thousand Americans might have been accounted for. It has been suggested
that until the boats moved toward the shore the Mexicans did not know
where the blow would fall; but their own explanation was that they had
no suitable troops to spare for the purpose (Tributo á la Verdad, 28).
Morales had, however, what he called an Extra-muros section, _i.e._,
militia. A lack of intelligence, enterprise or nerve was doubtless
the real cause of his remissness. The one shot mentioned in the text
probably came from a gun found later among the dunes (=69=Backus to
Brady, Sept. 22, 1848). A company of sappers and miners and an iron
boat loaded with entrenching tools and sand-bags accompanied Worth's
brigade. Less than half the surf-boats ordered by Scott had arrived.
22.17. _The landing._ Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 10. Sen. 1; 30, 1,
pp. 216-8, 220, 222 (Scott); 239-40 (gen. orders 80). Ho. 1; 30, 2. pp.
1177-9. Apuntes, 153. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occasional Papers,
no. 16. =218=Henshaw narrative. =280=Nunelee, diary. =216=Heiman, First
Regt. of Tenn. =159=Collins, diary. =298=Porter, diary. =69=Backus to
Brady, Sept. 22, 1848. Robertson, Remins., 216-9. Lerdo de Tejada,
Apuntes, ii, 540, 551. Scott, Mems., ii, 413-4, 418-9, 421. Ballentine,
English Soldier, i, 292-303. Davis, Autobiog., 125. Tributo á la
Verdad, 28, etc. McCall, Letters, 475. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 125.
_Picayune_, Mar. 25. Meade, Letters, 187-8. =65=Scott, gen. orders
28, 33, 34, 42, 45. =12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 11. Oswandel,
Notes, 67-70, 83. Semmes, Service, 111, 125-7. Ramírez, México, 234.
Lawton, Artillery Officer, 74, 79, 167. =270=Moore, diary. _Journ.
Milit. Serv. Instit._, v, 37; xxiv, 422-8. Moore, Scott's Campaign, 5.
_Revue des Deux Mondes_, Aug. 1, 1847, p. 418. Conner, Home Squadron,
18-20, 60-70. Smith, To Mexico, 113-4. Nebel and Kendall, 17. Parker,
Recolls., 49, 83, 85-6. =162=Conner to wife, Jan. 11; Mar. 10, _United
Service_, July, 1895, p. 37; Dec., 1896, pp. 492-517. Stevens, I. I.
Stevens, i, 108. Jones, Tattnall, 58. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 847, 1169
(Scott); 892 (Conner). Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 71-2. =254=McClellan,
diary. =165=Conner, Mar. 11; order, Mar. 7; to Forrest, Mar. 7.
=316=Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, xiv
(Scammon). _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. =139=W. B. Campbell to wife,
Mar. 13. =76=Morales, Mar. 9, 10. =76=Landero, report, Apr. 3.
22.18. The consuls were in close touch with one another and with
the Mexicans, and hence the charge that Scott gave no warning of a
bombardment falls to the ground. He could not be expected to state
positively and precisely what he intended to do. By Mar. 13 Morales
reached the conclusion that he would not assault (=82=M. to gov.
Puebla, Mar. 13), and by Mar. 20 that a bombardment was to be expected
(=76=M. to Guerra y Marina, Mar. 20). Intercourse with neutral vessels
was allowed to remain open until the morning of Mar. 23 (=12=Matson
to commodore, Mar. 25), mainly as a way of escape for neutrals (Sen.
1; 30, 1, p. 230) (closed then--except under a flag of truce--because
affording moral aid and comfort _ibid._, p. 228); and Matson, the
British naval commander, warned the British residents with his
utmost energy that they would not be safe during "an assault or a
Bombardment" (=12=M. to commodore, Apr. 2). He was notified in advance
that intercourse with neutral vessels would shortly be cut off, and
so informed Giffard officially on March 18 for the benefit of British
residents (=12=M. to commodore, March 25). Scott's warning note to
the Spanish consul (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 219) referred to the city, not
to Ulúa, for the consuls resided in the city; yet Matson and Giffard
had the face to assert that on the authority of Conner they understood
that only Ulúa would be bombarded. Matson admitted that he did this for
effect on Perry (=12=to commodore, Apr. 2); and he did not question
Scott's right to act as he did (=12=to Perry, Mar. 27). Again, Scott's
summons stated that batteries adequate to reduce the city were in
readiness, and this was further notice of a bombardment. Everything
compatible with the military necessities of the United States was thus
done for neutrals and non-combatants. Moreover Morales replied that
Scott might attack in the way he thought most advantageous (Sen. 1; 30,
1, p. 227). The truth is that the people were full of fighting spirit,
did not know what real war meant, and felt not a little confidence.
