INVADERE, see _Irruere_.
INVALETUDO, see _Æger_.
INVENIRE; REPERIRE; DEPREHENDERE; NANCISCI; ADIPISCI; CONSEQUI; ASSEQUI.
+Invenire+ denotes, as a general term, to find; +reperire+ and
+deprehendere+ suppose a previous concealment of the thing found, and an
intention, and pains employed on the part of the finder; but the
_reperiens_ (from #peparein#) merely discovers what was concealed, and
now lies before his eyes, like #aneurein#; the _deprehendens_, what
desired to hide itself, or to escape, and now is in his power. Tac. Ann.
i. 74. Perniciem aliis ac postremo sibi _invenere_: comp. with xiv. 3.
Cædes quonam modo occultaretur nemo _reperit_. 2. +Invenire+,
+reperire+, +deprehendere+, imply a concealed object, which is
discovered; whereas +nancisci+, +adipisci+, +assequi+, and +consequi+,
only a distant object, which is reached; the _nanciscens_ (from
#enenkesthai#) arrives at his object with or without trouble, sometimes
even against his wish, as to light upon; the _adipiscens_ (from potiri)
only by exertion, as to achieve; the _consequens_ arrives at the object
of his wish with or without assistance; the _assequens_, at the object
of his endeavors, by means of exertion. Suet. Tib. 10. Titus ad primam
statim mansionem febrim _nactus_: comp. with Dom. 15. Nero in
_adipiscenda_ morte manu Epaphroditi adjutus est. Cic. Att. x. 12.
_Nactus_ Curionem omnia me _consecutum_ putavi. Rosc. Com. 4. Ut neque
nihil neque tantum quantum postulavimus _consequamur_. In Cic. Mil. 11.
Nihil dico quid resp. _consecuta_ sit, nihil quod vos, nihil quod omnes
boni; namely, by the death of Clodius, to which certainly nobody but
Milo had contributed; _assecuta sit_ could not be substituted; and, on
the other hand, in Sen. Brev. 17. Operose _assequuntur_ quæ volunt,
anxii tenent quæ _assecuti_ sunt; the word _consequuntur_ would be too
weak. Cic. Fam. i. 7, 10. Omnia quæ ne per populum quidem sine seditione
_assequi_ arbitrabantur, per senatum _consecuti_ sunt. (iii. 142.)
INVERTERE, see _Vertere_.
INVESTIGARE, s. _Quærere_.
INVICEM, see _Vicissim_.
INVIDIA; LIVOR; INVIDENTIA; MALIGNITAS; OBTRECTATIO; DETRECTATIO.
+Invidia+ denotes looking askance, as a sign that a man grudges
something to another, from moral or immoral motives, not _necessarily_,
though especially, from self-love, like #hupopsia#; whereas +livor+
(from #chleuê#, or #chloia#), denotes the self-tormenting envy, which
poisons the whole soul, and deprives the body itself of its fresh
healthy color. 2. +Invidia+ is the usual term for envy, whether active,
as that which a man harbors, or passive, as a state in which a man
stands; whereas +invidentia+ is a new term of Cicero's for the envy
which a man harbors. 3. +Invidia+ and +livor+ denote envy as a temporary
state, whereas +malignitas+ as an habitual quality and disposition, in
opp. to goodness of heart. The _invidus_ and _lividus_ grudge particular
persons particular advantages, in particular cases; but the _malignus_
wishes well to nobody but himself. 4. +Invidia+, +livor+, +malignitas+,
denote a feeling and state of mind, whereas +obtrectatio+ denotes an
action, or manner of acting, proceeding from this feeling, inasmuch as
it seeks to injure the envied person by dishonorable means, namely,
detraction. _Obtrectatio_ can scarcely be conceived as existing without
_invidia_, but _invidia_ may without _obtrectatio_, if the envious
person is too cowardly to enter into conflict with the envied.
5. +Obtrectatio+ supposes a rival, and has its origin in jealousy;
whereas +detrectatio+ only an enemy in general, and proceeds principally
from antipathy. (iii. 65.)
INVIDIA, see _Odium_.
JOCUS, see _Ludus_.
IRASCI, see _Succensere_.
IRE; MEARE; GRADIRI; INGREDI; INCEDERE; VADERE. 1. +Ire+ and +meare+
denote to go, in the most general sense, as motion from one place to
another; +ire+ especially applies to persons, in consequence of an act
of the will, like #ienai#; but +meare+ (from #ameuô#) especially to
beasts, ships, rivers, stars, as mere mechanical motion, in which reason
has no share, like #phoitan#; whereas +gradiri+ and +ingredi+,
+incedere+ and +vadere+, with particular accessory notions in regard to
the manner of going; +gradiri+ and +ingredi+, in a quiet manner, and
with a regular measured step, in opp. to _serpere_, _currere_, _stare_;
Cic. N. D. ii. 47. Att. ii. 23, like #badizein#; +incedere+, in a proud
manner, and with a graceful measured step, as in a procession and march,
in opp. to _ambulare_; Sen. N. Q. vii. 31, like #embainein#; and
+vadere+ (#elthein#?) with alacrity and a quick step, as in travelling,
and in attacking the enemy, in opp. to repere? like #chôrein#; Thuc.
v. 70. 2. +Ingressus+ means going in general; +incessus+ a manner of
going peculiar to the individual, and by which he is known as well as by
his physiognomy. +Ingressus+ is purely physical; +incessus+ is moral and
characteristic. (iv. 53.)
