CONVOYS.
A convoy is a train of wagons or motor trucks, not regularly attached
to any body of troops, with its escort. The term “convoy” is sometimes
used for the wagons alone, not including the troops which accompany
them.
Convoys, being peculiarly vulnerable, as well as liable to an attack,
require more elaborate measures for their protection than would be
usual for a body of troops in the same situation.
The vulnerability of a convoy increases rapidly with its length. As
a rule then, a single column should contain not more than about one
hundred wagons. Such a train would be (in single column) about a mile
long. If allowed to straggle it might be very much longer. It is
usually impracticable in the United States to march a convoy in double
column, on account of the limited width of the roads. It is a wise
measure when practicable.
No rigid rules can be laid down for the conduct of march of a convoy,
as this will vary with the conditions.
In executing a flank march with a large convoy the mass of the troops
would ordinarily be on the exposed flank, at some distance and would
be called a “covering detachment.” The immediate guard of the convoy
is called the “escort” and is of a strength sufficient only (in this
case) to protect the wagons from attack by small parties of hostile
cavalry, etc. The wagons with their immediate escort proceed as rapidly
as possible to their destination by a separate route while the covering
detachment keeps itself between the enemy and the convoy. The trains
accompanying a body of troops during a flank march would similarly
proceed on a separate road on the unexposed flank if a good road were
available.
One rule of general if not universal application may be stated:--the
mass of the troops should be between the wagons and the known or
supposed position of the most threatening force of the enemy. It is a
corollary of this rule that the trains of a combatant body of troops
ordinarily “follow in advance, precede in retreat.” The distance
between the wagons and the covering detachment is governed entirely by
circumstances. There should, however, be a small guard with the wagons.
A small convoy will not become the objective of a large body of hostile
troops. Its escort will be called upon to repel the attacks of small
parties only and will usually remain in close proximity to the wagons,
the whole forming one detachment under one commander. The escort will,
of course, employ advance, rear or flank guards as the situation
requires. The “main body” will be the nucleus of troops remaining with
the wagons after all detachments have been made. This arrangement will
then be the usual case, and is the one to which particular reference is
made in the following discussion.
Motor trucks are particularly advantageous for convoys. Their speed, by
shortening the duration of the trip, reduces the risk of interference
or capture. Moreover, the reserve motive power permits a burst of speed
that assists in escape if the convoy be attacked. The vehicles cannot
be stampeded and are less vulnerable than animals to injury from rifle,
machine gun or shrapnel fire. Cars should be employed preferably in
groups of the same type when practicable.
_Arrangements for the March._ The wagons are usually under the
immediate charge of a Quartermaster, who will be mounted. Before
starting, the train is divided into sections or provisional wagon
companies of from twenty to thirty wagons each, twenty-seven being
a convenient number, and a wagon master (or an old teamster) is
assigned to the command of each section. The organization corresponds
approximately to that of a regular train. Wagons may be army, hired
or impressed, and their teamsters may be soldiers, regular civilian
employees, hired or impressed citizens. Wagons and drivers of the
same class should, as far as practicable, be placed in the same wagon
sections. The slowest wagons are placed in the lead to reduce fatigue
and elongation. The field train of the escort marches with the other
wagons--usually at the head of the column. The impressed wagons should
preferably be in rear, except when this causes excessive straggling, or
when the rear is greatly exposed to attack.
A sufficient number of infantry for police guards are placed under
orders of the Quartermaster, and a few mounted men assigned under his
orders as messengers, etc. A police guard of at least one squad is
assigned to each wagon section. If the drivers are hired or impressed a
stronger police guard is required. If the wagons are driven by enlisted
men, police guards may be dispensed with if the escort is small.
Police guards are usually permitted to ride on the wagons. Footsore
or slightly wounded infantrymen, if any there be, may be assigned as
police guards. These guards never leave the wagons even when attacked,
but if the wagons have been parked a portion of the police guards may
be released to join in the fight. Cavalry is more suitable for police
guards than is infantry. But usually there will not be enough cavalry
for this purpose, after allowing for more important duties.