Giffard certainly (=12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 25) and (as Perry
reported, =47=Oct. 22) the other consuls probably took under their
protection large quantities of property belonging to Mexicans. By means
of kites the Mexicans distributed addresses to the "honest" Americans,
defying their prowess but inviting them to accept lands, as friends and
brethren, in the country of perpetual spring.
22.19. The Americans admitted the skill of the Mexican gunners.
Twenty-eight balls were put through a wall five feet high and 150 feet
long, more than a mile distant. Americans were supposed to be lying
behind the wall (Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267).
22.20. Scott still supposed Ulúa would have to be reduced after the
capture of Vera Cruz, and felt greatly troubled by the non-arrival of
the larger part of the heavy ordnance, etc., that had been duly called
for (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 222). He was annoyed also by his lack of enough
cavalry for thorough reconnoitring, and by the passing and repassing
of small boats between the city and the north shore. Owing to the
treacherous weather none of the American vessels could lie close enough
to the coast to stop this intercourse entirely. A sortie against the
batteries was to be anticipated, but access to them was made so easy
and secure that such an attack could have been repulsed. The squadron
endeavored to divert the attention of the enemy while the mortars were
being placed.
22.21. _Scott's preliminary operations._ =13=Giffard, Feb. 28, 1847.
Engineer School, U. S. A., Occas. Papers, no. 16. =218=Henshaw
narrative. Charleston _Mercury_, Apr. 6, 1847. =280=Nunelee, diary.
Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 179. =159=Collins, diary. Sen.
1; 30, 1, pp. 216-25, 244-9 (reports of Scott and his officers). Ho.
1; 30, 2, p. 1177 (Conner). =298=Porter, diary. =61=Bankhead to Scott,
Mar. 26. =60=Pickett to ----, Mar. 10. Robertson, Remins., 220-27.
Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 552. Scott, Mems., ii, 426. Hitchcock,
Fifty Years, 240-5. Grant, Mems., i, 127. Ballentine, English Soldier,
i, 304-6; ii, 18-9. Davis, Autobiog., 126. Tributo á la Verdad, 29.
McCall, Letters, 477. Hartman, Journal, 7-8. _Picayune_, Mar. 26, 30,
31; Apr. 2, 4. Meade, Letters, i, 191. =350=Weber, recolls. =65=Scott,
gen. orders, nos. 33, 53. McCabe, Lee, 17. =12=Matson to commodore,
Mar. 11. Oswandel, Notes, 71-85. Semmes, Service, 129. =139=W. B.
Campbell to D. C., Mar. 20. =210=Simms to Hammond, May 1. Lawton,
Artillery Officer, 73, 78, 81, 84, 89. =124=Blocklenger, letter.
=270=Moore, diary. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 106. Nebel and Kendall,
18-9. =164=Scott to Conner, Mar. 16. Griffis, Perry, 216. Conner,
Home Squadron, 68. _Monitor Repub._, Mar. 16. =164=Scott to Conner,
Mar. 17, 18, 19, 20. _Spirit of the Times_, Apr. 17. =166=Dimond to
Conner, Jan. 15. =166=Campbell to Conner, Jan. 9. _United Service_,
July, 1895, p. 37. Jones, Tattnall, 57. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1169 (Scott).
=254=McClellan, diary. =165=Conner to Scott, Mar. 19. Bishop, Journal,
29. _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. =76=Morales, Mar. 10, 16. =76=Cano,
Mar. 26. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, xiv, 567.
22.22. The mosquito fleet consisted of the steamers _Spitfire_ and
_Vixen_ under Commanders J. Tattnall and J. R. Sands, and the gunboats
_Bonita_, _Reefer_, _Petrel_, _Falcon_ and _Tampico_ under Lieuts.
