Apr. 6. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. Polk, Diary, May 15. Robertson,
Remins., 232. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 567-8. Naredo, Orizaba,
108. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 247. Davis, Autobiog., 129-30. Sen. 1;
30, 1, pp. 229, 235 (Scott); 237-8. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1185 (Perry).
Apuntes, 166-7. _Picayune_, Apr. 9, 10, 14. Lawton, Artillery Off.,
110, =252=Mackall to father, Mar. 30. =12=Matson to commodore, Apr.
2. Oswandel, Notes, 98. Semmes, Service, 145-6. _Regenerador Repub._,
Apr. 7. Lawton, Artillery Off., 102-3. =222=Hiney, diary. =146=Caswell,
diary. =322=Smith, diary. =270=Moore, diary. _Id._, Scott's Campaign,
23. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 907 (Marcy); 911 (Scott). Tennery, diary.
Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 79-80. Bishop, Journal. _Littell_, no. 157, p.
326 (Hine). =139=W. B. Campbell to wife, Mar. 31. _Britannia_, May 15
(V. Cruz letter, Apr. 1). =76=Landero, gen. orders, Mar. 29-30. =76=S.
Anna, Apr. 29. Nebel and Kendall, 21.
Some of the National Guards broke up and took flight in order to avoid
surrendering. As fast as the arms were stacked American sentries
mounted guard over them. When the Mexican soldiers found the victors
offering to divide rations with them, their sentiments became friendly,
and most of those belonging at Vera Cruz went back to town that day.
XXIII. CERRO GORDO
23.1. According to a memo. furnished by the adjutant general to the
ordnance bureau, Mar. 24, Scott's forces were as follows. I. REGULARS.
1 Dragoons, Co. F. 2 Dragoons, Cos. A, B, C, F, I, K. *Mounted Riflemen
(on foot). 1 Art., Co. K. 2 Art., Co. A. 3 Art., Co. H. (These three
companies had field batteries.) Artillery serving as infantry: *1 Art.,
Cos. B, F, G, H, I; _2 Art., Cos. B, C, D, F, G, H, I, K_; _3 Art.,
Cos. A, B, D, G, K_; *4 Art., Cos. A, D, E, F, G, H. 1 Inf., Cos. C,
E, F, G, H, K. *2 Inf., Cos. A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K. *3 Inf., Cos.
C, D, F, G, H, I, K. _4 Inf., Cos. A, B, C, D, E, I._ _5 Inf., Cos. E,
F, G, H, I, K._ _6 Inf., Cos. A, C, D, E, F, H._ *7 Inf., Cos. C, D,
E, F, I, K. _8 Inf., Cos. A, B, D, E, H, I, K._ (Italics indicate the
division of Bvt. Maj. Gen. Worth; asterisks that of Brig. Gen. Twiggs.)
II. VOLUNTEERS. (Maj. Gen. Patterson.) Tenn. Mounted regt. Infantry:
Baltimore and Wash. battal.; Ga. regt.; Ala. regt.; two Tenn. regts.;
two Ill. regts.; Ky. co.; La. co.; La. regt.; two Pa. regts.; N. Y.
regt.; S. C. regt. This list includes troops not mentioned by Scott
(Mems., ii, 460-5). As Worth was now serving with his brevet rank his
command was called a division. The same change was made in Twiggs's
case. A letter of Mar. 13 from Marcy, due to a suggestion from Polk
of the day before, urged Scott to make the protection of the troops
against yellow fever his prime consideration (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 904;
Polk, Diary, Mar. 12, 20). At the same time it gave a slanting assent
to the movement against the capital by discussing the question of
roads. This was Scott's first authorization to proceed (_So. Quart.
Rev_., Apr., 1852), and the Cabinet had not decided to have him do so,
though he had assumed that Benton's plan, endorsed by himself, was the
basis of his expedition (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 913). The hesitation of the
government is illustrated by the fact that Marcy first wrote merely,
"If you should occupy an interior position," which he changed to, "If
you should move into the interior" (Marcy papers).
23.2. This proclamation has been censured on the ground that it
exasperated the Mexicans by mentioning their domestic dissensions and
bad government. If so, the blame rested primarily on the American
government, which had ordered Taylor to circulate a proclamation
embodying such ideas (p. 1 of chap. xxxi). The word "unnatural" has
been thought unfortunate as suggesting (since ordinary war seemed
to Mexico perfectly normal, and Scott could not be supposed to be
reflecting upon himself and his government) that the Mexicans were
acting in an inhuman and indecent way; but the author does not recall
seeing any such point made by them.
