LABARE; TITUBARE; VACILLARE; NUTARE. +Labare+ (the ancient Gothic word,
slipan, from #lôphan#), denotes tottering, with reference to the whole
body, which rests on no firm basis; +titubare+ (from #taphein#,
#tuphlos#), with reference to the feet, which refuse their service, and
stagger; +vacillare+ (#hêka#) with reference to the upper part of the
body, which wants its upright, steady, secure position; lastly, +nutare+
(from #neuein#) with reference to the head, which seems ready to fall
off. The _titubans_ threatens to sink to the ground; the _vacillans_, to
fall over. +Titubatio+ betrays bodily weakness; +vacillatio+, want of
external dignity, and a steady carriage. (iii. 62.)
LABES, see _Vitium_.
LABI; CADERE. +Labi+ (from #leibô#) means to fall, with reference to the
point from which, and to the space through which, any one glides or
sinks down, like #olisthein#; whereas +cadere+ means to fall, with
reference to the point which a man reaches by his fall, as to come to
the ground, like #pesein#. Virg. Æn. vi. 310. _Lapsa cadunt_ folia. Cic.
Brut. 49. Quibus vitiis _labatur_ aut _cadat_ orator. (i. 128.)
LABOR; MOLESTIA; ÆRUMNA. 1. +Labor+ is the toil which requires strength
and causes weariness, like #ponos#; +molestia+ (from #molis#, #maleros#)
the trouble which, by its greatness or unseasonableness, dispirits, like
#chalepotês#; +ærumna+ (#airomenê#) the hardship that almost exceeds
human strength, and bows down even the hero, like #talaipôria#; an
antiquated, half-poetical expression, in Cic. Fin. ii. 35, and Quintil.
viii. 3, 26. Cic. Fin. v. 32. Ut ubi virtus sit resque magnæ et summe
laudabiles virtute res gestæ, ibi esse miseria et _ærumna_ non possit,
tamen _labor_ possit, possit _molestia_. (iv. 422.) 2. +Laborare+
denotes, as an intransitive verb, to be in a state of trouble and toil;
but +elaborare+, as a transitive verb, to produce something by trouble
and toil. (i. 116.)
LABOR, see _Opera_.
LACERARE; LANIARE. +Lacerare+ (from #lakis#) denotes to tear by mere
force, which may be done by the hands, claws, teeth; whereas +laniare+
denotes the effect of a _cutting_ instrument, under which _teeth_ and
_claws_ may be included. Appul. Met. iv. p. 84. Morsibus _laceratus_,
ferroque _laniatus_. Liv. xxii. 51. (v. 176.)
LACERTUS, see _Ulna_.
LACESSERE; IRRITARE; SOLLICITARE. 1. +Lacessere+ (#lakizein#) means to
excite the reason and will of another to resistance; +irritare+
(#anerethizô#) to provoke his feelings or passions to anger. Cic. Mil.
31. Ut vi _irritare_ ferroque _lacessere_ fortissimum virum auderet.
2. +Lacessere+ means to excite, when a man in a coarse manner disturbs
the peace of another; +sollicitare+, when a man disturbs the quiet of
another in a refined manner. (v. 176.)
LACRIMARE; PLORARE; FLERE; LAMENTARI; EJULARE; DEFLERE; DEPLORARE.
1. +Lacrimare+ (from #dakru#) denotes the physical consequence of a
certain emotion of the mind, whether joyful or sorrowful, like
#dakruein#, to shed tears; whereas +plorare+ (from pluere) denotes a
passionate expression of grief, like #thrênein#, to wail and cry.
Between the two stands +flere+ (#phleô#) in opp. to _ridere_, partaking
of the passionless feeling denoted by _lacrimare_, and of the feeling of
grief denoted by _plorare_, like #klaiein#, to weep. Sen. Ep. 63. Nec
sicci sint oculi amisso amico, nec fluant; _lacrimandum_ est, non
_plorandum_. 2. +Lamentari+ and +ejulare+ denote a higher degree of
_ploratus_; but +lamentatio+ (from #klauma#?) is, like #kôkuein#,
a longer continued wailing; +ejulare+ (from #eia#) a wailing interrupted
by cries and sobs, like #ololuzein#. 3. +Plorare+ and +flere+ are
intransitive verbs, as to weep; +deplorare+ and +deflere+ transitive, as
to deplore.