Commanding F. G. Benham, J. S. Sterett, T. D. Shaw, J. J. Glasson and
W. P. Griffin (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1182). Each had a 32-pounder or 8-inch
Paixhan. Additional information may be found in chap. xxx.
22.23. The parapet of the naval battery (known as No. 5) was of
sandbags. Each of the guns weighed 6300 pounds, and was mounted on a
ship-carriage, so that transportation on land was extremely laborious.
They were taken ashore March 23, and some 1500 men were employed in
dragging them nearly two and a half miles through the sand. Scott did
not value the shell guns highly. They were 8-inch Paixhans. Captains
Aulick and Mayo commanded the battery alternately. According to Robert
Anderson the orders for the battery were issued by Conner (Lawton,
Artill. Officer, 101) who had repeatedly offered it before Scott gave
up the hope of receiving adequate army ordnance in time (Conner, Home
Squad., 47, note 3). Early on the morning of March 23 Perry (who had
withdrawn the mosquito fleet the previous evening) had Tattnall launch
a sharp though brief attack, presumably to divert attention from the
naval battery, then under construction. An officer who gained fame
later as Commodore Porter was Tattnall's pilot. The opening of Battery
No. 4 (24-pounders, etc.) was delayed by a norther, and one of the
howitzers was not ready as soon as the other pieces. Only about half
of the siege-train and ordnance stores called for in November arrived
before Vera Cruz surrendered (see chap. xviii, note 18.11).
22.24. _Summons and bombardment._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 222-44 (reports
of Scott and his officers; summons and reply; etc.); 230 (Scott
to consuls, Mar. 25). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175-83 (naval reports).
=13=Morales, circular, Apr. 4. =13=Giffard, nos. 7, 8, Mar. 22, 29.
=12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 25, 28; Apr. 2; to Perry, Mar. 27.
=47=Perry, Mar. 26; Oct. 22. Henshaw narrative. Nunelee, diary.
=216=Heiman, First Regt. Trans. Ill. State Hist. Soc., 1906, pp.
179-80. Collins, diary. =224=Hitchcock to Lizzie, Mar. 27. =60=Perry
to Mason, Mar. 25. =60=Scott to Perry and reply, Mar. 25. =61=Bankhead
to Scott, Mar. 26. =60=Pickett to ----, Mar. 10. Robertson, Remins.,
227-32, 278. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 555. Scott, Mems., ii,
426-7. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 244-7. Ballentine, English Soldier,
ii, 24. Davis, Autobiog., 127. A Soldier's Honor, 24. Apuntes, 155-8.
Tributo á la Verdad, 30-1, 109. McCall, Letters, 480. Nebel and
Kendall, 19-21. Hartman, Journal, 9-10. _Picayune_, Apr. 4. Meade,
Letters, i, 192. F. Lee, Lee, 36-7. McClay, Navy, ii, 180-1, 183.
Oswandel, Notes, 90-5. Semmes, Service, 130-42. =139=W. B. Campbell
to D. C., Mar. 28. _Diario_, Mar. 29; Apr. 10. _Regenerador Repub._,
Apr. 7. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267. Lawton, Artillery Off., 91-7, 101,
104. Caswell, diary. =322=Smith, diary. Moore, diary. =358=Williams to
father, Mar. 25, 28. Judah, diary. Moore, Scott's Campaign, 15. Arnold,
Jackson, 84. Conner, Home Squadron, 47, note 3. Wash. _Union_, Sept.
11. N. Y. _Sun_, Apr. 16. =162=Conner to wife, Mar. 31. Soley, Porter,
67-9. Jones, Tattnall, 57. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 913, 1220 (Scott).
=180=Scott to Stribling, Mar. 25. Ramsey, Other Side, 190, note.
Bishop, Journal. _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. Weekly _Courier and N.
Y. Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848 (letter probably by Hitchcock). Griffis,
Perry, 221-3. Furber, Twelve Months Vol., 519-40 =76=G. Gómez, Mar. 25.
=76=Soto, Mar. 28. =76=Morales, Mar. 24. =76=Vega Mar. 25.
22.25. March 24 the consuls requested Scott to grant a truce and allow
the women and children to leave town (=12=Matson to commodore, Apr.
