Macedonians, and subsequently.
KOL (COLE).
(1) OLDER DRAVIDIAN: language of the Kols, a wide-spread race of
Chota-Nagpoor, Central India. A. C. _See_ DHANGUR.
⁂ Mr. W. W. Hunter distinguishes two dialects, the HO and SINGHBHUM;
see Vocabys. in his “Comp. Dicty.”
(2) KOLI, KOOLI: Mahratta word, applied to a tribe of aborigines, and
also to a caste of water-bearers, hence KULI, _i.e._, “Coolee,” in
Tamil, a common labourer.
KOLADYN.
BURMESE: a dialect of Aracan.
KOLDAGI.
African: dialect of KORDOFAN. It is allied to the FURIAN. H. C.
KOLIGON.
AUSTRALIAN: the Colack natives. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
KOLUN, _see_ KHYEN.
KOLUSH.
American: dialect of SITKA. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p.
102.
⁂ These are a remarkable people, and the language is allied to
Chepewayan and Kenai. H. C.
KOLYMA.
Eskimo: a dialect of KAMSKADAL spoken in Asia.
KONAGI.
American: native language of the I. of Kadiak; its structure is
ESKIMO, but the vocabulary is ATHABASCAN of the KENAI group.
KONDIN.
A dialect of SAMOIED, allied to YURAK.
KONG (1).
AFRICAN: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich’s “Mission.”
KONG (2).
CHINESE: name for the dialect of Canton.
KONGA.
(1) MALAYAN: dialect of the Is. of Flores or Ende.
(2) INDIAN: name applied by the Mahrattas to the Dravidian people and
tongues. W. E.
KONGO _or_ CONGO.
African: spoken in the Portuguese dominion and classed by Bleek as
BANTU-KAFIR. Grammar by Brusciottus à Vetralla, Rome, 1659.
KONGUAN.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Gaboon. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,”
p. 564.
KONKANI.
Indic: a dialect of the MAHRATTI.
KONZA _or_ KANZA.
American: a dialect of SIOUX.
KOOCH, _see_ CUTCHI.
KOOKIE _or_ KOONKIE.
Monosyllabic: the same as LOOSHAI; Aracanese and Bengali words, with
others not referable to either of those languages, are found in it.
Spoken by the Howlong, Panjas, Ruttun and Syloo. A. C.
⁂ The name is sometimes applied to the NAGAS.
KOOMIS, _see_ KUMI.
KORANA.
African: a dialect of HOTTENTOT.
KORAWI.
Dravidian: a dialect of TAMUL. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,”
p. 246. _See_ TELING.
KORCH.
INDIAN: tribe of the Himalayas. Essay by Hodgson, London, 1860.
KOREAN.
A geographical term for some dialects of Siberia. _See_ COREAN.
KOREISH.
Semitic: the leading dialect of ARABIC.
Although the literary importance of the tribe of Koreish does not
seem to have been very great before the age of Mahomet, it was
nevertheless the dialect which he adopted for the Koran, and it has
from that day been the classical language of Arabia. See Renan,
“Hist. Gen. des Langues Sémitiques,” p. 328. R. P. S. _See_ CUFIC.
KORENG, _see_ KAREN.
KORIAK.
A KOREAN dialect of Okhotsk in Siberia, closely allied to KAMCHATKAN.
KORINCHI.
MALAYAN: dialect of interior of Sumatra, written with a peculiar
native character. P. J. V.
KOSKEEMO.
A dialect of Vancouver I., belonging to its W. side, spoken by nearly
extinct tribes of Koskeemos and Quatsinos; it is much mingled with
QUAKWOLTH. R. B.
KOT.
UGRIAN: dialect of the Yeniseian Ostiaks in Siberia, also called
KANSKI; Khotowzi is the Russian form of Kot. Grammar by Castrén.
KOTA, _see_ KODAH.
KOTOFANTSHI.
African: dialect of the HAMARUA.
KOU-OUEN.
Chinese: name for OLD CHINESE, the ancient Archaic dialect, now
extinct.
KOUSULU.
Indic: dialect of HINDI, vernacular in Oude.
KOWELITSK.
AMERICAN: western branch of the Flatheads.
⁂ Their dialect is allied to the ATNA or SELISH, and has affinities
with SEKUMNE, &c. H. C.
KOWRAREGA.