LACUNA; LACUS; STAGNUM; PALUS; ULIGO; LAMA; LUSTRUM. +Lacuna+ denotes,
in poetical language, any standing water, from a sea to a pool; +lacus+
and +stagnum+ are collections of standing water kept sound and fresh by
their own springs, or by ebbing and flowing; +lacus+ (liquere) is large
enough to bring to mind the image of the open sea, in opp. to the main
sea, like #limnê#; +stagnum+, like a pond, not so large as to resemble a
lake, in opp. to a stream, like #tenagos#; whereas +palus+ and +uligo+
are collections of standing water corrupted and grown foul; +palus+
(#pludan#) is, like a marsh, a district covered with a surface of foul
water, like #helos#; +uligo+ (from #olos#) like a moor, a district
soaked through with foul water. The +palus+ appears as a mass of water
made thick by mud and bog-earth, in which a person may be drowned;
+uligo+ only as ground thoroughly soaked with water, in which a man may
sink down. Lastly, +lamæ+ and +lustra+ denote standing waters of small
extent; +lama+, a mere dirty and filthy puddle on a high road; +lustra+,
an ill-smelling and noisome quagmire in woods, etc. (v. 30.)
LÆDERE; VIOLARE; OFFENDERE. +Lædere+ denotes a physical injury, as to
hurt; +violare+, an injury to a person's rights, as to offer violence;
+offendere+ (from #penthos#) an injury to a person's feelings, as to
affront. +Lædere+ refers to whatever object is capable of receiving
injury; +violare+, to one that has a just claim to protection;
+offendere+, to a rational and feeling being. Cic. Off. i. 28, 99.
Justitiæ partes sunt non _violare_ homines, verecundiæ non _offendere_.
Fin. iii. 11. Sen. Ir. iii. 18. Pleraque eorum propter quæ irascimur
_offendunt_ nos magis quam _lædunt_. Const. 4. Contumelia tantum
delicatis gravis est, qua non _læduntur_, sed _offenduntur_. Ovid, Am.
iii. 3, 31. Formosa superi metuunt _offendere_ læsi. (iii. 138.)
LÆTARI, see _Gaudere_.
LÆVIS; GLABER; FRICARE; TERERE. 1. +Lævis+, +levis+, (#leios#) means
smooth, in opp. to rough and rugged, and gives a pleasant impression of
elegance; whereas +glaber+ (#glaphuros#) in opp. to rough, covered with
hair, and grown up, and gives an unpleasant impression of deficiency.
2. +Fricare+ means to rub, and thereby make smooth, like #psêchein#;
whereas +terere+ (#teirein#) means to rub, and thereby make less, like
#tribein#.
LÆVUS, see _Sinister_.
LAMA, see _Lacuna_.
LAMBERE; LINGERE. +Lambere+ means to lick, inasmuch as one uses the
tongue, like the hand, as an instrument to take hold of, or to touch
anything, whether eatable, and possessing a taste, or not; +lingere+
(#leichein#) when one uses the tongue as the organ of the sense of
taste, in order to ascertain the flavor of any thing. Plin. H. N.
xxxv. 7. Canem ex ære vulnus suum _lambentem_; compare with xxxi. 4.
Pecoribus saldatur _lingendus_. (v. 152.)
LAMENTARI, see _Lacrimare_.
LANCEA, see _Missile_.
LANIARE, see _Lacerare_.
LANIENA; MACELLUM. +Laniena+ is the butcher's stall, where the _lanius_
sells slaughtered and ready-jointed meat; +macellum+, the market in
which the _macellarius_ sells all sorts of meat, including poultry and
fish.
LAPIS, see _Saxum_.
LAQUEUS; FUNIS; RESTIS. 1. +Laqueus+ (from #helixai#) is the noose at
the end of a rope; whereas +funis+ and +restis+ mean the rope itself;
+funis+, a thicker rope, which is meant more for drawing and pulling,
and on that account must have a proper length, like #schoinos#;
+restis+, a thinner rope, which serves more for fastening and hanging
up, and therefore may be short, like #spartê#. The trace by which the
_equus funalis_ is attached; the rope on which the _funambulus_ balances
himself; the tow which draws the boat to the ship, are never rendered in
prose by _restis_: whereas the rope with which the self-murderer hangs
himself, or the slave is whipped, or the garment girded, is seldom
rendered by _funis_, unless the poet gives the preference to the last
word as a more elevated term. (v. 36.) 2. +Rudentes+ are the sail ropes;
+retinacula+, and +oræ+, the cables or anchor-ropes; +retinacula+, as a
more general and popular term; +oræ+, +oras+, +solvere+, as more
technical expressions in nautical language.
LARGITIO, see _Donum_.
LARGUS; BENIGNUS; LIBERALIS; MUNIFICUS. +Largus+ means any one who makes
a rich present, to whomever he makes it, and from whatever motive, in
opp. to _parcus_. Ter. Heaut. iii. 1, 31; whereas +benignus+,
+liberalis+, and +munificus+, denote virtuous qualities in the giver.
