Lithuanic, a form of, or allied to the SLAVONIC language.
Bielenstein: “Grammatik,” Mitau, 1863. _See_ LIEF.
LHOPA.
Native name for the people of Bhotan or Bútan. Vocaby. in Hunter’s
“Comp. Dicty.” _See_ BHOT.
LIANG.
Malayan: dialect of AMBOYNESE. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”
LIBYAN.
Languages often called by the vague term BERBER. These languages
must now be reckoned as at least five in number: the SHOWIAH, or
Algerine Berber; the SHILHA, or Morocco Berber; the TAMASHIGHT, or
Berber south of Mount Atlas. The last is the purest and most widely
extended. Besides these there are two others of very limited extent,
that of the town of Ghadames and that of the Benî Menasser. These
languages were formerly all one, as Augustine says: “In Africâ
barbaras gentes in unâ linguâ plurimas novimus.” Hanoteau has made
the very interesting remark that to translate from the Tamashight
into Arabic, and reciprocally, though the vocabulary is widely
different, is peculiarly easy, yet this proves common cultivation
rather than a common origin. In a preface to the 4th appendix to
Barth’s fifth volume of “Travels in Africa,” a summary is given by
Professor F. W. Newman of the grammatical relations of the three
chief languages to one another, but it was written without the
advantage of Hanoteau’s Tamashight Grammar. We can now judge pretty
accurately how they are all related to Hebrew. F. W. N. _See_
HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.
⁂ Many inscriptions in the ancient written languages remain, some
bilingual, Phœnician, and Lybian. H. C.
LIEF.
Ugrian: dialect of FIN, spoken in Kurland.
⁂ This name is the root word of Livonia or Lief-land, a Russian
government on the Baltic, but the native name for the original
population is “Rahwa,” and these forms of speech are separated. The
Liefs of Kurland call themselves “Sea-shore men”; the true Kurlanders
speak Lithuanic. _See_ CURISH.
LIEFLANDIC.
A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Hüpel: “Livländisches Idiot.,” Riga,
1795.
LIEGEOISE.
French: WALLON dialect of Liége in Belgium, full of KELTIC words.
Grammar by Michiels, Liége, 1863.
LIFU.
NEGRITO: dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. _See_ UEA.
LIGURIAN.
Ancient dialect of the country round Genoa, classed by some as
KELTIC, but really not sufficiently known to admit of exact
classification. G. R.
⁂ The Ligurians appear to have accompanied the Iberians, and may
represent the Kol. H. C.
LIKUPANG.
MALAYAN: dialect of Celebes.
LIMBA-KARAJIA, LIMBA-PYU.
Dialects of Australia.
LIMBA-ROMANESCA.
A name for WALLACHIAN.
LIMBOS _or_ LIMBU.
Tribe of NIPAL and SIKIM, Trans-Himalaya. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp.
Dicty. A. C.
⁂ They are also called Ekthoomba, and have an alphabetic character.
H. C.
LIMESTONE-CREEK.
Dialect of Australia. See King’s Survey, London, 1827.
LIMOSIN.
(1) Romance: dialect of SPANISH. _See_ CATALONIAN.
(2) Dialect of PROVENÇAL. “Dict. du patois du Bas-Limousin,” by
Béronie and Vialle.
LINCOLN PORT, _see_ PARNKALLA.
LINGAYIT.
Siva-sectaries of India. It is a phallic or Priapean worship.
LINGOA-GERAL.
American: name for the corrupt GUARANI or TUPI, mingled with
PORTUGUESE, current in Brazil. “Diccionario,” &c., Bahia, 1854.
LINGUA-RUSTICA.
Italic: (1) Provincial or rustic dialect of classical
LINGUA-LATINA-VULGARIS. (2) Common dialect of mediæval Italy.
LINONIAN.
Wendic: a dialect of SLAVONIC, same as POLABIAN; formerly vernacular
in Luneberg.
LIPAN.
American: spoken by tribes of Apache in Texas, classed as ATHABASCAN,
and also called LAPANAS. See “Jnl. Ethnol. Soc.,” London, 1850.
LITHUANIAN.
