Both anxious watch some favouring sign to gain,
Remus with prescient gaze observes the sky
Apart, and marks where birds propitious fly.
His godlike brother on the sacred height,
Observant traced the soaring eagle’s flight:
And now the anxious tribes expect from fate
The future monarch of their infant state;
Even as the crowd await at festal games
The consul’s signal, which the sports proclaims.
Their eyes directed to the painted goal,
Eager to see the rival chariots roll.
Meanwhile the radiant sun sinks down to night,
But soon he sheds again the yellow light;
And while the golden orb ascends the sky,
The fowls of heaven on wing propitious fly.
Twelve sacred birds, which gods as omens send,
With flight precipitate on earth descend.
The sign, Quirinus knew, to him alone
Presaged dominion, and the Roman throne.”
189 The Annals were not separated by Ennius himself into books; but were
so divided, long after his death, by the grammarian Q.
Vargunteius.—(Suet. _de Illust. Gram._ c. 2.) The fragments of them
are arranged under different books in different editions. In the
passages quoted, I have followed the distribution in the edition of
Merula, Lugd. Bat. 1574.
190 “Nor gift I seek, nor shall ye ransom yield;
Let us not trade, but combat in the field:
Steel and not gold our being must maintain,
And prove _which_ nation Fortune wills to reign.
Whom chance of war, despite of valour, spared,
I grant them freedom, and without reward.
Conduct them then, by all the mighty Gods!
Conduct them freely to their own abodes.”
191 Cap. 19.
192 Gaddius, _de Script. Latinis non Ecclesiast._ Tom. 1. p. 171.
193 “His friend he called—who at his table fared,
And all his counsels and his converse shared;
With whom he oft consumed the day’s decline
In talk of petty schemes, or great design,—
To him, with ease and freedom uncontrouled,
His jests and thoughts, or good or ill, were told:
Whate’er concerned his fortunes was disclosed,
And safely in that faithful breast reposed.
This chosen friend possessed a stedfast mind,
Where no base purpose could its harbour find;
Mild, courteous, learned, with knowledge blest, and sense;
A soul serene, contentment, eloquence;
Fluent in words or sparing, well he knew
All things to speak in place and season due;
His mind was amply graced with ancient lore,
Nor less enriched with modern wisdom’s store:
Him, while the tide of battle onward pressed,
Servilius called, and in these words addressed.”
194 “Sacked, but not captive,—burned, yet not consumed;
Nor on the Dardan plains to moulder doomed.”
195 “From every side the javelins as a shower
Rush, and unerring on the Tribune pour;
Struck by the spears his helm and shield resound,
Though pierced his shield, no shaft inflicts a wound.
Their missile darts th’ embattled Istrians throw,
But all are hurled in vain against their foe;
He pants, and sweats, and labours o’er the field,
The flying shafts no pause for breathing yield;
Smote by his sword or sling, th’ assailants fall
Within, or headlong thrust beyond the wall.”
196 “Even as the generous Steed, whose youthful force
Was oft victorious in th’ Olympic course,
Unfit, from age, to triumph in such fields,
At length to rest his time-worn members yields.”
197 “O’er Heaven’s wide arch a solemn silence reigned,
And the fierce Ocean his wild waves restrained:
The Sun repressed his steeds’ impetuous force;
The winds were hushed; the streams all stayed their course.”
198 Lib. IV. Ode 8.
199 Niebuhr, _Romische Geschichte_.
200 Vossius, _de Historicis Latinis_, Lib. I. c. 2.
201 Au. Gellius, _Noct. Attic._ Lib. XVIII. c. 5.
202 Ibid. Lib. XII. c. 2.
203 “Even as the generous steed, with reins unbound,
Bursts from the stall, and scours along the ground,
With lofty chest he seeks the joyous plain,
And oft, exulting, shakes his crested mane;
The fiery spirit in his breast prevails,
And the warm heart in sprinkling foam exhales.”
204 Iliad, Lib. VI. v. 506.
205 Æneid, Lib. XI.
206 C. ix. st. 75.
_ 207 Venus and Adonis_, p. 13. Shakespeare’s Poems, Ed. 1773.
_ 208 Voyage d’Anacharsis_. T. II. c. 25.
