Abbott, C. C., describes bird totems 284
Adair, James, describes shell tweezers 212
, on use of shell money 237
Agricultural implements. (_See_ Implements.)
Amiantis shells, Manufacture of beads from 226
Art, Antiquity of shell works of 187
, Burial of shell works of 187
, Evolution of 185, 192, 202, 210, 213, 225
, Inception of 186
, Materials employed in 185, 188
, Preservation of shell works of 186
Asphaltum used by California Indians 191, 209, 218
Atwater, Caleb, describes shell necklace 231
vessel 197
Beads of other materials 219, 232, 235
shell 219
, Classification of 219
discoidal in form 221
, Kinds of, used in belts 247
, Manner of stringing 234, 236, 244, 248
, Manufacture of 236
, by whites 238
massive in form 223
, Mnemonic use of 240, 254
or "Runtees" 228
, Perforated 219
tubular in form 226
used as money 219, 233
ornaments 219, 230, 234
Beatty, Charles, describes wampum belts 250
Beauchamp, W. M., Beads sketched by 228
, on belts of wampum 252
strings of wampum 248
Belts, wampum, Character of the patterns woven into 240, 246, 248
, Dimensions of 250, 253
, Keeper of the Iroquois 241, 244
made by Indian women 249
, Manufacture of 248
, Method of handling, in councils 241, 246
, Number of beads in 233, 251
, Profuse use of 242
, Rarity of, in collections 249
; the Penn belt 253
, Use of, as mnemonic records 240, 254
, W. A. Brice on use and repudiation of 242, 246
Beverly, R., describes shell beads 229
money 237
pendants 256
spoon 201
, mentions shell knives 202
tweezers 212
Bird; carving of eagle's head 285
, Embodiment of the, in art 280
engraved on bone 284
stone 284
shell gorgets 280
, Examples of the, engraved on shell gorgets 281
, Gold ornament representing head of 285
, Myths of the 280
, Significant character of the, in engraved designs 281, 284
, Species of, represented 282, 284
, Superstitions in regard to the 280
, The Dakotas' thunder 281
, Totemic use of the 284
Bourke, Lieut. John G., on Moqui shell vessels 193
Bowers, Stephen, Shell objects collected by 209, 226
Brakebill mound 215, 275, 292, 296
Brice, W. A., on repudiation of wampum 246
use of wampum belts 242
Brinton, D. G., on the origin of the cross 270
Busycon shells, Columellæ of, used as pendants 209, 258
pins 213
, Gorgets derived from 273, 276, 282, 290, 292, 294, 296
, Pendants derived from 209, 259
, Perforated plates derived from 265
used as beads 220, 224
celts 204
vessels 194, 197
weapons 211
in the arts 191
Cabeça de Vaca on trade in shells 194
Cabrillo, João, visits Island of Santa Rosa 260
Calendars, Pictographic symbols of the Sioux 279
, Probable use of shell disks as 268, 273, 278
used by ancient Mexicans 279
modern tribes 279
Carr, Lucien, describes shell gorget 295
Cassis shells used as vessels 191, 194, 196
Catlin, George, describes shell adze 205
Celts, Examples of 203
, Manufacture of 203
of shell 203, 205
Clam shells used as implements 190, 205, 207
utensils 190
in manufacture of ornaments 263
wampum 190, 226, 238, 257
Clark, J. S., Photographs made by 252
Clavigero, F. X., on use of shell ornaments 256
vessels in Mexico 193
Cleveland, F., describes shell vessels 197
Columellæ, Manner of extracting, from shell 214
used in manufacture of heads 219, 223
pins 213, 218
Conant, A. J., describes shell gorgets 300
, mentions shell gorgets 287
Cross design associated with others 270
combined with spider design 288
in Aztec paintings 285
engraved on shell gorgets 268
, Evolution or derivation of the 270
, Examples of the, combined with birds 282, 283
, Examples of the, from mounds 271, 273
, Introduction of the Christian 269
, Occurrence of the, in ancient Mexican art 270
Yucatan 270
, Origin of the, among mound builders 269
, Prehistoric use of the, in America 268, 270
, Symbolic character of the 269
Croswell, C., describes shell gorgets 286
Curtis, Dr., Shell gorgets collected by 283
Cyprea shells used as beads 219
ornaments 263
Dall, W. H., use of pins 217
, Shells identified by 190
Davis, W. H. H., mentions shell pendants 256
Dentalium shells used for money 191, 220, 227, 239
ornament 191, 218, 220, 227
in bushing 218, 227
Disks, Scalloped, probably time symbols 273
, Relation of, to human remains 276
shell, from mounds 275, 278
, Shell gorgets in the shape of 268, 273, 279
stone 277
with engravings of knotted serpents 278
, Table of 280
, The sun suggested by 273
, Type example of 273
; use of sun symbols of similar shape 273
Drake, Daniel, describes shell vessel 197
Dunning, E. O., Shell ornaments collected by 272
pins collected by 215
Ely mound in Virginia 295
Engraved gorgets. (_See_ Gorgets.)
