PIKA.
African: allied to KAREKARE.
PIKUNCHE.
American: tribes of Araucans; same as PUELCHE.
PILU, _see_ PELEW.
PIMA.
American: spoken in Sonora and U. California; it is closely allied to
EUDEVE or HEVE, and is also called NEVOME. Grammar by Smith, 1862.
⁂ In Sonora the Pima area is divided into the ALTA, “upper,” and
BAJA, “lower,” Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with
those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila. R. G. L.
PINALENO, PINOL.
American: dialect of ATHABASKAN spoken in N. Mexico, and classed as
APACHE.
PINDAREES.
Roving tribes of Hindustan.
PINEGORINE.
Australian: dialect of GOULBURN. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
PINOCO.
American: classed as CHIQUITO.
PINOL, _see_ PINALENO.
PIQUA.
AMERICAN: tribe of Shawnees.
PIRINDA.
AMERICAN: a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico. _See_ TARASKA.
PIS.
A dialect of the Carolines, classed as MICRONESIAN.
PISKAW, PISCOUS, PISKWAUS.
American: classed by Hale in the N. branch of SELISH. Vocaby., “Amer.
Ethnol.,” vol. ii., 118.
PITAN, _see_ PATANI.
PLAAU.
Native name for SHAN.
PLATT-DEUTSCH, _under_ D.
PLAY.
Indo-Chinese: name for the KAREN.
POCOMAM, POCONCHE.
American: same as POKOMAN. _See_ MAME.
POENULUS.
LATIN: a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists
from its so-called PUNIC dialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald,
Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.
POGGY (PAGEI).
MALAYAN: dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.
POIGNAVI, _see_ BANIWA.
POITOU, POITEVINE.
_Patois_ of FRENCH. Vocaby. in “Mém. de l’Acad. Celtique,” vol. iii.
POJUAQUE.
AMERICAN: San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.
POKOMAM, POKOMAN, POKONCHE, _see_ MAME.
POLABIAN, POLATIAN.
Wendic: (1) Polatian, extinct dialect of SLAVONIC.
(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect of POLISH.
⁂ Forms of SLAVONIC spoken along the River Elbe.
POLEN, _see_ POSEN.
POLISH.
Wendic: a dialect of SLAVONIC, somewhat allied to CZECH or BOHEMIAN,
vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin, 1851.
For POLISH-LITHUANIC, _see_ SAMOGITIAN.
POLYNESIAN.
(1) Eastern: the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific.
It is spoken in many dialects, such as MAORI, SAMOAN, TONGAN,
TAHITIAN, HAWAIAN, NIUEN. A large percentage of words in Eastern
Polynesian are identical with MALAYAN, to which family it undoubtedly
belongs. W. G. L.
(2) Western: the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those of
Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely
distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c. W.
G. L. _See_ KELÆNONESIAN, MICRONESIAN. ☞
POLYSYLLABIC.
“Of many syllables,” used of languages “when roots are modified
by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.” JAPANESE is a typical
language of polysyllabic character.
POLYSYNTHETIC.
Said of languages that _incorporate_ many distinct words into
one compound; the native languages of America are essentially
incorporating. _See_ AGGLUTINATIVE.
POME.
PAPUAN: dialect of N. Guinea.
POMMERN, POMERANIAN.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See “Baltische Studien ... für Pommern,”
Stettin, 1833.
PONCAR, PONCHA, _see_ PUNCA.
PONDERAY.
AMERICAN: tribes of Flat Heads. _See_ PEND D’OREILLES.
PONGO, PONGUA, _see_ MPONGWE.
PONKATAGE.
AMERICAN: tribes of Jahyco.
PONOSAKEN.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU, classed as ALFURU.
POULAINS, PULLANI.
Ethnological term: mixed race; FRANK and SYRIAN during the Crusades.
POPO, _see_ PAPAA.
POPOLUCA, _see_ PAPOLOKA.
PORT DOREH, _under_ D.
PORT JACKSON.
Australian: See Flinder’s “Voyage,” London, 1814; King’s “Narrative,”
London, 1827.
