CAVALRY TACTICS.
The uses of cavalry in campaign are summarized as follows:
(a) To seek and destroy the enemy’s cavalry.
(b) Screening, contact and reconnaissance.
(c) Seizing and holding important advanced positions thus delaying
the advance of the enemy until the arrival of other arms.
(d) To operate on the flank and in the rear of the enemy.
(e) Raids and other enterprises requiring great mobility.
(f) The mounted charge at the opportune moment against
infantry or field artillery.
(g) Energetic pursuit of a retreating enemy or covering
retreat of its own forces.
(h) When none of the above rôles have been assigned to it
cavalry may go to the assistance (dismounted) of hard
pressed infantry to fill gaps in the firing line.
Cavalry being an expensive arm to equip and maintain should be used for
the duty for which it is especially qualified, and not frittered away
as messengers, orderlies, etc.
A division of the cavalry force while undesirable is frequently
necessary. As little as possible should be assigned to the lesser tasks
and the bulk to the principal duty. Many of the minor tasks for which
cavalry has been often used may well be performed by mounted orderlies
and the use of automobiles and motorcycles.
Cavalry should not ordinarily be used to perform duty which infantry
could do as well (or better) when infantry is available. There will
usually be many duties which the cavalry alone can perform.
The efficiency of cavalry depends very greatly on the condition of the
horses, and they should be spared all unnecessary fatigue. Night work
especially is very exhausting and so should be held to the minimum,
although it cannot, of course, be entirely dispensed with. Always allow
the cavalry to rest at night if practicable.
Cavalry operating alone, except for very short periods, should
generally be accompanied by a sufficient train to provide reasonable
comfort for the men and horses and maintain their health and
efficiency. The presence of the train restricts, to some extent,
the movements of the cavalry, but the added comfort increases its
efficiency and the range of its operations.
If the cavalry is out but a short distance its field trains would, as
a rule, be in the rear with those of the other troops. They join the
cavalry occasionally in order to replenish rations. When the cavalry is
out for several days and mobility is of special importance it may be
accompanied by a pack train in lieu of wagons. When combat is imminent
all wagons and pack animals should be kept well to the rear. In such
cases extra ammunition may be carried in the saddle bags.
Large bodies of cavalry would frequently be accompanied by artillery,
preferably horse artillery if such is available. Artillery is always
desirable with a large cavalry command.
Signal troops, especially radio sections pack (wireless) may be
attached to cavalry operating independently, to maintain communication
between separated portions, or with the foot troops which the cavalry
is covering. The wireless sections are sent wherever there is a demand
for their services. They would not _habitually_ be attached to bodies
smaller than a troop.
Mounted engineers frequently accompany advance cavalry and may, if
there is special need for them, also accompany the independent cavalry.
Cavalry commands have a limited number of tools of their own including
demolition outfits (containing explosive). The men who handle the
explosives are called the demolition squad--there being one to each
squadron.
The cavalry commander, especially when he is acting independently,
should be allowed great discretionary powers, and orders too much in
detail should not be given him. He should be told what he is expected
to do, but not _how_ he is to do it. Otherwise the cavalry will be so
hampered in its movements that its usefulness will be greatly impaired.
“Success in reconnaissance depends greatly on the character of orders
given. The hackneyed phrase that the cavalry is to advance and discover
the strength and position of the enemy is useless, for this is only
its natural duty. If, as is often the case, it is told to discover the
intentions of the enemy, the commander really demands that it perform
a duty incumbent on himself. Both cases betray a hesitancy on the part
of the commander which results in a halting sort of action. It is
wisest to put to the cavalry simply the questions which it is desirable
at the moment for the commander to have answered, viz: whether hostile
encampments are met with in given localities, whether certain towns
are occupied, whether the enemy’s advance guard or main body has
reached a certain line, how far the enemy’s flanks extend, whether
on a given road or railroad troops are moving. Such commissions,
which cannot be misunderstood, will bring in clear reports from which
the commander-in-chief can draw his own picture of the strength and
position of the enemy, and divine his intentions.”
The cavalry will seek and destroy the enemy’s cavalry. Its important
duties of screening, contact and reconnaissance will be rendered easier
of accomplishment by the overthrow of the hostile mounted force. In the
consummation of this important duty the best results will be obtained
by concentrating the cavalry in large masses independent of all save
the supreme commander in the theatre of operations. A relatively small
part of the cavalry force should be assigned to divisions (or other
units) and the great bulk of it concentrated under a single independent
commander. The duty of cavalry may therefore be classified as follows:
Major rôle: Army (independent) cavalry.
Minor rôle: Divisional cavalry.
The divisional cavalry will be under the immediate orders of the
division commander. It may be used independently, that is to say
independent of all save the division commander, or as advance, rear,
or outpost cavalry. In the latter cases it will be under the command
of the advance guard, rear guard or outpost commanders. The divisional
cavalry is charged with such duties (principally security and
reconnaissance) as pertain especially to the operations of the division
to which it is attached. While engaged in these duties it may be
allowed a considerable degree of independence of action. It should not,
however, encroach upon the sphere of activity of the _army_ cavalry
and should never be beyond recall by the division commander. When
the division is operating independently the duties of the divisional
cavalry will be similar to those of the independent cavalry of an army,
although of course less in degree and scope. The following paragraphs
pertain primarily to the operations of the divisional cavalry.
According to our present organization a regiment of cavalry will be
attached to each division.