AUSTRALIAN: See Macgillivray: “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” vol. ii.,
p. 279.
KOWRI.
African: Dr. Latham’s name for a variety of native dialects, arranged
by Kölle as N.E. HIGH SOUDANIAN. ☞
KRAIN, _see_ CARNIOLAN.
KRAMA.
“Krama” in JAVANESE means “politeness” or “courteousness”; hence the
High Javanese (on the use of which _see the article_ JAVANESE) is
called “Basa Krama,” or the polite language. A few words equally used
in High and Low Javanese, but only in speaking of persons of the very
highest rank and consideration, are designated by the name of “Krama
inggil” or “High Krama.” P. J. V.
KREDY.
A language sometimes called FERTIT, but there is another language in
FERTIT allied to AGAW. The people are S. of Darfur, between 7° and 8°
N. Lat. There is a vocabulary by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873.
H. C.
KREEPEE _or_ KREPI.
African: names for the GREBO, closely allied to ADAMPI, ANFUE, and
the WHYDAH group. H. C.
KRETAN.
Same as CRETAN; a sub-dialect of GREEK. See Vocaby. in Höck’s
“Kreta,” Göttingen, 1823.
KRIM-TARTAR, _under_ C.
KRISTENAUX.
ALGONKIN: name for the Crees.
KROATIAN, _under_ C.
KRU.
African: dialect of Grebo and Gbe, belonging to the Ivory-coast, and
classed by some as MANA or MANDINGO. It has resemblances to ARO,
KASM, SERAWULLI, YALA, &c. H. C.
KU.
A dialect of DRAVIDIAN. See Caldwell’s Grammar.
KUAN-HOA.
Chinese: name for MANDARIN form of speech.
KUBITSHI.
Lesghian: name for the FERINGHEE.
⁂ It is a dialect of the Caucasus, like AKUSH, between the Koi Su and
Buam. H. C.
KUDI.
OLDER DRAVIDIAN: dialect of the Himalayas.
KUFIC, _under_ C.
KUKI.
Burmese: closely allied to KHUMIA.
KULANAPO.
AMERICAN: Indians of N.W. California.
⁂ The language is allied to KHWAKHLAMAYO, OREGONES, SHASTI, and YUMA.
H. C.
KUM.
African: dialect of KAFIR.
KUMAON.
HINDI: local dialect spoken near the sources of R. Ramgunga, in
Kumaon, a province of N.W. India.
KUMHA.
OLDER DRAVIDIAN: dialect of Nipal.
KUMI.
BURMESE: almost identical with KAMI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp.
Dicty.”
KUMUK.
TURKISH: dialect of the Caucasus. Klaproth: “Reise in den Kaukasus.”
⁂ It resembles KRIM-TATAR, and is not to be confounded with
KAZI-KUMUK. H. C.
KUNAWARI.
Mixed language of India: BHOT, KANET, MILCHAN, SUGNUM, &c.
⁂ Kunawar is a Trans-Himalayan province, N. of Simla. A. C.
KUNKUNA.
INDIC: old dialect of the Concan. _See_ KONKANI.
KUPANG.
MALAYAN: dialect of W. Timor.
KUPUAS.
MALAYAN: dialect of Borneo.
KURD _or_ KURDISH.
(1) ARMENIC: the dialect of Kurdistan, the mountain country dividing
Mesopotamia from Persia, halfway between the Black Sea and the
Persian Gulf, now divided between Persia and Turkey. It is closely
allied to OSSETIC and PUSHTOO, and has been classed as IRANIC; it is
written with Arabic characters. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 76.
⁂ It is not used as a written language, Persian being substituted.
There is a Grammar in Italian by Garzoni, Rome, 1787. H. C.
(2) OLD KURDISH has been regarded as a dialect of CHALDEE. See
“Forschungen,” by Lerch, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1857.
KURG, _see under_ C.
KURILIAN.
Also called AINO, the native language of the Kurile Is., also spoken
by the aborigines of Yesso or Yezo, one of the Japanese group, and
allied to KAMSKADAL and KORIAK. The Ainos are a hairy race, easily
distinguished from the smoother Mongols.
KURING.
“Kuring” in Sundanese means a “serf,” a person of low origin. Hence
the Low Sundanese is called “Basa-Kuring.” P. J. V. _See_ SUNDANESE.
KURLAND, _see_ CURISH.
KURUMBA.