(1) A language classed as WENDIC, and closely allied to LETTISH.
It is the vernacular language of old Lithuania, as now spoken in
the Russian governments of Kovno, Wilna Grodno, and in E. Prussia.
Kurschat: “Lithauischen Wörterbuch,” Halle, 1870.
(2) Dialects are called Polish-Lithuanian or SAMOGETIC. See
Grammar by Staniewicz, Wilna, 1829. Prussian-Lithuanian; Pott: “De
Borusso-Lithuanicæ,” Halle, 1837. _See_ CRIVINGIAN.
LITHUANIC.
Class name for the LETTIC division of the WENDIC family of languages.
LIUDIN-KIELE.
Name for the CHUD, TSHUD or VESP. _See_ TAVASTRIAN.
LIVONIAN.
WENDIC: a name for the LETTIC of Livonia. Sjoegren: “Livische
Grammatik,” St. Petersburg, 1861. _See_ LETTISH.
LOANGO.
African: dialect of Kongo, classed as KAFFIR.
LOBO.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea, and closely
allied to that of Triton Bay. H. C.
LOGONE.
African: dialect of KANURI, classed as BORNU, spoken S. of Lake Tshad.
LOGOS.
African: sub-dialect of TIMMANI.
LOGUDORE.
ITALIAN: dialect of Sardinia.
LOHAR.
INDIC: Mahratta name for the TAREMUKI.
LOHORONG.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group, E.
Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty.
LOK-TAI.
Tribe of Laos in Siam. _See_ PE-Y.
LOLOS.
Local dialect of CHINESE.
LOMBARDIAN.
Romance: provincial dialects of ITALIAN. _See_ LANGOBARDIC.
LOMBOK.
The island of Lombok or Salaparang, lying to the east of Bali, has a
two-fold population; the original inhabitants of the island, called
Sasaks, and forming the great majority, and the Balinese, who have
conquered it but are greatly in the minority. The language of the
Balinese is the same as in Bali; that of the Sasaks does not belong
to the Java group, but seems to be nearly allied to that of the
adjacent island Sumbawa. P. J. V.
LONDO.
African: a dialect of BANTU.
LONDON.
City dialect of ENGLISH, sometimes called COCKNEY. “Pegge’s
Anecdotes,” by Grose, London, 1818.
LOOCHOOAN _or_ LUCHU.
JAPANESE: dialect of the Loo-choo Is., off the E. coast of China.
LOOSHAI.
Indian tribes inhabiting the hills of Cachar and Chittagong, Bengal.
A. C.
LORD NORTH’S IS.
“Memoir” by Pickering, Cambridge, 1845.
LORETTO, _see_ LAYAMON.
LORI or LURI.
Dialect of KURDISH.
LORRAINE _or_ LOTHRINGIAN.
ROMANCE: _patois_ of France. “Essai” by Oberlin, Strasburg, 1775.
LOT.
Sub-dialect of PROVENÇAL: _patois_ of the French department of Lot
and Garonne.
LOTHIAN.
Dialect of Scotland.
LOTHRINGIAN, _see_ LORRAINE.
LOUCHEUX, _see_ KUTSHIN.
LOUISIADE.
MALAYAN: dialects of the Coral Seas. Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the
Rattlesnake,” London, 1851.
LOURENZO-MARQUES.
AFRICAN: dialect of Delagoa Bay.
⁂ There are considerable diversities, showing the survival of other
elements. H. C. _See_ TEKEZA.
LOW-GERMAN, _see_ DUTCH.
LOW-LATIN.
Name for the corrupted forms of LATIN that survived the general use
of the classical language of ancient Rome, chiefly used in many
countries of Europe for legal, medical, and ecclesiastical purposes,
and largely augmented from other languages, thence called MONKISH and
DOG-LATIN. See Ducange’s Glossary by Henschel.
LOW-SAXON.
Teutonic: branch of PLATT-DEUTSCH or LOW-GERMAN.
LOYALTY ISLANDS.
MELANESIAN: dialects are known as LIFU, MARE or NENGONE, and UEA,
forming a small group E. of New Caledonia. _See_ WALLIS’S IS.
LOYES.
