in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol.
ii., p. 482.
ONIM.
PAPUAN: dialect of New Guinea.
ONOLASCHA, _under_ U.
ONOMATOPŒIA.
MIMETIC speech; treats of the formation of words in imitation of
natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and,
when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called
“the bow-wow theory.”
ONONDAGA.
American: dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK and ONEIDA.
Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482; Dicty. by Shea,
London, 1860.
ONTHAGAMIES, OTTOGAMI.
AMERICAN: a name for the Fox-Indians. _See_ SAC.
ONTOAMPA.
AMERICAN: tribe of Vilela.
OODEYPOORA.
HINDI of Mewar or Chitore in Rajpootana. The Rajah of Oodeypoor is
said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.
OOJEINI.
HINDI of Malwa.
OORDU.
Same as URDU. _See_ HINDOSTANI.
OPATA.
American: dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed with PIMA and EUDEVE.
OPATORO.
AMERICAN: dialect of Honduras.
OPULU.
Polynesian: dialect of SAMOAN.
ORANG.
MALAY word for man; hence “orang-benua,” “orang-laut,” “orang-utan,”
&c.
OREGONES, OREJONES.
(1) AMERICAN: dialects of large-eared tribes on the R. Amazon and the
Iça or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.
(2) Indians of Texas.
⁂ The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named from
the abundance of _labiatæ_, called “Oregano” or “Wild marjoram,”
_i.e._, “mountain-joy.” _See_ ORELHUDOS.
ORENBURG-TATAR.
Dialect of KIRGHIS: closely allied to KARAGAS; it is spoken in the
Ural provinces of Russia.
ORINOKO.
AMERICAN: geographical class name for a group of languages including
BETOI, OTOMAKA, YARURA, &c.
ORISTINE.
American: dialect of LULE; it is closely allied to VILELA.
ORIYA, ORISSA, URIYA.
Indic: closely allied to BENGALI; spoken in the sacred city of
Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles the
DEVANAGARI. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.
ORKNEY IS.
Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words of
ICELANDIC or OLD NORSE; also called ORCADIAN.
ORNE.
Romance: French _patois_, Dept. de l’Orne.
ORO, _see_ ORU.
OROSZ.
SLAVONIC: dialect of the Carpathians; a form of Russ. _See_ RUSSNIACK.
OROTONG or OROTSHONG.
Turanian: dialects of TUNGUS.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various
spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always be
found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages;
modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere
matter of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the
long-established usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar; but an
attempt has been made to give the most recent forms in addition.
ORU (EJO).
AFRICAN: native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee
group, and as a class name, includes ARO, EBO, and MBOFIA, and is
allied to ISOAMA and ISIELE. H. C.
OSAGE, OSAWSES, OUS.
AMERICAN: Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the R. Osage. It is also
written HUZZAW and WASHAS. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv.,
p. 275; Bradbury’s “Travels,” London, 1817.
OSCAN.
Italic: early dialect of Italy, allied to LATIN, UMBRIAN, &c.; but
belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic
inscriptions. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipzig,
1851; “Versuch,” &c., by Enderis, Zürich, 1871.
OSMANLI.
ALATYAN: dialect of WESTERN TURKISH; it is the typical literary
language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks; it is
closely allied to TSHUVASH, KIRGHIZ, TURCOMAN, and IGUR or UIGUR and
JAGATAI, but very much softened.
OSNABRÜCK, OSNABURG.
Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Strodtmann: “Idioticon,”
Leipzig, 1756.
OSSET, OSSETIAN, _or_ OSSITINIAN.
Caucasian: modern dialect of Abascia, classed as ARMENIC. Also
called IRON (_i.e._, Irân), from the name of the Caucasian people
who speak it. See Klaproth: “Asia P.,” p. 89; Dicty. by Sjögren, St.
Petersburg, 1844; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.
OSTIAK.
Ugrian: dialect of FINNISH spoken in Asiatic Russia, on and between
the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and
Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castrén and Schiefner, St.
Petersburg, 1858. _See_ DENKA.