NON-ARYAN: language of S. India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
_See_ DHANGAR.
KUSI-KUMUK.
Caucasian: language of KARA-KAITAK and TABASSERAN. It is allied to
the LESGHIAN group. H. C.
KUSKOKWIM, KUSKUTSHEWAK.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Labrador Eskimos on the R. Kuskukwim. See
Richardson’s “Arctic Expedition,” 2 vols., London, 1851.
KUSUNDA, KUSWAR.
OLDER DRAVIDIAN: dialects of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
KUTANI, _see_ KITUNAHA.
KUTCHI, _under_ C.
KUTSHIN.
American: dialect of ATHABASCAN, spoken by Loucheux Indians, on the
shores of the Arctic Ocean.
KUTZO-WALLACHIAN.
Italic: dialect of RUMANIAN, spoken to the S. of the Daco-Wallachian
or Rouman area about Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly.
KUZNETSK.
Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Siberia, classed by Dr.
Latham as Turks of the Upper Tom; small Vocaby. in his “Elements,” p.
107.
KUZZILBASH.
Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Persia; also called
KIZILBASH.
⁂ “Kizilbash” means “red-head;” it is a term applied to the Yurukhs
and other mountain tribes, who are regarded as non-orthodox
Mussalmans. H. C.
KWALIOKWA.
American: a dialect allied to the Tahkali or Carrier Indians, classed
as ATHABASCAN.
KYRILLIC, _under_ C.
KYT’HI, KAITHI.
A cursive handwriting used by Hindoos of the N.W. provinces in B.
India.
ADDENDA.
KABARDINIAN.
Caucasian: a dialect of CIRCASSIAN. H. C.
KABKA.
AFRICAN: a language of Bornu.
KABUCH.
Caucasian: a member of the LESGHIAN group. H. C.
KACHA, _see_ KATSHA.
KADIR.
A semi-nomade race, inhabiting some forests of S.W. India. W. E.
KAJENJAH.
AFRICAN: a language of Bornu.
KAKANDA.
African: a dialect classed as NUFI. H. C.
KALALAT.
Caucasian: seemingly LESGHIAN; referred to in the Mithridates.
KALASHA.
PAROPAMISAN or DARD: a dialect of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Leitner
and Mander. H. C.
KALBUNGA.
African: a dialect allied to MANDINGO. See Kölle’s “Polyg.” H. C.
KALE.
Romany: a name for GIPSY.
KALHURI.
ARMENIC: dialect of S. Kurds.
KALINA, KALINAGO, KARINA.
American: native terms for CARIB. _See_ GALIBI.
KALINGA.
Dravidian: a form of TELINGA.
KALLAGI.
African: NIGRITIAN dialect of the Soudan.
KALOSCHEN.
GERMAN form of “Cant” or “Slang.”
KAMAKAN.
AMERICAN: (1) Camacan civilisada; Brasilian Indians of Espiritu. The
same as MENIENG.
(2) Camacaes Mongoyos or Monxocos; Indians of Bahia.
KAMAKON.
African: classed with KALBRA.
KAMBA.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Congo.
KAMENTES, KARAIKAS.
AMERICAN: tribes of Pescherai.
KANACATA-GES.
AMERICAN: Jahyco Indians of Brasil.
KANAI, KANHAWA, _see_ CANAWAY.
KANAM, _see_ KANEM.
KANAS, _see_ KANCHI.
KANDO.
African: dialect of the Congo, classed as MANDONGO.
KANDY (CANDY).
SINHALESE: local dialect of Ceylon; also called MANGALA.
KANGA.
African: dialect of NIGRITIAN.
KANKAM, KANKAMTSHI.
AFRICAN: language of the Hamarua, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.
KANKANKA.
African: allied to MANDINGO. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.
KANNADI.
Correct designation of CANARESE.
KANSKI, KANSKOI, _see_ KOT.
KANYAKUBJA.
Indian term “of or relating to CANOUG or KANAUJ,” applied to any
caste.
KAPUL.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN. _See_ INABAK.
KARABA, KARABARI.
African: a language allied to EBO, quoted from Kilham’s “Specimens.”
KARABULAKISH.
Caucasian: dialect of MIZDEGHEN.
KARAKAITAK.
Caucasian: sub-dialect of KAZIKUMUK. H. C.
KARALI.
American: native name for the ESKIMO of Greenland.
KARANKA.