PORT LINCOLN, _see_ PARNKALLA.
PORT MACQUARIE, _under_ M.
PORTO RICO, _see_ W. INDIES.
PORTUGUESE.
Romance: a language derived from LATIN, and closely allied to the
Spanish GALLICIAN; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much
spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and
Roquette, Paris, 1869; by Vieyra (a very handy book); Grammar by
D’Orsey, London, 1868. _See_ BRAZILIAN.
POSEN.
Teutonic: (1, 2) sub-dialects of HIGH and LOW-GERMAN. See Bernd: “Die
D. S. in ... Posen und ... Polen,” Bonn, 1820.
POTTAWATTOMIE.
American: ALGONKIN of Lake Michigan (S.).
POULA (POULE).
African: FRENCH form of FOULAH. _See_ FULA.
POWHATTAN.
American: extinct dialect of ALGONKIN, formerly spoken in Maryland
and Virginia.
POYES, POYUS.
AMERICAN: tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.
PRACRIT, PRAKRIT.
Indic: a later form of SANSKRIT, also called SARAWASTI; formerly
vernacular in the Punjab. The word “prakrit” means “derived.” It
was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated
dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian
languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.
PRAIRIE.
FRENCH word: the PAMPAS of N. America. Not used now as a class-name.
PRASLIN.
MALAYAN: dialect of the Indian Archipelago.
PRECOPENSIAN.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of GOTHIC.
PRESSBURG.
Teutonic: dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Description,” by Korabinski,
Presburg, 1784.
PREUSSISCH, _see_ PRUSSIAN.
PRINCES IS.
JAVANESE: island in the Straits of Sunda.
PRINCE WILLIAM’S SOUND.
American: ESKIMO of the W. Coast.
PRIYADASI.
Inscriptions in the early SANSKRIT of W. India, known as the Edicts
of Priyadasi.
PROVENÇAL.
Romance: early language of S. France, derived from LATIN, and
originated in the district known as the Roman “Provincia”: the modern
Provence. It is also called LANGUE D’OC, LIMOUSIN, OCCITANIAN, and
ROMAUNT. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours.
Allied dialects are CHURWALSCHE or ENGADINE, RHÆTO-ROMAN, ROMANESE or
ROMANSCH. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868. _See_ ROMAUNT.
PRUSSIAN.
(1) Old-Prussian: an extinct dialect of LITHUANIC. See Nesselmann:
“Die ... alten Preussen,” Berlin, 1845.
(2) Teutonic: a sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Dicty. by Henning,
Königsberg, 1785.
(3) Slavonic: a sub-dialect of POLISH. Spoken in Prussia. ☞
PUAN _or_ PUANT.
American: FRENCH name for the Winnebago.
PUCTUNC.
American: language of the MAYA class spoken in Yucatan.
PUEBLO.
American: SPANISH term “town or village” used for “settled”—_i.e._
“civilised”—Indians. See Davis’s “New Mexico,” N. York, 1857.
⁂ The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso
(Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe
(Sillas), San Juan. _See_ KERES.
PUELCHE.
American: CHILENO name for Indians of the Pampas; tribes are named
Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied to BODE and HOUSSA. H.C.
PUEMAJA.
AMERICAN: same as Camoyes, a sub-tribe of Cuchans. _See_ YUMA.
PUERTO RICO, _see_ PORTO.
PUINIPET.
Micronesian: dialect of ULEA.
PUJUNI.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento, and
somewhat allied to TSAMAK. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 124.
⁂ Related to ATNA, ATTAKAPA, GALELA, and the AGAW group. H. C. ☞
PUKHTU, _see_ PUSHTOO.
PULE, PULEN, PULAH.
African: same as FULAH. ☞
PULLANI, _see_ POULAINS.
PUMPOPOLSK.
Ugrian: a dialect of OSTIAK allied to INBAZK. Vocaby., Klaproth’s
“Asia P.,” p. 171.
PUNCA, PUNCAW.
American: dialect of SIOUX, closely allied to OMAHA.
PUNDRABEE.
