statesman of French extraction, born at Berlin in 1767 (where his father
was pastor of the French reformed church); died there in 1837. He became
professor of history in the military academy at Berlin, and in 1806 he was
charged with the education of the crown-prince. He successively occupied
several important offices of state, being at last appointed Minister of
Foreign Affairs. He wrote on philosophy, history, and politics, partly in
French, partly in German.
ANCKARSTROEM. See _Ankarstroem_.
ANCO'NA, a seaport of Italy, capital of the province of the same name, on
the Adriatic, 130 miles N.E. of Rome, with harbour works begun by Trajan,
who built the ancient mole or quay. A triumphal arch of white marble,
erected in honour of Trajan, stands on the mole. Ancona is a station of the
Italian fleet, and the commerce is increasing. The town is indifferently
built, but has some remarkable edifices, among others, the cathedral. There
is a colossal statue of Count Cavour. Ancona is said to have been founded
about four centuries B.C., by Syracusan refugees. It fell into the hands of
the Romans in the first half of the third century B.C., and became a Roman
colony. Pop. 68,430. The province has an area of 748 sq. miles. Pop.
333,381.
ANCONA FOWL. See _Poultry_.
ANCRE (ae[n.]-kr), Concino Concini, Marshal and Marquis d', was a native of
Florence, and on the marriage of Marie de' Medici to Henri IV, in 1600,
came in her suite to France, where he obtained rapid promotion, more
especially after the assassination of the king (1610). He became
successively Governor of Normandy, Marshal of France, and last of all,
Prime Minister. Being thoroughly detested by all classes, at last a
conspiracy was formed against him, and he was shot dead on the bridge of
the Louvre in 1617.
ANCRE, BATTLE OF. This battle was the final one in the British offensive in
France in 1916. It began on 13th Nov. after a two day's preliminary
bombardment of the German salient, on both sides of the River Ancre, from
Beaumont-Hamel to St. Pierre Divion. One area of extraordinary strength was
the Y ravine which stretches from Beaumont-Hamel plateau towards the river.
The assaults on both banks of the river were vigorous and determined. A
fierce struggle was waged in the Y ravine, which Scottish troops ultimately
cleared with the bayonet. Beaumont-Hamel having fallen, the British line
was extended well beyond it. Further gains were made on the following day.
The prisoners captured numbered 7200. This brilliant action paved the way
for further successes in the spring.
AN'CUS MAR'CIUS, according to the traditionary history of Rome the fourth
king of that city, who succeeded Tullus Hostilius, 638, and died 614 B.C.
He was the son of Numa's daughter, and sought to imitate his grandfather by
reviving the neglected observances of religion. He is said to have built
the wooden bridge across the Tiber known as the Sublician, constructed the
harbour of Ostia, and built the first Roman prison.
ANCY'RA. See _Angora_.
ANDALU'SIA (Sp. _Andalucia_), a large and fertile district in the south of
Spain, bounded N. by Estremadura and New Castile, E. by Murcia, S. by the
Mediterranean Sea, and W. by Portugal and the Atlantic; area, about 33,777
sq. miles, comprising the modern provinces of Seville, Huelva, Cadiz, Jaen,
Cordova, Granada, Almeria, and Malaga. It is traversed throughout its whole
extent by ranges of mountains, the loftiest being the Sierra Nevada, many
summits of which are covered with perpetual snow (Mulahacen is 11,678
feet). Minerals abound, and several mines have been opened by English
companies, especially in the province of Huelva, where the Tharsis and Rio
Tinto copper-mines are situated. The principal river is the Guadalquivir.
The vine, myrtle, olive, palm, banana, carob, &c., grow abundantly in the
valley of the Guadalquivir. Wheat, maize, barley, and many varieties of
fruit grow almost spontaneously; besides which, honey, silk, and cochineal
form important articles of culture. The horses and mules are the best in
the Peninsula; the bulls are sought for bull-fighting over all Spain; sheep
are reared in vast numbers. Agriculture is in a backward state, and the
manufactures are by no means extensive. The Andalusians are descended in
part from the Moors, of whom they still preserve decided characteristics.
Andalusia is still famous for its bull-fighters. Pop. 3,828,916.
ANDALUSIAN FOWL. See _Poultry_.