IRRIDERE, see _Ridere_.
IRRITARE, see _Incitare_ and _Lacessere_.
IRRITUS, see _Frustra_.
IRRUERE; IRRUMPERE; INGRUERE; INVADERE. +Irruere+ (#eisreusai#) means to
rush on hastily and inconsiderately; +irrumpere+, to force one's way
with violence; +ingruere+ (ingravare) to press on with threats and
importunity; +invadere+, to fall upon with boldness, and without regard
to consequences. (vi. 180.)
ITER; VIA; TRAMES; SEMITA; CALLIS. 1. +Iter+ and +meatus+ denote the
progress which a person makes, the going, the journey, in an abstract
sense; +iter+, that which a rational being makes; +meatus+, that which a
being void of reason and of will makes; +via+, the path on which a
person goes, in a concrete sense. Hor. Od. iii. 2, 22. Virtus negata
tentat _iter via_. Cic. Att. v. 14. _Iter_ conficiebamus æstuosa et
pulverulenta _via_. 2. +Iter+ in a concrete sense, denotes a way which
leads directly to a particular point, whether beaten and trodden, or
not, like #keleuthos#; whereas +via+ (from the old word veha, way),
a way, which, if not beaten, is the ordinary and usual way, like
#hodos#. Cæs. B. G. vi. 27, means by _viarum atque itinerum duces_, the
guides, who partly point out the frequented roads and paths, partly give
information as to where they lead out. 3. +Via+ and +iter+ may be narrow
or wide; whereas, +trames+, +callis+, and +semita+, denote only a narrow
way or path; +trames+ (#trêma#) a by-road in a plain and town, by which
one may arrive, partly in a shorter time, partly without being so much
observed as in the open road, to a given point; +semita+ (from secare,
segmen), a foot-path, which often runs by the side of the high-road,
like #oimos#; +callis+ (from #keleuthos#) a path over a mountain or
through a wood, which is scarcely passable except for cattle, like
#atrapos#. Plaut. Cas. iii. 5, 42. De _via_ in _semitam_ degredi; and
Liv. xliv. 43. Cic. Phil. xiii. 9, 19. Egressus est non _viis_, sed
_tramitibus_ paludatus; and Rull. ii. 35. Virg. Æn. ix. 383. Rara per
occultos lucebat _semita calles_; and Curt. vii. 11, 2. (iv. 64.)
ITER FACERE, see _Proficisci_.
ITERUM; RURSUS; DENUO; DE INTEGRO; REPETERE; INTEGRARE. 1. +Iterum+
(#heteron#) means, like #deuteron#, a second time; +rursum+ or +rursus+,
(revorsus) like #authis# and #palin#, again, once more; +denuo+ (de
novo) like #neothen#, anew; +de integro+, like #authis ex huparchês#,
quite afresh. Justin. xxi. 4, 6. Hoc consilio præventus _iterum_
servitia concitat, statutaque _rursus_ cædium die, quum _denuo_ se
proditum videret. 2. In the same manner +pugnam iterare+, Liv. vi. 32,
means to join battle a second time; +pugnam repetere+, x. 36, to repeat
the battle; +pugnam renovare+, Cæs. B. G. iii. 20, to renew the battle;
and +pugnam integrare+, Liv. vii. 7, to begin the battle again quite
from the beginning. Aut. Herenn. ii. 3, 47. Enumeratio est per quam
colligimus et commonemus quibus de rebus verba fecerimus, breviter, ut
_renovetur_, non _redintegretur_ oratio. (i. 184.)
JUBERE; IMPERARE; PRÆCIPERE; MANDARE. +Jubere+ (from #iotês#) means to
bid, merely in consequence of one's own wish and will, in opp. to
_vetare_, like #keleuein#; +imperare+, to command, by virtue of a
military supreme authority, like #archein#; +præcipere+ to enjoin, by
virtue of an authority as a teacher, etc., something like
#entellesthai#; +mandare+ (from #mêdomai#) to charge, in consequence of
thorough confidence in a person, like #ephiesthai#.
JUCUNDUS, see _Gratus_.
JUDICARE, see _Censere_.
JUGULARE, see _Interficere_.
JUGUM, see _Mons_.
JUMENTUM, see _Pecus_.
JURGIUM, see _Disceptatio_.
JUSJURANDUM; JURAMENTUM; SACRAMENTUM. +Jusjurandum+, and the later word
+juramentum+, denote a civil oath, by which a man confirms or promises
something; +sacramentum+ denotes a military oath, by which the soldier
solemnly pledges and binds himself not to forsake his standard. Liv.
xxii. 38. Milites tunc quod nunquam antea factum erat, _jurejurando_ a
tribunis militum adacti jussu consulum conventuros neque injussu
abituros; nam ad eam diem nihil præter _sacramentum_ fuerat. And
xxxv. 19. (vi. 183.)
JUVARE, see _Auxilium_.
JUVENIS, see _Puer_.
JUVENTA; JUVENTUS; JUVENTAS; JUVENALIS; JUVENILIS. 1. +Juventa+ (from
#zeô#, #zoê#), is the season of youth; +juventus+, a collection of young
men; +Juventas+, the goddess of youth. 2. +Juvenalis+ denotes youthful,
either indifferently, as that which belongs to young people, or with
praise, in opp. to the weakness of old age; whereas +juvenilis+ denotes
youthful, with the accessory moral notion of what is in conformity with
the character of young people, mostly with blame, in opp. to the
maturity of age. (v. 46.)