CHAPTER XXIX._Travels in Peru and India While Superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and Their Introduction into India.

CHINCHONA-CULTIVATION.

Ceylon--Sikkim--Bhotan--Khassya Hills--Pegu--Jamaica--Conclusion.

The complete success which has attended the cultivation of

chinchona-plants in the Neilgherry hills, encourages the hope that

similar happy results will follow their introduction into other hill

districts of Southern India, which have been described in more or

less detail in previous chapters. I have no doubt of the suitability

of the Pulney hills, the Koondahs, the Anamallays, and Coorg for such

experimental cultivation; and trials should hereafter be made on the

Mahabaleshwurs, the high hills east of Goa, the Baba-bodeens, Nuggur,

Wynaad, the Shervaroys, and the mountains between Tinnevelly and

Travancore.

The hill districts of the island of Ceylon, which have the

necessary elevation, and are within the region of both monsoons,

also offer peculiarly favourable conditions for the cultivation

of chinchona-plants, probably equal to the best localities on the

peninsula of India. Mr. Thwaites, the Director of the Royal Botanical

Gardens at Peradenia, takes a deep interest in this important

measure, and under his auspices there can be no doubt of its ultimate

success. It was from the first determined to send a portion of

the chinchona-seeds to Ceylon, although the whole expense of the

undertaking has been borne by the revenues of India, and no assistance

whatever has been given by those colonies which will thus profit by its

success.

The gardens at Peradenia are 1594 feet above the level of the sea, and

the following table will give a correct idea of the climate:--

----------------------------------------------------------------------

OBSERVATIONS taken at PERADENIA, in Ceylon, in 1857.

----------+--------------------+----------+---------------------------

| Thermometer. | Rainfall |

+------+------+------+ in |

----------+------+------+------+----------+---------------------------

1857. | | | | |

| | | | |

January | 82 | 79.3 | 74.7 | 1.8 |{ Fine and sunny. Cold dewy

| | | | |{ nights and foggy

February | 82.5 | 79.8 | 76.5 | 1.3 | Do. do. do.

| | | | |

March | 84.2 | 82 | 77.5 | 5.8 |{ A few showers of rain in

| | | | |{ the evenings.

| | | | |

April | 86.5 | 81.9 | 77.5 | 8.4 |{ Rain in the latter part

| | | | |{ of the month.

| | | | |

May | 82.5 | 81.5 | 75 | 4.7 |{ Showery, with occasional

| | | | |{ gales of wind.

| | | | |

June | 82.5 | 81.1 | 75.5 | 6 | Showery.

| | | | |

July | 80.5 | 77.1 | 75.5 | 9.8 | Continued rain.

| | | | |

August | 81.5 | 79.2 | 77.5 | 6.4 | Showery, with high winds.

| | | | |

September | 82.5 | 78.8 | 75.5 | 7.2 | Rainy.

| | | | |

October | 81.5 | 78 | 74.5 | 14.9 |{ Rainy, with occasional

| | | | |{ sunshiny days.

| | | | |

November | 82 | 77.9 | 73.5 | 22.3 | Heavy rain.

| | | | |

December | 81.5 | 78.6 | 75.5 | 2.8 |{ Fine. Cold nights and hot

| | | | |{ days.

| | | +----------+

| | | | 96 |

----------+------+------+------+----------+---------------------------

It is evident that Peradenia is far too low and hot for chinchona

cultivation. The _C. succirubra_, and some other species, would

probably grow to fine large trees there, but the bark would be very

thin, and would yield little or no febrifugal alkaloids. But there are

many other localities in Ceylon admirably suited, from their elevation

and climate, for this cultivation, and sites may be selected, well

adapted to the different species, from 5000 feet to Pedrotallagalle,

which is 8280 feet above the sea. Among these is the Government garden

of Hakgalle, at Nuwera-ellia, which is 6210 feet above the sea, in a

climate with an annual temperature of about 59° Fahr., and abundantly

supplied with moisture. Here most of the chinchona-plants have been

established under the superintendence of Mr. Thwaites, who is assisted

in their cultivation by Mr. McNicoll, a zealous and intelligent

gardener from Kew. Mr. Thwaites reported, last September, that the

progress of the important experiment in the cultivation of chinchonæ

was satisfactory.

In February 1861 the first instalment of chinchona-seeds arrived

in Ceylon, being a parcel of the "grey-bark" species sent from the

Neilgherry hills by Mr. McIvor; and soon afterwards a portion of the

"red-bark" seeds was received. In April six plants of _C. Calisaya_

were transmitted from Kew, but two only survived, and are now growing

vigorously at Hakgalle. Last September eight cuttings had been taken

from them, two of which had rooted. From the seeds received early in

1861, 800 plants had been raised last September, namely, 530 of _C.

succirubra_, 180 of _C. micrantha_, 25 of _C. Peruviana_, 45 of _C.

nitida_, and 60 of the "grey-bark" species without name.

In January 1862 I forwarded parcels of seeds of _C. Condaminea_ and _C.

crispa_ to Mr. Thwaites; and early in March six Wardian cases filled

with chinchona-plants, from the depôt at Kew, were shipped for Ceylon.

Chinchona cultivation in Ceylon has thus been fairly started. It is

exceedingly gratifying to hear that many coffee-planters will be glad

to try the experiment upon their estates;[532] and that Mr. Thwaites

will shortly be in a position to distribute plants from the Hakgalle

garden.[533]

Chinchona-trees, in their wild state, have never been found at a

greater distance than one thousand miles from the equator, and they

are essentially inter-tropical plants; though they only flourish

at considerable elevations above the sea. The reason appears to be

that one of their chief requirements is a tolerably equable climate

throughout the year, which the temperate zones, with their great

differences of temperature between winter and summer, do not afford.

For this reason sites were selected, in the first instance, both

in India and Ceylon, within the tropics; and indeed this point was

essential for the first experiments, because all the other conditions

of the growth of chinchonæ could not have been found beyond the

equatorial zone. Under cultivation, however, it is probable that,

with other favouring circumstances, these plants might thrive within

the temperate zone, at short distances from the tropic, and attention

was naturally drawn to the hill districts of the Eastern Himalayas,

in Bengal. The usefulness and importance of the introduction of the

chinchonæ into India will be much enhanced if their cultivation can be

extended to these regions, and attempts will, therefore, be made to

form chinchona plantations in Sikkim, Bhotan, and subsequently in the

Khassya hills.

The province of Sikkim,[534] at the base of the mighty Himalayan peak

of Kunchinginga, consists entirely of the basin of the river Tista,

which, with its tributaries, drains the whole country. Its position,

opposite to the opening of the Gangetic valley, between the mountains

of Behar on the one hand and the Khassya hills on the other, exposes

it to the full force of the monsoon. Its rains are, therefore, heavy

and almost uninterrupted, accompanied by dense fogs and a saturated

atmosphere throughout the year. There are frequent winter rains

accompanied by cold fogs, alternating with frost, hail, and snow.