23.3. Many wagons were lost in wrecked vessels. It had been supposed
that about two thirds of the animals would be obtained locally, but it
was found by April 5 that not one tenth of them could be reckoned upon.
23.4. Harney proceeded to La Antigua on April 2 with two squadrons of
dragoons, a section of artillery and two infantry companies, drove
lancers from the village, captured about thirty-five horses and
obtained Mexican promises of assistance from the people (Ho. 60; 30, 1,
pp. 915-6). He returned the next day. The Alvarado expedition set out
on March 30. It was a joint affair designed not only (like Harney's) to
obtain draft animals and beef cattle and open up permanent markets for
these desiderata, but to impress and "neutralize" the people of that
section, acquire a harbor for Perry's small vessels, provide a regular
supply of water for the squadron, and perhaps capture the Mexican
vessels lying there. Perry himself commanded the naval contingent, and
Quitman commanded the land force, which consisted of three volunteer
regiments (Ga., Ala. and S. Car.), a squadron of dragoons and a section
of artillery (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 917-8). The march of about fifty miles
(about 44 by the present railroad) was at times difficult and always
hot. Late on April 1 Perry and Quitman reached Alvarado, a fishing
town of 1200-1500 persons; and the land forces arrived the next day.
They found it occupied by an American midshipman and five sailors.
Lieut. Hunter, commanding a one-gun propeller, the _Scourge_, sent down
to assist in blockading the town, had violated his orders (probably
to show what the naval men were capable of doing, if given a chance
to act) by opening fire, upon which the town (though it endeavored
later to rescind its action) had offered to surrender. Learning that
public property had been taken up the Alvarado River, here a wide,
clear, deep stream, he pursued it and, to take advantage of the panic
resulting from the fall of Vera Cruz, captured the industrious town of
Tlacotálpam. Quitman accepted this turn of events genially, but Perry
was furious, and to the disgust of many naval officers and the general
public Hunter was tried and cashiered.
To Scott the results of Hunter's error were serious (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
547). The intention had been to grant capitulations to the towns on
terms that would have provided the Americans with a large number of the
needed animals (Wash. _Union_, Sept. 11) or to obtain the same result
in some other way; but Hunter's action, though only one day in advance,
gave time for the removal of the livestock. Quitman did, however,
arrange with the authorities of Tlacotálpam for at least 500 horses,
and opened negotiations for more and for beef cattle. How fruitful
these arrangements proved cannot be stated. April 8 about 300 of the
Fifth Infantry sailed from Vera Cruz for the same district (Ho. 60; 30,
1, p. 928), and about April 14 they brought back some wild mustangs.
On retiring from Alvarado the Mexicans burned the few small vessels
that constituted the national navy, and spiked or buried the ordnance
of the forts. The buried guns were, however, discovered. In all they
numbered about sixty, but a large part were valueless carronades. For
Quitman's troops the expedition was unfortunate. A number died and
almost all were prostrated. He was back at Vera Cruz April 6. The
affair amused the American public hugely. One evidence of this is
afforded by the following lines (N. Y. _Sun_, May 7, 1847):
"On came each gay and gallant ship,
On came the troops like mad, oh!
But not a soul was there to whip,
Unless they fought a shadow;
"Five sailors sat within a fort,
In leading of a lad, oh!
And thus was spoiled the pretty sport
Of taking Alvarado."
23.5. _Scott's preparations for advancing (including the Alvarado
expedition)._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 903 (Marcy); 908, 912-3, 920, 928,
937, 1221, 1271 (Scott); 915 (Harney); 917 (Quitman); 918 (Mason); 939
(gen. orders). =60=Scott to Marcy, Apr. 5. _Courrier Français_, Apr.
17. =61=Harney, report, Apr. 4. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 435.
Scott, Mems., ii, 431. Robertson, Remins., 238. Velasco, Geografía,
iii, 203. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 230 (Scott); 547 (Jesup). Davis,
Autobiog., 140. _Delta_, May 19. Diccionario Universal (_Alvarado_).
