born in London in 1555, died at Winchester 1626; was high in favour both
with Queen Elizabeth and James I. In 1605 he became Bishop of Chichester;
in 1609 was translated to Ely, and appointed one of the king's
privy-councillors; and in 1618 he was translated to Winchester. He was one
of those engaged in preparing the authorized version of the Scriptures. He
left sermons, lectures, and other writings.
AN'DREWS, ST., an ancient city and parliamentary burgh in Fifeshire,
Scotland, 31 miles north-east from Edinburgh; was erected into a royal
burgh by David I in 1140, and after having been an episcopal, became an
archiepiscopal see in 1472, and was for long the ecclesiastical capital of
Scotland. The cathedral, now in ruins, was begun about 1160, and took 157
years to finish. The old castle, founded about 1200, and rebuilt in the
fourteenth century, is also an almost shapeless ruin. In it James III was
born and Cardinal Beaton assassinated, and in front of it George Wishart
was burned. There are several other interesting ruins. The trade and
manufactures are of no importance, but the town is in favour as a
watering-place. Golf is much played here. Pop. 7597.--The _University of
St. Andrews_, the oldest of the Scottish universities, founded in 1411,
consists of the united colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard and the
college of St. Mary, both at St. Andrews, and embraces also University
College, Dundee. In 1579 the colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard were
restricted to the teaching of arts and medicine, and that of St. Mary to
theology. In 1747 the two former colleges were united by Act of Parliament.
University College, Dundee, was founded in 1880. The united college of St.
Salvator and St. Leonard has a principal (who is also principal of the
university) and twelve professors, and the college of St. Mary has a
principal and four professors. Degrees, open to women as well as men, are
conferred in arts, divinity, science, medicine, and law; and the university
also confers the diploma and title of L.L.A. (Lady Literate in Arts). The
number of students is 420. In connection with the university is a library,
founded in 1612 and containing about 150,000 printed volumes and 150 MSS.
The university unites with the other three Scottish universities in
returning three members to Parliament. Madras College or Academy, founded
by Dr. Bell of Madras, the principal secondary school of the place,
provides accommodation for upwards of 1500 scholars.
AN'DREWS, Thomas, chemist, was born at Belfast in 1813; studied chemistry
at Glasgow under Thomas Thomson, and for a short time in Paris; then
medicine at Belfast, Dublin, and Edinburgh, taking the degree of M.D. at
the last place. After practising and teaching chemistry for ten years in
Belfast, he became vice-president of the Northern College there, which in
1849 was converted into Queen's College, and Andrews now became professor
of chemistry in the college, a post which he held till 1879. He died in
1885, having received various academic distinctions in the course of his
life. His name is associated with valuable researches on the heat of
chemical combustion, and on the nature of ozone, but especially with the
discovery of the existence of a critical temperature for every gas, above
which it cannot be liquefied by any pressure, however great. He wrote many
scientific papers, which have been published in a collective form by P. G.
Tait and A. Crum Brown.
AN'DRIA, a town of South Italy, province of Bari, with a fine cathedral,
founded in 1046; the Church of Sant' Agostino, with a beautiful Pointed
Gothic portal; a college; manufactures of majolica, and a good trade. Pop.
53,274.
ANDROCLUS, or ANDROCLES, a Roman slave who once pulled a thorn out of a
lion's paw and dressed the wound. Androclus was afterwards condemned to be
thrown to the lions in the Circus Maximus, and encountered the same lion
that he had helped; the beast, instead of attacking him, fawned on him and
caressed him. The story is told by Aulus Gellius, _Noctes Atticae_, v, 14.
ANDROE'CIUM, in botany, the male system of a flower; the aggregate of the
stamens.
ANDROMACHE (an-drom'a-k[=e]), in Greek legend, wife of Hector, and one of
the most attractive women of Homer's _Iliad_. The passage describing her
parting with Hector, when he was setting out to battle, is well known and
much admired (_Iliad_, vi, 369-502). Euripides and Racine have made her the
chief character of tragedies.
ANDROM'[)E]DA, in Greek mythology, daughter of the Ethiopian king Cepheus
and of Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia having boasted that her daughter surpassed
the Nereids, if not H[=e]ra (Juno) herself, in beauty, the offended
goddesses prevailed on their father, Poseid[=o]n (Neptune), to afflict the
country with a horrid sea-monster, which threatened universal destruction.