_Advance, rear and outpost cavalry._ Advance cavalry is that attached
to and under the orders of the advance guard commander. Its function
is the same as that of the whole advance guard, to insure the safe
and uninterrupted advance of the main body. It would be exceptional
to use an entire regiment of divisional cavalry in this manner, and
in general, as in the case of army cavalry, better results will be
obtained by keeping the divisional cavalry intact and independent. If,
however, the cavalry with the division is too weak for independent
action, or if there is no mission for it independent of that of the
advance guard, it may be attached to the latter in a forward movement.
The circumstances of each case will decide the best mode of employing
the divisional cavalry.
Cavalry will be employed more frequently with the rear guard in retreat
than with the advance guard in a forward movement. Cavalry is the arm
_par excellence_ for delaying actions, hence the entire divisional
cavalry will frequently be assigned to the rear guard in retreat.
Divisional cavalry may also be assigned to flank guards and outposts
in which duty it is very useful. If the situation demands, part of
the divisional cavalry may be temporarily assigned to a detachment of
the division operating independently. Such use of the cavalry must,
however, be regarded as exceptional in systematic operations on a large
scale, in common with all other “detachment warfare.” The independent
“reinforced brigade,” of frequent occurrence in map problems and small
maneuvers, will be not so often encountered in actual campaign against
a civilized and organized foe. It will probably, however, continue for
a time to find a field of usefulness in the operations of the American
army.
For the use of cavalry with advance, rear and flank guards, outposts
and detachments see Chaps. IV, V, VI, VII, X, XI, XIII, and XIV.
_Independent Cavalry._ Cavalry may and _should_ be used independently:
(a) When there is an independent mission for the cavalry--that is,
one independent of the operations of the other troops--either
in time or place, and
(b) When the cavalry is strong enough for independent action.
This means both strong enough in itself and by comparison
with the enemy. A platoon might act independently if the
enemy had _no_ cavalry, whereas a regiment could accomplish
little if opposed to a brigade. As a rule a force of less than
two troops should not be employed independently unless there
be very strong reasons for same.
The expression “independent cavalry,” means that the cavalry is
independent of all but the supreme commander.
The duty of the independent cavalry is to gain and maintain contact
with the enemy, usually with the main force, thus securing information
as to his movements and intentions, and screening the front of its own
main body, so as to prevent the hostile cavalry from gaining similar
information of the friendly forces; to operate against the enemy and
his communications, etc.; to maintain communication between separated
friendly forces; and to perform its other special functions, (see
ante). The independent cavalry forages for itself to a greater or less
degree and often aids in the collection of supplies for the entire
command. It is also commonly employed in raiding, in attacking convoys,
to destroy railroads, seize unprotected depots of supply, etc. In
general the cavalry may be properly employed independently on any duty
where great mobility and celerity of action are required.
The operations of independent cavalry have of necessity a very wide
range. Depending on its strength and on other conditions the cavalry
may be several days’ march from its supporting troops. It will nearly
always be too far out to come in to the main camp every night.
The cavalry must at all times maintain touch with the enemy and
communication with its own forces in rear. If there be advance cavalry
between the main body and the independent cavalry, it will be charged
with maintaining communication unless the independent cavalry is too
far in advance.
All information of the enemy should be promptly transmitted. The
presence of a hostile force should seldom be reported without
information also as to its strength and composition. The presence of a
hostile force having once been detected all its subsequent movements
should be observed. In other words, the cavalry having once gained
contact with the enemy should never thereafter lose it.
In maintaining continuous contact aero reconnaissance is not entirely
effective. It usually loses contact with the enemy temporarily
during darkness and foul weather, and in this respect cavalry has an
advantage. In the duty of reconnaissance the aeroplane and dirigible
cannot fulfill all the functions of the cavalry. The two services are
to be regarded as supplementary. In the usual case both will be needed.
In sending in reports the cavalry commander should state his plans or
intentions for the future and, when necessary, the manner in which
messages may be transmitted to him.
If the enemy has a strong and aggressive mounted force in the field
the cavalry, while at no time neglecting its important duties of
reconnaissance and screening, should keep a strong central mass well in
hand to defeat the hostile cavalry as soon as it is encountered. Having
defeated and thoroughly demoralized the enemy’s cavalry a much greater
dispersion is permissible. The enemy’s cavalry having been overthrown
he can no longer keep touch with the forces opposing him, nor screen
himself from observation by their cavalry. His patrols and messengers,
both going and returning, will have great difficulty in eluding the
screen which will have been established.
Cavalry in the presence of infantry alone may be considerably dispersed
with safety. But it should be kept well in hand so long as opposed to a
strong and aggressive cavalry.
A large force of cavalry, in gaining contact advances toward the
enemy in one or more columns, which should keep in close touch with
each other. On reaching the vicinity of the enemy each column sends
forward a “contact squadron” (from 1 to 4 troops, generally at least
2.) This contact squadron approaches still closer to enemy’s position
and then sends out one or more strong strategic patrols, under
command of officers. The sole function of these patrols, is to gain
information of the enemy’s main body for _strategic purposes_. Their
radius of action depends upon conditions. In a friendly country they
may operate at considerable distances from their supporting troops. In
hostile country, however, if the enemy’s cavalry is still active, the
distances at which they can operate will be greatly diminished, and
the difficulties of obtaining information correspondingly increased.
Uniformed men in small bodies and in a hostile country overrun by
the enemy’s cavalry will have great difficulty in gathering and
transmitting information sufficiently exact to be of strategic value.