The Quartermaster is charged with the duty of keeping the wagons closed
up and moving in an orderly fashion. He removes broken down wagons from
the road, shifting their loads to other wagons or destroying them as
circumstances require.
The division of the wagons of convoy into sections or wagon companies
and the assignment of wagonmasters may be covered in the first order,
after which unless there is a change to be made, it is not again
referred to. If the Quartermaster has made these arrangements in
advance they need not be referred to in orders, but should be covered
by a note after the order (in solution).
THE ESCORT.
_Commander and Duties._ The senior line officer with the escort
commands the entire convoy and is responsible for all measures
necessary for its safe and steady progress. It is of course _desirable_
that he should be senior in rank to the Quartermaster in charge of the
wagons.
The commander will generally be at the place where an attack is
expected. Usually he is with the main body, but if he is with the
advance or flank guard, the next in rank with the main body assumes
charge of same during his absence, or a commander for the main body may
be designated in orders.
The duty of the escort is to facilitate the progress of the wagons
and protect them from rifle or artillery fire. It will make such
dispositions as are best calculated to afford security. While active
reconnaissance in the probable direction of the enemy is very
essential, the bulk of the escort should be kept well in hand in order
to strike a powerful blow if the enemy be encountered. The escort must
not assume the offensive unless absolutely essential for the safety of
the convoy, no matter how tempting an opportunity may be presented. The
main body moves promptly to any threatened point of the convoy.
_Strength and Composition._ No rule can be prescribed for the strength
of an escort. It depends upon the size of the convoy, the nature of the
country, the length of the march, the importance of the convoy and the
risk. The risk, of course, involves a number of considerations, chief
amongst which are the strength and proximity of the enemy.
For an average case one battalion of infantry and one troop of cavalry
might be assigned as escort to one hundred wagons. For a large convoy
the following rough rule as to the strength of the escort may serve as
a guide.
2 infantry per wagon.
1 cavalry per 8 wagons.
1 gun per 100 wagons.
The escort will ordinarily be composed of infantry. There should
usually be some cavalry. Machine guns are useful, but artillery is
generally not employed. Engineers are always useful with a convoy as by
repairing roads and bridges, and removing obstacles they can greatly
facilitate its progress, being in addition equivalent to an equal
number of infantry in fighting strength.
Motor cars are useful in the escort for the rapid transportation of
the infantry and also for carrying machine guns or artillery in open
or in armored cars. Cars containing guns are equally useful with an
escort composed of cavalry. The invulnerability of the armored car to
small arms fire and shrapnel, together with its speed, gives it great
offensive power. Motor cars will be correspondingly useful in the
pursuit and attack of a convoy. (See also Chap. XVIII.)
_Distribution and Duties of Troops._ The troops of the escort are
distributed as follows:
Advance guard.
(Police guards)
Main body.
Flank guard.
Rear guard.
The relative strength of the different parts depends on the direction
from which attack is most probable. The main body (including police
guards) should generally comprise about one half of the infantry of the
escort, and it will be the immediate guard of the convoy. The bulk of
all the remaining troops should be placed in the direction from which
the enemy’s attack is expected, either as advance, flank or in some
cases rear guard. If the direction from which the enemy may attack is
uncertain, the great bulk of the escort should remain with the convoy,
and active reconnaissance be carried on in order to give ample warning
of the enemy’s presence. Undue dispersion of the fighting forces must
be carefully avoided.
The main body of the escort may march at the head of the column of
wagons, or in the middle of same (or on another road--see ante). The
first is the more comfortable place and should be preferred if tactical
considerations allow. A small body of infantry and a few mounted men
should be placed at the head of the wagons (when main body is in
center) and a small body of infantry at the tail. If the wagon column
is more than 1,200 yards long there should be some infantry at the
middle of it, to protect its flanks. Some organization in the main body
is directed in orders, to furnish the necessary police guards which are
placed at the disposal of the Quartermaster.
The advance cavalry or advance scouting parties, need not ordinarily be
very strong. They reconnoiter 3 to 5 miles to the front, and well to
the flanks.