209 Varro, _De Re Rustica_, Lib. I. c. 4. Ed. Gesner.
210 This is the Jupiter whom all revere,
Whom I name Jupiter, and Greeks call Air:
He also is the Wind, the Clouds, the Rain;
Cold, after Showers, then Wind and Air again:
All these are Jove, who social life maintains,
And the huge monsters of the wild sustains.
211 Lib. VI. c. 1. & 2.
212 “He first restored the state by wise delay,
Heedless of what a censuring world might say;
Hence time has hallow’d his immortal name,
And, as the years succeed, still spreads his fame.”
The line of Ennius, “Unus homo,” &c. was applied, with an alteration
of the word _cunctando_ into _vigilando_, by Augustus, in a
complimentary letter to Tiberius, on his good conduct in restoring
affairs in Germany, after the unfortunate defeat of Varus. (Sueton.
_in Tiberio_. c. 21.)
213 It is of these two lines of Ennius that Horace says, the _disjecta
membra poetæ_, that is, the poetical force and spirit, would remain,
though the arrangement of the words were changed, and the measure of
the verse destroyed; which, he admits, would not be the case with
his own satires, or those of Lucilius.
214 Act. II. sc. 2.
215 “The Olympian Father smiled; and for a while
Nature’s calmed elements returned the smile.”
_ 216 Scaligerana_, p. 136. Ed. Cologne, 1695.
_ 217 Institut. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.
218 Cicero, _De Divinatione_, Lib. II. c. 54.
_ 219 Divine Legation of Moses_.
_ 220 De Iside et Osiride_.
_ 221 Georg._ Lib. II. v. 139.
_ 222 Mem. de l’Acad. des Inscriptions_, Tom. XV.
223 Polyb. Lib. V.
_ 224 Cours de Litterature Dramatique_, Tom. I.
225 In this feature of their character the Athenians had a considerable
resemblance to the French, during their most brilliant and courtly
era. “Comment,” said a French courtier of the age of Louis XIV., on
hearing of a good joke which had been uttered on occasion of a great
national calamity;—“Comment, ne serait on charmé des grands
evenemens, des bouleversemens mêmes qui font dire de si jolis
mots.”—“On suivit,” says Chamfort, “cette idée, on repassa les mots,
les chansons, faites sur tous les desastres de la France. La chanson
sur la bataille de Hochstet fut trouvée mauvaise, et quelques uns
dirent à ce sujet: Je suis faché de la perte de cette bataille; la
chanson ne vaut rien.”—_Maximes, Pensées, &c._ par Chamfort, p. 190.
226 Au. Gellius, _Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.
227 Signorelli, _Storia di Teatri_. Tom. II. p. 32.
228 Lib. III.
_ 229 Poet._ XII.
230 “Faciam ut commixta sit tragico comœdia;
Nam me perpetuo facere ut sit comœdia,
Reges quo veniant et Dii, non par arbitror.
Quid igitur? quoniam hic servus quoque parteis habet,
Faciam sit, proinde ut dixi, tragi-comœdia.”
_ 231 Sat._ Lib. XXVIII.
232 Walker’s _Essay on the Revival of the Drama in Italy_.
233 Fabricius, _Biblioth. Græc._ Lib. II. c. 22.
234 A Latin prose comedy, entitled _Querulus seu Aulularia_, having been
found in one of the most ancient MSS. of Plautus discovered in the
Vatican, was by some erroneously attributed to that dramatist;
though, in his prologue, its author quotes Cicero, and expressly
declares, that he purposed to imitate Plautus! It was first edited
in 1564 by Peter Daniel; and is now believed to have been written in
the time of the Emperor Theodosius. In some respects it has an
affinity to the genuine _Aulularia_ of Plautus. The prologue is
spoken by the _Lar Familiaris_; and a miser, called Euclio, on going
abroad, had concealed a treasure, contained in a pot, in some part
of his house. While dying, in a foreign land, he bequeathed to a
parasite, who had there insinuated himself into his favour, one half
of his fortune, on condition that he should inform his son Querulus,
so called from his querulous disposition, of the place where his
treasure was deposited. The parasite proceeds to the miser’s native
country, and attempts, though unsuccessfully, to defraud the son of
the whole inheritance.
