[1] I am greatly indebted to Prof. W. H. Dall, of the Coast Survey, for
assistance in the identification of Pacific coast varieties.
[2] Putnam: in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 251.
[3] Reiss and Stübel: Necropolis of Ancon, Peru, Plate 83.
[4] De Bry: Collectio Pars 2. Brevis Narratio, 1591, Plate 29.
[5] Kohl: Kitschi-Gami, vol. I, p. 186, Rau, trans.
[6] Cabeça de Vaca: Relation et Naufrages. Paris, 1837, p. 121. Spanish
ed., 1555.
[7] Rau, in Smithsonian Report for 1872, p. 376.
[8] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 233.
[9] Jones: Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, p. 59.
[10] _Ibid._, p. 60.
[11] _Ibid._, p. 45.
[12] Putnam, in Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 355.
[13] Wyman, in Third Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 7.
[14] Wyman, in Third Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 8.
[15] Foster: Prehistoric Races of the United States, p. 78.
[16] Since the shell here named is quite small it is probable that the
specimens found were _Busycons_.
[17] Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Vol. I, p. 361.
[18] Atwater, in Transactions American Antiquarian Society, Vol. I.
[19] Squier and Davis: Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,
p. 283.
[20] _Ibid._, p. 284.
[21] Farquharson, in Proceedings of the Am. Association, 1875, page 296.
[22] _Ibid._, p. 297.
[23] Putnam, in Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 235.
[24] I am indebted to Dr. Charles A. White, of the Geological Survey,
for the identification of the numerous specimens of _Unionidæ_
mentioned in this paper.
[25] Archæological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society
of Madisonville, 1879.
[26] Putnam, in Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum, p. 334.
[27] _Ibid._, p. 344.
[28] Jones: Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 64.
[29] Beverly: History of Virginia, 1722, pl. 10, p. 154.
[30] Strachey, in Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. VI, p. 52.
[31] _Ibid._, vol. VII, p. 67.
[32] Kalm's Travels, London, 1772, vol. I, p. 341.
[33] Collections New York Historical Society, vol. I, 2nd series, p. 198.
[34] Beverly: History of Virginia, 1722, p. 197.
[35] Drake, in Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. XVI, p. 74.
[36] _Ibid._, p. 78.
[37] Sproat's Savage Life, p. 86.
[38] De Bry: Collectio Pars 1. "Admiranda Narratio," Plate 12.
[39] Catlin: Indians of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, page 101.
[40] Wood: New England Prospect, p. 102.
[41] Archæological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society
of Madisonville, Ohio, Part I, p. 17.
[42] Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. VII, p. 193.
[43] Wood: New England Prospect, p. 87.
[44] Wood: New England Prospect, p. 106.
[45] Archæological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society,
part II, p. 38, fig. 31.
[46] Putnam, in Explorations West of the 100th Meridian, vol. VII,
p. 223.
[47] Cook: Voyage Around the World, 1770, vol. II, p. 218.
[48] Rau: Archæological Collection of the National Museum, page 67.
[49] Knight: Savage Weapons at the Centennial Exhibition, page 10.
[50] Wyman: American Naturalist for October, 1878, p. 453.
[51] Adair: History of the American Indians, p. 6.
[52] Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 140.
[53] Heckewelder's Indian Nations, p. 205.
[54] Reiss and Stübel: Necropolis of Ancon, Plate 83, fig. 17-1/2.
[55] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 234, 518.
[56] Wyman, in the American Naturalist, November, 1868, Plate X, p. 455.
[57] Putnam, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 230.
[58] Putnam, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 259.
[59] Perkins, on An Ancient Burial-Ground in Swanton, Vt., Proceedings
of the American Association, 1873.
[60] Squier and Davis: Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,
p. 232.
[61] Putnam, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 266.
[62] Schoolcraft: History of the Indian Tribes, Vol. III, p. 79,
Plate 25.
[63] Schoolcraft: Notes on the Iroquois, p. 233.
[64] Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 145, Plate VI.
[65] Haldeman, in Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 263.
[66] Atwater: Western Antiquities, p. 86. In the early days of mound
exploration shell was usually mistaken for bone or ivory.
[67] Kip: Jesuit Missions, p. 25.
[68] Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1794,
Vol. III, pp. 231, 232.
[69] Worsley: A View of the American Indians, p. 65.
[70] Collections of the New York Historical Society, 1841; vol. I, 2nd
Series, p. 194.
[71] Thought to be raccoon skins.
[72] Smith: True Relation of Virginia, pp. 33, 34.
[73] Wood: New England Prospect, p. 74.
[74] Du Pratz: History of Louisiana, p. 364.
[75] Lewis and Clark: Expedition up the Missouri, &c., p. 537.
[76] Harmon's Journal, p. 287.
[77] Swan: The Northwest Coast, p. 158.
[78] Powers: Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, p.
263.
[79] Drake: Book of Indians, p. 27.
[80] Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the New York State Cabinet of
Natural History, pp. 71, 73.
[81] Loskiel: Mission of the United Brethren, Latrobe trans., p. 34.
[82] Hutchinson: History of Mass., Vol. I, p. 406.
[83] Thomas Morton, in Historical Tracts, Vol. II, p. 29.
[84] Williams: A Key into the Language of America, p. 144.
[85] Penna: Historical Society, Vol. III, p. 131.
[86] Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 195.
[87] Lawson: History of North Carolina; Raleigh reprint, 1860, p. 315.