The infantry point of the advance guard should be about a mile in front
of the wagons. A mounted point is desirable, especially if there be
no cavalry with the advance guard. It reconnoiters up all side roads
a distance of 1,000 yds. or more. It is the duty of the advance guard
to establish contact with any friendly troops in the direction in
which the convoy is marching, if they be not too distant, especially
if they are awaiting its arrival. The advance guard commander examines
the country with a view to selecting suitable places for sheltering or
parking the convoy should the enemy be encountered. He selects suitable
sites for camps.
The Engineers, if present, are usually with the advance guard.
A small convoy will usually have no regular flank guard. A flank guard,
if used at all would be put out because an attack is expected from
that direction. Hence it should usually be strong, ⅓ to ½ the entire
force. Its conduct is similar to that of the flank guard of a body of
troops, except that it is of particular importance to hold the enemy
beyond rifle or artillery range of the convoy, especially if it is
carrying explosives. The flank guard should endeavor to accomplish this
without calling for reinforcements, as it is desirable that the main
body remain with the wagons. If there be sufficient cavalry with the
escort to offer an effective _resistance_ in case of a fight the bulk
of it should be kept in hand and assigned to the flank guard, if the
latter is strong. If the cavalry is too weak in numbers to be effective
in combat even when concentrated, there is no objection to splitting
it up into small detachments for reconnaissance, messenger and police
duty. But a strong body of cavalry may be better employed tactically to
assist in holding off the enemy. The flank guard marches opposite the
convoy on a parallel road at least half a mile distant, or proceeds to
some favorable locality from which it can cover the flank. It maintains
communication with the main body during its march. A flank guard,
instead of marching continuously on the flank can often obtain better
results by successively occupying strong positions from which it can
oppose the enemy, leaving each position and moving rapidly to the next
as soon as the convoy is safely past. (See “Flank Guards.”)
The rear guard is usually small, unless danger is anticipated from the
rear, and marches close up--at from 300 to 500 yds. behind the tail of
the wagon column. In case of a fight it reinforces the main body.
_The March._ The available routes for the march should be carefully
considered. Long distances, poor and dusty or muddy road surfaces,
steep grades, many stream crossings, sharp turns, defiles and close
country, are particularly objectionable features for the march of a
convoy, as they may subject it to delay and danger. A few draft animals
shot down by a handful of men in ambush would seriously delay the
march. A road along an open ridge exposed to view from considerable
distances is also objectionable, especially if it may be commanded
by artillery or rifle fire from adjacent heights. A road through
an open valley protected on the flank by impenetrable obstacles,
beyond effective range, or covered by a parallel ridge from which the
approaches to the flank may be commanded, is excellent. The route
should be selected with a view to avoiding the enemy, and a detour is
justifiable if it is certain that the enemy may thus be avoided. Other
things being equal the best road, which may often also be the most
direct, is to be preferred. In a march of any length, facilities for
watering the animals en route are desirable. A due consideration of all
of the features of the various routes available which bear upon the
safety and rapidity of the march, will enable the command to select
that route which gives the greatest promise of a successful transit.
The wagons usually proceed without regular hourly halts, as their
gait is so slow that continuous progress for two or more hours at a
time will not result in excessive fatigue unless the road is a very
poor one. Under favorable conditions a convoy might make an average
progress of 2¼ to 2½ miles per hour for a day’s march. But in making
calculations it is not safe to count on more than 2 miles per hour for
a day’s march. Motor convoys of light trucks can average from 5 to 10
miles an hour depending on road and other conditions. They are capable
of even higher speeds for short periods. (See table in “Marches”--Chap.
VI.)
Consider the reported position of the enemy and calculate the times at
which both the enemy and the convoy will probably reach the various
critical points along the line of march (assuming that the enemy will
direct his march on such points). Then consider the defensive measures
that might be adopted at each critical point for the safety of the
convoy, the lines of retreat from such points and the alternative
routes by means of which they might be avoided. Do not overlook the
fact that the enemy is dangerous whenever he gets within rifle range
(or artillery range if he has artillery) of the convoy.