American: classed as AYMARA (Ludewig).
KARANKUA, KARANKOWAY.
American: classed as ATHABASCAN (Balbi).
KARINA, _see_ KALINGA.
KARNTEN.
Wendic: GERMAN form of CARINTHIAN, classed as SLOVENIAN.
KARUB.
African: tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES.
KASHMIRI, _under_ C.
KASHNA.
AFRICAN: a language of Bornu. H. C.
KASIA.
Indian tribe near the Garo hills, remarkable as the builders of stone
monuments; their language is allied to GARO, NAGA, SHAN, &c. H. C.
KASSENTEE.
AFRICAN: language of central district.
KASSIANTHES.
African: same as TIEMBA.
KATAHBA, _under_ C.
KATTANAHAWS.
AMERICAN: tribe of Minetare.
KAUDARD.
AFRICAN: unclassed language of the N.E.
KAVASUMSENK.
AMERICAN: tribe of Narragansets.
KAVERE.
AMERICAN: Maipure Indians. _See_ CAVERI.
KAZI-KUMUK _or_ KATHI-KUMUK, _under_ KU.
KEESARN, KIGARNEE, KYGANIES.
AMERICAN: Haidah Indians of Q. Charlotte’s Is.
KEIKADI.
NON-ARYAN: a language of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp.
Dicty.”
KEMENTES, _under_ KA.
KENSY (KENU).
African: a dialect of the NUBIAN; same as BARABRA.
KERAT.
Moghol: same as TORGOT, and classed as KALMUCK.
KERMANS.
Armenic: classed as KURDISH (Niebuhr).
KERRAPAY, KERRAPONG.
African: one or more sub-dialects of AKWAPIM. H. C.
KERRAPI, _see_ KREEPEE.
KET.
Ugrian: a dialect of the SAMOIED (Klaproth).
KEYES.
American: (1) same as KICHAI.
(2) Same as KEYUS, a tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.
KHALING.
Indo-Chinese; a sub-dialect of the KIRATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in
Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
KHARI-BOLI.
HINDI: local dialect of Delhi and Agra.
KHENAR.
Caucasian: a branch of the KISTI or THUSH. H. C.
KHENG, _see_ KHYEN.
KHIRGHESE, _see_ KIRGHIS.
KHISTI, _see_ KISTI.
KHOAZI.
Iranic: PERSIAN dialect of Kuseistan.
KHUNZAG.
Caucasian: a dialect allied to the AVAR. H. C.
KIAORANA.
POLYNESIAN: a form of salutation, “May you live.” W. G.
KIGARNEE, _see_ KEESARN.
KIGINDO.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR.
KIKATSA.
AMERICAN: name for the Crow Indians.
KILBA, KILBANTSHI.
AFRICAN: a language of the HAMARUA, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.
KILLISTENO, _see_ CREE.
KINALUG.
Caucasian: a sub-dialect of LESGHIAN.
KING GEORGE, _under_ G.
KING GEORGE’S ARCHIPELAGO.
AMERICAN: tribes of Kolusches. _See_ SITKA.
KING’S R. INDIANS.
AMERICAN: a tribe of California.
KISILBEK.
Caucasian: a dialect of ABSNE. _See_ KUZZILBASH.
KISKAPOCOKE.
American: tribe of Shawnees.
KISSI.
African: a dialect of Sierra Leone, supposed to be SUSU. See Kilham’s
“Specimens.”
KISTI, KISTIAN, KISTIC.
Caucasian: GEORGIAN term, from “Kisteti,” the country of the Kists,
also called KISTINZES. A name for the MIZDEGHEN.
⁂ It is the same as the TUSH or THUSCH language, is largely mixed
with LESGHIAN, and sometimes called CHECH or TSCHETSCH. Grammar by
Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856. H. C.
KITZBUHEL.
Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN dialect of the Tyrol.
KIZARAMO.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR, like KIGINDO. H. C.
KLING.
BURMESE: designation of the people on the Coromandel Coast employed
in Burma. W. E.
KNENKORENWURRO.
AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
KO.
MALAYAN: prefix to all proper names in E. Polynesia. W. G.
KOBROOR.
Malayan: WOKKHA, dialect of the Arroo Is.
KOCHABOTH.
American: dialect of GUAYKURU.
KOCHEMER-SPRACHE.
GERMAN form of “Cockney.”
KODIARA, KORBIAR.