Dialect of ANNAMESE.
LUBALO.
African: dialect of Kaffir, allied to SONGO and KASANGE. H. C.
LUBU.
MALAYAN: dialect of Sumatra.
LUCERNE.
Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN, spoken in Switzerland. See Glossary by
Häffliger, Lucerne, 1815.
LUGHMAN.
Dialect of KOHISTANI, spoken in Kabul. Vocaby. in “Jnl. Asiatic Soc.
of Bengal,” 1838.
LUGUNOR.
POLYNESIAN: a dialect of the Carolines.
LUHUPPA.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, closely allied to KORENG. See “Jnl.
Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1837.
LUIS, SAN, OBISPO; LUIS, SAN, REY.
American: Kechi Indians of California, classed as DIEGUNOS.
LUITIZIAN.
Slavonic: a dialect of POLABIAN, also called WILTZIAN, allied to
LINONIAN.
LULE.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Chaco district, considered to resemble
VILELA. Vocaby. by Machoni, Madrid, 1732.
⁂ Spoken on the R. Vermejo, on the drainage of R. de la Plata. The
Isiftene, Tokistine, and Oristine are considered to be dialects of
LULE, but no specimens are known. _See_ TONOCOTE.
LUMBARI.
Name for the Gohurs or Benjari of Rajputana and Gujerat.
LUMMI.
A dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.
LUNG-KHE.
A dialect of ARRAKAN.
LUOH, _see_ DYUR.
LUPAKA.
American: a dialect of the AYMARA.
LUSATIAN.
A sub-dialect of WENDISH, allied to LIVONIAN and POLABIAN. It is a
name for the SERB, SORB, or SORABIAN dialect of SCLAVONIC, vernacular
in the German province of Lausitz, belonging in part to Prussia and
in part to Saxony, and sub-divided into Upper and Lower SORBIAN.
_See_ WENDIC.
LUSITANIAN.
Classical name for the language spoken in the country now known as
Portugal. G. R.
LUTHERAN.
Teutonic: a name for modern HIGH-GERMAN; it is the Saxon of
Meissen or Misnia, an ancient province, now parted by Prussia and
Saxony. This dialect represents the old standard of HIGH-GERMAN,
as popularised by Martin Luther in his magnificent version of the
Scriptures. _See_ SAXON.
LUTUAMI.
American: spoken at Lake Clamet, or Klamath, on the boundary of
Oregon and California; also called CLAMETS and TLAMATL, and allied to
PALAIK, SHASTI, and SAHAPTIN. See “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
⁂ Gallatin treats this as distinct; it has affinities with the AINO.
H. C.
LYBIAN.
African: same as LIBYAN. _See_ THUGGA.
LYCAONIAN.
Ancient dialect of Lycaonia in Asia Minor. See “Disquisition,” by
Jablonski, Berlin, 1714: frequently reprinted.
LYCIAN.
Extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions. See
Fellow’s “Lycia,” London, 1841; “Asiatic Researches,” vol. xii.
⁂ It is Aryan in character, and more like the ZEND than any other
Aryan form of speech. G. R.
LYDIAN.
An extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known very imperfectly; classed
by some as SEMITIC (Lassen, Bunsen, Bötticher), by others as
INDO-EUROPEAN. G. R.
⁂ Dr. Hyde Clarke classes both Lycian and Lydian as PALÆO-GEORGIAN.
ADDENDA.
LACONDONA.
AMERICAN: a language of Verapaz. H. C.
LAKTHO.
Indo-Chinese: a dialect of ANNAMITIC.
LAMUREK.
MALAYAN: a dialect of Ulea, grouped with the Carolines.
LANDORO.
African: a language said to be MANDINGO. Vocaby. in “Polyglotta
Africana.” H. C.
LEICESTERSHIRE.
A dialect of England. Glossary by Dr. Evans. W. W. S.
LEKHIAN.
SLAVONIC: a name for the old language of Poland. G. R.
LEUVUCHE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Puelche, on the boundary of Chili.
LINCOLNSHIRE.
A dialect of England. Glossary by Brogden. W. W. S.
LINGUA FRANCA.