In such cases therefore, resort will often be had to the additional
aid of spies. These patrols do not report minor information, and
hence the number of their messages will be limited. Where practicable
the commercial telegraph and telephone lines should be utilized in
the transmission of messages. Motorcycles, light autos, air craft
and wireless are all useful in maintaining communication. Important
information which cannot be telegraphed should be sent to the rear over
several routes, especially in hostile country. As the duty of these
patrols is very arduous they should be relieved at suitable intervals,
depending on conditions. They will usually subsist off the country.
(See also “Patrolling.”)
The contact squadron supports the patrols and furnishes their reliefs.
It arranges for the transmission of information from the patrols to the
squadron, and from the squadron to designated stations in rear. For
this purpose relay and collecting stations are established at suitable
points and free use is made of the telegraph and telephone, motorcycles
and any other available means of transmitting information. Signal
troops (usually wireless sections pack) may be attached to bodies of
cavalry engaged in reconnaissance. The maximum sending radius of the
present field wireless sets (pack) in our service is about 30 miles,
but they are not always dependable beyond 15 miles, and occasionally
fail altogether in an emergency. They can seldom be relied upon as the
sole means of communication. In the employment of wireless it may be
advisable to use a code for important messages.
_Cavalry in combat._ Cavalry uses the following methods of offensive
action:
(a) The mounted charge in one or more lines in close order
(usually 3 lines); in column or line of columns (rare);
as foragers or as skirmishers.
(b) Dismounted fire action (used also in defense, especially
in delaying actions).
(c) Mounted fire action (rare).
(d) A combination of (a) with (b) or (c).
Of the above the mounted charge in line will generally be the most
effective although the opportunities for its successful employment
will probably be rare and fleeting. It is, therefore, to be preferred
whenever it is practicable, even when the cavalry is in a generally
defensive attitude, since cavalry has less power of resistance than
infantry, and a successful charge is the most effective means of
defense. If the ground is too rough or broken for a charge in line, if
it is desired to extend the front for purposes of envelopment or in
the rare case of a charge against a deployed line (either Infantry or
Cavalry) a charge in line with extended intervals, usually accompanied
by mounted fire action, may be employed, viz:
Charge as skirmishers, using the revolver, automatic pistol,
or sabre.
Charge as foragers, the men in couples, using their revolvers,
pistols or sabres.
A charge in column of fours should be used only when charge in line is,
for some reason, impracticable, as when charging along a road, or when
there is not time to form line.
Dismounted fire action is employed:
(a) Usually when opposed to infantry.
(b) On the defensive, or in delaying actions.
(c) When the terrain or other conditions render a mounted
attack impracticable.
(d) By a portion of the force, in support of the mounted
action.
Even if intending eventually to fight on foot the cavalry should remain
mounted as long as possible. It may often be better to remain mounted
in concealment, awaiting a favorable opportunity to charge, rather than
to hasten prematurely into a dismounted action. Cavalry which dismounts
usually thereby surrenders the initiative, certainly when opposed to
an enemy still mounted. In case of defeat by a superior mounted force
there is usually no opportunity to retreat, and most of the dismounted
men and all of the led horses will probably be lost. Therefore it is
necessary, in dismounting to fight on foot, to hold a mounted reserve,
especially when opposed to cavalry. One of the functions of this
mounted reserve will be to check the enemy, if necessary, while the
rest of the command is mounting. Even if it is contemplated to use a
portion of the reserve eventually for dismounted action it is well to
keep it mounted as long as practicable as it is thus more mobile.
Cavalry should not start to dismount to fight on foot with a mounted
enemy formed and ready to charge, within 1,000 yards, unless the
terrain affords protection against a charge.
When opposed to infantry alone the risk in dismounting is not so
great as when a hostile cavalry force is near, and cavalry will often
dismount to fight infantry, especially in delaying actions. Even in
this case, however, the cavalry should make its movements to position
mounted as it has in this respect an advantage over infantry.
Even when dismounting to fight on foot cavalry should at all times keep
up an active mounted reconnaissance, especially when opposed to cavalry.
When there is one horse holder to each four led horses they can be
readily shifted from place to place, and are then said to be _mobile_.
If the proportion of horseholders is less than this the horses are
not readily shifted from place to place, and are then said to be
_immobile_. If the horses are linked it is inadvisable to have less
than one holder to eight horses, and even in this case it is not
practicable to move them and they may be easily stampeded. To reduce to
a minimum the number of horseholders (if the horses are not to be kept
mobile) the animals may be linked in large circles. A better method is
that of “coupling,” in which pairs of horses are linked each to the
cantle of the other’s saddle thus facing in opposite directions. All
troopers are then liberated for firing. The horses cannot move away or
be stampeded, if the links hold.
To dismount to fight on foot, horses mobile, requires a minimum of ½
to 1 minute, not counting the time required to take position on the
firing line. To mount requires about the same time. If the horses be
immobilized more time is required both in mounting and dismounting.
Horse artillery and machine guns often accompany the cavalry, and are
used as auxiliaries in combat. They usually hold a pivotal position
(supported if necessary by a few dismounted men) to cover the formation
of the troops preparing for the attack (usually mounted), to support
the attack, to hold the enemy in check while the troops disorganized by
the charge are rallying, or to cover a withdrawal in case of repulse.
Mounted engineers should accompany cavalry, especially advance
cavalry, whenever such are available. They facilitate the progress
of the cavalry, inspect and repair bridges for the use of the main
body, execute demolitions, etc. As mounted engineers will, however,
not always be available, the cavalry should be trained to do its own
pioneer work.