Indo-Chinese: tribes speaking one of the languages of KUNAWAR.
PUNIC.
Semitic: the dialect of PHŒNICIAN belonging to ancient Carthage,
in N. Africa, sometimes called CARTHAGINIAN; it is known only by
inscriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp’s “Bemerkungen,”
Heidelberg, 1824. _See_ POENULUS.
PUNJABI, _see_ SIKH.
PUNTI.
Sub-dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.
PUQUINA.
American: dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed with
QUICHUA.
PURANAS.
SANSKRITIC: ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.
PURBI-BHAKA.
HINDI: dialect of Oude and Benares.
PURUGOTO.
American: classed by Humboldt with the CARIB.
PURUS, PURYS.
AMERICAN: Indians of Brasil; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro and
Espiritu Santo.
PUSHTOO, PUSHTU, _or_ PUKHTU.
The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W.
of the Indus; it is also called PATAN and SHIA-PUSH, has lately been
classed, with other Caucasian languages, as ARMENIC, and is closely
allied to KURDISH and OSSETIC; it is written in the TAÂLIK character.
Dicty. and Grammar by Ravesty, London, 1860.
PUSTOSERSK.
Ugrian: a dialect of SAMOIED.
PUTTOOS.
INDIAN: a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the
tributary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and
speaking a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the
“Jnl. A. S. of Bengal.” W. E.
PWO KAREN.
Indo-Chinese: monosyllabic dialect of BURMAH. Vocaby. in Hunter’s
“Comp. Dicty.”
PYGMEAN.
The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient
race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito; as the
affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short
races, I propose the name PYGMEAN: (1) The SEPTENTRIONAL PYGMEAN
includes Colebrooke’s Mincopie; in N. America, UTAH, COMANCHE, &c.;
in S. America, KIRIRI; in N.E. Africa, CONGA, DALLA, &c. (2) The
AUSTRAL PYGMEAN includes the languages of Terra del Fuego; in N.
America, the NATCHEZ and CREEK; in Australia the TASMANIAN. H. C.
ADDENDA.
PAGEI, _see_ POGGY.
PAPIAH.
AFRICAN: a language of the Gaboon, allied to BAYON and BAGBA. H. C.
PILLAGERS.
American: dialect of CHIPPEWAY, called NORTHERN OJIBWAY.
Q.
QAMAMYL, _see_ QUAMAMYL.
QUA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Calabar. Vocabulary by Robertson, “Notes on
Africa,” London, 1819.
QUABAILY, _under_ KABYLE.
QUADA, QUADO.
AMERICAN: dialect of Miranda, Brazil; same as GUATO.
QUADROONS.
Quarter-blood: issue of white and mulatto.
QUAIN _or_ QUANIAN.
Tchudic: name used for that dialect of FIN, called also
NORWEGIAN-LAPLANDISH; vernacular in Finmark, a portion of Lapland
belonging to Sweden and Norway. It is the Norwegian and Swedish name
for the northern half of the Gulf of Bothnia, and the name of the
people is Kainulaiset.
QUAIQUAI.
African: same as HOTTENTOT.
QUAKWOLTH.
AMERICAN: dialect of Vancouver Is., spoken N. of Nanaimo on the E.
coast, and also by the Comoucs, but mixed with COWICHAN at Port
Augusta. R. B.
QUAMAMYL (GAMAMYL).
AFRICAN: a vocabulary under this name is given by Cailliaud, which
seems to be the FAZOGLO of Rüppell under an earlier name. R. G. L.
QUAPPA.
AMERICAN: Sioux tribe of the Arkansas; dialect closely allied to
OMAHA.
QUAQUA.
American: same as MAPOJE.
QUARATSHI.
Romany: PERSIAN Gipsy.
QUEDAH.
Malayan: same as SEMANG-JAN.
QUEEN CHARLOTTE CAPE.
MELANESIAN: a district of New Caledonia; the language is known as
BALADEA, but the name of DUAURA has been proposed by Gabelentz.
QUEEN CHARLOTTE’S IS.