2). With perfect propriety he declined to do so (Scott, Mems., ii,
427), unless Morales should ask for a truce with a view to surrender
(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 226), pointing out that due warnings had been given
(note 22.18). He could not afford to suspend his operations or let
the number of mouths be diminished; and doubtless he was counting on
the moral effect of the presence of women and children. Time pressed;
there were well-founded reports that a Mexican army was approaching;
and cases of yellow fever had occurred (Scott, Mems., ii, 427, and see
Davis, Autobiog., 141). Scott's action looks hard, but it was humane to
force an immediate surrender. Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, 178) fully admits
that the American policy was just. This move of the consuls tended to
shake the confidence of the Mexicans, and led to dissensions among the
officers.
March 25 Harney was sent against a force posted at a bridge near
Medellín, about ten miles from Vera Cruz (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 250-2).
Including reinforcements, his detachment consisted of about 500 men
with artillery. The independent reports of the two principal Mexican
officers give their number as 140-50 with scarcely any ammunition.
Harney thought there were 2000 of them, and claimed great credit for
carrying the day. His orders were to reconnoitre only. There were other
insignificant affairs (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 249-55; Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
915; Reavis, Harney, 186).
22.26. _On the Mexican side._ =13=Giffard, Mar. 11, 29. =12=Matson to
commodore, Mar. 25; Apr. 2. Papeles Varios, no. 10. Henshaw narrative.
Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. Robertson, Remins., 222. Lerdo de
Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 552-3, etc. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 32-3.
Davis, Autobiog., 138. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 220-38 (reports, etc.).
Tributo á la Verdad, 29, 30, 109 (Ult. Boletín). Apuntes, 157-60.
_Picayune_, Apr. 9. (Fish) _Delta_, Oct. 16. =312=Morales, Apr. 3.
_Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. Semmes, Service, 149. =82=Noticias de
Veracruz. =86=Relaciones to gov., Jan. 27. =86=Treasurer to gov., Jan.
15. =86=Many letters regarding inability to pay the tax. =100=Morales
to ayunt., Mar. 12, 17, 20; reply, Mar. 14. =95=Ibarra, proclam., Mar.
23. _Regenerador Repub._, Apr. 7. =82=Gov. to legislature of Puebla,
Mar. 9. =82=Ibarra, proclam., Mar. 17. =82=Morales to gov. Puebla, Mar.
13. =86=_Id._ to Soto, Mar. 8. Lawton, Artillery Off., 106-7. Caswell,
diary. Moore, diary. =375=Morales to Soto, Mar. 14. _Monitor Repub._,
Apr. 4. _Spirit of the Times_, Apr. 17. =80=Legislature of Méx. state,
address. =165=Conner to Scott, Mar. 19. Bishop, Journal. And from =76=
the following. Comte. gen. Puebla, proclam., Mar. 16. Arrieta, Mar.
15. Cano, Mar. 26. S. Anna, Apr. 29. Memo., Feb. 9. F. Vázquez, Mar.
26. Soto, Jan. 23, 26; Mar. 7, 9, 19, 24, 25 (two). G. Gómez, Mar.
18, 19, 20 (two). Vega, Mar. 24, 25 (two). Canalizo, Apr. 1. Morales,
Mar. 5, 10, 16, 20, 24. Landero, Jan. 30, Apr. 3. Hacienda, Mar. 15.
To G. Gómez, Mar. 16. To Soto, Mar. 28. And many documents of minor
importance.
22.27. Morales, probably in view of Santa Anna's enmity, would not
surrender though he believed he ought to do so (=76=Landero, Apr.
3), but he turned the command over to Landero when capitulation was
seen to be inevitable, and left the city in a boat during the night
of March 25-6. He induced Gen. José Durán, who commanded at Ulúa,
to regard himself as under Landero's orders, it was stated by Santa
Anna (=76=Apr. 29), and so brought about the surrender of the castle.
This apparently singular move was doubtless made to save Vera Cruz
from being bombarded by Ulúa. (Recognizing this danger to the city,
Scott intimated, when summoning the town, that no batteries would be
established in it against Ulúa, unless Ulúa should open fire upon it.)