_Cavalry vs. Infantry._ The cases in which mounted cavalry can
attack infantry with any prospect of success are rare and fleeting.
Nevertheless the cavalry should be on the lookout for such
opportunities. Infantry may be attacked mounted:
(a) When it can be taken in flank or rear while actively engaged
in a fire fight.
(b) When it is out of ammunition.
(c) When it can be caught in column of route or other close
formation, and has not time or room to deploy.
(d) When it is in disorderly retreat.
(e) When it is of poor quality or low in morale.
The element of surprise is generally essential and always desirable.
If the infantry has time and opportunity to make the necessary
dispositions, it can easily repel the attack. Against infantry in mass,
cavalry charges in line, boot to boot, against deployed infantry it
charges as foragers.
Against infantry deployed for battle a cavalry charge has little
prospect of success. If compelled to attack infantry cavalry must
usually resort to dismounted action, and its tactics will be similar
to those of infantry except that its greater mobility permits small
forces of cavalry to make turning movements which would be impossible
or at least extremely dangerous for a body of infantry similarly
situated. The force executing the turning movement proceeds mounted to
a favorable locality and there dismounts for the attack--unless a good
opportunity for mounted action there presents itself.
Because of its mobility and the ease with which it may be withdrawn
from action, cavalry is the arm _par excellence_ for delaying actions,
such as those of a rear guard in retreat. Cavalry can delay the advance
of an enemy by harassing his flanks (which is the more effective
method) or by taking a position for dismounted fire action directly
across his line of advance. In such actions the cavalry may take up a
very extended line and the entire force (except the horseholders and
a small mounted reserve) may be placed in the firing line. A mounted
reserve is needed to watch the flanks, cover the led horses, check the
enemy in case of need, etc. It need not be as large when acting against
infantry as when opposed to cavalry. Mounted combat patrols on the
flanks should never be omitted.
Cavalry when dismounted is tied to its led horses. A threat against
these will often cause the retreat of the dismounted firing line.
Consequently the led horses should be held in a secure place and a
mounted force of suitable size told off to cover them. As the horses
are easily stampeded operations against them are very effective.
Cavalry fighting a delaying action may take a greater number of
successive positions and permit a much closer approach of the enemy
than would be either safe or possible for infantry.
The two principal requisites of a delaying position for cavalry (next
to a good field of fire to front and flanks) are cover from fire for
the led horses, immediately in rear of the firing line, and good
covered lines of retreat straight to the rear. If there be but one line
of retreat it should preferably be in rear of the center. If there is
no cover from fire (cover from _view_ is not sufficient) for the led
horses in rear of the firing line they should be echeloned in rear of
the flanks in order to escape the effects of hostile fire directed at
the dismounted line.
It is very important that the cavalry should be withdrawn in such good
time that it will not be subjected to fire during its retreat to its
next delaying position, and will have opportunity to deploy in time to
again delay the advancing enemy. If subjected to fire from the rear the
best cavalry will soon get out of hand.
As to how close a dismounted enemy may be allowed to approach, before
withdrawing from the position, this depends on:
(a) The distance the men on the firing line must travel to
reach the horses in mounting up to withdraw.
(b) The nature of the country in rear of the position as
affecting the rapidity of retreat.
(c) The amount of cover from the enemy’s fire during the retreat
afforded by the terrain.
(d) The nature of the terrain in front of the position as
affecting the facility of the enemy’s advance.
By keeping the horses mobile the strength of the firing line is
diminished by 25 per cent of the total strength. If it be desired
to increase the strength of the firing line the horses must be
immobilized. If they are liable to be exposed to fire, requiring that
they be moved, they must, of course, be kept mobile. In this case also
the firing line can mount and retreat much more quickly since the
troopers can find and disengage their mounts in less time, and since
also the led horses may be moved up closer to the firing line when it
is ready to retire.
The terrain in rear of the position should be carefully scouted to see
that it presents no serious obstacles to a retreat. It will generally
not be practicable for all to take the roads. The retreat, at least
at the beginning, must usually be made straight to the rear, some of
the men moving across country. Hence openings should be made in fences
and the best points for crossing streams selected, and improved if
necessary.
Under favorable conditions as to proximity of led horses, facilities
for and cover during retreat and obstacles to the enemy’s advance, the
cavalry may safely allow him to approach within about 600 yards of
the position before withdrawing, or if the retiring force be not more
than a troop, to within about 400 yards. If the conditions are not
especially favorable the withdrawal should be made when the hostile
firing line arrives within 700 to 800 yards. The volume of fire should
usually be increased just before the withdrawal.
_Cavalry vs. Cavalry._ Against cavalry, mounted action will always be
preferred. As the element of surprise is important the cavalry will
endeavor to conceal its strength and position as long as possible.
Every available man should be on hand for the charge. Hence all
detachments within reach should be recalled (except the necessary
combat patrols), which emphasizes the wisdom of having as few and as
small detachments as possible from the fighting force when combat is
probable and the cavalry unsupported by foot troops. Detachments coming
in join their proper troop if possible. If too late for this they join
the reserve, or the nearest troop.
The ground over which the charge is to be made should be carefully
examined by mounted ground scouts, which may be sent out from the most
advanced fraction of the command. Of course if all features of the
terrain can be seen from a position in rear, ground scouts would not be
sent out, as they might in such case merely betray the presence of the
cavalry force and afford indication (to the enemy) as to its position
and intentions, without any compensating advantages. The ground scouts
move to the flanks and rejoin their troops, or the nearest formed
body, on completion of their duties or as the attack is launched. If
the charge is made at extended intervals they may be absorbed by the
charging line as it overtakes them. Fences and ditches, the latter
being often difficult to detect at a distance, are serious obstacles to
a cavalry charge.