Dravidian: dialects of BOWRI.
KOKAMA.
American: same as COCAMA, a tribe of Omaguas.
KOLAMBO.
African: dialect of MANDONGO.
KOLAMI.
NON-ARYAN: a language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp.
Dicty.”
KOLHUI.
American: NAHUATLAC tribe of Mexico.
KOLLA.
Dravidian: dialect of KORAWI. _See_ KOL.
KOLLAGUA, _under_ C.
KOLTSCHANES.
American: same as GALZANES, a tribe of Atna.
KOMANIAN.
Alatyan: dialect of TATAR, allied to UIGUR and UZBEG. G. R.
KOMI.
TCHUDIC: native appellation of the SIRENIANS.
KONDAKOV, _see_ KANDOKOV.
KONO.
African: allied to MANDINGO. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.
KONTSHABA.
A name for the KAMTSHATKAN, applied by Koriaks.
KONUNGZI.
American: a native appellation of the IROKESE. _See_ ONEGA.
KOOKAS.
A modern sect among Hindoos; they are fanatical, and practise
cow-worship.
KOOYEN, KOOYON.
American: KOLUSCH dialect of Cape Decision.
KORA.
AMERICAN: Mexican Indians of Najarit. _See_ CORA.
KORAVAR.
DRAVIDIAN: dialect of a wandering race of basket-makers in the
Carnatic. Same as KORAWI. W. E.
KORBIAN.
Dravidian: a dialect of BOWRI.
KORINGA.
African: spoken about 170 deg. N.L. H. C.
KORUBOIH.
AFRICAN: a language of Bornu.
KOSSA, KOSSOO.
AFRICAN: dialect of Sierra Leone, described from Kilham’s Specimens.
KOTORA.
African: also KOTO FANTSHI, language of the KOBOFO; described by Dr.
Barth. H. C.
KOYA.
INDIAN: a tribe of Goands. W. E. _See_ GUNDI.
KRAN, CRAN.
AMERICAN: (1) a name for the Timbiras of Goyaz in Brasil.
(2) Tribe of Jahyco, called CRAN-GES.
KRANGO.
African: sub-dialect of TIMMANI.
KUBEASE.
African: unclassified sub-dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C.
KUDAGU, _see_ CURGI.
KUDIC, _see_ TCHUDIC.
KUI.
That is “Kui-jatalu”: native name of the Khonds. W. E.
KULAW.
Indo-Chinese: ARRAKANESE name for Hindoos.
KULI, _see_ KOL.
KULINO, _under_ C.
KULLESPELM.
AMERICAN: native name of the Ponderays.
KULUNG, KULUNGYA.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group; classed
as a sub-dialect of KIRATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp.
Dicty.”
KUMBAR, _see_ TAREMUKI.
KUMIAN.
Alatyan: TATAR dialect, allied to KIRGHIS and NOGAI. G. R.
KUMSHALLAHU.
African: a dialect of MOSI.
KUNAGUARA.
AMERICAN: Caribs of the lower Orinoco R.
KUNGRAT.
Name of the UZBEG dynasty at Khiva, from the KUNGRADE stock.
KURA, KURALI, KURIAN.
Caucasian: a division of the LESGHIAN, on the River Kurachai; the
dialects include ANZUG and DZHAR or JAR.
KURNATA, _see_ CANARESE.
KWE-MI.
Indo-Chinese: true form of KOOMI or KUMI.
KWOMBI.
Indo-Chinese: a dialect of the KIRATA.
KYEN.
Indo-Chinese: same as KHENG, KOLUN, KIAYN.
KYGANIES, _see_ KEESARN.
KYMRU.
Keltic: a form of CYMRU. _See_ WELSH.
KYO.
Indo-Chinese: a division of the ARRAKANESE.
KYRA.
Caucasian: a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. H. C.
L.
LABOURDIN.
Sub-dialect of French BASQUE.
LABRADOR.
American: dialect of ESKIMO.
LABRUNG.
INDO-CHINESE: tribe of Singpho.
LACHLAN.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Regent Lake.
LACONIAN.
Hellenic: a dialect of modern GREEK; also called TZAKONIAN. _See_
SPARTAN.
LACONIC.
Short, pithy, terse forms of expression, derived from the mode of
speech adopted in Laconia.
LADAKHI.
Sub-dialect of BHOT, vernacular at Ladakh in Thibet.