=164=Scott to Conner, Mar. 20. =60= Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 9.
Semmes, Service, 148, 211. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, Mar. 2,
1847. Nebel and Kendall, 23. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1190. Lawton, Artill.
Officer, 121. =270=Moore, diary. _Id._, Scott's Camp., 44-9, 52.
Griffis, Perry, 239. Parker, Recolls., 103-4. =12=Captain of _Alarm_ to
commodore, Apr. 13. Bennett, Steam Navy, 94, 97. Maclay, Navy, ii, 185.
=358=Williams to father, Apr. 5. =62=Adj. gen. to ordnance dept., Mar.
24. =65=Scott, gen. orders 87, 91, 105. =65=_Id_., proclam., Apr. 11.
=13=Giffard, no. 12, Apr. 13. Polk, Diary, Mar. 12-14. =13=Pakenham,
no. 7, Jan. 28. _Metropol. Mag._, Jan., 1908, p. 441. Soley, Porter,
71. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 11. N. Y. _Sun_, May 7, 21. _Niles_, May
1, pp. 131, 141; 22, p. 189. _Southwest. Hist. Qtrly._, xviii, 216.
Steele, Am. Campaigns, i, 120. =76=Marin, Jan. 2; Apr. 26. =76=López,
Jan. 15. =60=Plan of Alvarado. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1200 (Mackenzie).
Worth, although he had been given the most prominent place in the
operations against Vera Cruz, demanded the leading position in the
advance, and felt deeply offended when Scott, mindful of the rights
of the Second Division, replied that he would not, even to please his
best friend, do an injustice (_Mag. Am. Hist._, xiv, 573-4). There
was a route to the interior _via_ Orizaba, but it was not available
for artillery. In reply to Marcy's despatch of March 13, which
suggested that the advance be made from Tuxpán, Scott pointed out the
impracticability of that plan (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 909).
23.6. In January Gen. R. D. de La Vega was made chief of the Division
of the East and provided with an army--mostly of paper. The same month
Alonzo Wenghieri offered to furnish 50,000 muskets, 25,000 tercerolas
(carbines of a certain kind) and 50,000 swords at reasonable prices,
but it is not certain that his offer, though endorsed by the war
department, was accepted (=76=to Hacienda, Jan. 14). By March 12, four
16-pounders from Vera Cruz arrived at the national bridge. March 18
orders proper for the situation were despatched to La Vega, but they
sound as if issued mainly for form's sake. In February the government
attempted to take control of 25,000 National Guards for the purposes of
the war (=76=circular Feb. 3); but it soon rescinded that unpalatable
assumption of authority, and confined itself to asking state governors
for them (=76=circular, Apr. 8).
23.7. March 24 the northern brigades were at Querétaro on their way
south (=76=acuerdo,[1] Mar. 24). Rangel's brigade and some artillery
left the capital March 28. March 30, 1400 National Guards, who had been
turned over to the national government by the governor of the state
(=82=Guerra to gov., Apr. 1), left Puebla to join 700 of the same class
already at Jalapa, and some 12-pounders were despatched from the former
city. These forces were primarily designed to aid in the defence of
Vera Cruz by attacking Scott's rear. There was great need of money,
especially as the attitude of the clergy was now so dubious that even
drafts accepted by them were distrusted (_Diario_, June 8).
[1] "Acuerdo," frequently to be mentioned hereafter in the Mexican
citations, meant the decision of an executive conference, and was
applied also to the memorandum embodying the decision. The
conferences referred to will usually be those in which the
President or at least the Cabinet was concerned.]
23.8. One method of rousing the public was to excite religious
fanaticism. A pamphlet, _Clamor de las Ovejas_, declared that some
of the Vera Cruz churches were to be sold to Protestants, others to
Mohammedans, others to pigs, others to worshippers of Venus.
23.9. _Mexican preparations before Santa Anna arrived on the ground._
_Courrier Français_, Apr. 3, 10, 17. =52=Consul Black, Apr. 25. Davis,
Autobiog., 142. =13=Bankhead, no. 34, 1847. Apuntes, 120-2, 168.
_Revue Indep._, Apr. 25, 1845. Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec., 1846.
Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 574. _Diario_, Mar. 29; June 8. _Monitor
Repub._, Mar. 31. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 888. Balbontín, Invasión, 105.