Combat patrols protect the flanks and give warning of the presence
and movements of any hostile bodies in the vicinity of same. Their
distance from the flanks will depend on the size of the force,
terrain and other conditions. They should be so placed that they
will be able to give ample warning of danger. In open terrain easily
traversed they should be well out, as distance will be necessary
for safety. In terrain which does not permit of an easy approach to
the flanks they may be closer in. They are invariably mounted. At a
time of combat all detachments from the fighting force should be as
small as practicable. A small command requires little time to change
its dispositions, and cannot afford to make large detachments. Its
flanks, therefore, will be secured by small patrols (4 to 12 men).
The instructions to such patrols, to “cover our right,”--mean to give
timely information of danger in that locality so that dispositions may
be made to meet it. Such patrols are not expected to offer resistance
except to small hostile patrols. A larger command requires more notice.
It may therefore send out stronger patrols capable of offering some
resistance, at least enough to delay the enemy while a message is sent
back to the main body. The flanks must never be neglected in any of the
operations of cavalry, as it is very vulnerable to a sudden attack in
flank.
If necessary to delay the enemy a portion of the troops in advance may
be compelled to resort to dismounted fire action while those in rear
are preparing for the charge. The advanced troops generally should
not charge a superior force of the enemy unless the main body is close
enough at the time to give immediate support. If the enemy is superior
in strength and cannot be surprised by a charge the weaker force must
usually seek another locality where conditions may be more favorable.
A body of cavalry, not expecting reinforcements, which dismounts a
considerable proportion of its strength in the presence of a markedly
superior mounted enemy will, unless exceptionally favored by the
terrain or other conditions, run great risk of capture. Such tactics
are seldom to be recommended. Such troops as may be dismounted should,
when they have the option, take a position from which they can support
and cover the mounted attack (without interfering with the charge or
having their fire masked too soon) and also hold the enemy in check
after the charge while the troops engaged therein are rallying.
The machine guns are generally placed, if practicable, with the
dismounted troops for co-operation and mutual support. If there be no
dismounted troops the machine guns are placed in a suitable position
from which they can support the attack and cover a withdrawal in case
of defeat. Usually they will be on a flank, and if exposed should have
a small escort--about a platoon. The machine guns should take position
promptly and endeavor to open fire as the attack is launched, or even
sooner if the need for concealment has ceased. While machine guns
materially assist a charge a good opportunity must not be lost while
waiting for the machine guns to come into action. Artillery fire is a
most valuable assistance to a cavalry charge.
The troops for the mounted attack are divided into the attacking line,
the support and the reserve, as far as possible without splitting
units. The attacking line should generally include about half the total
available mounted strength. A good division for a squadron acting
alone, would be: attacking line 2 troops, support and reserve 1 each.
The support usually follows a short distance in rear of the exposed
flank of the attacking line, the reserve following in rear of the
center or the other flank. For a force not larger than a squadron two
lines only may be employed.
In approaching the position from which the attack will probably
be launched, all troops remain concealed as long as possible. The
attacking line forms line of columns (line of troops in columns of
fours-called “line of fours”) at deploying intervals or in mass (with
11-yard intervals between troops) as rapidly as the terrain permits.
This formation facilitates change of direction (if necessary) and
deployment. The gait in approaching the deploying position should not
be so rapid that the horses will not be fresh and vigorous for the
charge.
The attacking line is formed at the last moment consistent with
delivering the charge with the utmost momentum. If formed too soon it
lacks cohesion, if too late the necessary momentum cannot be obtained,
and there is danger of interference by the enemy. The line should
generally be formed at from 400 to 800 yards from the enemy, under
cover if possible. It should never be formed within 400 yards of an
enemy ready to charge. It is desirable that the attacking line should
overlap the flanks of the enemy’s first line. Having formed for the
charge the attacking line advances at a steadily increasing gait to
within about 80 yards of the enemy and then delivers the charge at
top speed--boot to boot. The objective of the attacking line is the
nearest formed body of the enemy. In a decisive action the first blow
should be made strong. The attacking line should endeavor to completely
overthrow the enemy’s leading troops, follow them up and force them
back in confusion on those in rear. It should keep going as long as
there is an opportunity to reach any fraction of the enemy, rallying
only when its momentum is completely expended. In an action not
decisive the overthrow of the enemy’s first line only may be the aim.
In an extremity, as where it is necessary for the cavalry to cut its
way through a superior force in order to escape, it may stake all on
a single throw, placing its entire strength in the first line of the
charge.
The support follows, conforming to the movements of the attacking line,
and forming for the charge at the proper time. Its objective is the
nearest formed element of the enemy. It should not charge into the
melée created by the first line.
The reserve, in one or more bodies, follows the support and takes the
latter’s place as it charges. It is used at the critical instant as
circumstances require. The reserve usually will not charge without an
order from the commander. The combatant who can place in the fight the
last body of formed troops will usually win.
Each line rallies as promptly as possible after the charge, to be used
again later as circumstances require.
The dismounted troops and machine guns keep up fire as long as possible
(until it is masked by their own troops).