To appease the offended god, Andromeda was chained to a rock, but was
rescued by Perseus; and after death was changed into a constellation. The
legend forms the subject of tragedies by Euripides and Sophocles, and Ovid
introduced it into his _Metamorphoses_.
ANDROM'EDA. See _Ericaceae_.
ANDRONI'CUS, the name of four emperors of Constantinople.--ANDRONICUS I,
Comnenus, born 1110, murdered 1185.--ANDRONICUS II, Palaeologus, born 1258,
died 1332. His reign is celebrated for the invasion of the
Turks.--ANDRONICUS III, Palaeologus the Younger, born 1296, died
1341.--ANDRONICUS IV, Palaeologus, reigned in the absence of John IV. In
1373 he gave way to his brother Manuel, and died a monk.
ANDRONI'CUS, Livius, the most ancient of the Latin dramatic poets;
flourished about 240 B.C.; by origin a Greek, and long a slave. A few
fragments of his works have come down to us.
ANDRONI'CUS of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher who lived at Rome in the
time of Cicero. He arranged Aristotle's works in much the same form as they
retain in present editions.
ANDRONI'CUS CYRRHESTES (sir-es't[=e]z), a Greek architect about 100 B.C.,
who constructed at Athens the Tower of the Winds, an octagonal building,
still standing. On the top was a Triton, which indicated the direction of
the wind. Each of the sides had a sort of dial, and the building formerly
contained a clepsydra or water-clock.
ANDROPO'GON, a large genus of grasses, mostly natives of warm countries.
_A. Schoenanthus_ is the sweet-scented lemon-grass of conservatories.
Others also are fragrant.
AN'DROS (now ANDRO), one of the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, the
most northerly of the Cyclades; about 25 miles long and 6 or 7 broad; area,
100 sq. miles. A considerable trade is done in silk, wine, olives, figs,
oranges, and lemons. Andro or Castro, the capital, has a good port. Pop.
18,809.
ANDROS ISLANDS, a group of isles belonging to the Bahamas, lying south-west
of New Providence, not far from the east entrance to the Gulf of Florida.
The passages through them are dangerous. Pop. 7545.
ANDRUSSOVO, a Russian village in the government of Smolensk. A treaty was
signed here between Poland and Russia (1667).
ANDUJAR ([.a]n-_d_oe-_h_aer'), a town in Spain, in Andalusia, 50 miles
E.N.E. of Cordova, on the Guadalquivir, which is here crossed by a fine
bridge; manufactures a peculiar kind of porous earthen water-bottles and
jugs (_alcarazas_). Pop. 16,500.
AN'ECDOTE, originally some particular about a subject not noticed in
previous works on that subject; now any particular or detached incident or
fact of an interesting nature; a single passage of private life.
ANEGA'DA, a British West Indian island, the most northern of the Virgin
group, 10 miles long by 4-1/2 broad; contains numerous salt ponds, from
which quantities of salt are obtained. Pop. 200.
ANELECTRIC, a body not easily electrified.
ANELECTRODE, the positive pole of a galvanic battery.
[Illustration: Beckley's Improved Robinson Cup Anemometer]
ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. _an[)e]mos_, wind, _metron_, measure), an instrument for
measuring the force and velocity of the wind. This force is usually
measured by the pressure of the wind upon a square plate attached to one
end of a spiral spring (with its axis horizontal), which yields more or
less according to the force of the wind, and transmits its motion to a
pencil which leaves a trace upon paper moved by clockwork. Various
instruments have been devised for this purpose, but the one most commonly
adopted by meteorological stations is after the type invented by Dr.
Robinson of Armagh. It consists of four hemispherical cups A attached to
the ends of equal horizontal arms, forming a horizontal cross which turns
freely about a vertical axis B. By means of an endless screw carried by the
axis a train of wheelwork is set in motion; and the indication is given by
a hand which moves round a dial; or in some instruments by several hands
moving round different dials like those of a gas-meter. It is found that
the centre of each cup moves with a velocity which is almost exactly
one-third of that of the wind. There are various other forms of the
instrument, one of which is portable, and is especially intended for
measuring the velocity of currents of air passing through mines, and the
ventilating spaces of hospitals and other public buildings. The direction
of the wind as indicated by a vane can also be made to leave a continuous
record by various contrivances; one of the most common being a pinion
carried by the shaft of a vane, and driving a rack which carries a pencil.