Mixed dialect, said to be used in the Levant, but where I never met
with it. H. C.
LINGUA DE SI.
A name for ITALIAN. (“Si” = “yes.”)
LOHITIC.
A class name for the languages spoken in the valley of the Lohita
or Brahmaputra, east of the peninsula of Hindustan. See Bunsen:
“Philosophy of History,” vol. iii., pp. 371-386. G. R.
LONSDALE.
A sub-dialect of Lancashire. See “Glossary of the Hundred of
Lonsdale,” by R. B. Peacock (Phil. Soc.), London, 1869. W. W. S.
LOWER CALIFORNIA.
AMERICAN: the Fico appear to be the same as the Peco or Pico, who are
Yemes, and are classed as Pueblo Indians. Dr. Latham suggests that
they are identical with the Ika. Vocaby. by Simpson Washington, 1850.
LURI, _see_ LORI.
M.
MAAS, _see_ MOSEL.
MABA, MABANG, _under_ MOBBA.
MACAHUA.
AMERICAN: dialect of Mexico. See De Nagera: “Doctrina y Ensenança,”
&c., Mexico, 1637.
MACARONIC.
Species of burlesque or comic speech. See “Lexicon-Macaronicum, &c.,”
by Bee, London, 1825. Macaronic verse is semi-polyglot, or full of
philological absurdities.
MACASSAR.
Polynesian, of MALAY character; dialect of S. Celebes, a large island
adjoining Borneo. It is written in a peculiar native character. _See_
BUGIS.
MACCABEAN.
OLD HEBREW: name for the numismatic alphabet found on Jewish coins of
the Maccabee period, and closely allied to the PHŒNICIAN characters.
MACEDO-WALLACHIAN.
Sub-dialect of ROUMANIAN; same as KUTZO-WALLACHIAN.
MACEDONIAN.
(1) Hellenic: sub-dialect of ancient GREEK, allied to the
ALEXANDRIAN. See Sturz: “De Dialecto Macedonica, &c.,” Leipsig, 1808.
(2) Sub-dialect of ROMAIC or NEO-HELLENIC, much corrupted by TURKISH.
MACHAKALI.
American: dialect of BOTOCUDO, classed as CAMACAN, and allied to
MACONI. H. C.
MACONI.
American: dialect of Brazil, allied to CAMACAN. See Vocaby. in “Da
Silva’s Dicty.”
⁂ It is BOTOCUDO, and perhaps allied to NATCHEZ. H. C.
MACOS.
American: sub-dialect of SALIVA.
MACQUARIE.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Port Macquarie. See King’s “Narrative,”
London, 1827.
MACUSI, MACOUSSIE.
American: sub-dialect of CARIB, belonging to Guiana, classed by
Schomburgk as CARIBI-TAMANAQUE.
MADAGASSE, _see_ MALAGASY.
MADI, MADIA.
NON-ARYAN dialects of Central India, allied to GONDI and GAYETI.
Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” H. C.
MADJAR, _see_ HUNGARIAN.
MADLIJA.
JAVANESE: same as MADYA.
MADURESE.
JAVANESE: dialect of Madura and of the Madurese colonists in Java,
very numerous in the districts east of Surabaya and Kediri. It is
mixed up with BALINESE, MALAY, and other foreign elements, but is
written with the Javanese characters; it has two sub-dialects, those
of W. Madura and of Sumanap in the E. See Diss. in “Crawfurd’s Malay
Grammar.” P. J. V.
MADYA.
JAVANESE term for “middle,” hence “basa-madya” for the middle dialect
of Java; it comes intermediate between “basa-krama,” or high, and
“basa-ngoko,” or low-speech. P. J. V.
MAER.
Polynesian: a dialect of MIRIAM, spoken in Darnley Islands.
MÆSO-GOTHIC, _under_ MŒ.
MAG-READING.
AMERICAN: Indians of California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,”
vol. iv. It is allied to COPEH.
MAGADHI.
Indic: corrupt BENGALI, some say derived from PRAKRIT, spoken in
the province of Bahar, S. of the Ganges. It is rather the old PALI
dialect of S. India.
MAGAR.