March and April are the driest months, but rains commence in May, and

continue with little intermission until October. The bounding mountains

are very lofty, and snow-clad throughout a great part of their extent;

but the central range in Sikkim, which separates the Tista from its

great tributary the Rangit, is depressed till very far into the

interior. The rainy winds have thus free access to the heart of the

province.

The snow-level is at 16,000 feet; and the mean monthly temperature of

the English hill station at Darjeeling, which is 7430 feet above the

sea, and in lat. 27° 3´ N., is as follows:--

-----------------------------

DARJEELING.

+------------+--------------+

| MONTH. | Mean |

| | temperature. |

+------------+--------------+

| January | 40 |

| February | 42 |

| March | 50.7 |

| April | 55.9 |

| May | 57.6 |

| June | 61.2 |

| July | 61.4 |

| August | 61.7 |

| September | 59.9 |

| October | 58 |

| November | 50 |

| December | 42 |

+------------+--------------+

The annual rainfall is 122.2 inches.

Of course no chinchona-plant would flourish in such a climate; and in

the latitude of 27° it will be necessary to seek for suitable sites in

much lower situations than in the hill districts of Southern India,

which are in corresponding latitudes to those of the chinchona forests.

In the Neilgherries the sites have been selected at the same altitudes

as those at which the plants are found in South America, but in the

Eastern Himalayas the localities must probably be chosen upwards of

a thousand feet lower for each species--the _C. Condaminea_ and its

companions perhaps at 5000, and the _C. succirubra_ between 3000 and

4000 feet.

From the sea-level to an elevation of 12,000 feet Sikkim is covered

with a dense forest, consisting of tall umbrageous trees, often with

dense grass jungle, and in other places accompanied by a luxuriant

undergrowth of shrubs. In the tropical zone _Myrtaceæ_, _Leguminosæ_,

and tree-ferns are common, and the air is near saturation during a

great part of the year. _Vaccinia_ are found at from 5000 to 8000,

and snow occasionally falls at 6000 feet. A sub-tropical vegetation

penetrates far into the interior along the banks of the great rivers,

and tree-ferns, rattans, plantains, and other tropical plants are found

at 5000 feet, in the Ratong valley.[535]

I should conjecture that the extreme limit for the growth of the

hardier species of chinchonæ, in Sikkim, will be found where their

constant companions the tree-ferns and _Vaccinia_ end, namely at 5000

feet; and that the best sites for such species as _C. Calisaya_ and _C.

succirubra_ are about 1000 to 2000 feet lower, amidst the sub-tropical

vegetation of the valleys.

Bhotan, which adjoins Sikkim on the east, is a mountainous district of

much the same character. In its western part the mountain ranges are

lofty and rugged, and the river-courses very deep and generally narrow.

The climate is equable, and the humidity of the winter appears to

increase in the part adjoining Sikkim. The steepness of the mountains,

and the influence of the elevated mass of the Khassya hills to the

south, make the lower slopes, which skirt the plains of Assam, drier

than those more to the eastward. Deep narrow valleys carry a tropical

vegetation very far into the interior of Bhotan, among lofty mountains

capped with almost perpetual snow. These attract to themselves so much

of the moisture of the atmosphere, that the bottoms of the valleys

are comparatively dry and bare of forest. The flora resembles that of

Sikkim.[536]

The Khassya hills in 25° N. lat. form an isolated mass, rising up from

the plains of Assam and Silhet to a height of 6000 feet. They rise

abruptly from the plains of Silhet to the south, and at 3000 feet tree

vegetation ceases, and is succeeded by a bleak stony region, with a

temperate flora, up to 4000 feet, where the English station of Churra

Poorji is built. The table-land is here three miles long by two, to

the eastward flat and stony, and to the west undulating and hilly.

On the south there are rocky ridges of limestone. The southern side

of the hills is exposed to the full force of the monsoon, and the

rainfall is excessive, as much as 500 or 600 inches annually. Further

in the interior the fall is less, and it gradually decreases until

the valley of Assam is entered. This great rainfall is attributable

to the abruptness of the mountains to the south, which face the Bay

of Bengal, and are separated from it by 200 miles of Jheels and

Sunderbunds. The heavy rains on the Khassya hills are quite local, as

in Silhet the fall is only 100 inches. The plateau presents a bleak

and inhospitable aspect, and there is not a tree, and scarcely a shrub

to be seen, except occasional clumps of _Pandanus_. This desolation is

caused by the furious gales of wind, and the extraordinary amount of

rain which washes off the soil. The valleys are open, though with deep

flanks, and the hill-tops are broad. The grassy slopes to the north

are covered with clumps of shrubby vegetation, and the forests are

confined to sheltered localities. Though the rainfall on the southern

side is 600 inches, twenty miles inland it is reduced to 200 inches.

The mean annual temperature of Churra Poorji is 66°, and in summer the

thermometer rises to 88° and 90°. To the westward of the Khassyas lie

the Garrows, which do not attain a greater height than 3000 to 4000

feet.[537]

The flora of the Khassya hills bears a greater resemblance to

that of the hills in Southern India than to the Sikkim and Bhotan

types. Genera and species forming masses of shrubby vegetation are

identical with those of the Neilgherry _sholas_. It is probable that

chinchona-plantations, especially of _C. succirubra_, might hereafter

be formed advantageously on the northern slopes of the Khassyas, but

it is evident that the best chances of success for the species growing

at great altitudes, in South America, are offered in the Himalayan

districts of Sikkim and Bhotan.

With a view to the establishment of chinchona-plantations in the

Eastern Himalayas, plants have been forwarded by Mr. McIvor to the

Botanical Gardens at Calcutta. On January 19th, 1862, there were at

Calcutta 91 plants of _C. succirubra_, all except four supplied by Mr.

McIvor; six of _C. Calisaya_ from Java, and 133 of "grey-bark" species,

of which 106 were supplied by Mr. McIvor, and twenty-seven were raised

from the original South American seeds. Altogether there were 230 of

the valuable species of Chinchonæ, besides fifty-nine of the worthless

_C. Pahudiana_. It is intended to commence a chinchona plantation

on the lower and outer range of Darjeeling in Sikkim at once, with

a propagating-house on the model of Mr. McIvor's at Ootacamund; and

afterwards to form a nursery for species growing at lower elevations on

the Khassya hills.

There is another region in our Eastern dominions where suitable

localities may be found for the cultivation of chinchona-plants, but

it is as yet too little explored, and the difficulties of obtaining

supplies, labour, and transport would be too great at present to allow

of the possibility of forming plantations for some years to come.

I allude to the recently formed province of Pegu. Dr. Brandis, the

Conservator of Forests in Pegu, reports that it will be preferable to

delay the introduction of chinchona-plants into that province, until

their cultivation shall have proved successful in other parts.

In Pegu there are four great mountain ranges, running parallel with

the sea-coast, which separate the valleys of the principal rivers.