AMERICAN: The following races are found there: Cumshewar, Keesarn,
Kigarnee, Massit, and Skittegat.
QUELLIMANE.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique.
QUENGUES.
American: same as CAYUGA.
QUERES, _see_ KERES.
QUICHE, KICHE.
American: MAYA language of Guatemala; dialects are CACHIQUEL and
SUTUGIL. Grammar by De Bourbourg, Paris, 1862.
QUICHUA, KECHHUA.
AMERICAN: native dialect of Peru, formerly spoken by the Incas, and
still vernacular along the W. course of the Andes. A dialect is
called CHINCHAYSAYO. Analogies with SANSKRIT suggested by Lopez.
Grammars by Markham, London, 1864; by Tschudi, Vienna, 1853.
⁂ Allied to AYMARA, PANOS, and PACAGUAYRA. H. C. ☞
QUINTIKUK.
AMERICAN: tribe of Narraganset Indians.
QUITO.
American: local dialect of QUICHUA.
QUOJA.
AFRICAN: short vocabulary for the delta of the Niger, probably the
IBO of R. Kwá. Mithridates iii., 1. R. G. L.
R.
RABBINIC.
Later HEBREW; applied also to the cursive alphabet used by the
Rabbins, and in a modified form by German and Polish Jews. _See_
TALMUDIC.
RADACK, RALICK.
POLYNESIAN: chain of islands in Lord Mulgrave’s archipelago; allied
to Carolines.
RADIGEURS.
American: FRENCH name for Shoshones.
RAFAEL, _see_ RAPHAEL.
RAFFLES’ BAY.
AUSTRALIAN: See Wilson’s “Narrative,” London, 1835.
RAFIZIES.
Shiah-Mohammedans of Ghazan, Central Asia.
RAGUSAN.
Slavonic: local dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in Dalmatia.
RAHWA.
Native name for aborigines of Western Esthonia and Eastern Livonia.
_See_ LIEF.
RAJ-MAHALI.
DRAVIDIAN: dialect of Tamil. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
RAKKAING (RUKHENG).
Monosyllabic: dialect of this tribe in N. Arracan, classed as
INDO-CHINESE. A. C. _See_ RO.
RALICK, _see_ RADACK.
RAMASI (RAH-MÁR-SYÁNA).
INDIAN: slang of Thugs. Wilson.
RAMOSI, RAMOOSEE.
Dialect of MAHRATTA spoken by a low race, resembling the Bheels,
ranging from Poona, S. to Kolapur. Wilson.
RAPHAEL, SAN.
American: Tchokoyem Indians of Californian Mission; closely allied to
TALATUI, and classed as DIEGUNOS.
RAROTONGAN.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia spoken by the natives of the entire
Hervey group comprising the Islands of Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki,
with several smaller ones. The group is situated 18° to 22° S. lat.,
and 157° to 160° W. long. W. G. L.
RARUNG, RASGRAMEE.
INDIAN: local dialects of Kunawar.
RAS, RASENA.
Native appellation of Old Etruscans; the word is supposed to survive
in RHÆTIAN, and Tschudi quotes a list of Romansch words, which he
considers to have been derived from the Etruscan. See Taylor’s “Words
and Places,” p. 49, 2nd edit.
RATAHAN.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Archipelago.”
RAVENSBERG.
Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN, “Westphalian Magazine” for 1788.
RDJAGAR.
Indian: a SANSKRITIC dialect of Thibet.
REDSCAR BAY.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the
Rattlesnake,” vol. ii., p. 318.
REDUPLICATED.
Words found in all languages having sounds or syllables doubled, as
“hoddy-doddy” for “snail;” “hogan-mogan,” “a Dutch man of rank.”
Dicty. by Wheatley, London, 1866.
REINDEER.
Ugrian: a dialect of KORIAK spoken by Tshuktshi in Kamskatka.
REJANG, REDJANG.
A dialect of MALAY, perhaps sufficiently distinct to be considered as
a peculiar language, and spoken in Sumatra in the Rejang districts
of the interior, and in the adjacent districts of Bencoolen. It is
written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V. _See_
PALEMBANG.