LADINICHE, LADINO.
ROMANCE: called also Upper and Lower ENGHADINE. It is a corruption
of LATIN, spoken in the valley of the Inn, on the confines of
Switzerland with the Tyrol and Italy.
LADRONES.
MICRONESIAN: dialect of the Marianne Is. Also called CHAMORI.
LAGHMAN, _see_ LUGHMAN.
LAGOA.
AFRICAN: Kafir of Delagoa Bay. Vocaby. in White’s Journal, London,
1800.
LAKE, _see_ OSTIAK.
LAMANO _or_ LAMISSA.
American: dialect of QUICHUA, belonging to the district of Truxillo.
LAMBICH-HONG.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group, E.
Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty.
LAMPONG.
MALAYAN, with JAVANESE elements.
⁂ Dialect of the Lampong district in S. Sumatra, and written with
a peculiar native character. See “Dissertation,” Crawfurd’s Malay
Grammar. P. J. V.
LAMUR.
CAUCASIAN: a name for INGUSH.
LAMUT.
Dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUTSK.
LANARKSHIRE.
Dialect of that district in Scotland.
LANCASHIRE.
Provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Tim Bobbin: “Lancashire Dialect,
with Glossary”; Bamfords’s “Dialects of So. Lancashire,” London, 1854.
LANDOMA.
AFRICAN: closely allied to BAGO, TIMMANI, and BULLOM. H. C.
LANGOBARDIC.
(1) TEUTONIC: unclassed. See Türk: “Die Langobarden,” &c., Rostock,
1835.
(2) Provincial ITALIAN. See Margharini: “Dict. Longobardicum,”
Tuderti, 1670.
LANGOWAN.
Polynesian: a sub-dialect of MENADU. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”
LANGRES.
_Patois_ of FRENCH. “Vocaby.,” Langres, 1822.
LANGUAGE.
Speech: the expression or communication of ideas by means of
articulate sounds, divided into written and spoken language; the form
of speech peculiar to a nation. _See_ CLASSIFICATION.
LANGUE DE SI.
Mediæval name for ITALIAN. More properly “Lingua de Si.” (“Si” means
“yes.”)
LANGUE D’JO _or_ JA.
Mediæval name for GERMAN. Farrar. (“Ja” means “yes.”)
LANGUE D’OC.
(1) Name for the ancient PROVENÇAL or ROMANCE dialect of S. France,
derived from their use of the word “oc,” for “yes,” instead of
“oïl”; it was in especial the language of the early poets, called
Troubadours, who cultivated the “gai-science.”
(2) _Patois_ of FRENCH, the dialect of Toulouse. Dicty., Montpellier,
1820.
LANGUE D’OIL.
Old name for the northern dialect of France, derived from using the
word “oïl” for “yes,” since superseded by “oui”; it was especially
used by that class of poets called “Trouvères.” Grammar by Burguy, 3
vols., second edit., Berlin and Paris, 1870.
LANKA-BHASA.
Ancient SINHALESE; Ceylon being called Lanka or Lenka in Sanskrit.
_See_ PALI.
LANZEROTA.
A dialect of the Canary Is.
LAOS _or_ LAW.
INDO-CHINESE: a northern and central dialect of Siam, spoken along
the R. Menam. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1837, and Hunter’s
“Comp. Dicty.”
LAP, LAPPONESE, _or_ LAPPONIC.
Tchudic: dialect of the URAL-ALTAIC family of languages; it is
agglutinative, closely allied to FIN, and spoken in Swedish and
Russian Lapland, N. Europe. See Friis: “Lappisk Grammatik,”
Christiania, 1856.
LAPANAS, _see_ LIPAN.
LAR.
HINDI: dialect of Lower Scinde. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,”
p. 229.
LARIKI.
MALAYAN: dialect of W. Amboyna. See Wallace: “Malay Arch.”
LASEN _or_ LAZEN.
Sub-dialect of GEORGIAN. Rosen: “Die Sprache der Lazen,” Lemgo, 1844.
_See_ LAZIC.
LASSA.
BHOT. Lassa, capital of Thibet, is the head-quarters of the
Moghol-Buddhists.
LASTA, _see_ AGAU.
LATIN.