The _benignus_ follows a pure impulse of humanity, love towards his
fellow men; the _liberalis_, a noble pride, or feeling of self-respect;
the _munificus_, a princely feeling, or, at any rate, a feeling of
laudable ambition. _Benignitas_ gives richly, because it has no wish to
possess and enjoy alone, like goodness; _liberalitas_ gives as much as,
and not less than, a man of noble sentiment believes suitable to his own
rank and to another's merits, without scrupulous mercantile calculation,
like a gentlemanly spirit; _munificentia_ gives rather too much than too
little, from the pleasure of making people happy, and causing an
agreeable surprise, like generosity. (iv. 146.)
LARVA; PERSONA. +Larva+ (from lar?) is a caricatured, frightful mask;
+persona+ (#parisôn#) an ingeniously formed, characteristic mask.
LASCIVUS, see _Petulans_.
LASSUS, see _Fatigatus_.
LATEBRA; LATIBULUM. +Latebra+ is a retired or obscure place, where a man
can conveniently remain concealed; +latibulum+, a lurking-hole, into
which a man must creep like a beast. (vi. 189.)
LATRARE; GANNIRE; BAUBARI. +Latrare+ means the hostile bark of a great
dog, and, figuratively, to wrangle, like #hulaktein#; whereas +gannire+,
the harmless bark of a little dog, and, figuratively, to chatter, like
#knuzasthai#; lastly, +baubari+, the whining and howling of a dog, like
#bauezein#. Lucret. v. 1064-1070.
LATRO, see _Præda_.
LATUS, see _Coxa_.
LECTUS, see _Cubile_.
LEGARE, see _Mittere_.
LEMBUS, see _Navigium_.
LEMURES, see _Spectrum_.
LENIS, see _Mitis_.
LENTUS, see _Tardus_.
LEPIDUS; FACETUS; FESTIVUS; SALSUS; DICAX; CAVILLATOR. +Lepos+,
+facetiæ+, and +festivitas+, denote the harmless wit, which, like humor,
is only opposed to seriousness, and is the attribute of a benevolent
mind; +lepos+ (from #lepô#, #leptos#,) the lightest wit, in opp. to dull
gravity; +festivitas+ (from #spathan#) the more cheerful sort of wit, in
opp. to gloomy seriousness; +facetiæ+, the jocund wit, in opp. to sober
seriousness; whereas +sales+, +dicacitas+, and +cavillatio+, denote the
more pungent wit, which is a sign of an acute intellect; +sales+
(#hales#) the piquant wit, in opp. to what is flat and trivial, which
aims at a point, whether others may be pleasantly or painfully affected
by it; +dicacitas+ (from #dakein#) the satirical wit, which is exercised
at the cost of others, yet so that the jest is still the principal
aim,--the pain inflicted, only an accidental adjunct; +cavillatio+, the
scoffing wit, in which the mortification of others is the principal aim,
the jest only a means and unimportant form. Cic. Orat. 30. Demosthenes
non tam _dicax_ fuit, quam _facetus_. Est autem illud acrioris ingenii,
hoc majoris artis. (v. 21).
LETUM, see _Mors_.
LEVIS, see _Lævis_.
LIBARE, see _Sapor_.
LIBENTER, see _Sponte_.
LIBERALIS, see _Largus_.
LIBERALITAS, see _Donum_.
LIBERTUS; LIBERTINUS. +Libertus+ means the freed-man, with reference to
his master, in opp. to _servus_; Cic. Mil. 33. Sext. 35. Tac. G. 25.
Suet. Cæs. 75; +libertinus+, with reference to his rank, in opp. to
_civis_ and _ingenuus_. Liv. x. 21. xli. 8. Suet. Cl. 54. Senec. Contr.
iii. 21. Quærendus mihi gener erat aliquis _libertinus_; quid ergo?
alieno potius _liberto_? Cic. Verr. i. 47. Trebonius fecit heredem
_libertum_ suum . . . Equiti Romano _libertinus_ homo fit heres. Suet.
Cl. 25. Tac. H. iii. 58. (vi. 194.)
LIBIDO, see _Cupido_.
LIBRA; PONDO. +Libra pondo+ is the full expression, literally a balance
in weight, that is, a scale, filled so as to balance a pound; +libra+
(#leios#) is a less definite expression, inasmuch as leaving out the
_pondo_, makes it doubtful whether the balance itself be not understood;
+pondo+ is an elliptical expression, in which the principal notion,
weight, is expressed, and the accessory notion left out; the scale that
is filled must balance the definite weight. In a similar manner _operæ
pretium est_, is distinguished from _operæ est_, and from _pretium est_.
(vi. 195.)