REKHTA.
“Mixed language,” applied to HINDOSTANI or URDU.
REMBOKENG.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
RENNES.
Romance; _patois_ of FRENCH. “Memoirs Fr. Antiq. Society,” vol. vi.
RENNTHIER.
German form of “rein-deer,” applied to the TSHUKTSHI.
REVAL, REVEL.
Finnish: local dialect of ESTHONIAN. _See_ DORPAT.
RHÆTIAN.
The class of languages spoken in the Tyrol, to which the ETRUSCAN has
also been referred. _See_ PALÆO-GEORGIAN.
RHÆTO-ROMANIC.
Same as CHURWALSCHE; name for the _patois_ of La Suisse Romane as
spoken in the Rhætian Alps. Glossary by Bridel, Lausanne, 1866.
RHATORE, _see_ MEWARA.
RHENISH.
Germanic: sub-dialect of NIEDER-DEUTSCH. See Müller’s
“Provinzialismen,” Aachen, 1838.
RICCARI.
AMERICAN, also written ARICARA; name for the Satrahe tribes of Pawnee
Indians.
RIHANI.
ARABIC: term used for titular characters, or inscriptions on
monuments.
RO.
Monosyllabic; sub-dialect of RAKKENG. _See_ ROSSAWN.
RODIYA.
Indian: rude dialect of Ceylon, allied to HINDI. Small Vocaby. by Dr.
Roth in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 233.
RODONG.
Non-Aryan language of Nipal, belonging to the KIRANTI group. Vocaby.
in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
ROKA.
MALAYAN: dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, E. Indies.
ROMA, ROMANY, _see_ ROMMANY.
ROMAGNOL, ROMAGNA, ROMAN.
ITALIC: dialect of Central Italy. See “Racotta,” Osinio, 1769.
ROMAIC.
HELLENIC: language of Modern Greece, called also NEO-HELLENIC. The
vernacular speech is largely augmented with SLAVONIC, TURKISH, and
ITALIAN, but not the written language.
⁂ Several dialects have been distinguished: there is most TURKISH
in the languages of Macedonia; most ITALIAN in the languages of the
Ionian Islands.
ROMAN.
Alphabetic character in universal use; adopted in early ITALIC from
the PHŒNICIAN or early GREEK, and spread by means of the LATIN
language.
ROMANA, ROMANESE, RUMONSCH.
A modification of LATIN, including upper and lower ENGADINE,
vernacular in the Grisons, Swiss Alps.
ROMANCE, _or_ ROMANIC.
Class name for all modern languages derived from LATIN; including,
in chief, FRENCH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, WALLACHIAN, and
ROMANSCH. See Etymological Dictionary by Diez and Donkin, London,
1864; Essay by Lewis, London, 1862.
ROMANCE, ROMAUNT, _or_ ROMAN.
A name awkwardly used as equivalent to PROVENÇAL, or the LANGUE D’OC
of South France; thus Raynouard’s Dicty. of Provençal is called
“Lexique de la Langue Roman.” W. W. S. _See_ ROMAINE.
ROMANO-MOLDAVIAN.
Dialect of Romanic, intermediate between MOLDAVIAN and WALLACHIAN.
ROMMANY.
A name for GIPSY, self-applied; also called BOHEMIAN, ZINCALI,
TCHINGHIANES, ZIGEUNER, GITANO, &c. ☞
ROMOHON.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
ROMONAN.
AMERICAN: tribe of Costanos in California.
RON.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN spoken in New Guinea.
ROOT-DIGGERS _or_ DIGGERS.
American: Indians of the Sierra Nevada, California, classed as
SHOSHONES. They are also called Gens de Pitie, Radigeurs, and
Maradiços; the most degraded race of Red Indians in N. America.
⁂ The language is allied to the NEGRITIC or PYGMEAN of the Andamans.
H. C.
ROOTS.
Ultimate forms of words, the primitive basis of a language, serving
to connect related languages in different parts of the globe, and
frequently transferred from one family of speech to another.
ROSETTA-STONE.