Head of the Italic branch of the ARYAN family of languages, and
closely allied to OSCAN, SAMNITE, and UMBRIAN; originally the
vernacular speech or idiom of old Italic, spoken in Latium, a
small state S. of the basin of the R. Tiber. It originated the six
so-called ROMANCE languages, viz.: (1) Italian, (2) Spanish, (3)
Portuguese, (4) Wallachian, (5) Romansch, of the canton Grisons, and
(6) French, the latter being further sub-divided into two _principal_
divisions, viz., Northern-French and Provençal. The Northern-French
was called by Roquefort “La Langue Romaine”; the Provençal was called
by Raynouard “La Langue Roman,”—both titles are misnomers. W. W. S.
LAUSITZ.
Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Vocaby., Anton: “Oberlausitz
üblichen,” Görlitz, 1825-39. _See_ LUSATIAN.
LAW, _see_ LAOS.
LAYAMON.
AMERICAN: dialect of Lower California. See “Nachrichten,” by Von
Murr, Halle, 1809.
LAZIC.
Lesghian: GEORGIAN dialect of Lazistan, in Asia Minor; same as LASEN.
⁂ It is unwritten, and differs much from Georgian and Swan. H. C.
LEBU, _see_ FEEJEEAN, &c.
LEGBA.
African: dialect of KOURI, closely allied to TEMBU, KAURE, and
KEAMBA. H. C.
LEGHI.
Old name for LESGHIAN.
LEKAMTSHI.
African: assigned by Barth to the HAMARUA.
LEKHI.
Name for the LESGHIAN of Daghestan.
LEKI.
A dialect of KURDISH.
LEMBA.
MALAYAN: dialect of Sumatra.
LEMOZI.
That is, LIMOUSIN, one of the sub-dialects of PROVENÇAL.
LENCA.
AMERICAN: vernacular in Honduras; dialects are GUAJIQUERO, INTIBUCA,
OPATORO, SIMILATON. See Squier: “Notes on Central America,” Spanish
ed.; “Apuntamientos,” &c., by Alvarado, Paris, 1856.
⁂ These languages are allied to the KOURI dialects of Africa. H. C.
LENGUAS, _see_ JUIADGE.
LENNI-LENNAPE.
AMERICAN: original Indians of Delaware State, since in Delaware
county, Indiana. Tribes were (1) Minsi, “the wolves,” (2) Unalachtgo,
“the turkeys,” (3) Unami, “the turtles.” Grammar by Duponceau,
Philadelphia, 1827. _See_ DELAWARE.
LEONARDE.
Keltic: a sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken in the former diocese of
St. Paul de Léon.
LEPCHA _or_ LEPSHA.
INDO-CHINESE: dialect of the Lepchas, a tribe of Sikim, in
Trans-Himalaya. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” vol. ix., and
Hunter’s Comp. Dicty., London, 1868. A. C.
⁂ It has a written character of its own, and is closely allied to
NOWGONG and ABOR. H. C.
LESBIAN.
Provincial dialect of ancient GREEK, spoken in the I. of Lesbos
(Mytilene). It belonged to the form of Greek known as ÆOLIC. G. R.
LESGHIAN.
CAUCASIAN: native speech of Lesghistan, a province of Georgia, the
ancient Albania.
⁂ Used as a class-name for several languages, including (1) AVAR,
ANDI, DIDO, &c.; (2) KASI-KUMUK, AKHWASH, &c.; (3) KYRA, &c. The UDE
also has sometimes been placed in this group. H. C.
LETT, LETTIC, _or_ LITHUANIC.
Class name for a division of the WENDIC or SLAVONIC branch of the
ARYAN family of languages, represented by (1) the OLD-PRUSSIAN,
extinct; (2) LITHUANIAN, the Lettish of Lithuania; (3) LIVONIAN, the
Lettish of Livonia.
⁂ Dr. Latham considers that the LETT or LITHUANIAN should form a
class by itself, but Prof. Max Müller combines them with the SLAVONIC
as a branch of WENDIC.
LETTERS.
The constituent parts of an alphabet, distinguished by form, name,
and sound. The primitive forms of early letters have been traced by
some to picture writing, and the objects so represented are said to
have originated the early names: thus, the ox—“aleph,” used as a
symbol, has become letter A; “beth”—a house, has become B; “ghimel”—a
camel, has become G, or C, and so on. _See_ PHONOLOGY.
LETTI.
Malayan: a dialect of the Serwatty Is., allied to TIMORESE.
LETTISH.