From a curious mistake, first pointed out by Archbishop Usher, in
his _Ecclesiastical Antiquities_, this drama was attributed to
Gildas, the British Jeremiah, as Gibbon calls him; who entitled one
of his complaints concerning the affairs of Britain,
_Querulus_.—Vossius, _de Poet. Lat._ Lib. I. c. 6. § 9.
235 Walker’s _Essay on the Italian Drama_, p. 224.
236 P. 106. Ed. 1819.—I have often wondered, that while the character of
a Miser has been exhibited so frequently, and with such success, on
the stage, it should scarcely have been well delineated, so far as I
remember, in any novel of note, except, perhaps, in the person of
Mr. Briggs, in _Cecilia_.
237 Act II. sc. 7.
238 Cailhava, _L’Art de la Comedie_, Liv. II. c. 9. Ed. Paris, 1772.
_ 239 Beytrage, zur Historie und Aufnahme des Theaters_.
_ 240 Samtliche Schriften_, Tom. XXII. p. 316.
241 Lib. VI. c. 9.
242 Id. Lib. VI. c. 7.
243 The best notion of the Greek parasite is to be got in the fragments
of the Greek poets quoted by Athenæus, and in the Letters of
Alciphron, a great number of which are supposed to be addressed by
parasites to their brethren, and relate the particulars of the
injurious treatment which they had received at the tables of the
Great.
244 Athenæus, Lib. VI. c. 17.
245 Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_, Lib. IV. c. 18
246 Huic denique manducanti barba vellitur; illi bibenti sedilia
subtrahuntur; hic ligno scissili, ille fragili vitro pascitur.
247 See Act ii. sc. 2. and Act iv. sc. 1.
248 Potter’s _Antiquities of Greece_. Book IV. c. 14.
_ 249 Tableau de la Litterature __Francoise_.
250 Alciphron, _Epist._
251 Walker’s _Essay on the Revival of the Drama in Italy_.
252 Le Grand, _Contes et Fabliaux_, Tom. III. p. 157.
253 Quintil. _Inst. Orat._ Lib. X, c. 1.
254 Reperias, apud illum, multos sales, argumenta lepide inflexa,
agnatos lucide explicatos, personas rebus competentes; joca non
infra Soccum—seria non usque ad Cothurnum. Raræ apud illum
corruptelæ; et uti errores concessi amores.—Apuleius, _Florid._ p.
553.
255 Müller, _Einleitung zu Kenntniss der alten Lateinischen
Schriftsteller_, Tom. II. p. 38.
_ 256 Epist._ 362.
_ 257 Opera_, Vol. I. p. 721.
258 See on this subject three German Programmata by M. Bellermann,
published 1806, 7, 8; also Schoell, _Hist. Abregée de la Litter.
Rom._ Tom. I. p. 123.—Col. Vallancey, in his _Essay on the Antiquity
of the Irish Language_, (which attracted considerable attention on
its first publication, and has been recently reprinted,) attempted
to show the affinity between these Punic remains and the old Irish
language,—both, according to him, having been derived from the
Phœnician, which was itself a dialect of the Hebrew.
259 C. 14.
260 G. Dousa, _Centur._ Lib. III. c. 2.
_ 261 Œuvres D’Horace, par Dacier_, Tom. IX. p. 93. Ed. 1727
262 See above, p. 129.
_ 263 Essay on Dramatic Poetry_.
_ 264 Essay on Dramatic Poetry_.
_ 265 Heautontim._ Act III. sc. 2.
266 Athenæus, Lib. XIII. Alciphron’s _Epist._
267 De Pauw, _Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs_, Vol. I. p. 188.
268 Cicero, _de Senectute_, c. 14.
_ 269 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.
_ 270 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.
_ 271 Satur._ Lib. II. c. 1.
272 Nam Plautum alii dicunt scripsisse Fabulas XXI. alii XL. alii C.
Serv. _Ad Virg. Æneid._ Init.
_ 273 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.
274 Fabricius, _Bib. Latina_, Lib. I. c. 1. Osannus, _Analecta Critica_,
c. 8.
_ 275 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.