ANEM'[)O]N[=E] (Gr. _an[)e]mos_, wind), wind-flower, a genus of plants
belonging to the Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), containing about ninety
species, found in temperate regions, three of them occurring in Britain:
the white-flowered (_A. nemor[=o]sa_), the only one truly native; the
blue-flowered (_A. apenn[=i]na_); and the yellow-flowered (_A.
ranunculoides_), a common European species naturalized in some parts of
Britain. Several species are cultivated as florists' flowers.
ANEMOPH'ILOUS, said of flowers that are fertilized by the wind conveying
the pollen.
ANEM'OSCOPE, any contrivance indicating the direction of the wind;
generally applied to a vane which turns a spindle descending through the
roof to a chamber where, by means of a compass-card and index, the
direction of the wind is shown.
ANEROID BAROMETER. See _Barometer_.
ANE'THUM, a genus of plants; dill.
ANEU'RIN, a poet and prince of the Cambrian Britons who flourished in the
seventh century, author of an epic poem, the _Gododin_, relating the defeat
of the Britons of Strathclyde by the Saxons at the battle of Cattraeth. See
_Celtic Literature_.
AN'EURISM, or ANEURYSM (Gr. _aneurysma_, a widening), the dilatation or
expansion of some part of an artery. Aneurisms arise partly from the too
violent motion of the blood, and partly from degenerative changes occurring
in the coats of the artery, diminishing their elasticity. They are
therefore more frequent in the great branches; in particular, in the
vicinity of the heart, in the arch of the aorta, and in the extremities,
where the arteries are exposed to frequent injuries by stretching, violent
bodily exertions, thrusts, falls, and contusions. An internal aneurism may
burst and cause death.
ANGARA', a Siberian river which flows into Lake Baikal at its N. extremity,
and leaves it near the S.W. end, joining the Yenisei as the Lower Angara or
Upper Tunguska.
ANGEL (Gr. _angelos_, a messenger), one of those spiritual intelligences
who are regarded as dwelling in Heaven and employed as the ministers or
agents of God. To these the name of good angels is sometimes given, to
distinguish them from bad angels, who were originally created to occupy the
same blissful abode, but lost it by rebellion. The Old Testament represents
them as messengers of the Divine will, and Christ spoke of them more than
once (_St. Matt._ xviii, 10; _St. Luke_, xv, 10). Generally, however,
Scripture speaks of angels with great reserve, Michael and Gabriel alone
being mentioned by name in the canonical books, while Raphael is mentioned
in the Apocrypha. The angels are represented in Scripture as in the most
elevated state of intelligence, purity, and bliss, ever doing the will of
God so perfectly that we can seek for nothing higher or better than to aim
at being like them. There are indications of a diversity of rank and power
among them, and something like angelic orders--Michael, Gabriel, Raphael,
Uriel, &c., seraphim and cherubim. They are represented as frequently
taking part in communications made from heaven to earth, as directly and
actively ministering to the good of believers, and shielding or delivering
them from evils incident to their earthly lot. That every person has a good
and a bad angel attendant on him was an early belief, and is held to some
extent yet. Roman Catholics, since St. Ambrosius, who died in 397, show a
certain veneration or worship to angels, and beg their prayers and their
kind offices. The New Testament, however, formally forbidding such
veneration (_Col._ ii, 18, &c.), Protestants consider this unlawful.
[Illustration: Angel of Queen Elizabeth]
ANGEL, a gold coin introduced into England in the reign of Edward IV, and
coined down to the Commonwealth, so named from having the representation of
the archangel Michael piercing a dragon upon it. It had different values in
different reigns, varying from 6s. 8d. to 10s.
ANGEL-FISH, a fish, _Squat[=i]na ang[)e]lus_, nearly allied to the sharks,
very ugly and voracious, preying on other fish. It is from 6 to 8 feet
long, and takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large,
extending horizontally like wings when spread. This fish connects the rays
with the sharks, but it differs from both in having its mouth placed at the
extremity of the head. It is common on the south coasts of Britain, and is
also called _Monk-fish_ and _Fiddle-fish_.
ANGEL'ICA, a genus of umbelliferous plants, one of which, _A. sylvestris_,
a tall plant bearing large umbels of white flowers tinged with pink, is
common in wet places in Britain, and was formerly believed to possess
_angelic_ properties as an antidote to poison, a specific against
witchcraft, &c. The name is also given to an allied plant, the
_Archangelica officin[=a]lis_, found on the banks of rivers and ditches in
the north of Europe, once generally cultivated as an esculent, and still
valued for its medicinal properties. It has a large fleshy aromatic root,
and a strong-furrowed branched stem as high as a man. It is cultivated for
its agreeable aromatic odour and carminative properties. Its blanched
stems, candied with sugar, form a very agreeable sweetmeat, possessing
tonic and stomachic qualities.