Dialect of Nipal, spoken by a military tribe; has THIBETAN affinities
with admixture of HINDI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
MAGINDANAO.
MALAYAN: language of the Philippines, closely allied to BISSAYAN, and
spoken in several dialects.
MAGYAR (MADJARIC).
Ugrian: native name for the dominant race of Hungary, classed as FIN.
The Ugrians settled in Hungary about 894 A.D., and have had a
literature since the days of St. Stephen, the “Apostolic King,” about
A.D. 997-1000. ☞
MAHA, _see_ OMAHA.
MAHARI, MAHRI.
Sub-Semitic: dialect of AMHARIC, also called KARAWI. _See_ HIMJARITE.
MAHI.
AFRICAN: a dialect of Dahomey.
MAHIKAN, _see_ MOHEGAN.
MAHRATTI, MARATHI, MURATHEE.
INDIC: dialect of an extensive district, spoken chiefly in the Bombay
Presidency. It is derived from SANSKRIT, but largely compounded
with TAMIL, TELOOGOO, and others, and is written in the Devanagari
characters. The word “Mahratta” is said to mean “Pariah” or
“outcast.” Dicty. by Molesworth and Candy, Bombay, 1857; Grammar by
Stevenson, 1868.
MAHREN, _see_ MORAVIAN.
MAHUNGA.
African: dialect of ANGOLA, allied to BUNDA.
MAIA, MAIJA, _see_ MAYA.
MAIHA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Bornu.
MAINAS.
AMERICAN: dialect of Peru, allied to QUICHUA.
MAINOT.
Romaic: local dialect of NEO-HELLENIC, allied to MESSENIAN.
MAIONGKONG.
American: dialect of CARIB, closely allied to GUINAU.
MAIPUR, _see_ MAYPUR.
MAIRASSIS.
Negritic: a sub-dialect of PAPUAN.
MAITHILI, MITHILI.
HINDI: dialect of Tirhoot, district of Bahar. _See_ TIRHAI.
MAKOBY.
AMERICAN: Indians of the Gran Chaco; allied to ABIPONIAN.
MAKOLOLO.
African: a sub-dialect of KAFFIR.
MAKUA, MAKOA.
African: dialect of KAFFIR, belonging to the Mozambique; also called
MONJU and MUNTU. H. C.
MALABARI.
DRAVIDIAN: the same language as MALAYALIM; but there are local
variations. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
MALAGASY.
The native language of Madagascar, a large island off the S.E. coast
of Africa; it is a POLYNESIAN compound, comprising elements from the
BALI, JAVANESE, NIAS, and TOBA; the language and people are called
MALAGASH; the native term for the island is Nosindambo, “wild-boar
island.” The Hovas are the dominant race. See early Catechism, 1658;
Flacourt’s “Dicty.,” 1658; works by Freeman and Ellis; Introduction
by Kessler, London, 1870; Grammar by Van der Tuuk.
⁂ The history of the Hovas is still very obscure, but Mr. Van der
Tuuk has sufficiently proved that their language is a peculiar branch
of MALAYAN, showing affinities to JAVANESE, BATAK, DAYAK, &c. P. J. V.
MALALI.
American: a dialect of Botocudo classed as CAMACAN, and allied to
MACONI. See Vocaby. in Da Silva’s “Dicty.” H. C.
MALAY.
(1) HIGH-MALAY: typical Polynesian; language of the peninsula of
Malacca. See “Grammar and Dicty.” of Crawfurd, London, 1852; by
Marsden, London, 1812; by Pynappel, by Hollander, Breda, 1864.
(2) BATAVIAN or LOW-MALAY. See “Handleiding,” by Homan and Van der
Tuuk. Zalt-Bommel, 1868.
⁂ Low-Malay is merely corrupt Malay, as introduced by Europeans.
The best vocabulary is by Badings, Dutch-Malay and Malay-Dutch,
Schoonhoven, 1872. Batavian-Malay is a dialect of SUNDANESE, with an
admixture of BALINESE and other foreign words. P. J. V.
(3) Dialects are known as AMBOYNESE MALAY, MENANG KABAW, or SUMATRAN
MALAY, ACHINESE and other Polynesian forms.