=94=Canalizo, proclams., Apr. 2, 4. =94=Soto, proclams., Jan. 22;
Feb. 5. _Regenerador Repub._, Mar. 31. =84=Guerra, decree, Feb. 13.
=84=Relaciones, circular, Feb. 16. _Republicano_, Mar. 31. Ramsey,
Other Side, 221, note. And from =76= the following (out of a great
number). To Rincón, Oct. 10, 11, 1846. To La Vega, Jan. 25; Mar. 18,
20, 27, 1847. Acuerdos, Mar. 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31; Apr. 1. To Gaona,
Apr. 1. To Canalizo, Mar. 28, 31; Apr. 1. Gaona, Mar. 18; Apr. 1. Soto,
Mar. 7, 22, 26; Apr. 3. G. Gómez, Mar. 18, 19, 25, 26. La Vega, Mar.
22, 24. Canalizo, Mar. 30; Apr. 1, 3. To Soto, Apr. 1. Soto to V. Cruz
cong., Dec. 1, 1846. Morales, Oct. 15, 1846; Feb. 2, 6, 1847. Canalizo
to his troops, Mar. 29. Guerra, circulars, Feb. 3, 13; Mar. 31; Apr.
8. To comte. gen. Mex., Mar. 25. Canalizo, proclam., Mar. 29. To gov.
Puebla, Apr. 1. Gov. Puebla, Mar. 28. A little later Santa Anna had
the spiked cannon drawn to Cerro Gordo by cattle.
23.10. The northern wall of the cañon is much more nearly vertical than
the southern. The author went down one side and up the other by rough
mule paths.
23.11. Accounts differ as to the number of men and guns on each tongue
but agree that _B_ was much more strongly guarded than _A_ and _C_. It
had supporting works. After the battle R. E. Lee wrote that the highway
was commanded by thirty-five Mexican guns (F. Lee, Gen. Lee, 38).
Allowing four for El Telégrafo, five for the battery at the camp, and
seven for _D_, we should have nineteen left for the tongues. In all,
according to the chief Mexican artillery officer, there were forty-one
pieces, so that Santa Anna was able to send additional guns to his
left. There seems to have been a 12-pounder at _A_, but most of the
guns were light. The four 16-pounders were at _D_, and commanded the
highway.
23.12. After the battle Santa Anna reduced his numbers to about 6000
infantry (only about half of them permanent) and 1500 or 2000 cavalry
(=76=May 7; Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 112); but on March 20 (=76=to
La Vega) he had placed the troops from La Angostura at 6000 (Roa
Bárcena, Recuerdos, 194, says 5650) to which must be added at least
2000 from the capital (_ibid._), 2000 (besides a brigade that arrived
just before the battle) from Puebla (note 23.7), and contingents from
Jalapa, Coatepec and other places. Mexican accounts run from Santa
Anna's figures up to 15,000 (_Republicano_, June 1, correspondent).
Canalizo, April 3, proclaimed that more than 12,000 were coming, and
the troops to whom he referred did not include all who were present.
=13=Bankhead placed the number from Mexico at 2500. Roa Bárcena
(Recuerdos, 195) specifies 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11 Line regiments, 1, 2, 3,
4 Ligero regiments, 5 and 9 cavalry, and 12 smaller corps of foot and
horse. Canalizo's demand that all citizens rally to the colors does not
seem to have been very effective; but many who had given their parole
at Vera Cruz were forced to take up arms (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos,
189). It appears safe to estimate that Santa Anna had at least 10,000,
probably 11,000, and quite possibly 12,000 men besides the Puebla
brigade under Arteaga, which arrived after the fight had begun. The
brigade from Mexico arrived April 11, and the three brigades from
the north April 12. After the battle Santa Anna and others attempted
to represent the troops as of wretched quality. But certainly he
had picked the corps brought from the north, and there is no reason
to suppose that the other troops were below the average. Santa Anna
pretended that he lacked ammunition, but great quantities were found
in the camp after the battle (Oswandel, Notes, 139). The distribution
of it was very likely defective, however. It was asserted also that
some of the cannon cartridges contained no powder. They should have
been inspected. Twenty-nine Irishmen served in the hospital force
(=76=acuerdo, Mar. 30). The army was fairly well supplied with money.
April 10 38,000 pesos went from the capital, and the bishop of Puebla
sent 10,000.