_ 276 Analect. Critic._ c. 8.
_ 277 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 2.
_ 278 Sunapothneskontes_ Diphili Comœdia ’st: Eam Commorientes Plautus
fecit Fabulam.
279 We have the opinions of Varro concerning the plays of Plautus only
at second hand. The work in which they are delivered, is lost; but
they are minutely reported in his _Attic Nights_, by Aulus Gellius.
280 Ap. Quintilian, _Inst. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.
281 “Immo illi proavi,” says Camerarius, (_Dissert. de Comœd. Plauti_,)
“meritò, et recte, ac sapienter Plautum laudarunt et admirati
fuerunt: tuque ad Græcitatem, omnia, quasi regulam, poemata gentis
tuæ exigens, immerito, et perperam, atque incogitanter culpas.”—(See
also J. C. Scaliger and Lipsius, _Antiq. Lect._ Lib. II. c. 1.;
Turnebus, _Advers._ XXV. 16.; Flor. Sabinus, _Adversus Calumniatores
Plauti_, Basil, 1540.) Dan. Heinsius attempted to defend the
sentiment of Horace, in his _Dissertatio ad Horatii de Plauto et
Terentio judicium_, printed at Amsterdam, 1618, with his edition of
_Terence_; and was answered by Benedict Fioretti, in his _Apologia
pro Plauto, opposita sævo judicio Horatiano et Heinsiano_.—See,
finally, D. J. Tr. Danz, _De Virtute Comica Plauti_, in _Dissert.
Philolog._ Jenæ, 1800.
282 Lib. II. c. 58.
283 Hurd’s _Horace_. Gibbon’s _Miscellaneous Works_, Vol. IV.
284 “Duplex omnino est jocandi genus; unum illiberale, petulans,
obscœnum, alterum elegans, urbanum, ingeniosum, facetum; quo genere
non modo Plautus noster, et Atticorum antiqua comœdia, sed etiam
Philosophorum Socraticorum libri sunt referti.”—_De Officiis_, Lib.
I. c. 29.
285 Athenæus, Lib. XIII. c. 1.
286 Au. Gellius, _Noct. Att._ Lib. IV. c. 20.
_ 287 Brutus_, c. 74. Cæcilium et Pacuvium male locutos videmus.
_ 288 Histor. Roman._ Lib. I. c. 17.
_ 289 Noct. Attic._ Lib. II. c. 23.
_ 290 Brutus_, c. 45. L. Afranius poeta, homo perargutus; in fabulis
quidem etiam, ut scitis, disertus.
_ 291 Instit. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1. To this charge Ausonius also alludes,
though with little reprehension,
“Præter legitimi genitalia fœdera cœtûs,
Repperit obscænas veneres vitiosa libido;
Herculis heredi quam Lemnia suasit egestas,
Quam toga facundi scenis agitavit Afranî.”
_Epigram._ 71.
292 Spence’s _Polymetis_.
293 “Could men to love be lured by magic rites,
Each crone would with a lover sooth her nights:
A tender form, and youth, and gentle smiles,
Are the sweet potion which the heart beguiles.”
294 Eunuchus, _Prolog._
295 Donatus, _Comment. in Terent. Eunuch. Prolog._
296 “I swell with such gladness my brain almost turns,
And my bosom with thoughts of my happiness burns.
The portress compliant—the way cleared before—
A touch of my finger throws open the door:
Then, Chrysis—fair Chrysis, will rush to my arms,
Will court my caresses, and yield all her charms.
Such transport will seize me when this comes to pass,
I’ll Fortune herself in good fortune surpass.”
297 “O, could complaints or tears avail
To cure those ills which life assail,
Even gold would not be price too dear
At which to win a healing tear.
But, since the tears by sorrow shed
Are vain as dirge to wake the dead,
In prudent care, and not in grief,
All human ills must find relief.”
_ 298 Carmina_, 45. Ed. 1718.
299 Donatus, _Vit. Terent._
300 Tiraboschi, _Storr. Dell. Lett. Ital._ Part III. Lib. II. c. 1.
Arnaud, _Gazette Litteraire_, 1765.