OTAHEITE.
POLYNESIAN: an erroneous spelling of Tahiti. W. G. L. _See_ TAHITIAN.
OTAKAPA, _under_ A.
OTAM.
African: dialect of KAFFIR, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also as
a class name for the languages of that district. It is also written
UDOM. R. G. L.
OTCHAGRAS.
American: same as WINNEBAGO. French spelling of HOCHUNGORAH.
OTHOMI _or_ OTOMI.
AMERICAN: monosyllabic dialect spoken in Sonora, to the frontier of
Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863.
⁂ Much has been written of this language on the strength of its real
or supposed monosyllabic structure—indeed, it has been compared
with the CHINESE. It is, however, truly American, differing, so
far as it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its
agglutination being either less, or less represented in the grammars
and vocabularies. See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841. R. G. L.
OTO, OTOUEZ.
American: SIOUX dialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long’s
“Expedition,” &c., Philadelphia, 1822.
OTSHI.
African: name for ASHANTEE, the dialect of the Gold Coast;
otherwise called ODJII, OJI, or OCHI. See Riis: “Elemente ... der
Odschi-sprache,” Basel, 1853.
⁂ ASHANTEE is much like FANTEE, and is allied to WHYDAH, DAHOMEY,
ORO, EBO, DZELANA, &c. H. C.
OTTARE.
AMERICAN: Mountain Cherokees.
OTTAWA, OTTOWAY.
American: dialects of ALGONKIN, closely allied to CHIPPEWAYAN, spoken
by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly belonging
to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See Tanner’s
“Narrative,” N. York, 1830; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 107.
OTTOGAMI, _see_ ONTHAGAMIES.
OTTOMACA.
AMERICAN: spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and Orinoco.
_See_ TAPARITA.
OTUKE, OTUGUE.
AMERICAN: a tribe of Chiquitos missions.
OTYIHERERO.
African: allied to NANO. _See_ HERERO.
OUGIA, _see_ AROO.
OUIGOUR.
Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks; it
is still used in a modified form in MOGHOL and MANCHU, which are
written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the older
OUIGOUR. _See_ UIGUR.
OULOFF (OUOLOFE).
African: French spelling of WOLOFT. Vocaby. by Faidherbe, St. Louis
(Africa), 1860. _See_ JALLOOF.
OULX.
Romance: intermediate between FRENCH and the ITALIAN.
OUS, _see_ OSAGE.
OWYHEE.
POLYNESIAN: properly spelled HAWAII.
OYAMPIS, OYAPOK.
AMERICAN: Carib of French Guiana; also called OAMPI. See “Bulletin de
la Soc. de Géographie,” Paris, 1834. R. G. L. _See_ EMERILLON.
OZBEG, _under_ U.
ADDENDA.
OGIBOIS, OJIBOIS.
AMERICAN: name of the E. Chippeways; also called SAUTEU, SALTEUX.
_See_ OJIBWA.
OJI, _see_ OTSHI.
OLOSENGA.
Polynesian of the SAMOAN family, with a few words and letters of the
more easterly islands. W. G.
ONDO, OTA, OWORO.
African: AKU languages. Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.
OORIAH.
INDIAN: the language of Orissa, a province of Bengal. See Hunter’s
“Orissa,” &c. A. C.
ORAON, _see_ URAON.
ORELHUDOS.
PORTUGUESE word—“large-eared”—applied to the Oregones or Orejones,
and also to the Aroaquis.
OTA, _see_ ONDO.
OTCHIPWE, _see_ OJIBWA.
OWORO, _see_ ONDO.
P.
PACAGUARA.
AMERICAN: language of Bolivia, belonging to the missions of Moxos.
Allied to QUICHUA and PANOS. H. C.
PACASAS, _see_ PAKASA.
PADA _or_ PODO.
JAVANESE: marks of punctuation and modes of address used in
composition.
PADERBORN.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN.
PADOVANI, PADUESE.
ITALIC: dialect of Padua. “Tratta,” by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.
PADSADE.
African: somewhat allied to BIAFADA.