A mounted charge against cavalry, in order to possess the essential
element of surprise, should generally be launched from concealment
within 800 yds. of the enemy, and if it be practicable to approach
unobserved to about 400 yards it will usually be best to do so. If
the distance be much over 800 the enemy, if superior in strength, may
have time to form for and deliver a charge himself, and if inferior
he may be able to avoid the shock and escape. Also a long gallop
just before the charge diminishes the effect of the shock and the
subsequent activity of the horses. Under favorable conditions, such
as when the ground is hard, level and unobstructed, the enemy still
in column, etc., a charge which must necessarily be launched from a
greater distance, may have good prospects of success, and favorable
opportunities should not be thrown away. Ordinarily it is desirable to
launch the attack from concealment within 800 yards. The smaller the
forces the less the distance, as a rule, at which it is desirable to
launch a mounted attack. A small force can more readily approach under
cover and, on the other hand, more easily evade a mounted attack.
The most favorable time for a charge against cavalry is when, in a
dismounted action, its firing line breaks to the rear to mount and
retire. At this time a charge by a much inferior body of mounted men
may throw it into utter confusion. The attacker should keep in hand a
mounted force to take advantage of such an opportunity if presented,
and the defense should likewise hold a mounted reserve to protect
itself from such an attack.
There should be no wheeled vehicles close by during a combat _with
cavalry_. Even the ammunition wagons should be kept well to the rear.
In going out for a short distance (from its infantry support) cavalry
should leave all wagons behind, extra ammunition and rations being
carried in the saddle bags.
A pack train is more mobile than wagons, but even this is a drag on
the cavalry in rapid operations. If combat is imminent even the pack
animals (except those of the machine guns) should be well to the rear.
The most favorable times for attacking cavalry (mounted) are:
(a) When it is in the act of mounting or dismounting.
(b) When it can be taken in flank or caught in column.
(c) When it can be surprised while charging another body.
(d) When it can be surprised while in an unsuitable formation
or while changing formation.
(e) When it is issuing from a defile.
And in general whenever it can be taken by surprise.
Victory in a mounted action will generally be with the combatant who
can overlap his opponent and throw in the last mounted reserve.
SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN CAVALRY COMBAT (FOR SMALL FORCES).
The commander (accompanied by his adjutant and 1 or 2 orderlies) if
not already there, gallops forward to an advanced point suitable for
observation, and looks over the situation, quickly makes his decision,
and issues the necessary orders to the commander of the advanced
troop--who will usually be with him. These orders will usually cover
the following:
(a) Dismounted fire action (if to be used), position for same, etc.
(b) Observation of the enemy, retardation of his advance.
(c) Examination of the terrain over which the charge will probably
be made (by mounted ground scouts, or officers’ patrols.)
(d) Recall of all detachments within reach.
(e) Combat patrols on the flanks (these may be sent from
troops in rear), support for machine guns, etc.
(f) Information as to general plan of commander, duties of
balance of command, etc., etc.
Upon completion of these duties the advanced troops, if still mounted,
are usually directed to join the nearest body. If the commander of
the advanced troop is not with the supreme commander the necessary
instructions may be conveyed to him by the adjutant. He should also be
informed as to the general plan of the commander, including place where
the troops for the attack are to assemble, etc.
The main body should come on as promptly as possible. It may take up
the trot, or even the canter as the commander gallops forward. It is
usually a mistake for the cavalry to halt to await developments, as
it thereby sacrifices the advantages due to its mobility at the very
time when these are most needed. Of course cavalry may occasionally get
into serious difficulty by pushing on too rapidly against a superior
force. But it will far more frequently lose a golden opportunity if it
surrenders its initiative by a premature halt.
Having come to a decision the commander signals (arm or sabre) to
the main body to “increase the gait”--if they are within sight, or
else at once sends his adjutant or an orderly with a message to that
effect. He then gives the necessary instructions to the commander of
the leading troop, after which he gallops back to meet the main body,
and leads it to the rendezvous (place from which the attack is to be
launched) giving the necessary order as he goes. If for any reason
the commander desires to remain at the front he may send his adjutant
back with instructions to the subordinate commanders to report to him
at a designated locality, where he issues the necessary orders while
the troops are moving to the rendezvous. It is generally inadvisable
and often impossible to separate the subordinate commanders from their
troops if the enemy is close and combat probable. Hence orders must
usually be given piece-meal, but it is very important that each portion
of the force should know what the others are doing so that proper
co-operation may be insured. No rule can be given as to the manner in
which the orders shall be issued and transmitted. The criterion is that
each portion of the force shall be placed in its position for attack
with the least possible delay and confusion.
The machine guns (with necessary escort), and combat patrols are sent
out (or necessary instructions are sent to some patrols already on the
flanks) and all other detachments called in.
Preparatory to forming for the charge the troops assume a convenient
formation, usually “line of fours,” or mass.
Unless the commander in person leads the troops to the place from which
the attack is to be launched it is well to detail a staff officer or an
orderly (someone familiar with the ground) for this purpose. The routes
to be followed by each portion of the command, and the formation to be
assumed, should be carefully prescribed.
If there is little time and the enemy is aggressive it would be wrong
to separate subordinate commanders from their troops and assemble
them to receive orders. In such cases the orders will be transmitted
as promptly as possible without separating subordinates from their
immediate commands.
[Illustration: Fig. VII]
The commander will designate the troops for the attacking line,
support and reserve, with commander and duties for each, distances
at which the successive lines are to follow each other, gaits, etc.,
or the attacking line and support may be covered in one order by the
expression “attack in two lines, etc., such troops in reserve.” The
commander’s order will usually conclude: “I will give the order (or
signal) for the attack,” or “attack at once.”