301 Goujet, _Bib. Franc._ Tom. IV. Sulzer relates this story of Terence
and the ædile Cerius, to whose review the _Andria_ had been
subjected.—_Theorie der Schönen Künste_, Tom. IV. _Terenz_.
302 Donatus, _Vit. Terent._
_ 303 Cours de Litterature_.
304 Colman’s _Terence_.
_ 305 Satir._ III.
_ 306 Spectator_, No. 170.
_ 307 Poet._ Lib. VI. c. 3.
308 Signorelli, _Storia de Teatri_, Tom. II. p. 129.
309 No. 562.
310 Schmieder—Terenz. Halle, 1794.
_ 311 Miscellaneous Works_, Vol. IV. p. 140.
_ 312 Adelph._ Act 4. sc. 7.
_ 313 Ecole des Maris_, Act 1. sc. 2.
314 Page 115.
315 Spence’s _Anec._ p. 115.
316 Act 1. sc. 1.
_ 317 Prolog. in Hecyr._ and Donati _Comment._
318 Alciphron, _Epistolæ_.
319 Act 1. sc. 2.
320 Boileau.
321 Hurd’s _Horace_, Vol. II.
322 Boileau.
_ 323 Protrepticon. Eidyll._ IV. v. 58.
324 See Blankenburg’s _Zusätze zu Sulzer’s Theorie der Schönen
Wissenschaften_.
_ 325 Element. Doct. Met._ Lib. II. c. 14.
326 “Plus est,” says Erasmus, “exacti judicii in unâ comœdiâ Terentianâ
quam in Plautinis omnibus,” (B. 28. Epist. 20.) Naugerius, in his
fourth Epistle, has instituted a comparison between Plautus and
Terence, much to the advantage of the latter, and has expressed
himself in terms of strong indignation at the well-known verses of
Volcatius Sedigitus, assigning the second place among the Latin
comic poets to Plautus, and the sixth to Terence.
_ 327 Hist. de la Litterature Espagnole_, traduite de l’Allemand de
Bouterweck. Vol. I. p. 339. Ed. 1812.
328 Plinius, _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXV. c. 4.
329 This story is told of a Sicilian by Cicero, (_De Orat._ II.)
330 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXV. c. 4.
331 Cicero, _Brutus_, c. 63.
_ 332 Noct. Attic._ Lib. XIII. c. 2.
333 Hieron. _Chron._ p. 39. ed. ut supra.
_ 334 Noct. Att._ Lib. I. c. 24.
335 “O, youth! though haste should urge thee hence away,
To read this stone thy steps one moment stay:
That here Pacuvius’ bones are laid to tell
I wished, that thou might’st know it—Fare thee well.”
Dr Johnson has laid it down as the first rule in writing epitaphs,
that the name of the deceased should not be omitted; but it seems
rather too much to occupy four lines with nothing but this
information.
_ 336 Brutus_, c. 74.
_ 337 Inst. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.
338 Eberhardt, _Zustand der __Schönen__ Wissenschaften, bei den Römern_,
p. 35 &c. Ed. Altona, 1801.
_ 339 Stor. dell. Litterat. Ital._ Part III. Lib. II. c. 1. § 20.
340 “Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena
Vivent, dum meretrix blanda, Menandrus erit.”
OVID, _Amor._ Lib. I.
341 Cicero, _Brutus_, c. 63.
342 Lib. III. c. 7.
_ 343 Brutus_, c. 28.
_ 344 Noct. Att._ Lib. XIII. c. 2.
345 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXIV. c. 5.
_ 346 Rhetoric. ad Herennium_, Lib. I. c. 14, and Lib. II. c. 13.
347 Cicero, _pro Archia_, c. 10. Valer. Maxim. Lib. VIII. c. 15.
348 Quintilian, _Inst. Orat._ Lib. V. c. 13.
349 Ovid, _Trist._ Lib. II.
350 “This dwelling of nine winters’ grief behold,
Where stretch’d on rock my sad sojourn I hold.
Around the boisterous north-wind ceaseless blows.
And, while it rages, drifts the gelid snows.”
_ 351 Ars Poetica_, v. 286.