ANGELICO ([.a]n-jel'i-k[=o]), FRA, the common appellation of _Fra Giovanni
da Fiesole_, one of the most celebrated of the early Italian painters. Born
1387, he entered the Dominican order in 1407, and was employed by Cosmo de'
Medici in painting the monastery of St. Mark and the church of St.
Annunziata with frescoes. These pictures gained him so much celebrity that
Pope Nicholas V invited him to Rome to ornament his private chapel in the
Vatican, and offered him the archbishopric of Florence, which Angelico
declined. He died at, Rome 1455. He has been called the 'painter of
seraphic dreams'. His works were considered unrivalled in finish and in
sweetness and harmony of colour, and were made the models for religious
painters of his own and succeeding generations.
ANGELN ([.a]ng'eln), a district in Schleswig of about 300 sq. miles,
bounded N. by the Bay of Flensburg, S. by the Schlei, E. by the Baltic, the
only continental territory which has retained the name of the Angles.
ANGELO ([.a]n'je-l[=o]), Michael. See _Buonarotti_.
AN'GELUS, in the Roman Catholic Church, a short form of prayer in honour of
the incarnation, consisting mainly of versicles and responses, the angelic
salutation three times repeated, and a collect, so named from the word with
which it commences, '_Angelus_ Domini' (Angel of the Lord). Hence, also,
the bell tolled in the morning, at noon, and in the evening to indicate the
time when the angelus is to be recited. The prayer is attributed to St.
Bonaventura, and in Germany and Italy it is called 'Ave Maria'.
ANGERMANN (ong'er-m[.a]n), a Swedish river which falls into the Gulf of
Bothnia, noted for its fine scenery. It is navigable for nearly 70 miles
for vessels of 600 tons.
ANGERMUENDE ([.a]ng'er-muen-de), a town in Prussia, on Lake Muende, 42
miles north-east of Berlin. Pop. 8200.
ANGERS ([.a][n.]-zh[=a]), a town and river-port of France, capital of the
department of Maine-et-Loire, and formerly of the province of Anjou, on the
banks of the Maine, 5-1/2 miles from the Loire, 150 miles south-west of
Paris. It has an old castle, built by Louis IX, once a place of great
strength, now used as a prison, barrack, and powder-magazine; a fine
cathedral of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with very fine old
painted windows; is the seat of a bishop, and has a school of arts and
manufactures; a public library, an art-gallery, a large modern hospital,
the remains of a hospital founded by Henry II of England in 1155; courts of
law, theatre, &c. It manufactures sail-cloth, hosiery, leather, and
chemicals; foundries, &c. In the neighbourhood are immense slate-quarries.
Pop. 83,786.
ANGEVINS (an'je-vins), natives of Anjou, often applied to the race of
English sovereigns called Plantagenets (q.v.). Anjou became connected with
England by the marriage of Matilda, daughter of Henry I, with Geoffrey V,
Count of Anjou. The Angevin kings of England were Henry II, Richard I,
John, Henry III, Edward I, Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II.
ANGILBERT, ST., the most celebrated poet of his age, secretary and friend
of Charlemagne, whose daughter, Bertha, he married. In the latter part of
his life he retired to a monastery, of which he became abbot. Died 814.
ANGINA PECTORIS (an'ji-na pek'to-ris), or HEART-SPASM, a disease
characterized by an extremely acute constriction, felt generally in the
lower part of the sternum, and extending along the whole side of the chest
and into the corresponding arm, a sense of suffocation, faintness, and
apprehension of approaching death: seldom experienced by any but those with
organic heart-disease. The disease rarely occurs before middle age, and is
more frequent in men than in women. Those liable to attack must lead a
quiet, temperate life, avoiding all scenes which would unduly rouse their
emotions. The first attack is occasionally fatal, but usually death occurs
as the result of repeated seizures. The paroxysm may be relieved by
opiates, or the inhalation, under due precaution, of anaesthetic vapours.