In case it is not practicable or advisable to launch the charge at
once the cavalry may take a concealed position in readiness either in
line or line of columns in a suitable locality to await a favorable
opportunity for a charge, while being at the same time ready to retreat
or fight on foot, should developments in the situation require such
actions. It is seldom advisable to charge the front of the enemy with
the entire force, if he is deployed for dismounted fire action. A
portion of the command may, however, attack the front for the purpose
of developing the enemy’s strength, engaging his attention, etc.
The foregoing outline is intended for a rough guide to the proper
procedure in an ordinary case of cavalry attack. It must not be
regarded as a rigid form to cover all cases, but as an illustration of
a particular case.
The following verbal orders cover a typical case of a squadron making a
mounted attack:
They are given verbally by Maj. A, commanding, to Capt. A, in command
of the advance troop, and to other subordinates.
To Capt. A:
“Your troop will dismount and hold this ridge. The machine guns
will be sent to join you. The other troops will come up on
the right and attack mounted. Support the attack with fire, opening
when I give you the signal from ____. Have the ground
to the southeast scouted to see that it is suitable for a charge.
Send a patrol of 5 men to ____ to observe to the north and east,
covering our left flank.”
Before giving orders to Capt. A the Major signals remainder of squadron
(if in sight) to come on at an increased gait.
To his adjutant:
“Ride back at a gallop and tell the machine gun platoon to report
to Capt. A behind this ridge. Tell Capt. D that we will attack
mounted and that his troop will be in reserve behind the right
flank of the attacking line. Tell him to proceed under cover
to ____, sending a patrol of 4 men to ____ to observe to the
south and east, covering our right flank.”
The Major then proceeds at a gallop to meet Troops B and C, at the
head of which he finds Capt. B (the senior captain) and Capt. C. (who
had been ordered forward). He leads them at a trot to the rendezvous
position, and en route he briefly explains the situation, and then says:
“We will attack the Red cavalry. Troops B and C under Capt. B will
form the attacking line. You will charge mounted in two lines, if
conditions are favorable. I will give you the necessary orders. Troop A
(dismounted) and the machine guns are on your left just north of here
behind the ridge and will support the attack with fire. Troop D, in
reserve, will be behind your right flank. I will be with the reserve
during the attack.”
Maj. A directs the two troops to form line under cover of the ridge (as
the enemy is quite close). As this movement is completed a messenger
from Capt. A reports to Maj. A that the ground in front of the position
is suitable for a charge.
Maj. A now reconnoiters to the front and seeing that the situation
is favorable for a charge he signals to Capt. A to open fire, and
this having been done he directs Capt. B to charge. He then joins the
reserve (Troop D) as the latter moves forward at a trot in rear of the
right of the attacking line.
_The Cavalry Screen._ Cavalry is habitually employed to screen from
hostile observation forces of all sizes from a regiment up. The
distance between the cavalry screen and the body it covers varies
greatly with conditions, chief of which are the strength of the cavalry
and of the force it covers, the strength and proximity of the enemy,
particularly his cavalry, the mission of the command, nature of the
country, etc.
It is the duty of the cavalry screen to prevent the passage through it
of the cavalry or mounted patrols of the enemy, sent out by him to gain
information. This duty will often be combined with that of gaining
information of tactical or strategical importance.
A cavalry screen may be defensive or offensive, independently of the
attitude of the troops covered by the cavalry. The defensive screen
is that in which the cavalry covers the entire front, blocking all
lines of approach. It is the more effective when the cavalry is
strong enough. But usually, unless greatly superior to the enemy’s
cavalry, the line will be so attenuated that the enemy can pierce it
by concentrating his cavalry at a favorable point. In the offensive
screen the cavalry is concentrated and it seeks out the main body of
the enemy’s cavalry, to defeat it. If this is successfully accomplished
his patrols must generally withdraw, or their subsequent passage can be
blocked by change to the defensive screen. Until the enemy’s cavalry
has been overthrown the offensive screen, will, then, generally be the
more effective. Afterwards the defensive screen may well be employed.
A brigade of cavalry as a screen can cover a front usually not
exceeding about 10 miles.
As the main forces approach contact, the cavalry screen gradually
withdraws to and covers the flanks.
On the average the progress of cavalry will not exceed 25 miles per
day, nor the distances traveled by patrols, 35 to 40 miles per day.
_Cavalry patrols._ Cavalry patrols are of two general classes,
reconnoitering (information), and screening (security). The duty of
reconnoitering patrols is to gather information of the hostile forces.
The duty of screening patrols is to prevent the enemy from gathering
similar information concerning the friendly forces. Reconnoitering
patrols are again divided into two general classes, tactical and
strategical. These classifications, while usual, are not rigid. A
single patrol may, under certain conditions, be charged with the duties
both of screening and reconnoitering, or may gather information of both
tactical and strategical nature.
The essential difference between reconnoitering tactical and
strategical patrols is in the nature of the information they gather.
Information of tactical value is ordinarily gathered in the near
vicinity of the forces. Information of strategic value, on the other
hand, is usually gathered at a greater distance. No fixed rules can be
laid down for a rigid classification covering all cases. As a very
rough guide it may be said that the operations of tactical patrols
will ordinarily be limited to a distance of about ten miles from the
supporting troops.
Tactical patrols may or may not be commanded by an officer. They gather
information of immediate tactical value, and hence their sphere of
action is limited. The information they gather to be of value, must be
_fresh_, and this means that it must be promptly transmitted.