PADUCA.
American: Dr. Latham’s class name for the COMANCHE, SHOSHONI, UTAH,
and other allied languages, including the NETELA and KIJ.
PAEGAN.
American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.
PAHI _or_ PAHRI.
Dialect of NEWARI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
PAHLAVI, _see_ PEHLEVI.
PAHOJA.
American: sub-dialect of OTO.
PAICOTSCHI.
Indic: a dialect of PRAKRIT.
PAIOCONECA.
AMERICAN: language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of Chiquitos.
_See_ PAUNACA.
PAIURE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Tamanaque.
PAKASA.
American: sub-dialect of AYMARA.
PAKHYA.
Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, allied to THARU Vocaby. in Hunter’s
“Comp. Dicty.”
PAKPAK.
Malayan: sub-dialect of BATTA.
PALÆO-GEORGIAN.
Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others
resembling them, including AMAZON and ETRUSCAN. H. C.
PALÆOGRAPHY.
The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in
inscriptions, MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms
of writing themselves. G. R.
PALÆO-SLAVIC, _see_ CYRILLIC.
PALÆOTYPE, _see_ GLOSSOTYPE.
PALAIK.
American: dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied to
LUTUAMI, SHASTI, and more remotely to SAHAPTIN. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol.
ii., p. 98.
PALAONG.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Siam, allied to AHOM.
PALAOS, _see_ PELEW.
PALEMBANG.
The MALAY language, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern
coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal of JAVANESE, in
consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country.
It is written partly with the ARABIC, partly with an indigenous
alphabet; also used for the REJANG and PASSUMAH dialects, and called
“Satra renchong.” P. J. V.
PALENCA.
American: dialect of the R. Orinoco, allied to TAMANAQUE.
PALI.
Indic: an extinct dialect of SANSKRIT, derived through PRACRIT,
forming the sacred language of the Buddhists; it has a peculiar
alphabetic character of its own. BALI and LANKA-BHASA (ancient
SINHALESE) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced
modern CINGHALESE. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865; and
one now in progress by R. C. Childers; Kachcháyana’s “Grammar,” by
Mason, London, 1870.
PALIMPSEST.
PALÆOGRAPHIC: “written-over”; used of MSS. having a second
inscription laid over a previous one.
⁂ A term signifying “twice-rubbed,” or “scratched,” and applied
properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have
been prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one.
In the middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many
valuable MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed
over one infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has
been recovered by careful examination, _e. g._, the text of Cicero’s
treatise, “De Republica.” G. R.
PALLA.
SUB-TURANIAN: tribe of Awalias in Nipal.
PALMYRENE.
Semitic: the SYRIAC of Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very
ornamental character derived from OLD ARAMAIC, but not earlier than
the third century A.D., and connected with lapidary SASSANIAN. W. S.
W. V.
PALPA.
Indic: SANSKRIT of Nipal.
PAMPANGA.
MALAYAN of the Philippine Islands: classed with BISSAYAN and TAGALA.
PAMPAS.
American: QUICHUA word for “field” or “plain,” applied to the
district of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between
Buenos-Ayres and Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to the
DIVIHET and TALUHET. _See_ PUELCHE.
PAMPTICOUGH.
American: ALGONKIN dialect of N. Carolina.
PANCH.
Indian term signifying “five”: (1) PANCH GAURA, used for the five
northern languages of India, taken collectively, including BENGALI,
GUZARATI, HINDI, SCINDI, and URYA. (2) PANCH DRAVIDA, used for the
five southern dialects, including CANARESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL, TELUGU,
and TULU. W. E.
PANI, _see_ PAWNEE.
PANJABI _or_ PUNJABI, _see_ SIKH.
PANOS.
American: dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Somewhat
allied to the BAURE of Moxos, to the PACAGUARA and QUICHUA. H. C.
PAN T’HAI.
Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China; also written PANTHAY.
PAPAA.
African: same as POPO. A NIGRITIAN dialect of the Slave-coast. _See_
NAGOE.
PAPE.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of the MONG-JUNG in Assam.
