to be seen.

[1834] He probably means only the Etruscan cities north of the

Apennines.

[1835] The modern town of Brescello occupies its site. Here the Emperor

Otho put an end to his life on learning the defeat of his troops by

Vitellius. It appears to have been a strong fortress in the time of the

Lombard kings.

[1836] The modern Modena stands on its site. It was famous in the

history of the civil wars after Cæsar’s death. Decimus Brutus was

besieged here by M. Antonius, in the years B.C. 44 and 43, and under

its walls the consuls Hirtius and Pansa were slain. Its vicinity, like

that of Parma, was famous for the excellence of its wool.

[1837] This was a Roman colony, which was enlarged by Augustus, and

from him received the name of Colonia Julia Augusta. It was called,

after the fall of the Western Empire, Chrysopolis or the “Golden City.”

The modern city of Parma occupies its site.

[1838] A Roman colony. The present city of Piacenza stands on its site.

[1839] It still retains the name of Cesena, and is a considerable

place. After the fall of the Western Empire it was used as a fortress

of great strength. We shall find Pliny again mentioning it in B. xiv.

c. 6, as famous for the goodness of its wines, a reputation which

it still maintains. The name of Claterna, once a municipal town of

importance, is still retained in part by a small stream which crosses

the road nine miles from Bologna, and is called the Quaderna. An old

church and a few houses, called Santa Maria di Quaderna, probably mark

the site of the vicinity of the town, which was situate on the high

road.

[1840] This Forum Clodii is said by D’Anville to be the modern

Fornocchia. Forum Livii is supposed to have occupied the site of the

present city of Forli. Forum Popili or Forli Piccolo occupies the site

of Forum or Foro Popili.

[1841] This place is supposed to have stood on the spot where the

episcopal town of Bertinoro now stands. In inscriptions it is called

Forodruentinorum. Forum Cornelii, said to have been so called from the

Dictator Sylla, occupied the site of the modern town of Imola. The poet

Martial is said to have resided for some time in this town.

[1842] The people of Faventia, now Faenza. Pliny, B. xix. c. i., speaks

of the whiteness of its linen, for the manufacture of which it was

celebrated. At this place Carbo and Norbanus were defeated with great

loss by Metellus, the partisan of Sylla, in B.C. 82.

[1843] The people of Fidentia. The present Borga di San Donnino stands

on its site, which is between Parma and Placentia, fifteen miles from

the former city.

[1844] Cluver thinks that their town was on the site of the modern

Castel Bondino.

[1845] So named after Æmilius Lepidus. The people of Regium Lepidum,

the site of whose town is occupied by the modern Reggio.

[1846] Solonatium is supposed to have had the site of the modern Citta

di Sole or Torre di Sole.

[1847] Nothing certain is known of this people or their town, but it is

thought by Rezzonico that by this name were meant those who occupied

the wood-clad heights of the Apennines, above Modena and Parma. Cicero

mentions a Saltus Gallicanus as being a mountain of Campania, but that

is clearly not the spot meant here.

[1848] Their town is thought to have stood on the same site as the

modern Tenedo.

[1849] Their town was perhaps on the same site as the modern Villac, on

the river Nura.

[1850] The modern city of Ombria probably stands on the site of Urbana,

their town, of which considerable remains are still to be seen.

[1851] These and the Senones were nations of Cisalpine Gaul. The Boii

emigrated originally from Transalpine Gaul, by the Penine Alps, or

the Pass of Great St. Bernard. They were completely subdued by Scipio

Nasica in B.C. 191, when he destroyed half of their population, and

deprived them of nearly half of their lands. They were ultimately

driven from their settlements, and established themselves in the modern

Bohemia, which from them takes its name. The Senones, who had taken the

city of Rome in B.C. 390, were conquered and the greater part of them

destroyed by the Consul Dolabella in B.C. 283.

[1852] The Po, which rises in Monte Viso in Savoy.

[1853] Already mentioned in C. 7 of the present Book.

[1854] Ovid in his account of the adventure of Phaëton (Met. B. ii.)

states that he fell into the river Padus.

[1855] The Tanarus is still called the Tanaro. The Trebia, now the

Trebbia, is memorable for the defeat on its banks of the Romans by

Hannibal, B.C. 218. The Incia is the modern Enza or Lenza, the Tarus

the Taro, the Gabellus the Secchia, the Scultenna the Panaro, and the

Rhenus the Reno.

[1856] The Stura still has the same name; the Orgus is the modern

Orco. The streams called Duriæ are known as the Dora Baltea and the

Dora Riparia; the Sessites is the Sesia, the Ticinus the Tessino, the

Lambrus the Lambro, the Addua the Adda, the Ollius the Oglio, and the

Mincius the Menzo.

[1857] This seems to be the meaning of “gravis terræ,” unless it

signifies “pressing heavily upon the land,” and so cutting out channels

for its course. He has previously stated that, though rapid, it is not

in the habit of carrying away its banks. See a very able article on the

question whether the name Eridanus belonged originally to this river

or to some other in the north of Europe, in Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of

Ancient Geography under the word “Eridanus.”

[1858] That is to say, the canal made by Augustus was so called.

[1859] It was on this occasion that, after a stay of only a few days

in Britain, he quitted the island, returned to Rome, and celebrated

a splendid triumph. This outlet of the Po has now the name of Po di

Primero.