LIBRARE; VIBRARE. +Librare hastam+ (from #leios#) means to raise the
spear in a horizontal direction, in order to hurl it with greater force,
and with a surer aim; +vibrare+ (#huphê#) to brandish it backwards and
forwards, or up and down, that is, either in a horizontal or
perpendicular direction, in order to testify an eager desire for the
combat. (v. 196.)
LIBURNA, see _Navigium_.
LICET, see _Concessum est_.
LIGARE; VIERE; VINCIRE; NECTERE; OBLIGARE; OBSTRINGERE; DEVINCIRE.
1. +Ligare+ and +viere+ denote to bind, in order to prevent things
falling asunder, synonymously with _copulare_, like #deein#; whereas
+vincire+ and +nectere+ mean to fetter, in order to hinder free
movement, synonymously with _coercere_, like #desmeuein#. 2. +Ligare+ is
the general, +viere+ (#ochein#) the technical expression for binding
fast, etc. 3. +Obligare+ means to oblige by acts of kindness;
+obstringere+, to oblige by benefits; +devincire+, to rivet to one's
self by a lasting intimate connection. The _obligatus_ feels himself
bound by the conventional duties of social life; the _obstrictus_, by
the duties of morality or religion; the _devinctus_, by the duties of
piety. (iv. 282.)
LIMA; SCOBINA. +Lima+ is a tool for filing smooth; +scobina+, for filing
off. (vi. 197.)
LIMES, see _Finis_.
LIMUS, see _Lutum_.
LINGERE, see _Lambere_.
LINGUA; SERMO. +Lingua+ denotes the speech of any, even the most
uncultivated people, gens or natio, in as far as they possess proper
words to express their notions; whereas +sermo+, only the speech of a
cultivated people, populus, in as far as it is adapted for the
expression of connected thoughts. +Lingua+ is, like the tongue, born
with us, and refers more to the mere gift of speech; +sermo+ requires
voluntary activity, and involves the rules of grammar and of style. Cic.
Fin. i. 3, 10. Sæpe disserui Latinam _linguam_ non modo non inopem, sed
locupletiorem etiam esse quam Græcam: comp. with Off. i. 31. _Sermone_
debemus uti eo, qui notus est nobis. (iv. 22.)
LINTER, see _Navigium_.
LIQUERE, see _Fluere_ and _Constat_.
LIRA, see _Porca_.
LITERA; ELEMENTUM. +Litera+ is a letter, as the most indivisible part of
writing, like #gramma#; +elementum+ (#alêma#) as the most indivisible
part of language or of knowledge in general, like #stoicheion#.
(iii. 210.)
LITERÆ; EPISTOLA; CODICILLI. +Literæ+ is the most general expression for
a letter; +epistola+ is one directed to a distant friend, and sent by a
messenger; +codicilli+, an address to one within the same walls, as a
note. Sen. Ep. 55. Adeo tecum sum ut dubitem an incipiam non _epistolas_
sed _codicillos_ tibi scribere. Cic. Fam. vi. 18. Simul accepi a Seleuco
tuo _literas_; statim quæsivi e Balbo per _codicillos_ quid esset in
lege. (vi. 198.)
LITERÆ; ARTES; DOCTRINÆ; DISCIPLINÆ. +Literæ+ and +artes+ denote the
sciences as the general objects of scientific education; +literæ+, in a
narrower sense, only as literature, or the sciences so far as they are
laid down in books, and, together with other branches of knowledge,
enrich the mind, and are the means of sharpening the understanding and
forming the taste, +artes+ (#aretai#?) in the widest sense, so far as
the knowledge of them immediately attests intellectual cultivation, and
readiness in the practical application of the sciences; whereas
+doctrinæ+ and +disciplinæ+ denote particular parts of the general
objects of knowledge formed into systems; +doctrinæ+, more the
speculative and abstract parts of philosophical and learned education;
+disciplinæ+, more the practical parts, that are conducive to the
purposes of life. (v. 269.)
LITIGATIO, see _Disceptatio_.
LITUS, see _Ripa_.
LIVOR, see _Invidia_.
LOCUPLES, see _Divitiæ_.
LOCUS; TRACTUS; REGIO; PLAGA. +Locus+ (#lochos#) denotes a space, as a
single point, like #topos#; +tractus+ (from trahere) as a line, with the
notion of extension to a distance, as a tract of country, something like
#klima#; +regio+ (from #rhêchos#, #orchos#,) as a circle, with the
included notion of the environs, like the surrounding country, #chôros#;
+plaga+ (#plax#) principally as a surface or plain.
LONGÆVUS, see _Vetus_.
LONGE, see _Procul_.
LOQUAX, see _Garrire_.