Face, Human, Description of shell gorgets representing the 294
engraved and carved on shell gorgets 293, 297
modeled in clay 296
, Portions of shell used for representing 293
, Use or significance of shell gorgets representing 295
Fain's Island mound 215, 272, 288
Farquharson, B. J., describes shell vessel 197
Fasciolaria shells, Columellæ of, used for pins 213
used as vessels 194
Figure, Human. (_See_ Human figure.)
Fishing appliances, Shell 207
; hooks 208
, Manufacture of 210
; sinkers 208
Fissurella shells used as ornaments 191, 220, 261, 263
Frey, S. L., describes shell vessel 198
Gilpin, H. D., on the use of wampum belts 246
Gorgets, Engraved, Classification of 267
design on, character of 267
described by Beverly 256
, Modern examples of 268
of shell 267, 305
, Significance of designs on 267, 274, 278, 282
used as amulets 267
insignia 267, 273
symbols 268, 273
totems 268
Grave Creek mound 234, 264
Gray's mound, Oldtown, Tenn. 283
Gumilla, Joseph, concerning emblems in treaties 247
Hafting of implements of shell 203, 205, 211
Haldemann, S. S., describes shell beads 227, 230
Haliotis shells used as vessels 189, 191
in manufacturing beads 225, 227
fish hooks 209
pendants 209, 261
trade 191
Heckewelder, Johann, describes shell tweezers 212
wampum belts 250
, on the use of wampum belts 246
Hennite shells used in manufacture of beads 225, 227
Hilder, F. F., describes shell gorgets 286, 288, 303
, photographs of gorgets procured by 286
Human figure engraved on shell gorgets 297
, Comparison of, with other
examples 302
southern
examples 301
Hunter, J. D., concerning emblems in treaties 247
Hutchinson, Thomas, on the antiquity of wampum 235
Implements of shell, Agricultural 207
Insignia or badges of shell 264, 266, 273
Jones, C. C., describes shell pins 215
vessel 196
stone disks 277
, mentions shell gorgets 287, 293, 298
Jones, Joseph, describes shell disk 276
gorgets 297
spoons 201
vessel 196
Kalm, Peter, mentions shell knives 202
, on shell money 238
pendants 257
Knight, E. H., describes shell weapons 211
Knives of shell 201
, rarity of, in collections 203
used by Honda Indians 202
Pacific Coast tribes 203
Patagonians 203
Kohl, J. G., on trade in shells 194
Lafitau, J. F., on the use of shell pendants 256
wampum 243
wampum belts 250
Lawson, John, on the use of shell money 237
Le Moyne, d'Iberville, on the use of shell vessels 193
Lewis and Clark describe shell ornaments 233
on value of beads 239
Lick Creek mound 215, 224, 272, 278, 296
Lindström, P., on the use of shell money 236
Lord, J. K., on shell money 239
Loskiel G. H., gives an account of wampum 245
, on the antiquity of use of wampum 235
manufacture of wampum 235
origin of the word wampum 239
wampum belts 250
Low, C. P., Shell spoons collected by 200
described by 200
Lyon, S. S., Shell spoons collected by 200
McMahan mound 214, 292, 294, 298, 301, 303
Manufacture of shell objects 204, 210, 212, 216, 218, 220, 228, 236,
255, 261, 263, 286, 293
Marginella shells used as beads 219
Matson, J. S. B., Beads discovered by 231
, describes shell plates 265
Mnemonic records, Interpretation of 241, 244, 246
, Iroquois keeper of 241, 244
of Mexicans 240
N. A. Indians 240
Peruvians 240
, Origin of 240
, Use of materials other than shell for 245, 247
, Use of wampum for 240, 254
Molina, G. I., concerning emblems in treaties 247
Morgan, L. H., on the antiquity of wampum 235
origin of the word wampum 239
uses of wampum 235
wampum belts 249
records 241
Morton, Thomas, on the use of shell money 236
Myth, Spider, obtained by J. W. Powell 286
Mytilus, shells used as utensils 191, 212
in manufacture of fish hooks 210
ornaments 261
Oliva shells used as beads 219, 222
Olivella shells used as beads 220
Ornaments of shell 213, 305
Osgood, Kate C., Drawings made by 268
Oyster shells used as utensils 191
Pachydesma shells used as utensils 190
in manufacture of beads 226
ornaments 261
pendants 209
Palmer, E., Collections by 303
Parkman, Francis, on the use of wampum 247
Pearls perforated for beads 225
used by Powhatan 232
Pecten shells used as implements 206
ornaments 189, 261
rattles 190, 206
vessels 189
in art 189
Pectunculus shells, Manufacture of rings from 263
Pendants, Beads used as 230
, Classification of 255, 207
, Engraved 267, 305
, Forms and sizes of 255, 258, 261, 263
, Historic use of 255, 268
illustrated by Lafitau 257
in De Bry 257
Mexican paintings 257
sculptures of Mexico and Yucatan 258
, Importance of, in evolution of art 255
of shell 209, 255
the Atlantic coast 258
, Origin of use of 255
, Ornamental notching of edges of 262
, Perforations of 255, 261
, Plain, of the Pacific coast 260
Atlantic coast 258
, Various uses of 255, 261, 267
Penn, J. G., describes Penn belt 259
Perforated tablets. _See_ Tablets.