Strategical patrols should always be commanded by an officer. They
gather information of strategical value which has, as a rule, no
bearing upon local tactics nor the immediate security of any particular
body of troops. Their radius of action, consequently will be greater
than in the case of tactical patrols. They are never charged with
the duty of covering, and hence conduct their operations as secretly
as possible, resorting to combat only when this is necessary to the
accomplishment of their mission.
Reconnoitering patrols are essentially non-combatant, whilst
screening patrols, on the other hand, are in their nature combatant.
Reconnoitering patrols which allow themselves to be drawn unnecessarily
into combat with hostile patrols, will usually fail in the
accomplishment of their mission. They should ordinarily endeavor to
remain concealed and avoid fighting. The action of a patrol in any
particular case, however, is determined by its mission. It will adopt
that line of conduct, whether concealment or combat, best calculated to
accomplish its purpose.
Patrols should be made of a strength just sufficient for the duties
they will probably be required to perform in the accomplishment
of their missions, whether combat or messenger duty. (See also
“Patrolling,” Chapter III.)
_The following lessons_ in cavalry tactics are among those drawn from
the records of the American Civil War by Capt. Alonzo Gray. (Cavalry
tactics as illustrated by the War of the Rebellion.)
The sabre is essentially the weapon for shock action and the thick
of the _melée_. For scattered or individual action, in the woods, or
whenever the regular order is broken up the revolver will be the most
effective weapon. For dismounted action the rifle will be used.
A timid cavalry leader will usually fail where a bold one will succeed.
Boldness will take the place of numbers.
A charge should always be met by a counter-charge.
The charge is most destructive if the enemy can be caught in the act of
maneuvering.
A mounted column should always be held in readiness to take the
initiative.
Ground scouts should always be sent out in advance of a mounted attack.
Care must be exercised that the cavalry does not arrive at the charging
point in a blown or distressed condition.
A frontal charge against artillery is not apt to succeed. The flank
attack offers some chance of success if the artillery is not adequately
supported. The best time to charge artillery is when it is in the act
of limbering or unlimbering. The revolver is the weapon to be preferred.
Infantry may be charged with some prospects of success, when changing
front, while forming, when in column, in any position where it cannot
readily deploy, when it can be taken in flank, when it is shaken by
fire, when its fire is held down by that of other troops, when it is of
inferior quality or low in morale. Dismounted troops which have broken
through a line may often be checked by a vigorous charge. The ideal
time to charge infantry is when its line breaks, as when it breaks to
the rear after a repulse.
Unless cavalry can pass ordinary obstacles it will fail when otherwise
it might succeed.
Cavalry must be prepared to do its own pioneer work, and it should
be trained for this. Mounted engineers when they are available, are
particularly useful to cavalry.
As soon as the leading element has delivered its shock it should rally
in rear of the column.
The charge should, when possible, be made boot to boot.
In the 3 line formation the 1st line should generally be heavier than
either of the other two, especially if time is precious, and success
depends on a single cast of the die. But if the enemy has reserves
constantly arriving, troops must be held in hand to meet these.
The successive lines should be far enough apart so that if the first
line be overthrown the confusion will not be communicated to those in
rear.
The fire of mounted men is very inaccurate, especially with the rifle,
and with the revolver, except at close range.
The mobility of cavalry renders it extremely useful in reinforcing weak
points in a line of battle, or attacking weak points in the enemy’s
line.
Successful turning movements to attack the enemy’s flank and rear are
possible to cavalry.
Cavalry may often seize important tactical or strategical positions,
and hold them until relieved by other troops.
Cavalry should work to the central idea, and while so doing it can
and will fight anything. But it is too expensive an arm to equip and
maintain, and too difficult to replace, to be habitually used against
infantry in position.
Cavalry is particularly well fitted for covering a retreat and for
other delaying actions. When engaged in this duty it will habitually
make use of successive positions.
Cavalry should not _habitually_ be used for outposting infantry,
guarding trains, or performing any other duty which infantry can do as
well or better, when infantry is available. (Note. Cavalry is trained
and equipped for the performance of every kind of duty, and can always
be used as the situation demands. Thus if in a special case it is
more important to conserve the energies of the infantry than those of
the cavalry, the latter may properly be used to relieve the former of
some of its work. But if such use of the cavalry should become common
practice it will be diverted from and rendered unfit to perform those
important tasks which cavalry alone can accomplish. The authors.)
Night marches are particularly trying for cavalry.
Cavalry may temporarily replace infantry on outpost duty, as when the
latter is retreating.
Cavalry is very useful for flank and rear guards.
There should be a well organized mounted force in hand to take up the
pursuit in case of victory. Exhausted infantry cannot pursue. The best
results will be obtained by the “parallel pursuit.” (Note. Military
writers agree that to reap the full fruits of victory an active pursuit
is necessary. Yet we find in history comparatively few examples of the
successful pursuit of a defeated force by foot troops alone. The reason
for this is, as stated by Capt. Gray, that infantry which has been
engaged in an exhausting combat is in no condition for active pursuit.
The cavalry must be ready to reap the fruits of the infantry’s victory.
The authors.)
Raids are seldom worth their cost. Gen. Grant says of them: “They
contribute very little to the grand result.” They have better chances
of success in a friendly country.
Cavalry operating against the enemy has little use for trains.
Cavalry must expect to live off the country, impressing such wagons as
it may require.
Gen. Sheridan says: “Our cavalry should fight the enemy’s cavalry, our
infantry his infantry.”
Gen. J. H. Wilson says: “Cavalry is useless for defense. Its only power
is a vigorous offensive. Therefore I urge its concentration.”