352 Torq. Baden, in a small tract, entitled _De Causis neglectæ apud
Romanos tragœdiæ_, (Gœtting. 1790,) almost entirely attributes the
deficiency of the Romans in tragedy to their want of a set of
heroes, who were poetically consecrated by any epic productions,
like those by which Homer had so highly elevated the Grecian chiefs.
_ 353 Theory of Moral Sentiments_, Part VI. c. 1.
_ 354 Cours de Litter. Dramat._ Leçon. VIII.
_ 355 De Divinat._ Lib. II. c. 50.
356 Hurd’s _Horace_, Vol. II.
357 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. Ep. 1. v. 67.
358 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. ep. 1.
359 Cicero.—_Epistolæ familiares_, Lib. VII. ep. 1. Ed. Schütz.
360 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. 1.
_ 361 Tuscul. Disput._ Lib. I, c. 2.
362 Plautus—_Menæchmi_. Prolog.
363 Delectabatur veteri comœdia, et sæpe eam exhibuit publicis
spectaculis. Suetonius, _In August._ c. 89.
_ 364 Correspondence_, &c. p. 205. Lond. 1813.
_ 365 Ars Poetica_, v. 288.
366 See Dubos, _Reflex. sur la Poésie_. Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_.
367 Livy, Lib. VII. c. 2.
368 Ibid.
369 Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_. Festus ap. _Vossius de Poet. Lat._ Lib.
II. c. 35, § 8.
370 Casaubon, _de Satyrica Poes._ Lib. II. c. 1. Signorelli, _Stor. de
Teat._ Tom. II. p. 14. This, however, is not very likely. The
deference was probably paid, because young patricians chose to act
in the Atellanes: It could not otherwise have been thought more
creditable to personate the clown or fool of a semi-barbarous race,
than to perform the parts of Œdipus and Agamemnon.
371 Diomed. de _Poem. Gen._ Lib. III.
_ 372 Epist. Quæst._ Lib. XI. _Quæst._ 22.
373 Du Bos, _Reflex. Critiques_, Tom. I. p. 154.
374 Lib. II. c. 9.
375 Lib. VI. c. 17.
376 Conferta fabellis potissimum Atellanis sunt. Livy, Lib. VII. c. 2.
377 Sulzer, _Theorie der Schönen __Künste_, Lib. I. p. 520.
378 Juvenal, _Sat._ VI.
379 Exodiarius apud veteres in fine ludorum intrabat, quod ridiculus
foret, ut, quidquid lachrymarum atque tristitiæ coegissent, ex
tragicis affectibus, hujus spectaculi risus detergeret.—_Ad Juvenal.
Satir. III._ v. 175.
_ 380 Poetices Libri_.
_ 381 De Sat. Horat._
_ 382 De Sat. Latin._
_ 383 Ad. Sulzer._
_ 384 Geschichte der komischen Litteratur_.
385 Satira tota nostra est.
386 Lib. III.
_ 387 De Satir. Poes._
_ 388 Dissertation sur les Cesars de Julien_.
_ 389 De Sat. Juvenalis_.
_ 390 Pref. sur les Sat. d’Horace_.
_ 391 De Sat. Romanâ_.
392 Virgil, _Georg._ Lib. II.
393 Juvenal. _Satir._ Lib. I. We shall afterwards see reason to
conclude, that the famous _Satira Menippea_ of Varro seems not to
have been Satyra, but Satura, a hodge-podge, or medley.
394 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. ep. 1.
_ 395 Georg._ Lib. II. v. 385.
396 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. ep. 1.
397 Velleius Paterc. _Histor._ Lib. II. 9.
398 Ascon. Pedianus in _Comment. in Orat. Ciceronis cont. L. Pisonem_.
399 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. II. 1. v. 71.
400 Ibid. v. 30.
_ 401 Dict. Hist. Lucil. G._
402 Schoell, _Hist. Abregée de la Litterat. Romaine_, Tom. I.
403 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. I. _Sat._ 4. v. 1. &c.
_ 404 Satir._ Lib. I. Sat. 4. v. 9.
_ 405 Præf. Hist. Nat._
_ 406 De Finibus_, Lib. I.
_ 407 Epist. Familiares_, Lib. IX. 15.
_ 408 Satur._ Lib. III. c. 16.