AN'DAMANS, a chain of islands on the east side of the Bay of Bengal, the
principal being the North, Middle, South, and Little Andamans. Middle
Andaman is about 60 miles long, and 15 or 16 miles broad; North and South
Andaman are each about 50 miles long. The Andamanese, about 1315 in number
(1911), are mostly in a state of nature, living almost naked in the rudest
habitations. They are small (generally much less than 5 feet), well-formed,
and active, skilful archers and canoeists, and excellent swimmers and
divers. These islands have been used since 1858 as a penal settlement by
the Indian Government, the settlement being at Port Blair, on South
Andaman. Here rice, coffee, pineapples, nutmegs, &c., are grown, while the
jungle has been cleared off the neighbouring hills. The natives in the
vicinity of the settlement have become to some extent civilized. The
climate is humid, but the settlement is healthy. Pop. 18,000.
ANDANTE ([.a]n-d[.a]n't[=a]; It., 'at a walking pace'), in music, denotes a
movement somewhat slow, graceful, distinct, and soothing. The word is also
applied substantively to that part of a sonata or symphony having a
movement of this character. In Handel's music one often meets the
expression _andante allegro_, which is equivalent to _andante con moto_.
ANDELYS, LES (l[=a]z [:a][n.]d-l[=e]z), two towns in France called
respectively Grand and Petit Andely, distant half a mile from each other,
in the department of Eure, on the right bank of the Seine, 19 miles S.E. of
Rouen. Grand Andely dates from the sixth century, its church, built in the
thirteenth century, is one of the finest in the department. Petit Andely
owes its origin to Richard Coeur de Lion, who, in 1195, built here the
Chateau Gaillard, in its time one of the strongest fortresses in France,
but now wholly a ruin. Pop. 5530.
ANDENNE', a town of Belgium, province of Namur, on the right bank of the
Meuse and 10 miles east of Namur; manufactures delftware, porcelain,
tobacco-pipes, paper, &c. Pop. 7803.
ANDERNACH ([.a]n'der-n[.a]_ch_), a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the left
bank of the Rhine, 10 miles N.W. of Coblentz, partly surrounded with walls.
Pop. 9800.
AN'DERSEN, Hans Christian, a Danish novelist, poet, and writer of fairy
tales, was born of poor parents at Odense, 2nd April, 1805. He learned to
read and write in a charity school, from which he was taken when only nine
years old, and was put to work in a manufactory in order that his earnings
might assist his widowed mother. In his leisure time he eagerly read
national ballads, poetry, and plays, and wrote several tragedies full of
sound and fury. In 1819 he went to Copenhagen, but failed in getting any of
his plays accepted, and in securing an appointment at the theatre, having
to content himself for some time with unsteady employment as a joiner. His
abilities at last brought him under the notice of Councillor Collin, a man
of considerable influence, who procured for him free entrance into a
Government school at Slagelse. From this school he was transferred to the
university, and soon became favourably known by his poetic works. Through
the influence of Oehlenschlaeger and Ingermann he received a royal grant to
enable him to travel, and in 1833 he visited Italy, his impressions of
which he published in _The Improvvisatore_ (1835)--a work which rendered
his fame European. The scene of his following novel, _O. T._, was laid in
Denmark, and in _Only a Fiddler_ he described his own early struggles. In
1835 appeared the first volume of his _Fairy Tales_, of which successive
volumes continued to be published year by year at Christmas, and which have
been the most popular and widespread of his works. Among his other works
are _Picture-books without Pictures_--conversations of the author with the
moon, who came to visit the poet in his garret; _A Poet's Bazaar_--the
result of a voyage in 1840 to the East; and a number of dramas. In 1845 he
received an annuity from the Government. He visited England in 1848, and
acquired such a command of the language that his next work, _The Two
Baronesses_, was written in English. In 1855 he published an autobiography,
under the title _My Life's Romance_, an English translation of which,
published in 1871, contained additional chapters by the author, bringing
the narrative to 1867. Among his later works we may mention, _To Be or Not
To Be_ (1857); _Tales from Jutland_ (1859); _The Ice Maiden_ (1863). He
died 4th Aug, 1875, having had the pleasure of seeing many of his works
translated into most of the European languages.
ANDERSON, a town of the United States, Indiana, on the west branch of White
River, 32 miles north-east of Indianapolis, with various manufacturing
works. Pop. 23,856.