⁂ All languages spoken in the Indian or Malay Archipelago [except
those of the Galela group], and not directly Papuan, are called
“Malay languages,” and considered to belong to the one great Malayan
family.
More particularly Malay is the language of a nation spread over
a great part of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and the
archipelago of Rhio-Lingga, and which has founded many colonies
on the coasts of Borneo and the eastern islands of the Indian
Archipelago. Besides the common or so-called cosmopolitan Malay, it
is spoken in a peculiar dialect, called the Menangkabau Malay, in the
interior of Sumatra.
Malay in a very corrupt form, disfigured by ignorance of the
character of the language, and the arbitrary intermixture of foreign
words, has become the ordinary means of intercourse between Europeans
and the natives of the Indian Archipelago. This is called Low-Malay,
and differs in almost every locality.
Malay is written with the Arabic character. Through the contact with
Europeans the use of the Roman alphabet is gaining ground.
The affinities of Achinese are still very obscure, and we have
no vocabulary of the native language except that in Marsden’s
miscellaneous works; therefore Mr. Crawfurd errs when he calls
Achinese (p. lix.) “a cultivated and written language,” for the
literary language of the Achinese is genuine Malay. P. J. V.
MALAYALIM, MALAYALMA.
DRAVIDIAN: vernacular speech of Malabar, and other provinces of the
Madras presidency; it is closely allied to TAMUL, using an alphabet
of somewhat similar character. It has stages; anct. and mod. Grammar
by Peet, Cottayam, 1860; School Dicty., Mangalore, 1870.
MALAYAN.
Class name for all dialects of the MALAY family.
MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.
Crawfurd’s term. _See_ MALAGASY.
MALDIVIAN.
DRAVIDIAN; mixed dialect of the Maldives, a chain of coral islands
off the coast of Malabar, B. India. Vocaby. in Jnl. Asiat. Socy. of
Bengal, 1841.
⁂ This is a spoken and written language with some resemblance to the
AGAW group. H. C.
MALLICOLLO.
Negritic: PAPUAN dialect of New Hebrides.
MALO.
(1) Sub-dialect of URIYA, spoken by highland tribes of Orissa, B.
India.
(2) Sub-dialect of DAYAK, Borneo.
MALTESE.
Mixed dialect of Malta; it is of SEMITIC origin, closely allied to
ARABIC, but much infused with ITALIAN. Dicty. by Vella: Maltese,
Italian, and English, Livorno [Leghorn], 1853.
MAMALLA.
MALAYAN: dialect of N.W. Amboyna.
MAME _or_ MAM.
American: dialect of the MAYA class: same as POKO-MAM; allied to
KACHIQUEL, and spoken in Guatemala. “Arte, &c.,” by Larios; Mexico,
1697.
MAMI.
Negritic: sub-dialect of PAPUAN. It has some affinities with
FORMOSAN, MANGAREI, and GUEBE. H. C.
MANA.
African: class name for MANDINGO, including the KRU group; its area
extends as far inland as the Niger and as far south as the Ashantee
frontier; the Mandingo of Senegambia is the most N. Eastern of the
MANA class. See Kölle’s “Polyglotta Africana.” R. G. L.
MANATOTO.
Dialect of POLYNESIAN with AUSTRALIAN affinities. Dissertation,
Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”
MANCHU, _under_ MANTSHU.
MANDAHAR, _see_ MANDHAR.
MANDAILING.
BATTA: dialects of Angkola and Mandailing in So. Sumatra. P. J. V.
MANDAN.
American: dialect of SIOUX; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii.,
p. 446.
MANDARA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Lake Tschad. Denham’s “Vocaby. of Central
Africa,” collected from between 10° and 9° N.L.
MANDARANTSHI.
African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA.
MANDARIN.
CHINESE: the most refined dialect, also called KUAN-HOA; used in
classical literature, at Court, and in commerce. Dicty. by Perny,
“Fr., Lat., Ch. (Mandarine),” Paris, 1869; Grammar by Edkins, 1864.
MANDE.
A NEGRO speech; Treatise by Steinthal, Berlin, 1867.
MANDHAR.