ANGIOSPERM (an'ji-o-sp[.e]rm), a term for any plant which has its seeds
enclosed in a seed-vessel. Exogens are divided into those whose seeds are
enclosed in a seed-vessel, and those with seeds produced and ripened
without the production of a seed-vessel. The former are _angiosperms_, and
constitute the principal part of the species; the latter are _gymnosperms_,
and chiefly consist of the Coniferae and Cycadaceae.
[Illustration]
ANGLE, the point where two lines meet, or the meeting of two lines in a
point. A _plane rectilineal angle_ is formed by two straight lines which
meet one another, but are not in the same straight line; it may be
considered the degree of opening or divergence of the two straight lines
which thus meet one another. A _right angle_ is an angle formed by a
straight line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle which is
measured by an arc of 90 degrees. When a straight line, as A B (fig. 1),
standing on another straight line C D, makes the two angles A B C and A B D
equal to one another, each of these angles is called a _right angle_. An
_acute angle_ is that which is less than a right angle, as E B C. An
_obtuse angle_ is that which is greater than a right angle, as E B D. Acute
and obtuse angles are both called _oblique_, in opposition to right angles.
_Exterior_ or _external angles_, the angles of any rectilineal figure
without it, made by producing the sides; thus, if the sides A B, B C, C A
of the triangle A B C (fig. 2) be produced to the points F D E, the angles
C B F, A C D, B A E are called _exterior_ or _external angles_. A _solid
angle_ is that which is made by more than two plane angles meeting in one
point and not lying in the same plane, as the angle of a cube. A _spherical
angle_ is an angle on the surface of a sphere, contained between the arcs
of two great circles which intersect each other.
ANGLER (_Lophius piscatorius_), also from its habits and appearance called
FISHING-FROG and SEA-DEVIL, a remarkable fish often found on the British
coasts. It is from 3 to 5 feet long; the head is very wide, depressed, with
protuberances, and bearing long separate movable tendrils; the mouth is
capacious, and armed with formidable teeth. Its voracity is extreme, and it
is said to lie concealed in the mud, and attract the smaller fishes within
its reach by gently waving the filamentous appendages on its head.
ANGLES, a Low German tribe who in the earliest historical period had their
seats in the district about Angeln, in the duchy of Schleswig, and who in
the fifth century and subsequently crossed over to Britain along with bands
of Saxons and Jutes (and probably Frisians also), and colonized a great
part of what from them has received the name of England, as well as a
portion of the Lowlands of Scotland. The Angles formed the largest body
among the Germanic settlers in Britain, and founded the three kingdoms of
East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria.
ANGLESEY (ang'gl-s[=e]), or ANGLESEA ('the Angles' Island'), an island and
county of North Wales, in the Irish Sea, separated from the mainland by the
Menai Strait; 20 miles long and 17 miles broad; area, 176,630 acres. The
surface is comparatively flat, and the climate is milder than that of the
adjoining coast. The chief agricultural products are oats and barley,
wheat, rye, potatoes, and turnips. Numbers of cattle and sheep are raised.
Anglesey yields a little copper, lead, silver, ochre, &c. The Menai Strait
is crossed by a magnificent suspension-bridge, 580 feet between the piers
and 100 feet above high-water mark, and also by the great Britannia Tubular
Railway Bridge. The chief market-towns are Beaumaris, Holyhead, Llangefni,
and Amlweh. The county returns one member to Parliament. Pop. (1921),
51,695.
ANGLESEY, Henry William Paget, Marquess of, English soldier and statesman,
was the eldest son of Henry, first Earl of Uxbridge, and was born in 1768.
He was educated at Oxford, and in 1790 entered Parliament as member for the
Carnarvon boroughs. In 1793 he entered the army, and in 1794 he took part
in the campaign in Flanders under the Duke of York. In 1808 he was sent
into Spain with two brigades of cavalry to join Sir John Moore, and in the
retreat to Coruna commanded the rear-guard. In 1812 he became, by his
father's death, Earl of Uxbridge. On Napoleon's escape from Elba he was
appointed commander of the British cavalry, and at the battle of Waterloo,
by the charge of the heavy brigade, overthrew the Imperial Guard. For his
services he was created Marquess of Anglesey. In 1828 he became
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland and made himself extremely popular, but was
recalled in consequence of favouring Catholic Emancipation. He was again
Lord-Lieutenant in 1830, but lost his popularity by his opposition to
O'Connell and his instrumentality in the passing of the Irish Coercion
Acts; and he quitted office in 1833. From 1846-52 he was Master-General of
the Ordnance. He died in 1854.