23.13. Santa Anna had water brought from El Encero by a ditch, but it
only began to run just as the battle opened.
23.14. _Mexican preparations, Apr. 4-16._ _Delta_, May 1. _Picayune_,
May 2. =312=Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. 9. =312=Guerra to gov. Puebla,
Apr. 9. =312=Pablo to S. Anna, Apr. 8. =312=Guerra to S. Anna,
Apr. 9. =312=Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 8. _Courrier Français_, Apr.
17. _Repub._, Apr. 22; June 1, 9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 261. Negrete,
Invasión, iii, app., 49. Grant, Mems., i, 134. Apuntes, 121, 169-75.
Tributo á la Verdad, 41. S. Anna, Apelación, 33-7. Suárez y Navarro,
Causas, 68. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 121. _Diario_, Mar. 29; Apr.
3, 9, 30; June 10. Gamboa, Impug., 29-32. Ramírez, México, 214, 229.
Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 157, 189. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii,
574. Dublán, Legislación, v, 264-5. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 24, 27, 28;
May 3; Oct. 24. =13=Bankhead, no. 34, Apr. 1. Oswandel, Notes, 139.
=82=Pavón, Apr. 29. Sedgwick, Corres., i, 86. =76=Gaona, Apr. 8. =76=To
Canalizo, Apr. 2. =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 9. =76=Canalizo, Mar. 29; Apr.
3, 24. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 6, 7, 11, 13, 17, 29; May 7. =76=Uraga, May 1.
=76=Memorias by heads of war dept., Nov., 1847. =76=Decrees, Apr. 8,
10. =76=A great number of less important papers.
No doubt, as Willisen ("Higher Theory of War") and others have said,
combining strategical defensive with tactical defensive is as a rule to
be condemned; but here the circumstances were peculiar. The Americans
were pursued by the yellow fever, and only a decisive victory could
save them from ruin. Hence Santa Anna's policy cannot be censured
unceremoniously. Ripley (War with Mexico) gives the name El Telégrafo
to La Atalaya, an error that of course leads to much confusion. Robles
had a series of objections to the Cerro Gordo position. It could be
turned; the rough and woody country made it possible for the enemy
to get near; cavalry could not be used; the line was too long; a
threatened point could not be easily reinforced; water was lacking;
retreat, especially with artillery, would be difficult (Roa Bárcena,
Recuerdos, 197-8).
23.15. One of the field batteries was Taylor's; the other was Talcott's
howitzer and rocket battery (R. Jones to ordnance dept., Dec. 3,
1846). Steptoe's field battery and a squadron of dragoons accompanied
Patterson later. The statement regarding the artillery outfit is from
Lieut. Hatch (=213=to father, Apr. 7), who went with Twiggs.
23.16. Scott has been called rash for sending his army forward and
exposing it to attack piecemeal. But (1) had it all formed one column
it would have been no safer against a raid from some crossroad; (2)
had it been attacked in front, numbers would not have signified, and
the individual superiority of the Americans as well as their superior
artillery would have given them the advantage; and (3) Santa Anna,
having possession of such fine defensive positions, was not likely to
make a venturesome attack, especially as the battle of Buena Vista had
shown how tenaciously the Americans could defend themselves. The two
last points bear also upon the criticism that Santa Anna ought to have
attacked Twiggs before the arrival of Pillow and Shields (see remark
at the end of note 23.14). The volunteer division left Vera Cruz April
9 under Patterson. It consisted of two brigades, for Quitman's men had
not sufficient transportation, and probably needed time to recover from
the effects of the Alvarado expedition. Capt. Loch, a British naval
officer off Vera Cruz, was as much surprised as Scott when it was found
that Santa Anna had a large force at Cerro Gordo (=12=to commodore,
Apr. 9).
23.17. From the national bridge to Cerro Gordo the pavement was not in
very good condition. Above the latter point stone blocks took the place
of cement. In places, where these had never been laid, or had been
taken up by revolutionists, or had been overlaid with stones by floods,
the highway was extremely bad.
23.18. The position looked impregnable but was not, for a besieging
force could easily deprive the garrison of provisions and water.
23.19. _The march from Vera Cruz to Plan del Rio._ Ho. 60; 30, 1,
pp. 920-2, 928 (Scott); 921 (gen. orders 94). Hartman, Journal, 10.