ANDERSON, Elizabeth Garrett, M.D., born in 1836, maiden name Garrett,
married Mr. J. S. Anderson of the Orient Line of steamers. She studied
medicine, but met with many obstacles, the study of medicine by women being
then discouraged on all hands; at last she was licensed to practise by the
Apothecaries' Society in 1865, and afterwards passed examinations at the
University of Paris and obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From
1866 to 1890 she was senior physician to the New Hospital for Women; from
1876 to 1898 lecturer on medicine in the London School of Medicine for
Women. She did much to aid in opening the medical profession to women. In
1908 she was elected Mayor of Aldeburgh, being the first woman to hold the
position of mayor in England. She died on 17th Dec., 1917. Her daughter
Louisa Garrett Anderson, born in 1873, went to France in 1914 as Joint
Organiser of and Chief Surgeon to the Women's Hospital Corps, Voluntary
Unit.
ANDERSON, James, a Scottish writer on political and rural economy, born at
Hermiston in 1739, died in 1808. In 1790 he started the _Bee_, which ran to
eighteen volumes, and contains many useful papers on agricultural,
economical, and other topics. Some of his other publications, _Recreations
in Agriculture_, _Natural History_, &c., contain anticipations of theories
afterwards propounded by Malthus and Ricardo.
ANDERSON, John, F.R.S., professor of natural philosophy in the University
of Glasgow, born 1726, died 1796. By his will he directed that the whole of
his effects should be devoted to the establishment of an educational
institution in Glasgow, to be denominated _Anderson's University_, for the
use of the unacademical classes. According to the design of the founder,
there were to be four colleges--for arts, medicine, law, and
theology--besides an initiatory school. As the funds, however, were totally
inadequate to the plan, it was at first commenced with only a single course
of lectures on natural philosophy and chemistry. The institution gradually
enlarged its sphere of instruction, coming nearer and nearer to the
original design of its founder, the medical school in particular possessing
a high reputation. In 1886 it was incorporated with other institutions to
form the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (now Glasgow Royal
Technical College), Anderson's College medical school, however, retaining a
distinct position.
ANDERSON, Joseph, Scottish antiquary, born in 1832, became a school
teacher, was for some years newspaper editor, and in 1870 was appointed
keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. His chief works
embody the lectures delivered by him as Rhind lecturer in archaeology to
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: _Scotland in Early Christian
Times_, _Scotland in Pagan Times_, and the _Early Christian Monuments of
Scotland_. He also edited _The Orkneyinga Saga_, _The Oliphants in
Scotland_, and Drummond's _Ancient Scottish Weapons_. He died in 1916.
ANDERSON, Robert, M.D., Scottish biographical writer, born 1750, died 1830.
He furnished biographical and critical notices for _A Complete Edition of
the Poets of Great Britain_ (1792-5), and was for a time editor of the
_Edinburgh Magazine_.
ANDERSSON, Carl Jan, an African traveller, born in Sweden in 1827, died in
the land of the Ovampos, in Western Africa, in July, 1867. He published
_Lake Ngami, or Discoveries in South Africa_ (London, 2 vols., 1856), and
_The Okavango River_ (London, 1861). The observations of his last voyage
were published in 1875 in _Notes of Travel in South Africa_.
ANDES (an'd[=e]z), or, as they are called in Spanish South America,
CORDILLERAS (ridges) DE LOS ANDES, or simply CORDILLERAS, a range of
mountains stretching along the whole of the west coast of South America,
from Cape Horn to the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea. In absolute
length (4500 miles) no single chain of mountains approaches the Andes, and
only a certain number of the higher peaks of the Himalayan chain rise
higher above the sea-level; which peak is the highest of all is not yet
settled. Several main sections of this huge chain are distinguishable. The
Southern Andes present a lofty main chain, with a minor chain running
parallel to it on the east, reaching from Tierra del Fuego and the Straits
of Magellan, northward to about lat. 28deg S., and rising in Aconcagua to a
height of 23,080 feet. North of this is the double chain of the Central
Andes, enclosing the wide and lofty plateaus of Bolivia and Peru, which lie
at an elevation of more than 12,000 feet above the sea. The mountain system
is here at its broadest, being about 500 miles across. Here are also
several very lofty peaks, as Illampu or Sorata (21,484 feet), Sahama
(21,054 feet), Illimani (21,024 feet). Farther north the outer and inner
ranges draw closer together, and in Ecuador there is but a single system of
elevated masses, generally described as forming two parallel chains. In
this section are crowded together a number of lofty peaks, most of them
volcanoes, either extinct or active. Of the latter class are Pichincha
(15,918 feet), with a crater 2500 feet deep; Tunguragua (16,685 feet);
Sangay (17,460 feet); and Cotopaxi (19,550 feet). The loftiest summit here
appears to be Chimborazo (20,581 feet); others are Antisana (19,260 feet)
and Cayambe (19,200 feet). Northward of this section the Andes break into
three distinct ranges, the east-most running north-eastward into Venezuela,
the westmost running north-westward to the Isthmus of Panama. In the
central range is the volcano of Tolima (17,660 feet). The western slope of
the Andes is generally exceedingly steep, the eastern much less so, the
mountains sinking gradually to the plains. The whole range gives evidence
of volcanic action, but it consists almost entirely of sedimentary rocks.