Commencing from the eastward, the first range is the Arracan-Yomah,

dividing Arracan from Pegu, which is not higher than 4000 feet. The

Pegu-Yomah, the principal seat of the Pegu teak, which separates the

valleys of the Irrawaddy and the Sitang, only has a mean elevation of

2000 feet. The third range consists of the Martaban and Tenasserim

coast-ranges, and barely attains a height of 5000 feet. The fourth

and most eastern range, forming the watershed between the Sitang and

Salween rivers, extends into the large and compact mountain mass of

Yoonzaleen, to the south-east of Toungoo. The area of this lofty region

is a hundred square miles, and several peaks rise to a height of 7000

and 8000 feet above the sea. The rains are heavier on these hills than

on the adjacent plains, and the temperature is much cooler and more

uniform. The formation consists of granite, gneiss, and quartzite.

Up to 3000 feet the vegetation is of a tropical character, at which

elevation teak disappears, and pines (_Pinus Khasyana_) begin, and

go up to 5000 feet on dry gravelly soil. There are plenty of small

mountain streams on these hills, with running water throughout the

year; and the valleys and slopes are covered with evergreen forest.[538]

The Yoonzaleen hills are doubtless the best localities for

chinchona-plantations in Pegu, but as yet there are no facilities for

taking any steps with a view to the introduction of these inestimable

trees, which will hereafter be as great a blessing to the fever-haunted

jungles of Pegu as to those of India. The Yoonzaleens are forty

miles from the town of Toungoo, which is at a distance of fifteen

days of river navigation from Rangoon; and until a Sanatarium is

formed on those hills, or some European settlers have established

themselves there, it will be useless to attempt the introduction of the

chinchona-plants. Before many years, however, it is to be hoped that

plantations on the Yoonzaleen hills will supply quinine-yielding bark

to the inhabitants of the plains of Pegu.

In a former chapter I stated that I gave directions for the

transmission of a supply of seeds both of the "grey" and the "red-bark"

species to two of our West Indian islands--Trinidad and Jamaica. In

Trinidad they did not germinate, but in Jamaica, under the watchful

care of Mr. N. Wilson, the Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens

in that colony, they came up plentifully. By the spring of 1861 Mr.

Wilson had a good stock of all the species in the gardens on the

sweltering plains, where the "grey-bark" species naturally began to

die off, but the _C. succirubra_ plants were doing well, and sixty of

them were quite strong enough to be planted out early in June. On the

4th of June, 1861, Mr. Wilson removed 120 plants, 60 of _C. micrantha_

and 60 of _C. nitida_, to the foot of Catherine's Peak, which is

4000 feet above the sea. Here he was obliged to leave them, as the

Jamaica Government had furnished him with no efficient assistant. In

November he reported that the plants of _C. succirubra_ were doing

well, and by the latest accounts, dated March 24th, 1862, all the

plants were thriving; but the chinchona experiment is not likely to

succeed in Jamaica, owing to the listless apathy of the legislators

of this colony. They have taken no steps to supply Mr. Wilson with

assistant-gardeners, have allotted no land in suitable localities as

sites for chinchona-plantations, and have thus neglected to secure the

successful introduction of a product which would have enriched the

island, when the means of doing so were placed gratuitously at their

disposal by the Secretary of State for India.

In our Eastern possessions the successful cultivation of

quinine-yielding plants in the hills of Southern India, in Ceylon, and

in the Eastern Himalayas, will undoubtedly be productive of the most

beneficial results. Commercially this measure will add a very important

article to the list of Indian exports; the European community will

be provided with a cheap and constant supply of an article which, in

tropical climates, is to them a necessary of life; and the natives of

fever-haunted districts may everywhere have the inestimable healing

bark growing at their doors.

It is impossible to exaggerate the blessings which the introduction of

chinchona-cultivation will confer upon India. Since quinine has been

extensively used among the troops in India, there has been a steady

diminution of mortality; and whereas in 1830 the average per-centage

of deaths to cases of fever treated was 3.66, in 1856 it was only one

per cent. in a body of 18,000 men scattered from Peshawur to Pegu.[539]

The present measure will not only ensure a constant and cheap supply

of quinine to those who already enjoy its benefits, but it will also

bring its use within the means of millions who have hitherto been

unable to procure it. Many lives will thus annually be saved by its

agency. In former ages its use would perhaps have changed the history

of the world. Alexander the Great died of the common remittent fever

of Babylon, merely from the want of a few doses of quinine.[540]

Oliver Cromwell was carried off by ague, and, had Peruvian bark been

administered to him, which was even then known in London, the greatest

and most patriotic of England's rulers would have been preserved to

his country. In time to come the lives of men of equal importance to

their generation may be saved by its use, while the blessings which

it will confer on the great mass of mankind, and especially on the

inhabitants of tropical countries, are incalculable. The introduction

of chinchona-plants into our Eastern possessions will be the most

effective measure which could have been adopted to ensure a permanent

and abundant supply of febrifugal bark; and a debt of gratitude is,

therefore, due from India to Lord Stanley, who originated it, and to

Sir Charles Wood, who has sanctioned all the necessary arrangements,

until this great enterprise has finally been crowned with complete

success. To Mr. Spruce, as the most successful collector in South

America, and to Mr. McIvor, who has so ably and zealously conducted the

cultivation in India, the chief credit of having achieved so important

a result is due; but the author may be allowed to express his deep

satisfaction at having been one of the labourers in this good work,

where all have worked so zealously.

[Illustration: CANOE ON THE BEYPOOR RIVER. See page 351.]

APPENDIX A.

GENERAL MILLER, AND THE FOREIGN OFFICERS WHO SERVED IN THE PATRIOT

ARMIES OF CHILE AND PERU, BETWEEN 1817 AND 1830.

WHEN the war of independence broke out in South America, many gallant

spirits were attracted from different countries of Europe to fight for

liberty and justice against Spanish oppression. Fired with enthusiasm

for the cause of liberty, these knights errant, many of whom had been

distinguished in the wars of Napoleon and Wellington, went forth to

risk their lives for an idea. That they were in earnest is proved by

the fact that, out of the whole number of sixty-seven, as many as

twenty-five were killed or drowned, and eighteen were wounded.

In this band of brave adventurers, next perhaps to Lord Dundonald,

the late General Miller takes the most prominent place, as one of the

ablest, the truest, and the best. There is a halo of romance round all

who joined in this crusade for liberty; all passed through many strange

adventures, and did honour to the land from which they hailed; but the

lamented old warrior who went to his rest last year was pre-eminent

amongst his gallant companions, for his many acts of chivalrous daring

and bravery.

William Miller, a native of Kent, served in the British Field Train

Department of the Royal Artillery, during the Peninsular war, under

Lord Wellington. He was present at the sieges and storming of Ciudad

Rodrigo, Badajoz, and San Sebastian, at the battle of Vittoria, and

investment of Bayonne. He had charge of a company of Sappers and Miners

in the American war, was within a few yards of General Ross when he

received his death-wound near Baltimore, and was also present at the

attack upon New Orleans in 1814.