PAPEL.
African: dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is.; it is allied to
KANYOP, to FELUP, BAGNON, SARAR, BOLAR, &c., and spoken also on the
coast S. of the Cacheo. H. C.
PAPIAH.
African: dialect of KAFFIR.
PAPOLOKA.
American: the POKOMAN of Oajaca. A dialect of the MAYA class.
PAPUAN.
NEGRITIC: typical language of dark-skinned Polynesians. It is the
vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller
islands. “Papua” is said to be a Malay word for “frizzled hair,”
but see the Greek πάππος (lanugo carduorum), and our own “pappous”
= “woolly.” See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” and Dissertation:
Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar. _See_ ALFUROS.
PARAM.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR.
PARANAPURA, _see_ XEBERO.
PARAUANA, _see_ WAPISIAN.
PARBUTTIA.
This word means “the language of the hills”—“purbut” “a hill.” It
is a dialect of HINDI, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken
generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by
all the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India. A. C.
PARECHI.
AMERICAN: tribe of Tamanaque.
PARENI.
AMERICAN: spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni in
Venezuela. _See_ BARRE.
PARIA, PARIAGOTO.
American: classed with TAMANAQUE.
PARIAH.
Indian term: “an outcast,” lower than a Sudra; from a word in the
TAMUL language, signifying “mountaineer.” _See_ NISHADA.
PARIGI.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
PARITA, _see_ PIEDE.
PARMA, PARMESAN, PARMIGIANO.
Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.
PARNKALLA.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Spencer’s-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby. by
Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844; Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
PAROPAMISAN.
Dr. Latham’s class name for the HINDU-KUSH dialects, as DARD, SHINA,
&c.
PARSEE.
(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or
fire-worshippers speak GUJERATTEE.
(2) Fire-worshippers of Persia. _See_ GUEBRE.
PARSI.
Iranic: extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the province of
Farsistan; it is the same as PAZEND, and is derived from PEHLEVI,
being the third stage of OLD BACTRIAN or ZEND, and was the dialect
used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar: “Families of Speech,” p. 104). See
Spiegel: “Grammatik der Parsi Sprache.”
PARTHIAN.
The Parthians have been classed as MEDO-SCYTHIC, but few words remain
of their original language; the later dialect on their coins is akin
to the PEHLEVI. Prof. Rawlinson regards them as TURANIAN. See “The
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1873.
PASAINE.
AMERICAN: tribes of Vilela.
PASANBANGKO, _see_ BENTENANG.
PASCHAI, PASHAI.
Kafirs of Kohistan; the dialect is allied to LUGHMAN. See “Jnl. A. S.
of Bengal,” 1838.
PASSAMAQUODDS.
American: Indians of St. John’s, N. Brunswick, classed as ABENAKI.
PASSANG.
Malayan: a sub-dialect of MENADU.
PASSUMAH, _see_ SARAWI.
PASUKU.
Monosyllabic: dialect of PEGUESE, classed as KAREN.
PASUMMAH.
Malayan: same as LEMBA.
PATACHO.
American: dialect of Brasil, classed as CAMACAN.
PATAGONIAN, _see_ TEHUELET.
PATANI (PATHAN).
The language of Affghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were called
Patans. W. S. W. V. _See_ PUSHTOO.
PATERNOSTERS.
Derived from the LATIN for “Our Father”; versions of the Lord’s
Prayer in polyglot. See “Linguarum duodecim introductio,” by Postel,
1538; De Mofra’s “Exploration,” Paris, 1840-2; “The Lord’s Prayer in
100 Languages,” by Apostolides; and the large works by Pallas and
Adelung. _See_ BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PATI.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR.
PATOIS.
FRENCH word for local or provincial dialects.
PATOS.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
PAUMOTU.
Polynesian: somewhat allied to KANAKA.
PAUNACA.
American: sub-dialect of PAIOCONECA.
PAUNCH INDIANS (VENTRUS).
AMERICAN: name for the Allakaweah; Crow Indians of Snake R. For
Big-bellies (Gros Ventres). _See_ MINETARI.