[1860] Now the Santerno, noted for the sluggishness of its waters.

[1861] The Ostium Caprasiæ is now called the Porto Interito di Bell’

Ochio, the Ostium Sagis the Porto di Magnavacca; Volane, or Volana, is

the south main branch of the river. The Ostia Carbonaria, mentioned

below, was the north main branch, subdivided into several small

branches; and the Fossæ or Fossiones Philistinæ connected the river, by

means of the Tartarus, with the Athesis.

[1862] The reading is doubtful here, and even this, which is perhaps

the best, appears to be corrupt; for it is difficult to conceive how

all the mouths previously mentioned could have been upon one canal, and

besides it would seem that Olane was one of the natural mouths of the

river.

[1863] More generally Adria, from which, as Pliny says, the Adriatic

takes its name. Either a Greek, or, what is more probable, as Pliny

states, an Etruscan colony, it became the principal emporium of trade

with the Adriatic, in consequence of which it was surrounded with

canals and other works to facilitate its communications with other

rivers. It is still called Adria, and in its vicinity to the south,

considerable remains of the ancient city are still to be seen.

[1864] So called from the Philistæi, said to have been the ancient

inhabitants of the spot. They are now called the Bocca della Gnoca, the

Bocca della Scovetta, the Busa delle Tole, the Sbocco dell’ Asinino,

&c. The Ostia Carbonaria and the Fossæ Philistinæ were to the north of

the ones previously mentioned.

[1865] He seems to confound the Fosses of Philistina with the Tartarus

(now Tartaro). That river however connected the Fosses of Philistina

with the Athesis, now the Adige.

[1866] Now the Bacchiglione.

[1867] The modern Brondolo.

[1868] Now Chioggia, formed by the rivers Brenta and Brentella.

Hardouin thinks the Clodian Canal to be the same as the modern Fossa

Paltana.

[1869] Now Monteu di Po, below Chevasso, mentioned in the 7th Chapter.

[1870] This place is supposed to have been situate in the vicinity of

the modern Saluzzo, on the north bank of the Po. Segusio occupied the

site of the modern Susa.

[1871] Augusta of the Taurini. The present city of Turin stands on its

site. It was made a Roman colony by Augustus. With the exception of

some inscriptions, Turin retains no vestiges of antiquity.

[1872] The present city of Aosta occupies its site. This was also a

Roman colony founded by Augustus, after he had subdued the Salassi. It

was, as Pliny says in C. 5, the extreme point of Italy to the north.

The remains of the ancient city are of extreme magnificence.

[1873] The Grecian pass of the Alps was that now known as the

Little St. Bernard; while the Penine pass was the present Great St.

Bernard. Livy in his History, B. xxi. c. 38, points out the error of

taking these mountains to have derived their name from the Pœni or

Carthaginians. There is no doubt that they took their name from the

Celtic word signifying a mountain, which now forms the “Pen” of the

Welsh and the “Ben” of the Scotch.

[1874] Now called Ivrea or Lamporeggio, at the entrance of the valley

of the Salassi, the present Val d’Aosta. There are some remains of the

ancient town to be seen.

[1875] The present town of Vercelli stands on its site.

[1876] Now called Novara, in the Duchy of Milan.

[1877] It became a Roman municipal town, but owes its greatness to the

Lombard kings who made it their capital, and altered the name to Papia,

now Pavia.

[1878] “Pompey’s Praises.” The present Lodi Vecchio marks its site.

[1879] It was the capital of the Insubres, a Gallic nation, and was

taken by the Romans in B.C. 222, on which it became a municipium and

Roman colony. On the division of the empire by Diocletian, it became

the residence of his colleague Maximianus, and continued to be the

abode of the Emperors of the West till it was plundered by Attila, who

transferred the seat of government to Ravenna. It afterwards became the

capital of the kingdom of the Ostro-Goths, and was again sacked by the

Goths in A.D. 539, and its inhabitants put to the sword. The present

city, known to us as Milan, contains no remains of antiquity.

[1880] The modern Como and Bergamo stand on their sites.

[1881] From its name, signifying the “market of Licinius,” it would

appear to be of Roman origin. Its site is supposed to have been at a

place called Incino, near the town of Erba, between Como and Lecco,

where inscriptions and other antiquities have been found.

[1882] Deriving it from the Greek ὄρος, “a mountain,” and βίος, “life.”

[1883] “Etiamnum prodente se altius quam fortunatius situm.” Hardouin

seems to think that “se” refers to Cato, and that he informs us to that

effect; but to all appearance, it relates rather to the town, which

even yet, by its ruins, showed that it was perched too high among the

mountains to be a fertile spot.

[1884] The district of the Veneti. These people, taking refuge in the

adjoining islands in the fifth century to escape the Huns under Attila,

founded the modern city of Venice.

[1885] Now called the Sile, which flows past Trevigio or Treviso.

[1886] The mountainous district in the vicinity of Tarvisium, the

modern Treviso.

[1887] Situate in a marsh or lagune on the river Sile. It became a

Roman colony after Pliny’s time, under the Emperor Trajan. Its villas

are described by Martial as rivalling those of Baiæ. The Emperor Verus

died here A.D. 169. The modern village of Altino is a very impoverished

place. The Liquentia is now called the Livenza.