In 1817, having been placed on half-pay, and tired of an inactive

life, he proceeded to South America, and offered his services in the

war against the Spaniards. He was appointed Captain of artillery by

the Government of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, crossed the

Andes into Chile, and saved two pieces of artillery, under a heavy

fire, at the battle of Talca, in March 1818. In April he became a

Major, and assisted with his regiment at the declaration of Chilian

independence on September 18th, 1818. In 1819 he commanded the Marines

in Lord Cochrane's squadron, and in March an explosion of gunpowder, on

the island of San Lorenzo, in Callao Bay, shattered one of his hands

to pieces, injured his face, and caused blindness for many days. In

October he was again at the head of his men, leading them to victory

at Pisco, when he was pierced by two balls, one passing through his

liver, and another through his breast. In February 1820, though still

weak and suffering from his former desperate wounds, he headed the

storming party in the boats, in the gallant attack and capture of the

forts of Valdivia in Chile, where he was again wounded in the head;

and in the subsequent attempt on Chiloe he received a ball through his

left groin, and a cannon-shot broke one of his feet. In May 1821 he

landed in Peru, and defeated the Spaniards in the hard-fought battle of

Mirabe; in 1823 he conducted a most adventurous and romantic campaign

through the whole range of the deserts of Peru, from Arequipa to Pisco,

defeating the Spaniards, with greatly inferior numbers, on several

occasions; and in the same year he became General of Brigade.

In May 1824 General Miller received the command of the Peruvian cavalry

of Bolivar's liberating army, and took a principal part in the victory

of Junin in the following August. Soon afterwards he assumed the

command of the whole of the cavalry of the liberating army, at the head

of which he charged, and routed the division of General Valdez in the

glorious battle of Ayacucho, at a most critical moment. This brilliant

action was fought on the 9th of December 1824, and decided the fate of

the war, the entire Spanish army of 10,000 men under General La Serna,

Viceroy of Peru, being utterly routed. In February 1825 he was Prefect

of Puno, and in April of Potosi; but in 1826 he returned to England on

leave of absence, to cure himself of his wounds, which still caused him

great suffering.

After a stay of some years in England he returned to Peru in June

1830 but, owing to the factious outbreaks in which he did not choose

to take part, he again obtained leave of absence in 1831, and visited

many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean, especially the Sandwich and

Society groups, of which he wrote a most interesting account; and only

returned to Peru after the constitutional election of General Orbegoso

as President of the Republic. In the early part of 1834 he served in a

campaign against the revolutionary chief Gamarra; and, though defeated

at Huaylacucho, his operations were on the whole successful, and he was

promoted to the rank of Grand Marshal of Peru on June 11th, 1834.

In October 1834 he was appointed Military Governor of Arequipa, Puno,

and Cuzco; and it was at this time that he conceived the idea of

forming a military colony in the valleys to the eastward of Cuzco, on

the banks of some of the tributaries of the great river Purus. In March

1835, while on the point of setting out on an exploring expedition,

a revolution broke out in Cuzco, and he was arrested by Colonel

Lopera. He was, however, allowed to set out on his expedition, with

two companions and seven Indians. He penetrated on foot to a greater

distance to the eastward of Cuzco, on this occasion, than has ever been

done before or since.

In September 1835 he again placed himself under the orders of the

Constitutional President Orbegoso, and in February 1836 he captured

Salaverry and eighty officers of his revolutionary army by a very

clever stratagem, near Islay. Shortly afterwards Santa Cruz

established the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, and General Miller was

sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to Ecuador, where he signed a treaty

of peace and amity between that Republic and the Confederation. In

August 1837 he became Governor of Callao, when all customs duties

were reduced one half, smuggling ceased, and the receipts were soon

quadrupled. He organized an efficient police; made a subterraneous

aqueduct 3 feet wide, 3-1/2 deep, and 280 yards long, for supplying

Callao with water; commenced the erection of a college; and formed a

tramway for the conveyance of goods from the mole to the custom-house.

The people of Callao still look back with satisfaction and gratitude to

the period when General Miller was their Governor.

In February 1839, on the overthrow of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation,

General Miller was banished with many other able and distinguished

men, whose names were taken off the army list by a decree dated in the

following March. This unjust and illegal act was cancelled by a law of

Congress dated October 1847.

After leaving Peru in 1839, General Miller was appointed in 1843 H.

M. Commissioner and Consul-General for the Islands in the Pacific. In

1859 he revisited Chile and Peru, partly for his health, and partly to

obtain the payment of his large arrears from the Government. When he

arrived in Peru the Vice-President Mar, while the President, General

Castilla, was absent at Guayaquil in 1859, reinstated him on the army

list of Peru, by a decree dated December 9th, the anniversary of

the battle of Ayacucho, and granted him his current pay as a Grand

Marshal of Peru, and he continued to reside at Lima until his death

on the 31st of October 1861. It is satisfactory to be able to record,

for the honour of the Peruvian nation, that the whole of his claims

were acknowledged in Congress in a most handsome way, and without a

dissentient voice. But unfortunately the executive in Peru is still

able to set the laws passed by the representatives of the people at

defiance; delays and evasions were resorted to by Castilla, and the

last days of one from whom Peru had perhaps received as valuable

services as from any of her own sons, were embittered by the treatment

which he experienced from the President of the Republic.

General Miller was a man of whom England may well be proud. He was

one of those characters who combine great ability and extraordinary

daring, almost amounting to rashness, with modesty and diffidence. If

there was any fault to be found in any part of General Miller's former

career, in the camp or in the cabinet, it would be from himself that

it would first be heard. To his bravery and prowess, his body riddled

with bullets, and the history of South American independence, bear

testimony; to his administrative ability the gratitude of the people

of Callao and Cuzco is the witness; his pure standard of honour, his

scrupulous integrity, his warmth of heart, and single-mindedness are

known to a wide circle of sorrowing friends; but of his numerous acts

of self-denial and charity few can tell, for he was one who let not his

left hand know what his right hand did.

In person he was more than six feet high, and when young he was

remarkably handsome; his features and shape of the head being of a

thoroughly English type. In society he was exceedingly agreeable to

the last; his conversation was always interesting, and often very

instructive; and there was a peculiarly gentle and winning expression

in his eyes. He took a deep interest in the attempt to introduce

chinchona cultivation into India, and I was indebted to him for much

valuable advice, and for many letters of introduction which were of

great service to me. He also supplied me with most of the material

which has enabled me to write the narrative of the insurrection of

Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas, forming the ninth chapter of the

present work.

His memoirs, published by his brother many years ago, give by far the

fullest and most interesting account of the war of independence in

Chile and Peru, though the work of Garcia Camba, a Spanish general, is

the best military history.

General Miller breathed his last on board H.M.S. 'Naiad' in Callao Bay,

on the 31st of October 1861; and the remains of the gallant old warrior

were interred in the cemetery at Bella Vista, with all the honours

which the Peruvian Government could bestow. While the body was being

embalmed, two bullets were found in it, and twenty-two wounds were

counted on different parts of his frame. The most gratifying incident

on the occasion was that the people of Callao, who had never forgotten

the good he had done them as their Governor, insisted on carrying the

coffin.

One of the last things on which General Miller was employed was the

compilation of the list of his brave companions in arms. Such a list,

I believe, has never appeared before; and as the employment interested

and amused him during a time of much harassing annoyance, it gives me

great pleasure to be able to insert it here, in order that his labour

may not have been entirely in vain.