PA-UTA, _see_ PADUCA.
PAVIA.
Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. “Dizionario Domestico,” Pavia, 1829.
PAWNEE.
American: typical dialect of the Riccaree Indians, spoken between the
R. Quicourre or Running Water and R. Platte or Shallow, W. of the
Missouri. Both PAWNEE and RICAREE are classed together by Dr. Latham
as allied sub-dialects of CADDO. “Amer. Ethnol.,” ii. 96.
PAYA.
MALAYAN: dialect of Malacca. _See_ SEMANG.
PAYAGUA.
American: dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small
remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat
allied to BORORO.
PAYCOBGE, PAYKOGE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.
PAYS DE VAUD, _under_ V.
PAZAND, PAZEND.
Iranic: same as PARSI. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 1870.
PEAGANS.
American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.
PEBA.
American: dialect of the Amazons, spoken in N.W. Brasil, and probably
allied to OREGONES.
PEDRO, SAN.
American: missions of Brasil of the ALMEIDA class. See Da Silva’s
Dicty., Bahia, 1854.
⁂ It is allied to GUARANI and AGAW. H. C.
PEGUESE.
Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic dialect, called TALAIN or MON, allied to
BURMESE, and spoken in Pegu.
PEHLVI _or_ PEHLEVI.
IRANIC: extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the Pahlav
district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion.
It is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions
of early Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the
Avesta, closely allied to the ZEND and OLD PERSIC; it is also called
HUZVARESH, a suggestion of Spiegel’s. See Spiegel’s “Grammatik der
Huzvareschen Sprache;” Haug’s Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa,
Bombay, 1870.
PEHUENCHE.
AMERICAN: tribes of Araucans.
PEKINESE, _see_ KHUM.
PELASGIAN.
An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech was
“barbarous”—_i.e._, distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes;
but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed
classical GREEK. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic
dialects of Greece with the ILLYRIAN.
PELASGIC.
Class name for combined GREEK and LATIN stems, sometimes called
GRÆCO-ITALIC, otherwise ILLYRIAN or THRACO-ILLYRIAN.
PELEW, PELU.
Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is., allied to TOBI, and classed as
MICRONESIAN.
PELU.
MOGHOL: dialect of N. W. tribes.
PEND D’OREILLES.
American: FRENCH name for the KULLESPELM.
PENDSCHABI.
Same as PUNJABI; German form. _See_ SIKH.
PENNSYLVANIAN.
American: State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by Algonkin
and Iroquois. See “Thomas’ Account,” N. York, 1848.
PENOBSCOT.
American: language of Indians in the States of Maine and N.
Brunswick; classed as a dialect of ABENAKI.
PEQUOD _or_ PEQUOT.
American: dialect of ALGONKIN spoken in Connecticut.
PERIODS OF LANGUAGE.
Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying
a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth,
sometimes decay and approaching extinction. G. R.
PERMIAN _or_ PERMIC.
Tchudic: UGRIAN dialect of Perm in Russia, closely allied to WOTIAK
and ZIRIANIAN. Also called BIARMIAN. The Permians were the first of
their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic King
of Hungary, 997 or 1000 A.D. Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.
PERSIAN.
Iranic: modern dialect of Persia, derived from OLD PERSIAN, but with
a large infusion of ARABIC words, and written in a modification
of the Nishki-Arabic characters, called TAALIC, and in a running
hand called SHIKESTAH. Grammar by Vullers, Gissæ, 1870; Dictys. by
Johnson and Richardson. Dialects are MAZENDERAN; see Klaproth’s
“Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814. TATT, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan;
see Eichwald’s “Reise,” Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von
Hammer, “Asiatic Jl.,” 1833. _See_ TAJIK.
PERSIC.
Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian
language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is
known to us in three stages:—
(1) The language of the Achæmenian dynasty, recovered from the
cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See
Spiegel: “Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften,” Leipzig, 1862.
(2) The PEHLEVI or HUZVARESCH, the language of the Sassanian period
(A.D. 226-650). IRANIC, with considerable SEMITIC infusion; known
from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.