_Picayune_, Dec. 9. _Delta_, May 15. =312=Gutiérrez to gov. Puebla,
Apr. 9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 274 (Twiggs). =217=Henshaw papers. Stapp,
Prisoners of Perote, 159-60. Raleigh _Star_, May 5. =280=Nunelee,
diary. =159=Narrative based on papers of F. Collins. =220=Higgins to
Clutter, Apr. 1, 1851. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 36-48. Davis,
Autobiog., 142-4. Apuntes, 169. Ward, Mexico, i, 12; ii, 177-88.
Robertson, Visit, i, 269. Ruxton, Adventures (1849), 22-5. Tudor,
Tour, ii, 171-5. Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 32-42. Orbigny,
Voyage, 409-10. Robertson, Remins., 238-40, 242. Latrobe, Rambler,
297. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 28, 37, 54, 64. Lawton, Artillery
Officer, 123, 132. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occas. Papers, no. 16.
=291=Pierce, diary. _Journal Milit. Service Instit._, v, 38 (Coppée).
Bishop, Journal. =60=G. W. Smith to Stevens, Apr. 23. Hawthorne,
Pierce, 78-85. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 121. =185=Memo. on the
route. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Carleton, address. Löwenstern, Le Mexique,
32. =236=Judah, diary. Wash. _Union_, May 1. _Vedette_, viii, no. 5.
=322=Smith, diary. Norton, Life. =270=Moore, diary. =358=Williams
to father, Apr. 21. =152=Claiborne, memoirs. =136=Butterfield,
recolls. _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. =66=Stevens to J. L. Smith,
May 7. =66=G. W. Smith to Stevens, May 1. =65=Scott, gen. orders 91.
Thompson, recolls., 11-12. Poinsett, Notes, 25-9. =335=Calendario
de Ontiveros. =12=Loch to Lambert, Apr. 9. Oswandel, Notes, 108-10,
119. Semmes, Service, 162-75. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19.
=254=McClellan, diary. _Mag. Amer. Hist._, xiv, 575. _Littell_, no.
162, p. 546. =139=W. B. Campbell to wife, Apr. 8. Moore, Scott's Camp.
=71=Diccionario Universal (_Puente Nacional_).
23.20. _Twiggs and his operations, Apr. 11-13._ Maury, Recolls., 29.
Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 274 (Twiggs). =217=Henshaw papers. Trans. Ills.
State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 181. =159=Narrative based on the papers
of Francis Collins. Polk, Diary, Apr. 30. =66=Tower to Twiggs, Apr.
16. =60=Scott (on Twiggs), remarks on a letter from Worth. _Id._,
Mems., ii, 432. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 250. Grant, Mems., i, 131.
Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 25-6, 51-4. Brackett, U. S. Cavalry,
141. Davis, Autobiog., 143-6. Apuntes, 173-5. Robertson, Remins.,
240. =270=Moore, diary. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908
(Nauman). Bishop, Journal. =210=Bragg to Hammond, Dec. 20, 1847; May 4,
1848. =327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --; Nov. 28, 1847. =358=Williams
to father, Apr. 21. =152=Claiborne, mems. =112=Beauregard to Patterson,
Apr. 20. =204=Gouverneur, diary. =66=Tower to Maj. Smith, undated.
=273=Mullan, diary. Lee, Lee, 38. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Apr. 13.
_Hist. Teacher's Mag._, Apr., 1912, p. 75. Ho. 60; 30, 1; pp. 921 (gen.
orders 94); 928 (Scott). _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1852. =170=Crooker
to father, Apr. 27. Henry, Camp. Sketches, 268. Furber, Twelve Months
Vol., 331. Some may ask why Scott put a general like Twiggs forward.
Twiggs had a rank and a position that had to be recognized, and his
officers and men had their right to see honorable service and win
distinction.
23.21. Major J. L. Smith commanded the engineer company of fifty-one
men. Lee had ten of the men, and under his direction Lieut. Foster with
eight had charge of building the road "located" by Lee. Lieut. Mason
also worked on the road. McClellan with ten was assigned to Pillow's
command, and G. W. Smith with ten to Harney's (=66=G. W. Smith to I. I.
Stevens, Apr. 23). Tower had charge of the reconnoitring on the Mexican
right.