A LIST of Foreign Officers, Europeans (not Spaniards) and North

Americans, who served in the patriot armies in Chile and Peru, between

the years 1817 and 1830, showing the killed, wounded, and not wounded.

[The rank specified is that which each officer held when killed, or in

1830.]

KILLED.

MAJOR-GEN. FREDERIC BRANDSEN (French).--Served on the staff of the

French army under Prince Eugène. Killed at the battle of Ituzaingo,

Feb. 20, 1827.

MAJOR-GEN. JAMES WHITTLE (Irish).--Was present at the battles of Junin

and Ayacucho. Killed in suppressing the mutiny of a battalion near

Quito in 1830.

COLONEL CHARLES O'CARROL (Irish).--Served in the British and Spanish

armies in the Peninsula. Killed in an encounter with the Araucanians at

Pangal in 1831.

COLONEL WILLIAM FERGUSON (Irish).--Present at the battles of Junin and

Ayacucho. Killed in defending General Bolivar from assassins at Bogota

on September 25th, 1828.

COLONEL PETER RAULET (French).--Was a cornet in the French cavalry

at Badajoz, when that place was taken by storm on April 6th, 1812,

and remained a prisoner of war in Scotland until the peace of 1814.

Married and left children in South America. Killed at the battle of the

Portete, Feb. 27th, 1829.

COLONEL WILLIAM DE VIC TUPPER (Guernsey).--Married and left children in

the country. Killed at the battle of Sircay, April 17th, 1830.

LIEUT.-COL. JAMES A. CHARLES (English.)--Served in the Brigade

Royal Artillery, and joined the Lusitanian Legion under the late

General Sir Robert Wilson in Portugal in 1808. Upon Sir Robert being

appointed Military Commissioner with the Russian army, he served as

his aide-de-camp in the campaigns of Russia and Germany, and received

the crosses of St. George of Russia, of Merit of Prussia, and of Maria

Theresa of Austria. Killed in the action of Pisco on November 7th, 1819.

LIEUT.-COL. CHARLES SOWERSBY (German).--Killed in the action of Junin,

August 6th, 1824.

MAJOR WILLIAM GUMER (German).--Killed at the battle of Ica, April 7th,

1822.

MAJOR THOMAS DUXBURY (English).--Present at the battle of Junin. Killed

in the affair at Matara, Dec. 3rd, 1824.

CAPTAIN QUITOSPI (Russian).--Killed in an encounter with the

Araucanians on the Bio-Bio, 1818.

CAPTAIN JOSEPH BORNE (Irish).--Married, and left children in the

country. Killed in an encounter at Arauco, May 1820.

CAPTAIN JOHN B. GOLA (French).--Killed in an encounter at San Carlos,

1821.

CAPTAIN ROBERT BELL (English).--Killed at the battle of Sircay, April

17th, 1830.

LIEUT. CHARLES ELDREDGE (U.S.).--Killed at the assault of Talcahuano,

December 6th, 1817.

LIEUT. ERNEST BRUIX (French), son of Admiral Bruix.--Killed in an

encounter with the Araucanians on the Bio-Bio, January 1819.

LIEUT. ---- GERARD (Scotch).--Killed at the battle of Cancha-rayada,

March 19th, 1818.

LIEUT. LE BAS (French).--Killed in the affair of Biobamba, April 22nd,

1822.

LIEUT. CHRIS. MARTIN (English).--Killed near Ayacucho in 1824.

CORNET DANVIETTE (French).--Killed in an encounter at Caucato near

Pisco, in 1822.

SURGEON WILLIAM WELSH (Scotch).--Killed in the action of Mirabe, on May

21st, 1821.

TOTAL KILLED 21.

WOUNDED.

LIEUT.-GEN. WM. MILLER (English).--(See ante.)

MAJOR-GEN. FRANCIS B. O'CONNOR (Irish).--Brother to the late Fergus

O'Connor. Was for some time Chief of the Staff of the Liberating Army,

and was present at the battles of Junin and Ayacucho; was wounded at

Rio de la Hacha in 1820. He is now residing on his estate at Tarija, in

Bolivia. Married and has children in the country.

MAJOR-GEN. ARTHUR SANDS (Irish).--Wounded at the battle of Pantano

de Bargas, July 25, 1819. Was present at the battles of Junin and

Ayacucho. Died at Cuenca in 1832.

MAJOR-GEN. DANIEL F. O'LEARY (Irish).--Wounded at Pantano de Bargas.

He was Aide-de-Camp to General Bolivar in Columbia and Peru, and

subsequently H.B.M. Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General at Bogota,

where he died in 1854, having married and left children in the country.

MAJOR-GEN. PHILIP BRAUN (German).--Present at the battle of Ayacucho.

He was wounded at Junin, August 6th, 1824. He married in the country,

and now resides in Bolivia.

COLONEL GEORGE BEAUCHEF (French).--Was at the battles of Austerlitz,

Jena, Marengo, and Friedland. Wounded at the assault upon Talcahuano,

December 6th, 1817. Died in Chile 1840, having married and left

children in the country.

LIEUT.-COL. EDWARD GUITEKUE (German).--Wounded in the action of Pisco,

November 7, 1819. Died in Chile 1857. Married and left children in the

country.

LIEUT.-COL. EUGÈNE GIROUST (French).--Wounded at the cutting-out of the

'Esmeralda' under the fortresses of Callao, Nov. 5th, 1820. Was page to

King Jerome; served in the French Horse Artillery; was made prisoner at

the crossing of the Beresina, and sent to Siberia. Married in Peru, and

is now residing at Lima.

CAPTAIN PHILIP MARGUTI (Italian).--Wounded at the battle of Maypo,

April 5th, 1818. Died in Chile 1848.

CAPTAIN HENRY ROSS (U.S.).--Wounded at the battle of Yerbas-buenas,

March 31st, 1813. Died in Chile.

CAPTAIN GEORGE BROWN (English).--Present at the battle of Junin.

Wounded at Ayacucho, Dec. 9th, 1824.

CAPTAIN JAMES LISTER (English).--Wounded in the affair of Rio Hacha in

1820. Died at St. John's, New Brunswick.

CAPTAIN HENRY HIND (English).--Wounded in an attack on Callao, Oct.

2nd, 1819. Since dead.

CAPTAIN W. KENNEDY (Jamaica).--Wounded in an encounter at Rio Cuarto,

where both his eyes were shot out in 1821. Died some years afterwards

in the United States.

CAPTAIN DANL. L. V. CARSON (U. S.).--Wounded at the assault upon

Talcahuano, Dec. 6th, 1817. Married and left children in the country.

Died in Chile.

CAPTAIN HENRY WYMAN (English).--Present at the battle of Junin; wounded

at Ayacucho in 1824. Is now residing in England. Married in South

America.

LIEUT. JOHN HELDES (German).--Wounded at the battle of Cancha-rayada,

March 19th, 1818. Since dead.

LIEUT. JAMES LINDSAY (English).--Belonged to the expedition under

General Beresford. Wounded at the battle of Maypo, April 5th, 1818.