There was considerable dissatisfaction among the Americans because
the prisoners were set free, for their parole was justly deemed of
slight value; but it would have been costly, and perhaps not easy, to
hold them at Vera Cruz or send them to the United States, and they
did good service by spreading tales of American prowess. Mar. 26 the
consuls went to Scott's camp under a white flag, but he would not see
them (=12=Matson to commodore, Apr. 2). On the morning of March 27
two boat-loads of neutrals under the French flag attempted to reach
the neutral vessels at Sacrificios, but Perry would not allow them to
proceed (=12=Matson to commodore, Apr. 2). (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos,
178, admits that Perry's course was proper.) At about the same time the
consuls and the second alcalde threatened that unless the military
chiefs would promptly bring hostilities to an end, they would lead the
non-combatants toward the American lines at the risk of being fired
upon. This was said to have had great effect in town, but the chiefs
had already decided to give up. Owing to bad weather the navy was not
represented at all the deliberations. Some of the American military men
felt that the share of the navy did not entitle its representative to
sign the capitulation. It was stated by Sedgwick that, aside from the
investment, only about 600 Americans took part in the operations.
22.28. Next to Matson's figures our best evidence regarding the
casualties is the statement of Giffard, that hundreds of women and
children, harbored at the consulates, escaped from harm though the
buildings suffered (=13=Mar. 29). Many other buildings were no
doubt equally solid and equally distant from the principal scene of
destruction. Vera Cruz was a great importing city, where large stocks
of goods needed to be securely housed. Mercantile establishments had
strong vaults, in which families now took refuge. Many found safety on
the long mole. Scott asserted that most of the people were sheltered
in the basements. Consequently one can hardly believe that more than
500 persons out of a civilian population probably not exceeding 3000
were injured. Lieut. Mackall believed that perhaps thirty or forty
soldiers were killed or wounded (=252=Apr. 30). Kendall, editor of the
New Orleans _Picayune_, who was on the ground, represented 150 as a
mean estimate of the total number that perished (_Picayune_, Apr. 9).
Landero reported 750 killed and 200 wounded (=76=Apr. 3), evidently an
absurd statement, for a greater number must have been hurt than killed.
Other Mexican estimates rose as high as 600 civilians killed, which
would imply on a reasonable calculation that almost every civilian was
hit. One of the best Mexican authorities (_Apuntes_, 165) states that
600 or more soldiers were wounded, and 400 of these lost their lives.
This is far too large a percentage of fatalities. How accurate this
authority is may be judged also from the fact that the Americans are
said to have thrown 6700 projectiles into the town, whereas (Sen. 1;
30, 1, p. 244) the number was actually about 2500 (possibly besides
those from the naval battery, which may have thrown 800). It is worth
while to add that Scott was persistently represented (partly to exalt
the Mexicans and partly to injure the Americans) as having destroyed a
great number of non-combatants, but Morales wrote on March 24 that most
of the killed and wounded had been soldiers.
Next let us inquire as to the provisions. Giffard stated (=13=Mar.
29) that when the Mexicans surrendered, the city had food enough for
three days and the castle for ten; but probably he had reference only
to the provisions belonging to the authorities, and perhaps, as he had
objected strongly to the destruction of property and tried to stop
the bombardment by sending word to Scott that hunger would force the
Mexicans to yield in a few days, he felt compelled to support that
representation. March 10 Conner thought the enemy had subsistence
enough for about four or five weeks (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1179). =76=April
29, after having talked with officers from Vera Cruz, Santa Anna
assured the minister of war that Morales could have held out until he
(Santa Anna) could have arrived with regular forces. Gov. Soto, who
went down to the coast, where he was in communication with the city
by means of boats and doubtless knew whether stocks of foodstuffs
(belonging perhaps to neutrals) existed there, placed drafts for
$30,000, payable at Vera Cruz, in the hands of Morales on March 24
(=76=Soto, March 25). This money must have been intended solely or
principally for provisions, for on the fourteenth Morales had written
to Soto that nothing else was needed. On the same day $2000 from
Oaxaca were delivered. These sums would have purchased enough food to
last beyond April 15. About March 17 a French barque ran in during a
norther, which shows that supplies from the outside could be hoped
for. The property loss due to the bombardment was estimated at five to
six million dollars (_Monitor Repub._, Apr. 4). The southwest quarter
of the town was demolished. It was ordered that not only Morales, but
Landero and Durán should be tried. Besides disliking Morales, Santa
Anna felt resentment against Vera Cruz for receiving him so coldly in
August, 1846.