[88] On this point, however, the author quoted is apparently at fault,
as there is abundance of proof that the whites often engaged
successfully in the manufacture of this shell money.
[89] Adair: History of the American Indians, p. 170.
[90] Kalm's Travels, London, 1772, Vol. II, p. 100.
[91] _Ibid._, Vol. I, pp. 190, 191.
[92] Ruttenber: Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, p. 26.
[93] Lewis and Clark: Expedition up the Missouri, p. 73.
[94] Ruttenber: Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, page 43.
[95] Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the condition of the New York
State Cabinet of Natural History, page 73.
[96] Brice: History of Fort Wayne, 1868, page 28.
[97] Events in Indian History, Lancaster, Pa., 1841, page 143.
[98] History and description of New France, Vol. II, page 256.
[99] Penn, in Memoirs Hist. Soc. Penn'a, Vol. VI, p. 222.
[100] In order to make the authors meaning quite clear, a free
translation has been given of such words as _porcelaine_,
_branches_, _colliers_, etc., as his use of them is somewhat
confusing.
[101] Lafitau: Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, 1724, tom. II,
pp. 502-'3 and 506-'7.
[102] Loskiel: Missions of the United Brethren. Trans. by La Trobe,
Book I, p. 26.
[103] Brice: History of Fort Wayne, p. 118.
[104] Gilpin, in Memoirs of the Hist. Soc. of Penna. Vol. VI, p. 248.
[105] Heckewelder: Indian Nations, 1876, p. 110.
[106] Parkman: Jesuits in North America, p. xxxiii.
[107] Events in Indian History, Lancaster, Pa., 1841, p. 143.
[108] Hunter: Indian Manners and Customs, p. 192.
[109] Gumilla: Histoire de Orinoque, Vol. III, p. 91.
[110] Molina: History of Chili, Vol. I, p. 119.
[111] From an original sketch by Mr. Beauchamp.
[112] Pike: Travels through the Western Territories of N. A., 1805-'7,
p. 103.
[113] Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the Condition of the New York
State Cabinet of Natural History, 1852, p. 72.
[114] Morgan: League of the Iroquois, p. 387.
[115] Heckewelder: Indian Nations, 1876, pp. 108-'9-'10.
[116] Beatty: Journal of Two Months Tour, 1768, p. 67.
[117] Loskiel: Missions of the United Brethren. Trans, by La Trobe,
1794. Book I, p. 26.
[118] Lafitau: Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, Tome II, p. 314.
[119] Mr. Beauchamp has published many interesting facts in regard to
these belts in the American Antiquarian, Vol. II, No. 3.
[120] Present chief of the Onondagas.
[121] The proceedings attending the presentation are fully recorded in
the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, volume iii,
page 207. A full size lithographic illustration of the belt
printed in color is also given.
[122] Clavigero: History of Mexico, Trans. by Cullen, vol. I, p. 437.
[123] Davis: Spanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 121.
[124] Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 196.
[125] Lafitau: Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, p. 61.
[126] Wood: New England Prospect, p. 74.
[127] Kalm: Travels in North America, 1772, vol. ii, p. 320.
[128] _Vide_ Kingsborough, Waldeck, Bancroft, &c.
[129] Schoolcraft, in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., Vol. II, Plate 1.
[130] Tomlinson, in The American Pioneer, Vol. II, p. 200.
[131] Matson, in Ohio Centennial Report, p. 131.
[132] Schoolcraft: History of the Indian Tribes, &c., part I, plate XIX.
[133] The ossuaries here mentioned are in the township of Beverly,
twenty miles from Dundas, at the head of Lake Ontario. They are
situated in a primitive forest, and were discovered upwards of
thirty years ago through the uprooting of a tree. Large numbers
of skeletons had been deposited longitudinally in trenches, with
many implements, utensils, and ornaments. Two brass kettles were
found in one of the graves. (Schoolcraft: Red Races of America,
p. 326.)
[134] Rau: Archæological Collection of the National Museum, p. 33.
[135] The handsome illustrations presented in the accompanying plates
were mostly drawn by Miss Kate C. Osgood, who has no superior in
this class of work.
[136] Jones: Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, pp. 42-3.
[137] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 373-5.
[138] Anderson, in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, October,
1875, p. 378.
[139] Abbott: Primitive Industry, pp. 70, 72, and 73.
[140] _Ibid._, p. 207.
[141] Since this paragraph has been in type I have seen the specimen,
and find that the looped figure is clearly defined.
[142] Kingsborough: vol. II, Plate 20.
[143] Let any one who thinks lightly of such a work undertake, without
machinery or well-adapted appliances, to cut a groove or notch
even, in a moderately compact specimen of _Busycon_, and he will
probably increase his good opinion of the skill and patience of
the ancient workman if he does nothing else.
[144] E. G. Squier: Serpent Symbol, page 69, quoting MSS. of J. H.
Payne.
[145] I am very much indebted to Prof. F. F. Hilder, of Saint Louis, for
photographs of three of these specimens as well as for much
information in regard to their history.
[146] Croswell, in Transactions Academy of Science of Saint Louis,
vol. III, p. 537.
[147] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indian, plate XXX.
[148] Archæological Collection of the National Museum, p. 69.
[149] Squier: Peru, p. 186.
[150] Bancroft: Native Races of the Pacific States, vol. IV., p. 37.
[151] Carr, in Tenth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 87.
[152] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 430.
[153] Schoolcraft: Notes on the Iroquois, p. 235.
[154] Kingsborough, Vol. III, pl. 22.