Married and left children in the country.

TOTAL WOUNDED 18.

NOT WOUNDED.

LIEUT.-GEN. MICHAEL BRAYER (French).--Was present at the assault of

Talcahuano, Dec. 6th, 1817, and in the battle of Cancha-rayada, March

19th, 1818. He then returned to France, was reinstated in his former

rank of General of Division, and was created a Peer of France.

MAJOR-GEN. JAMES PAROISSIEN (English).--Was Surgeon-General to the

Buenos-Ayrean army under General Belgrano in 1814, and to the army of

the Andes, under General San Martin, at the battles of Chacabuco, Feb.

12th, 1817, and Maypo, April 5th, 1818. Was appointed Aide-de-Camp to

General San Martin, and became Major-General in 1821. Associated with

M. Garcia del Rio, proceeded from Lima to Europe on a political mission

in 1822, returned to Peru in 1825, and died on his passage from Callao

to Valparaiso in 1826.

COLONEL JOHN O'BRIEN (Irish).--Served at the siege and taking of

Montevideo and campaign in the Banda Oriental in 1814; was Aide-de-Camp

to General San Martin in the battles of Chacabuco and Maypo; withdrew

from active service while with the army in Peru in 1822. Joined General

Santa Cruz a short time previous to the battle of Yanacocha, at which

he was present, August 12th, 1835. He became a Major-General, and died

in 1861.

COLONEL BELFORD H. WILSON (English).--Son of the late General Sir

Robert Wilson; was Aide-de-Camp to General Bolivar from 1823 to 1830;

subsequently H.B.M. Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General at Lima and at

Caraccas. Was appointed a K.C.B. Died in London in 1858.

COLONEL ALBERT B. D'ALVE (French).--Son of the French General of the

same name. Served in the campaigns in Spain and Russia, 1809 and 1813,

and was at the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Died at Valparaiso 1821.

Married and left children in the country.

COLONEL BENJAMIN VIEL (French).--Served in the French army encamped at

Boulogne in 1804, and commanded a squadron of cavalry at the battle of

Waterloo 1815. Is now a Major-General in Chile.

COLONEL JOSEPH RONDISONI (Italian).--Is now a Major-General in Chile.

COLONEL CLEMENT ALTHAUS (German).--Was present at the battle of Junin.

Became a Major-General and died at La Concepcion in Peru, having

married and left children in the country.

COLONEL SALVADOR SOYER (French).--Was Commissary to the navy,

afterwards Aide-de-Camp to General Gamarra, and for some time charged

with the Ministry of War. Married and left children in the country.

Died at Lima.

LIEUT.-COL. LEWIS CRAMMER (French).--Retired from the army 1818; was

afterwards murdered with his wife and family by the Patagonian Indians.

LIEUT.-COL. ALEXIS BRUIX (French).--Son of Admiral Bruix; was page to

Napoleon I. Was present at the battle of Junin. Was killed by accident

at Lima in 1825.

LIEUT.-COL. CHARLES WOOD (English).--Married and left children in

Chile. Died in England while on leave of absence in 1856.

MAJOR MICHAEL O'CARROL (Irish).--Died in Chile in 1839, having married

and left children in the country.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM SMITH (English).

CAPTAIN MILLER HALLOWES (English).--Was present at the battles of Junin

and Ayacucho. Married and resides in the United States.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM HARRIS (Irish).--Is now living at Cuenca, in Ecuador.

CAPTAIN JOHN RODRIGUEZ (English).--Married and left children in the

country. Died at Callao.

CAPTAIN ROBERT YOUNG.--Belonged to the 71st under General Beresford.

Died in Chile.

LIEUT. MAGUAN (French).--Retired in 1818, and was subsequently killed

in a duel in France.

LIEUT. COUNT LUCIEN BRAYER (French).--Served as Aide-de-Camp to his

father, General Brayer, in Chile.

STAFF-SURGEON THOMAS FOLEY (Irish).--Dead.

STAFF-SURGEON CHARLES MOORE (English).--Present at Junin. Dead.

STAFF-SURGEON HUGH BLAIR (Irish).--Dead.

STAFF-SURGEON MICHAEL CRAWLEY (Scotch).--Dead, Sub-prefect of Lampa,

under General Santa Cruz, in 1837.

Total 24.

Drowned at sea off Chiloe, in 1823, while prisoners of war on board a

Spanish privateer.--Major Soulange (French); Captain W. Hill (English);

Captain Robert Hannah (English); and Lieut. Saint Amarand (French).

ABSTRACT.

Total of killed 21

" wounded 18

" drowned 4

" not wounded 24

---

_Note._--Admiral George Martin Guise, Captain George O'Brien, Lieut.

Bayley, and others killed; Admiral Thomas Lord Cochrane, Commodore (now

General) Thomas Charles Wright, and others wounded; are not included in

the foregoing list, because they belonged to the Patriot Navy.

APPENDIX B.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENUS CHINCHONA, AND OF THE SPECIES OF

CHINCHONÆ NOW GROWING IN INDIA AND CEYLON.

_From Weddell, Howard's Pavon, Spruce, and Karsten._

CHINCHONA.

(_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,'_ p. 17.)

_Calyx_ tubo turbinato, cum ovario connato, pubescente; limbo supero,

5-dentato, persistente; dentibus in præfloratione valvatis.

_Corolla_ hypocrateriformis, tubo tereti vel subpentagono, in angulis

baseos nonnunquam fisso, intus glabro vel rarissime pilosiusculo; limbo

5-fido: laciniis lanceolatis, intus glabris, margine piloso-barbatis

(pilis claviformibus lanatis) extus tuboque pubescentibus, æstivatione

valvatis, explicatis patulo-recurvis.

_Stamina_ 5, corollæ laciniis alterna, glabra; filamentis inferno tubo

insertis, adnatis; antheris linearibus, inclusis vel apice subexsertis,

bilocularibus, introrsis, imo dorso affixis.

_Ovarium_ disco carnoso, pulviniformi, obsolete 5-vel 10-tuberculato

coronatum.

_Ovula_ numerosa, in placentis linearibus dissepimento utrinque affixis

peltata, imbricata, anatropa.

_Stylus_ simplex, glaber, stigma bifidum, in tubo corollino latens vel

subexsertum.

_Capsula_ ovata oblonga vel lineari-lanceolata, utrinque sulcata,

limbo calycis coronata, lævis vel obscure costata, glabra pubescensve,

bilocularis, polysperma, septicide a basi ad apicem dehiscens, valvulis

sejunctis, pedicello simul longitrorsum fisso.

_Semina_ plurima in placentis angulato-alatis denique liberis peltatim

affixa, sursum imbricata, compressa, nucleo oblongo ala membranacea

margine denticulata ex toto ambitu cincto.

_Embryo_ in axi albuminis carnosi rectus; cotyledonibus ovatis

integris; radicula tereti, infera.

_Arbores_ vel _frutices_ sempervirentes, vallium Andinarum

intertropicalium inter 10° lat. Sept. et 19° lat. Austr. altitudineque

1200-3270 metr. supra Oceani ripas incolæ; trunco ramisque teretibus;

ramulis sæpius subtetragonis, cicatrices foliorum stipularumque

delapsorum monstrantibus, harumce vestigiis in ramis adultis etiam

conspicuis.