22.29. _The surrender_; _losses_ (note 22.28). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp.
224-6 (Scott); 228 (consuls); 229-38 (Scott, etc.); 239 (gen. orders
80). Apuntes, 159-66. McCall, Letters, 483-4. _Picayune_, Apr. 9.
=252=Mackall to father, Mar. 30. =312=Morales, Apr. 3. =12=Matson to
commodore, Mar. 25; Apr. 2; to Perry, Mar. 27; reply, Mar. 27. Semmes,
Service, 141. _Diario_, Mar. 27; Apr. 4, 8. _Regenerador Repub._, Apr.
7. Lawton, Artillery Off., 98, 100, 106. Hiney, diary. =358=Williams
to father, Mar. 28. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 160. =375=Morales
to Soto, Mar. 14. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 4, 5. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16.
=166=Kirby to Conner, Mar. 27. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1186. _Mag. of Amer.
Hist._, xiv, 570. Bishop, Journal. =13=Giffard, nos. 7, 8, Mar. 22, 29.
Henshaw narrative. Collins, diary. =95=Puebla ayunt., address, Apr.
7 (V. Cruz yielded because of "the lamentations of innocent families
expecting every instant to die"). Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 177-9.
Tributo á la Verdad, 109 (Ult. Bol.). Nebel and Kendall, 21. Robertson,
Remins., 232. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 558-69. Scott, Mems., ii,
427-9. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 243-8. =76=Landero, Apr. 3. =76=_Id._
to Canalizo, Mar. 31. =76=Canalizo, Apr. 1. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 4, 29.
=76=To S. Anna, May 4. =76=Terms of capitulation. The date Of the
capitulation was Mar. 27.
Had Vera Cruz held out until April 15, perhaps 5000 regulars would have
been in Scott's rear (chap. xxiii, note 23.12). With this backing,
3-4000 irregulars could probably have been embodied. By means of
signals and boat communication operations in concert with the garrison
of Vera Cruz could have been arranged for, and the prospect would have
encouraged the city to hold out to the uttermost. Very likely Scott's
line could have been broken, and provisions introduced. He could not,
then, before the advent of the yellow fever, have reduced Ulúa and
Vera Cruz, and have made the preparations necessary for advancing
into a hostile region in the face of a numerous enemy. When the fever
became active, Santa Anna's upper country troops could have retired
quickly, leaving the Americans to be annoyed by the coast forces.
Other diseases quite as fatal as the vómito prevailed in that district
(Thompson, Recolls., 4). Lieut. Hatch (to father, Apr. 2) wrote that
all attributed the surrender to the effect of Scott's artillery upon
the civilians, and the circumstances prove as much.
22.30. The northers, though in themselves a scourge, drove the
mosquitoes away, and so prevented the yellow fever. They subsided about
the middle of April, and then the fever was due.
22.31. _Hardships and consolations._ (Losses) Ho. 24; 31, 1; Sen. 1;
30, 1, pp. 253-5; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1185 (naval). Henshaw narrative.
Charleston _Mercury_, Apr. 6. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. _American
Eagle_, V. Cruz, Apr. 8. =60=Pickett to ----, Mar. 10. Vigne, Travels,
i, 8. Robertson, Remins., 223, 226-7. Campos, Recuerdos, 31. Scott.
Mems., ii, 430. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 8, 15. Sen. 1; 30, 1,
p. 221 (gen. orders 54); 224-6 (Scott, Mar. 23). _Picayune_, Apr. 4.
=350=Weber, recolls. Maury, Recolls., 34. =12=Matson to commodore, Mar.
11, 25. Oswandel, Notes, 71-4, 79-81. Semmes, Service, 107-8. Lawton,
Artillery Off., 79, 88, 96. Gilliam, Travels, 40. =361=Woods, recolls.
Caswell, diary. =327=Sutherland to father, July 15. Moore, diary.
=136=Butterfield, recolls. _Spirit of the Times_, Apr. 17. Stevens, I.
I. Stevens, i, 115. Tennery, diary. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 879 (Conner).
Bruell, Sea Memories, 57. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908
(Nauman). Our army loss was nine killed and fifty-one wounded (Ho. 24;
31, 1).