Thus mountains may be found rising to the height of over 20,000 feet, and
fossiliferous to their summits (as Illimani and Sorata or Illampu). There
are about thirty volcanoes in a state of activity. The loftiest of these
burning mountains seems to be Gualateiri, in Peru (21,960 feet). The
heights of the others vary from 13,000 to 20,000 feet. All the districts of
the Andes system have suffered severely from earthquakes, towns having been
either destroyed or greatly injured by these visitations. Peaks crowned
with perpetual snow are seen all along the range, and glaciers are also met
with, more especially from Aconcagua southwards. The passes are generally
at a great height, the most important being from 10,000 to 15,000 feet.
Railways have been constructed to cross the chain at a similar elevation.
The Andes are extremely rich in the precious metals, gold, silver, copper,
platinum, mercury, and tin all being wrought; lead and iron are also found.
The llama and kindred species--the guanaco, vicuna, and alpaca--are
characteristic of the Andes. Among birds, the condor is the most
remarkable. The vegetation necessarily varies much according to elevation,
latitude, rainfall, &c., but generally is rich and varied. Except in the
south and north little rain falls on the western side of the range, and in
the centre there is a considerable desert area. On the east side the
rainfall is heavy in the equatorial regions, but in the south is very
scanty or altogether deficient. From the Andes rise two of the largest
water systems of the world--the Amazon and its affluents, and the La Plata
and its affluents. Besides which, in the north, from its slopes flow the
Magdalena to the Caribbean Sea, and some tributaries to the Orinoco. The
mountain chain pressing so close upon the Pacific Ocean, no streams of
importance flow from its western slopes. The number of lakes is not great;
the largest and most important is that of Titicaca on the Bolivian plateau.
In the Andes are towns at a greater elevation than anywhere else in the
world, the highest being the silver-mining town of Cerro de Pasco (14,270
feet), the next being Potosi.
AN'DESIN, a kind of felspar containing both soda and lime, and named from
being first obtained in the Andes.
AN'DESITE, a name given to a crystalline volcanic rock or group of rocks of
very wide occurrence, consisting mostly of felspar mixed with other
ingredients, especially hornblende and augite, often also hypersthene and
mica, the four chief varieties being named accordingly. Andesite is often
porphyritic in character, with large crystals of felspar scattered through
it. These rocks are commonly eruptive products of volcanoes of the tertiary
or more recent periods, and the name was given by C. L. von Buch on account
of their prevalence in the lavas of volcanoes of the Andes. The Ochils and
other hills of middle Scotland largely consist of andesite.
ANDIJAN', a town of Russian Turkestan, Ferghana, south of the Syr-Darya, a
terminus of the Transcaspian Railway, 73 miles north-east of Khokand. Pop.
82,235.
ANDI'RA, a genus of leguminous American trees, with fleshy plum-like
fruits. The wood is suitable for building purposes. The bark of _A.
inermis_, or cabbage tree, is narcotic, and is used as an anthelminthic
under the name of _worm-bark_ or _cabbage bark_. The powdered bark of _A.
arar[=o]ba_ is used as a remedy in certain skin diseases, as herpes.
ANDIRON (and'[=i]-[.e]rn), a horizontal iron bar raised on short legs, with
an upright standard at one end, used to support pieces of wood when burning
in an open hearth, one andiron being placed on either side of the hearth.
ANDKHOO, or ANDKHOUI ([.a]nd-_h_[:o]', [.a]nd-_h_oe'i), a town of
Afghanistan, about 200 miles south of Bokhara, on the commercial route to
Herat. Pop. estimated at 15,000.
ANDOCIDES (an-dos'i-d[=e]z), an Athenian orator, born about 440 B.C., died
about 393 B.C. He took an active part in public affairs, and was four times
exiled; the first time along with Alcibiades, for profaning the Eleusinian
mysteries. Several of his orations are extant, one called _On the
Mysteries_ being the best.