_Cortex_ amarus, Quinina et Chinchonina fœtus. _Peridermis_ varia: modo

tenuissima valde adhærens, e solo _subere_ confecta; modo incrassata

et stratis squamiformibus, e parenchymate cellulari librove externo

constantibus formata, natura frustulatim aliquando secedens, cæterum

arte haud ægre solubilis.

_Lignum_ albidum, demum flavescens, e stratis concentricis pro

arboris ætate numero variis, radiisque medullaribus secundum caulis

longitudinem singulariter protractis constans; cellulæ enim quibus isti

conflantur hic horizontaliter extenduntur sicutique in radiis vulgo

notis lateriformes seriem plerumque triplicem agunt, illic vero præter

normam longitrorsum summopere protractæ seriem simplicem exhibent;

quapropter radii in trunco nudato (adempto cortice) inspecti lineas

exiles hinc et illinc brevi spatio ellipticeque dilatatas effingunt.

Vasa porosa approximata, seriebus continuis simplicibus ordinata.

_Medulla_ ramorum vulgo tetragona.

_Folia_ opposita, integerrima, decrescenti-venosa, petiolata, glabra

varie pubescentia vel tomentosa, planiuscula aut margine leviter

revoluta; axillis venarum venularumque paginæ inferioris in nonnullis

speciebus scrobiculatis; scrobiculis simplicissimis, vacuis aut succum

adstringentem sudantibus. Epidermidis cellulæ, paginæ superioris

præsertim, ambitu vulgo sinuosæ, in quibusdam speciebus humore

translucido tumidæ, particulas foventes innumeras innatantes, oculo

armato mirantique motu rapido quasi vitali trepidantes.

_Petiolus_ limbo brevior, semicylindricus, subtus convexus, supra

planus vel subcanaliculatus, rarissime in foliis arboris junioris teres.

_Stipulæ_ interpetiolares plerumque liberæ citoque deciduæ vel basi

leviter connatæ, intus ad basim glandulis minutis lanceolatis crebre

consitæ.

_Flores_ interdum fortuitu 4 vel 6-meri, cymoso-paniculati, albi

vel sæpius carnei aut purpurascentes, mire fragrantes; paniculis

terminalibus, ramulis pedicellisque basi bracteatis.

CHINCHONA CONDAMINEA.

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'_ No. i.)

[Illustration: CAPSULES AND PARTS OF THE FLOWER OF CHINCHONA

CHAHUARGUERA.

(_Magnified and natural size._)]

CHINCHONA CHAHUARGUERA.

CHINCHONA CHAHUARGUERA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis,

oblongis ovato-lanceolatisque, undulatis, acuminatis acutisque,

pedunculis paniculatis.

_Arbor_ 3-4 orgyalis, comâ, frondosâ ramosissimâ.

_Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, cortice fusco aspero maculis cinereis

indutus, rimis longitudinalibus transversalibusque.

_Lignum_ compactum, durum.

_Rami_ erecti, teretes, cortice extus nigrescente, intus pallido

cinnamomeo.

_Ramuli_ subteretes, asperi, rimacei, colore ferrugineo-roseo.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, lanceolata, oblonga ovato-lanceolataque,

acuminata acutaque, utrinque glabra, subtus nervosa, venosa,

integerrima, undulata, marginibus revolutis, glandulis subtus

concavis rotundis villosis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, supra

prominentibus.

_Foliola_ floralia opposita, petiolata, parva, ovata ovaliaque, glabra,

marginibus revolutis, nervis centralibus purpureis.

_Petioli_ teretes, purpurei.

_Stipulæ_ duæ oppositæ, supra-axillares, sessiles, ovatæ, integerrimæ,

acuminatæ, basi cohærentes, nervo centrali prominente, marginibus

revolutis, deciduæ.

_Pedunculi_ communes, terminales, axillaresque, subtetragoni, partiales

pubescentes, bracteolis oppositis subulatis ad pedicellorum basim,

pedicellis pubescentibus.

_Pedicelli_ bracteolis subulatis, solitariis ad basim.

_Calyx_ rosaceus.

_Corolla_ dilute purpurea, extus pubescens, laciniis reflexis supra

villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus.

_Antheræ_ fauce parum exsertæ.

_Capsula_ ovalis oblongaque, purpurea (nonnullæ capsulæ ventricosæ),

bilocularis, bivalvis, valvulis basi dehiscentibus.

_Habitat_ in collibus Santa Rosa nominatis, situ Huancocolla appellata,

ditione Vilcobamba, Loxa provinciâ.

_Floret_ Maio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto.

Varietas Prima, _Cascarilla amarilla fina del Rey_. Varietas Secunda?

_Cascarilla colorada fina del Rey._ Varietas Tertia? _Cascarilla

crespilla negra._

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'_ No. vii.)

CHINCHONA URITUSINGA.

CHINCHONA URITUSINGA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis;

pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque, paniculato-corymbosis, trifidis.

_Arbor_ 20-ulnaris et ultra.

_Lignum_ compactum, luteo colore.

_Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, teres, crassus, fuscus, nonnullis

maculis nigris obsitus, _comâ_ frondosâ, valde ramosâ.

_Cortex_ scaber, fuscus, maculis nigris fuscis et albicantibus, rimis

transversalibus. _Color_ intus luteus, amarissimus, acidulus, non

ingratus.

_Rami_ erecto-patentes, teretes; superiores brachiati, complanati,

leviter pubescentes, dilute fusci.

_Ramuli_ utrinque sulcati.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, lanceolata, integerrima, acuta, supra

glaberrima, nervosa, venosa, subtus per nervos et venas villosiuscula;

nervis alternis, rarius oppositis; marginibus revolutis; _tenerrima_

subtus hirsuta; _glandulis_ minimis, rotundatis, subtus concavis,

circum villis albicantibus ad nervorum ortum insertis, supra

prominentibus.

_Petioli_ teretes, supra canaliculati, glabri, subtus hirsuti, basi

incrassati.

_Stipulæ_ duæ, oppositæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, ovatæ, acutæ,

erectæ, integerrimæ, cauli appressæ, pubescentes, deciduæ.

_Pedunculi communes_ axillares terminalesque, trifidi, obtusi

tetragoni, paniculato-subcorymbosi, hirsuti, solitarii, erecti,

complanati, foliis breviores; _partiales_ hirsuti, tri-septemflori

trifidique; bracteolis duabus, oppositis, minimis, ovatis, acutis,

concavis, rubris, ad basim insertis, persistentibus.

_Pedicelli_ teretes, breves, pubescentes; bracteolis solitariis,

minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus, ad basim et in medio insertis.

_Flores_ nonnulli sessiles.

_Calyx_ campanulatus, ruber, glaber, in fructu ampliatus, denticulis

retroflexis persistens.

_Corolla_ albo-rosacea, extus pubescens. _Tubus_ intus glaber.