409 Lucilius vir apprime linguæ Latinæ sciens. Au. Gellius, _Noct.
Attic._ Lib. XVIII. c. 5. Horat. _Sat._ Lib. I. 10.
—— “Fuerit Lucilius, inquam,
Comis et urbanus; fuerit limatior idem
Quam rudis, et Græcis intacti carminis auctor:—
Quamque poetarum seniorum turba.”
_ 410 Instit. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.
411 Auson. _in Epist._ 5. ad Theonem.
412 Lib. I. c. 16, and Lib. II. Caius Lucilius homo _doctus_ et
perurbanus.
413 Gifford’s _Juvenal_, Preface, p. xlii.
414 Persius, _Sat._ I.
415 Au. Gellius, XVII. 21.
416 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. II. 1.
_ 417 Rhetoric. ad Herennium_, Lib. II. c. 13.
_ 418 Juvenal_, _Sat._ Lib. I. v. 153.
_ 419 Divin. Instit._ Lib. V. c. 15.
420 Porphyrion, _In Horat._ Lib. I. Ode 20.
421 “They dread hobgoblins hatch’d in folly’s brain,
The idle phantoms of old Numa’s reign.
As infant children sculptured forms believe
To be live men—so they themselves deceive—
To whom vain forms of superstition’s dream
Of Life and truth the real figures seem.
Fools! they as well might think there stirs a heart,
Of vital power, in images of art.”
422 “In various fights the Roman arms have failed;
Still in the war the Roman power prevailed.”
423 “Virtue, Albinus, is—A constant will
The claims of duty ably to fulfil—
Virtue is knowledge of the just, sincere,
The good, the ill, the useless, base, unfair.
What we should wish to gain, for what to pray,
This virtue teaches, and each vow to pay;
Honour she gives to whom it may belong,
But hates the base, and flies from what is wrong—
A bold protector of the just and pure,
She feels for such a friendship fond and sure—
Her country’s good commands her warmest zeal.
Kindred the next, and latest private weal.”
_ 424 Div. Instit._ Lib. VI. c. 5 and 6.
425 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. II. 1.
426 Concerning Varro Atacinus, see Wernsdorff, _Poet. Lat. Minor._ Tom.
VI. p. 1385, &c. Ed. Altenburg, 1780.
427 Wernsdorff, _Poet. Lat. Minores_, _Præf._ Tom. III. p. LIV. &c.
428 Ibid. p. 1.
429 “On half a pound three grains of barley bread,
With two small bunches of dried grapes, he fed,
And met old age beneath a paltry shed.”
_ 430 Epist. Famil._ Lib. XIII.
431 Good’s _Lucretius. Pref._ p. XXXVI.
432 “Nam neque nos agere hoc patriäi tempore iniquo
Possumus æquo animo,” &c.—Lib. I. v. 42.
_ 433 Letter on Bowles’s Strictures on Pope_.
434 “Ἐιδον γαρ σκοπιην ἐς παιπαλοεσσαν ἀνελθων,
Νησον, την περι ποντος απειριτος ἐστεφανωται·
Ἀυτη δε χθαμαλη κεῖται καπνον δ’ ενι μεσσῃ
Εδρακον οφθαλμοῖσι δια δρυμα πυκνα και ὑλην.”
Οδυσ. Κ.
_ 435 Encyclopédie Methodique_.
_ 436 Reflexions sur la Poésie_. _Œuvres_, Tom. V.
_ 437 Inst. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.
438 Virgil. _Eclog._ 6.
439 Turner’s _History of the Anglo Saxons_, Vol. III. pp. 311, 356, ed.
London, 1820, where proofs are given.
440 Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ Lib. II. 7.
441 “Neque enim assentior iis,” says Lælius, in Cicero’s Dialogue, _De
Amicitia_, “qui hæc nuper disserere cœperunt, cum corporibus simul
animos interire, atque omnia morte deleri.” (c. 4.)
442 “Priscarum religionum metus,” says Heyne, talking of the time of the
civil wars of Sylla, “jam adeo dispulsus erat, ut ne ipsa quidem
Loyolæ cohors immissa, novas tenebras, novos terrores offundere
animis potuisset.” (_Opuscula_, Tom. IV.)