District of Celebese or Macassar; the language is allied to BUGIS. It
is little known, but has a large admixture of MALAY and JAVANESE. P.
J. V. _See_ MENADO.
MANDINGO.
AFRICAN: class name for several languages of the W., much influenced
by ARABIC; it is more especially the native dialect of Senegambia.
Grammar and Dicty. by Macbrair, London, 1837. _See_ MANA.
MANDONGO.
African: dialect of KAFFIR.
MANDSCHU, _under_ MANTSHU.
MANDURESE, _see_ MADURESE.
MANG.
Dravidian; a local dialect of TAMUL spoken in the Mahratta territory.
MANGALA.
Singalese: dialect of KANDY.
MANGAREI (MANGUREO).
Polynesian: dialect of FLORES or MANGEYLE, with AUSTRALIAN
affinities. It is spoken on the W. coast; the people are subject to
the Sultan of Bima.
MANGASEIA.
Ugrian: dialect of SAMOIED, closely allied to TUNGUS. Small
vocabulary in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 77.
MANGEEA.
POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Friendly Is., situated 158° 16′ W. long.;
21° 27′ S. lat.
MANGKASAR.
Proper spelling of MACASSAR. This Malayan language is spoken in the
S. peninsula, viz., in the capital of Celebes and its environs; in
Tallo, Gowa, Saurabone, Takalar, Turuteya, Bouthain, and part of
Bulecomba. It is nearly allied to BUGIS, which is spoken in Maros,
Pangkajene, Segéri, Tanette, Barru, the Aja Tapparang, the remaining
part of Bulecomba, Boui, Soppeng, Waju, and Luwu.
⁂ The grammatical structure and syntax are alike in Bugis and
Mangkasar, though the difference of words is considerable, and the
alphabet is the same in the main, with slight modifications, but not
sufficient to justify the assertion of Mr. Wallace (“Malay. Archip.,”
vol. ii., p. 472) that Bugis is written in a native character
distinct from that of Macassar. There still exist some ancient MSS.,
written in an older alphabet, now quite obsolete. See “Makassaarche
Spraak-Kunst,” by Matthes, Amsterdam, 1858; “Woordenbock,” 1859:
“Chrestomathie,” 1860. P. J. V.
MANGRI.
AFRICAN: spoken S. of the Gambia.
MANIKOLO, _see_ MALLICOLLO.
MANIPOORA, _see_ MUNIPOORI.
MANKS _or_ MANX.
Keltic: the GAELIC or GADHELIC of the I. of Man. It is a written
language, and is closely allied to the ERSE and the GAELIC of
Scotland. Dicty. by Cregan, Douglas, 1835.
MANOA.
American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to BARREE.
MANONA, MANONO.
POLYNESIAN: dialects of the Navigator’s Is., S. Pacific. It is the
same as SAMOAN. W. G.
MANSURMUR.
Bhotya; sub-dialect of THIBETAN.
MANTAWAI, MANTAWEI.
MALAYAN: language of Mantawai and Pagai or Poggy, islands to W. of
Sumatra. P. J. V.
MANTSHU, MANCHU.
Moghol: typical language of TURANIAN, vernacular with the Mantshu
Tatars, now the reigning dynasty of China, but originally from the R.
Amur, Chinese Tartary. The characters are written in vertical columns
and read from left to right. Vocaby. by Gabelentz, Leipsig, 1864;
“Sketch” by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1856.
MANTUAN.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN; Vocaby. by Cherubini, Milan, 1827.
MANUA.
Polynesian: it is the SAMOAN with a few words of the E. Islands. W. G.
MANYAK.
BHOTYA: tribe of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
MANYUNYA, _see_ SANDEH.
MAORI.
POLYNESIAN: native name of the New Zealanders, closely allied to
KANAKA and TAHITIAN. The word “Maori,” pronounced “Mowry,” means
“natural,” “native,” “indigenous.” “Dictionary and Grammar,” by
Williams. London, 1852.
MAPLU.
Dialect of PEGUESE, classed as KAREN.
MAPOJE.
American: dialect of SALIVA, in New Granada; same as QUAQUAS.
MAQUA.