Perforations of objects of shell 216, 220, 223, 227, 236, 262
Perkins, G. H., Shell beads illustrated by 224
Perrine, F. M., Shell gorgets belonging to 270
Pins, cut from body of shell 216
, Examples of 213, 218
made from collumellæ of shell 213, 218
obtained from mounds 213, 218
of shell 213, 218
, Use of bone 217
, problematicals 213, 217
Potter, W. B., Shell gorget owned by 299, 303
Powell, J. W., Nose ornament collected by 227
, Shell disk collected by 273
spoon collected by 199
, Spider myth obtained by 286
Powers, Stephen, describes shell beads 239
ornaments 233
Pratt, H. W., on shell money 239
Pratz, Lepage du, describes shell ornaments 232
Putnam, F. W., describes bone pins 217
shell fish-hooks 209
gorgets 276, 282, 295
pins 218
spoons 195
vessels 196
, on use of asphaltum 227
value of Haliotis shells 191
Rasle, Father Sebastian, on the use of shell beads 231
Rau, Charles, describes gold ornament 285
shell gorget 289
vessel 196
weapon 210
, on classification of perforated plates 266
cut of stone disk 278
Records. (_See_ Mnemonic records.)
"Runtees," a variety of shell beads 228
, Manner of stringing 229
, Origin of 230
, Signification of figures engraved upon 228
Ruttenber, E. M., on the Keeper of wampum 241
manufacture of shell money 238
Scalloped disks. (_See_ Disks.)
Schoolcraft, H. R., describes shell beads 228
ornaments 297
pendants 260
plates 264
Schumacher, Paul, Shell objects collected by 209, 217
Scrapers of shell 205
, Examples of 205
Serpent characteristics that attract the savage 289
design, Discovery of shell gorgets ornamented with 289
engraved upon shell gorgets 268, 289, 293
stone disks 278
, Examples of gorgets ornamented with 290
of Mexico and Peru 293
; the rattlesnake 289
, Embodiment of the, in art 289
; rattlesnake species represented on shell 291, 293
, Superstitions in regard to 289
, Use of the, as a religious symbol 289
Shells, Artificial distribution of 196, 205, 213, 230
, Trade in 188, 191, 193, 196, 236
used as models for the potter 198
in natural state 187, 191
Smith, Erminnie A., Wampum belt loaned by 251
Smith, John, describes shell ornaments 232
Spider characteristics that attract savages 286
design engraved upon shell gorgets 286, 289
, Examples of, on shell gorgets 286
in art 286
, Myths concerning the 286
Spoons of shell deposited with the dead 199
, Examples of 199
, Manufacture of 198
the Unio shell 198, 201
Squier, E. G., mentions spider myths 286
Squier and Davis describe shell beads 225
Stearns, R. E. C., on shell money 239
Strachey, William, mentions shell knives 202
Stratton, C. L., Shell pins collected by 215
Strombus shells, Columellæ of, used in manufacture of beads 224
pendants 208
pins 213, 215
used as vessels 191, 194, 197
in manufacture of celts 204
gorgets 295
Swan, J. G., describes shell ornaments 233
Tablets, Perforated, Forms of 264
, made of shell 264, 267
, Manner of burial of 265
, Method of attachment of 266
, Perforations of 265
, Theories of use of 264
, Undetermined character of 264
Time symbols, Probable use of shell disks as 268, 273, 278
Tomlinson, A. B., describes shell plate 264
Trill, C. F., Drawings made by 251
Troost, Dr. Gerard, Shell objects collected by 224
Tweezers of shell 212
Unio shells obtained from mounds 190
used as implements 190, 205
utensils 190, 199
in manufacture of beads 223
ornament 260
spoons 199
Velie, J. W., Shell pendants collected by 208
Vessels, artificially shaped 192
, Engraved shell 193
in clay imitating shells 198
, Manufacture of shell 194, 196
, Natural shells 190
of the Mound Builders 194, 196
used by the Florida Indians 193
Moquis Indians 193
in Mexico 192
Wampum, Antiquity of use of as currency 234
as currency 234
, Derivation of the word 238
in costumes 232, 234
, Literature of 241, 248
, Manufacture of 226, 236
, by whites 238
, Mnemonic use of 240, 254
, Modern use of 239, 252
, Origin of mnemonic use of 240
, Symbolic uses of 241, 248
, Use of, in strings 243, 248
treaties and councils 242
, on Pacific Coast 239
, Varieties of beads used as 247
Weapons of shell 210
, Manner of hafting 211
Whipple, Lieut. E. W., Necklace obtained by 220
Whiteley, Colonel, Shell gorgets procured by 303
Whitney, J. L., describes shell plate 265
Williams, C. F., Shell gorgets collected by 282
Williams, Roger, on the name wampum 239
use of shell money 236
Wood, William, describes shell pendants 256
, mentions shell implements 205, 207
ornaments 232
Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell celt 204
gorgets 289
pins 216
vessel 196
weapons 211