EGYPTIAN: remarkable object of antiquity in the B. Museum; Bilingual
inscription of Ptolemy Epiphanes, B.C. 196, in Hieroglyphic, Demotic,
or Enchorial, and Uncial Greek.
ROSSAWN, RUSAN.
Indian: a dialect of BENGALI spoken by Hindus of Arakan. _See_
RUINGA.
ROTHWALSH.
GERMAN term for cant, slang, or gibberish. _See_ DIEBES-SP.
ROTTI.
MALAYAN: Island of the Sunda group S. W. of Timor; it has
straight-haired Polynesians, with a separate language. See
Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”
ROTUMAN.
The language of the Island of Rotumah, situated in 12° S. lat. and
177° E. long., which appears to be a compound of Eastern and Western
Polynesian. W. G. L.
ROUCHI-FRANÇAISE.
The same as WALLON. See Dicty. of Hécart, Paris, 1834.
ROUMAN, ROUMANA, RUMANYO (RUMANJE.)
A name for DACIAN. _See_ WALLACHIAN.
ROVEREDO.
Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. “Lezione,” by Pannetti, Roveredo,
1761.
RUCAHEE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Abipones.
RUINGA.
Indian: dialect of BENGALI spoken by Mohammedans of Arakan. _See_
RAKKAING.
RUKHENG, _see_ RAKKAING.
RUMAHKAI.
MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram.
RUMONSCH, _see_ ROMANA.
RUMSEN, RUNSIENES.
AMERICAN: Achastlian Indians of the San Carlos Mission, Monterey.
RUNDA.
African: sub-dialect of KAFFIR.
RUNES, RUNIC.
Early alphabet of N. Europe, attributed to primitive GOTHIC, and
found in Scandinavian or old Norse and Icelandic inscriptions; called
FUTHORC, from the first five letters. The Anglo-Saxon names are FEOH,
UR, THORN, OS, RAD, CEN. Dicty. by Dieterich, Stockholm, 1845; Work
by Stephens: “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” London, 1869.
⁂ Historically viewed, RUNES may be considered as associated
with the Pagan era of Scandinavian races, having apparently been
relinquished as each tribe, in succession, adopted the Roman alphabet
in consequence of embracing Christianity. In English the rune WEN,
or W., continued in use till about A.D. 1280; the rune THORN, or TH,
lingered till A.D. 1500, and is even used now, though miswritten “y,”
as in “ye,” pronounced “the.” W. W. S.
RUNGCHENBUNG.
NON-ARYAN: dialect of Kiranti group E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s
“Comp. Dicty.”
RUNGO.
AFRICAN: dialect of Sierra Leone. See Kilham’s Specimens.
RUNSIENES, _see_ RUMSEN.
RUSAN, _see_ ROSSAWN.
RUSLEN.
AMERICAN: Indians of California.
RUSS _or_ RUSSIAN (ROOSKIE).
Dominant language of SLAVONIC, using the CYRILLIC characters, and
very largely augmented from other families of speech, forming
one of the most copious languages in the world; sub-divisions or
local dialects known as MUSCOVITE or GREAT RUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN,
SUSDALIC, OLONETZIAN, UKRAINIAN or LITTLE RUSSIAN. Grammar by Heard;
by Reiff, Paris, 1862; Lexicon, Karlsruhe, 1870-1; and by Dahl.
RUSSNIACK.
SLAVONIC: a local dialect of Hungary. _See_ OROSZ.
RUSTICA (LINGUA).
Supposed provincial dialects of classical LATIN during the Roman
period. (Raynouard.)
RUTANA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Nubia. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 319.
RUTHENIAN.
Slavonic: dialect of RUSS.
RUTLUK.
NON-ARYAN language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp.
Dicty.”
ADDENDA.
RESSAWIAN.
A dialect of SERVIAN, spoken on the Resava and the Schwartz-bach. G.
R.
ROMAINE _or_ ROMANCE.
A name awkwardly used as equivalent to the Old French of the North of
France, or LANGUE D’OÏL; thus Roquefort’s Dicty. of the Langue d’oïl
is called “Glossaire de la Langue Romaine.” W. W. S.