ANDOR'RA, or ANDORRE', a small nominally independent State in the Pyrenees,
south of the French department of Ariege, with an area of about 191 sq.
miles. It has been a separate State for six hundred years, is governed by
its own civil and criminal codes, and has its own courts of justice, the
laws being administered by two judges, one of whom is chosen by France, the
other by the Bishop of Urgel, in Spain. The little State pays an annual due
of 960 francs to France, and 460 pesetas to the Bishop of Urgel. The chief
industry is the rearing of sheep and cattle. The commerce is largely in
importing contraband goods into Spain. The inhabitants, who speak the
Catalan dialect of Spanish, are simple in their manners, their wealth
consisting mainly of cattle and sheep. The village of Old Andorra is the
capital. Pop. 5231.
AN'DOVER, a town in England, in Hants, 12 miles north by west of
Winchester, with a fine church, and a trade in corn, malt, &c. Interesting
Roman remains have been found in the vicinity. Pop. (1921), 8569.
AN'DOVER, a town in Massachusetts, 25 miles N.N.W. of Boston, chiefly
remarkable for its literary institutions--Phillip's Academy, founded in
1778; the Andover Theological Seminary, founded in 1807; and Abbot Academy,
a girls' school, founded in 1829. Pop. 7300.
ANDRASSY ([.a]n-drae'sh[=e]), Count Julius, Hungarian statesman, born 1823,
died in 1890. He took part in the revolution of 1848, was condemned to
death, but escaped and went into exile. He was appointed Premier when
self-government was restored to Hungary in 1867; became imperial Minister
for Foreign Affairs in 1871, but retired from public life in 1879.
ANDRASSY, Julius, Hungarian statesman, son of the preceding. He was born in
1860, and entered the Reichstag in 1884. He became Minister of the Interior
in 1906, and retained that office until 1909. In 1912 he represented
Austria at the conference on the Balkan question. In 1918 he was appointed
Minister for Foreign Affairs, but soon resigned.
ANDRE (an'dr[=a]), Major John, adjutant-general in the British army during
the American revolutionary war. Employed to negotiate the defection of the
American general Arnold, and the delivery of the works at West Point, he
was apprehended in disguise, 23rd Sept., 1780, within the American lines;
declared a spy from the enemy, and hanged 2nd Oct., 1780. His remains were
brought to England in 1821 and interred in Westminster Abbey, where a
monument has been erected to his memory.
ANDREA DEL SARTO. See _Sarto_.
ANDREAE ([.a]n'dre-[=a]), Johann Valentin, German author, born 1586, died
1654. He was the author of numerous tracts, several of them of an amusing
and satirical character. He was long believed to be the founder of the
celebrated Rosicrucian order, an opinion that received a certain support
from some of his works, but in all probability the real intention of the
writer was to ridicule the folly of contemporary alchemists.
AN'DREASBERG, ST., a mining town of the Harz Mountains, in Prussia, 57
miles S.S.E. of Hanover. Pop. about 4000.
ANDREEV, Leonid Nicolaievitsh, Russian author, born in 1871, died in 1919.
He studied law at the Universities of Moscow and Petrograd, but finding his
practice unremunerative he became a police-court reporter for a daily
paper. At the age of twenty-three he attempted suicide, driven to it by his
miserable circumstances and struggle for existence. His first story, _About
a Poor Student_, based upon his own experiences, attracted but little
attention, and his literary career really began when Gorky discovered his
talent. He was one of the most prolific Russian writers, the short story
being his speciality. He was a mystic and a fatalist, like so many of his
compatriots. His works include: _The Red Laugh_ (1905); _The Seven who were
Hanged_ (1909); _Judas Iscariot and the Others_ (1910); _A Dilemma_ (1910);
_Silence and Other Stories_, &c. His works have been translated into many
European languages.
ANDREW, ST., brother of St. Peter, and the first disciple whom Christ
chose. He is said to have preached in Scythia, in Thrace and Asia Minor,
and in Achaia (Greece), and according to tradition he was crucified by
order of the Roman governor Aegeas at Patrae, now Patras, in Achaia, on a
cross of the form X (decussate cross), now known as a St. Andrew's cross.
The Russians revere him as the apostle who brought the gospel to them; the
Scots, as the patron saint of their country. The day dedicated to him is
30th Nov. The Russian order of St. Andrew was instituted by Peter the Great
in 1698. For the Scottish Knights of St. Andrew or the Thistle, see
_Thistle_.