(3) PARSI or PAZEND; the language as it reappears subsequently to the
Arab conquest; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients,
and once more thoroughly IRANIC. Known from translations of the
Avesta, &c.
The PERSIC, in its earliest form, is closely allied to OLD BACTRIAN
or ZEND. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as the DERI,
the HEREVI, the PARSI, or PAZEND, the SEGZI or dialect of Seistan,
the SOGDI of Sogdiana or Bokharia, and the ZAVULI of Zabulistan. G.
R.
PERTH.
Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.
PERUVIAN.
This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian
area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches
along the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the
Ecuador and New Grenada, to Chili, _i.e._ from the Equator to 24°
S.L. Its most eastern extension is in Tucuman; its general run,
however, is from north to south. The two (allied) languages which
most especially belong to it are the QUICHUA and AYMARA. Notices
of ruder tribes within the same area we have many, but with few
and exceptional vocabularies. JURACARES, MAYORUNA, and CALCHAQUI,
ATACAMA, CHANGOS. Lopez: “Les races Aryenne de Peru,” 1872. R. G. L.
PESCHERAI.
American: language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to the PYGMEAN or
MINCOPIE of Tickell. H. C. _See_ YAKANAKU.
PESHITO.
Semitic: “faithful or exact”; used of a so-called literal version of
the scriptures in SYRIAC.
PESSA.
African: dialect of the MANA class.
PETIGUAREN.
AMERICAN: anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.
PEUL, _see_ PULAH.
PEY.
INDO-CHINESE: language of the Lok-tai in Siam.
PEYES, _see_ POYUS.
PFALZ.
HIGH-GERMAN: dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.
P’HANSIGARS.
Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.
PHARSMANIC.
Caucasian: dialect of the MIZDEGHEN or TSHETSH.
PHELLATA.
African: same as FULAH.
PHILIP (PORT).
A native Australian dialect, allied to MENA.
PHILIPPINE.
Polynesian: dialects of the Philippine Islands. BISSAYAN, HARAYA,
HILIGUEINA or ILOCANA, all classed as MALAYAN. Dicty. by Mentrida,
Manila, 1841. _See_ NEGRITIC.
PHILOLOGY.
Science of words and language. _See_ COMPARATIVE.
PHŒNICIAN.
Semitic: extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient
times, and closely allied to Biblical HEBREW; the alphabetic
characters are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having
been adopted in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern
Europe. Gesenius: “Scripturæ Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 4to, 1837; “Die
Phönizische Sprache,” by Schröder, Halle, 1869: Levy: “Phöniz.
Lexicon,” 8vo, 1866. _See_ PUNIC.
PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY.
Writing by sound. See “Early English Pronunciation,” by Ellis,
containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London,
1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,”
vol. v. _See_ MAYA.
PHRISONES, _under_ F.
PHRYGIAN.
Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia
Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed as INDO-EUROPEAN. See
Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 666; “Asiatic Review,” vol. 12.
PIACENTINO, PIACENZA.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.
PIANKESHAW.
American: ALGONKIN dialect of Illinois.
PIANOGHOTTO.
American: CARIB dialect of Venezuela and Demerara.
PIAROAS.
American: name for MACOS.
PICANEUX.
American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.
PICARD.
Romance: (1) OLD PICARD is a sub-dialect of LANGUE D’OIL. Dicty.,
Rouen, 1500.
(2) _Patois_ of modern FRENCH. De Soilly: “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville,
1833.
PICTISH.
Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient times, but most probably a
form of CELTIC, with close affinity to WELSH.
PICTURE-WRITING, _see_ HIEROGLYPHIC.
PIEDE.
American: same as PA-UTAH. _See_ PADUCA.
PIEDMONTESE, PIEMONT.
(1) Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.
(2) Teutonic: sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. Schott: “Die Deutschen
Colonien, &c.,” Stuttgart, 1842.
PIEDS-NOIRS, _see_ BLACKFOOT.
PIEKANNS.