ROMANIA.
The name by which the Wallachians call their own language. G. R.
RUMELIAN.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in and about Constantinople. G. R.
S.
SAAB.
African: name for HOTTENTOT. More especially applied to the Bushman.
SAAMEN, _see_ SEMIAN.
SAAR, SAARWERDEN.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Sammlung,” &c., by
Schwalb, Saarbrück, 1833; Journal für Deutschland, 1788.
SABINE, SABELLIAN.
Extinct language of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN. See
Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851.
SABLE, _see_ OSTIAK.
SABME, _see_ SUOMELAINI.
SABUJA, SABUYAH.
American: spoken in Bahia.
⁂ Allied to the PYGMEAN or NEGRITO of the Andamans, SHOSHONI,
MAYORUNA, DARIEN, GONGA, and GE. H. C. _See_ KIRIRI.
SAC, SAKE, or SAUK.
AMERICAN: allied to Fox-Indians. _See_ KIKKAPU.
SACHSISCH, _under_ SAXON.
SACRAMENTO.
AMERICAN: Indians of California. _See_ MAG-R.
SAGZI, _see_ SEGZI.
SAHAPTIN.
American: spoken in Oregon; they are called Nez-percées by Canadians.
The class may, perhaps, be extended so as to include the CAYUS,
LUTUAMI, PADUCA, PALAIK, SHASTI, SHOSHONE, &c. R. G. L.
SAHIDIC, SAHITIC.
Coptic dialect of Thebes in Upper Egypt, closely allied to BASHMURIC.
See Tattam’s “Grammar,” London, 1863.
SAHO, _see_ SHIHO.
SAHOE.
MALAYAN: dialect of N. Gilolo. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Arch.”
SAINT-OMER.
Romance: _patois_ of French. See “Mém. de la S. des Antiq.” vol. 3.
SAK.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, allied to KAMI, &c. Vocaby. in
Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SAKALAVES.
Aborigines of Madagascar.
SAKARRAN.
DAYAK of Borneo.
SAKATU.
African: dialect of FULAH. See Lyon’s “Narrative,” London, 1821.
SAKI, SAKEWI, _see_ SAC.
SALA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Bomba. See Douville’s “Voyage au Congo,” &c.
Paris, 1832.
SALAWATTI.
Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
SALAYER.
MALAYAN: small Is. S. of Celebes. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
SALBIN.
Turkee: dialect of KOIBAL.
SALDANHA BAY.
African: dialect of HOTTENTOT.
SALIBABOO.
MALAYAN: dialect of Talaut. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”
SALISH, _see_ SELISH.
SALIVA, SALIVI.
AMERICAN: spoken on the R. Orinoco, in Venezuela, Brazil, and New
Granada. The ATURE, MACO, PIAROA, and QUAQUA, are called Saliva
dialects. R. G. L.
SALONG, _see_ SILONG.
SALOR.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia: classed as Turcomans.
SALTEAUX, SAUTEUX.
AMERICAN: Eastern Chippeways; Ojibois Indians at Manitoba and Lake
Winnipeg. Spoken on the Saskatchewan R. line. Butler’s “Gt. Lone
Land,” London, 1873.
SALZBURG.
Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
SAM, _see_ SANSCRIT.
SAMANG _or_ SEMANG.
MALAYAN: spoken by races of Negro origin, in the peninsula of
Malacca. Sub-dialects are known as SEMANG-JAN and SEMANG-JURU. _See_
KEDAH.
SAMARANG.
MALAYAN: sub-dialect of Java.
SAMARITAN.
Semitic: extinct dialect of ARAMAIC, closely allied to HEBREW, and
by some regarded as an older form of that tongue than the Biblical
Hebrew, being uninfluenced by Chaldee. It is written in an alphabet
similar to the PHŒNICIAN, but of more ornate character. An ancient
version of the Pentateuch in Samaritan is still preserved at Nablous,
the ancient Shechem. Grammar by Nicholls, London, 1858.
SAMBOE, _under_ Z.