The best places to attack a convoy are at a defile, bridge, or sharp
turn in the road, in the woods, or by artillery fire from a concealed
position. Hence convoys should avoid such localities, or approach them
with extreme caution.
A convoy should not hesitate to abandon its selected line of march and
take a new one if necessary to avoid a hostile force stronger than the
escort.
The far sides of adjacent ridges, clumps of wood, branch roads and the
outlets of defiles must be carefully reconnoitered. The convoy must
never enter a defile until the advance guard has reconnoitered the
sides and secured the outlet. The reconnaissance should be such that no
considerable body of troops and especially no artillery, can get within
range of the convoy unobserved.
A sharp change of direction is always fraught with danger, and measures
should be taken for security to the former front. A portion or the
whole of the former advance guard may be pushed out to a suitable
position to cover the change of direction. When the convoy has
completed the turn the troops so detached may rejoin or continue the
march on a parallel road as a flank guard.
On reaching camp the wagons are parked for the night, the form of park
depending on the terrain and on the risk. If there is little risk they
may be parked in column of route, double column, two lines facing each
other, etc. If there is danger of attack some form of closed park or
corral should be used, with the animals inside (such as the “diamond
corral”). The escort takes the usual measures for the security of the
camp.
In moving back and forth with convoy or for the return of the escort
it may be advisable to change route as the enemy might anticipate the
return by the former route. The same precaution would apply to a small
force going out to intercept a convoy.
_Conduct on encountering the enemy._ If the enemy is encountered in
a position from which he can interfere with the march, the escort,
if strong enough, will attack at once and drive him out, the wagons
continuing the march, or halting temporarily if this be essential for
their safety. If the enemy is too strong to be driven out the escort
will hold him in position, while the wagons take another route, park or
retreat.
The wagons should not be parked or even halted prematurely, as this in
itself will cause a great loss of time. If the enemy is reported near,
the wagons close up and continue the march in an orderly manner.
In case of a serious attack a suitable place is selected and the
wagons are parked. The park should be as little exposed as possible.
A most favorable locality is a basin or depression in the terrain,
readily accessible from the road and surrounded by a ridge from which
the escort may oppose the enemy. A good form of park is the “diamond
corral” as it is easily formed and quickly broken in resuming the
march. The park is formed under the supervision of the Quartermaster
and police guards. A portion of the latter remain to guard the park
from surprise attacks by small parties of the enemy (especially
cavalry), and such as can be spared are sent to take part in the
combat. The rear guard closes up to assist in repelling the attack,
or takes a suitable position to cover the rear. Mounted messengers,
(usually 2 parties of 2 men each) are despatched to notify the nearest
body of friendly troops, if there is any hope of their being able to
render assistance in time, or any other reason why they should be
apprised of the situation.
The enemy as a rule cannot afford to spend a great deal of time in
capturing a small convoy. If he can be held off for 2 or 3 hours the
convoy will usually be able to escape. As a last resort the escort
retreats, taking with it a part of the convoy if possible, and
endeavoring to destroy or at least seriously cripple all that is left.
_Attack of a Convoy._ As great mobility is desirable mounted troops,
armored cars, or foot troops transported by automobile are the most
suitable for the attack of a convoy.
A convoy may be delayed, with a view to attacking it, by destroying
bridges or placing other obstacles in its path, or by shooting the
animals, especially those of the leading wagons, from an ambush.
The usual method for a determined attack on a convoy is to check its
head and tail with small bodies (preferably cavalry) and concentrate
the main forces against a flank. A small force should be sent to
overpower the police guard and cut loose or shoot down the animals
(unless it is hoped to capture the trains intact and make off with
them).
Hence if fired upon from front and rear by small bodies a convoy should
be on the lookout for a determined attack on its flank.
If it is desired merely to damage the convoy or delay its march,
or if the attacking troops are too weak to cope with the escort,
they may select a concealed position along the route of the convoy
(preferably near a town, bridge, defile, etc.) from which long range
fire (artillery, infantry or machine gun) may be brought to bear upon
the convoy. Serious damage may thus be inflicted without danger to the
attacker. A convoy, as before mentioned, is far more vulnerable to such
an attack than a body of troops, the wagons being, of course, utterly
unable either to protect themselves or take cover from the fire. The
escort of a convoy should consequently carefully reconnoiter all
localities from which long range fire is possible before allowing the
wagons to come within range of same.
_Convoys of prisoners._ (See F. S. R.) In addition to an escort to
repel attempts at rescue, a guard of about 10 infantry and several
mounted men is required for each 100 prisoners. The captives are formed
into companies and marched in column, their officers being separated
from the troops. Prisoners should be given to understand that any
attempt to escape will draw fire. If the convoy is attacked they are
ordered to lie down. A convoy of prisoners protects the escort, as the
enemy cannot fire or (in the case of cavalry), charge if the escort is
close to the prisoners, especially on the opposite side. The prisoners
thus form a shield.
[Illustration: FIG. II
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF A CONVOY ON THE MARCH]
[Illustration: FIG. III
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF A CONVOY ON THE MARCH]
COMBINED ORDERS FOR CASE IV. (See Fig. III.)
1st Bn., 1st Inf.,
LEAVENWORTH, KAN.
Field orders, } 10 Sept., 1912, 5:45 a. m.
No. -- }
(Map Reference.)
1. Information of the enemy (especially his raiding cavalry)
and of our troops.
2. This detachment will march today to ____.
(a) Advance guard:
Capt. A.
Co. A, 1st Inf.
1 Plat. Tr. A. 1st Cav.
(b) Main body in order of march:
Combined F. Tn.
1st and 2nd sections of convoy.
Co. B, 1st Inf. (less detchs.)
M. G. Co., 1st Inf. (less 1 plat.)
1 Plat., Tr. A. 1st Cav. (less detchs.)
3rd and 4th sections of convoy.
3 Troopers, Tr. A, 1st Cav.
(c) Rearguard:
Lieut. B.
2 squads, Co. B, 1st Inf.
8 Troopers, Tr. A, 1st Cav.
(d) Left flank guard:
Capt. B.
1st Bn., 1st Inf. (less Cos. A & B)
Tr. A, 1st Cav. (less 2 plats.)
Tr. B, 1st Cav.
1 Plat., M. G. Co., 1st Inf.
3. (a) The advance guard will clear ______ at ______ a. m. marching via
---- and preceding the main body by ______ yds.
(b) The main body will march from ______ at -- a. m., following the
route of the advance guard. Lieut. X (Bn. Q. M.) is placed in charge
of the field trains and the wagons of the convoy. Wagonmasters A, B,
C and D, are designated for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sections of the
convoy, respectively, and will report at ______ a. m. to Lieut. X for
orders. Co. B, 1st Inf. will furnish the necessary police guards for
the wagons (or will furnish -- squads as police guard for the wagons,)
and will place a squad at their head.
(c) The rear guard will follow the main body at 250 yds.
(d) The right flank guard will start from ______ at ______ a. m. and
will march via ______ to ______ covering our right, reconnoitering
to ______ and ______ (or will proceed to the vicinity of ______,
reconnoitering, &c. and delay the advance of any hostile troops until
the convoy has cleared ______.)
4. Messages to the main body (or to the left flank guard.)
A, Major.
(How and to whom communicated: See previous examples.)
(Report of dispositions to superior comdr.)
Note that this order has only 4 pars. instead of 5. Trains accounted
for in par. 3. If the situation seems to render it advisable some or
all of the cav. may be ordered to march in advance an hour before the
rest of the troops, with instructions to “cover the movement” or if the
commander is inexperienced to reconnoiter front and flanks and special
localities. If a defile is to be passed the cav. comdr. may be told to
report at near side of defile the results of his reconnaissance to the
far side. Be careful about giving detailed instructions to the cav.
unless the commander of it is inexperienced. If the situation is such
as to render it possible, the convoy should establish communication
with the troops at the place to which it is marching. If this is
practicable (they being not too far away) the advance guard (or advance
cav.) would be directed in the order to do this.