_Limbus_ quinque-partitus, patens; laciniis villoso-tomentosis; villis

albicantibus, densis, longiusculis.

_Capsula_ oblonga, angusta, striata, striis longitudinalibus

prominentibus utrinque sulcata, lævis, calyce crescente ampliato

coronata, denticulis retroflexis, bilocularis, bivalvis, basi dehiscens.

_Semina_ minima, fulva, alâ obovatâ leviter lacerâ albo-pallescente

circumdata. _Receptaculum_ lineare.

_Habitat_ prope Loxa in collibus Cajanuma, Uritusinga, Boqueron,

Villonaco, Huancabamba, et Ayavaca.

_Floret_ Maio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto.

_Vulgo_ "Cascarilla Fina."

CHINCHONA CRISPA (_Tafalla_).

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia de Pavon.'_)

CHINCHONA CRISPA. _Quina fina de Loja_, _Cascarilla crespilla buena_,

_Quina Carrasqueña_, Tafalla M.S. sec. Ruiz in M.S. Compendio, Mus.

Brit.

_C. Condaminea._ H. et B. specimen florif. in pl. x. Pl. Equin. exclus.

specim. fructif. et descriptione.

_C. Chahuarguera_, varietas (tertia). Pavon, Nueva Quinologia.

[Illustration: CAPSULE AND PARTS OF THE FLOWER OF CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.]

CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'_ _No._ iii.)

CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovatis

ovalibusque; petiolis nervisque rubicundis, glabris, nitidis;

pedunculis racemoso-paniculatis.

_Arbor_ 6-7 orgyalis.

_Truncus_ solitarius, erectus; aliquoties duo tresve ex eadem radice

repullulant. _Coma_ frondosa ramosaque. _Lignum_ compactum.

_Cortex_ fuscus, nonnullis maculis albicantibus; rimis transversalibus

horizontalibusque.

_Rami_ erecti, nonnulli horizontales, teretes, _teneri_ pubescentes.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, ovata ovaliaque, integerrima, acumine

brevissimo, nonnulla subrotunda, glabra, superne parum nitida, nervosa,

venosa, venis reticulatis, nervis venisque villosis, tenuia marginibus

retroflexis. _Folia superiora_, floralia petiolata, lanceolata,

nonnulla sublinearia.

_Petioli_ subteretes, basi crassiores, pubescentes, rubicundi sicuti

nervi.

_Stipulæ_ duæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, oppositæ,

subamplexicaules, oblongæ, sessiles, integerrimæ, parum concavæ, cauli

appressæ, deciduæ.

_Pedunculi_ communes, axillares terminalesque, racemoso-paniculati,

pubescentes. _Partiales_ oppositi alternique, pubescentes.

_Pedicelli_ bracteolis lanceolato-subulatis, parvis, concavis,

deciduis, ad basim et in medio rubicundo.

_Flores_ pedicellati, nonnulli sessiles.

_Corolla_ rubicunda, marginibus laciniarum ciliatis, villis

albicantibus.

_Capsula_ oblonga, parum incurva, immatura rubicunda, bivalvis, basi

hians. _Receptaculum_ lanceolatum.

_Semina_ alis dilaceratis.

_Habitat_ ad radices collium, ad declivia Sancti Antonii, in via ad

Huaranda Provinciæ Quitensis, locis frigidis.

_Floret_ Julio et Augusto.

_Vulgo._ _Cascarilla Colorada._

In arborum corticumque amputatione, succum lacteum primum profluit;

postea, in colorem intense rubicundum transmutatur, unde _Cascarilla

Colorada_ nomen oritur.

_Chinchona Succirubra_ (Pavon MSS.) arborea; ramis teretibus; ramulis

obtuso-angulatis flavido-pubescentibus; foliis membranaceis magnis

latissime ovatis petiolatis, utrinque brevissime attenuatis, supra

saturate viridibus glabris subnitidis, subtus pallide viridibus

puberulis, ad costam nervosque primarios pubescentibus; petiolis

semiteretibus puberulis, supra canaliculatis; stipulis oblongis obtusis

carinatis subpuberulis caducis; floribus congestis in paniculam

terminalem interruptam dispositis; ramis floriferis pedunculatis

pubescentibus erectis compressis trichotomo-ramosis, inferioribus

foliosis superioribus bracteatis; bracteis subpersistentibus

oblongo-linearibus, extus subpubescentibus carinatis basi attenuatis;

calycibus turbinatis, basi bracteola minuta suffultis, tubo dense

albido pubescente, limbo cupulari quinque-dentato rubescente sparsim

pubescente, dentibus brevibus latis acutis, dorso carinatis; corollis

hypocraterimorphis brevissime pubescentibus, tubo inferne attenuato,

limbo quinquefido, laciniis ovatis acutis, intus longe (ad siccam)

luteo-barbatis; staminibus subinclusis glabris; stylo versus basim

attenuato; stigmate bipartito incluso.

(_From Spruce's Report, p. 104, described from fresh specimens._)

CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA, Pavon.

_Hab._--In sylvis primævis cordilleræ occidentalis Andium Quitensium

præcipue ad radices montis nivosi _Chimborazo_, alt. 2000-5000 ped.

Angl. (610-1520 metr.) supra mare.

_Descr._--_Arbor_ pulcherrima, 50-80 pedalis; caudice recto

circumferentiâ 4-usque ad 10-pedali; comâ symmetricâ elongatâ,

ramis infimis longioribus deinde superioribus sensim decrescentibus

paraboloideâ, vel ramis infimis iis proxime sequentibus sub-brevioribus

ovoideâ.

_Cortex_, caudicis ubi lichenibus non obvelatus est fusco-badius, haud

profunde longitudinaliter rimosus, demum etiam rimulis transversalibus

fissus; ramulorum annotinorum rufescens, novellorum e viridi

cinerascens secus apicem rubescens.

_Succus_ ecoloratus, cortice autem inciso, in lucem aeremque susceptus

exinde sæpius albescit, postea sensim albescit.

_Rami_ decussati, angulo 50°-80° adscendentes, teretes, e foliorum

stipularumque cicatricibus annulati; novelli tamen tetragoni foliosi

fragiles succosi, pube brevi deciduâ densiuscule vestiti.

_Folia_ opposita decussata, cujusque ramuli 4-6 paribus

contemporalibus, cujusque paris inter se subæqualia raro valde

inæqualia, sæpe perfecte ovalia, secus paniculas ovato-ovalia, raro

rotundato-ovalia, basi in petiolum sensim abrupteve attenuata, apice

abrupte acuta vel levissime acuminata rarius rotundata, nitida

subcoriacea (fragilissima tamen) læte viridia ad luteum potius quam

ad cæruleum vergentia, ætate tota sanguinea, suprà sparse decidue

puberula et inter venas plus minus bullato-elevata, subtus pubescentia,

raro in utraque facie glabrata; venis 11-12 cujusque lateris, angulo

56°-59° cum costâ tereti (siccando complanatâ) efformantibus, subtus

prominulis, a costâ ultrà, medium rectis dein sensim incurvantibus

et prope marginem anastomosantibus; petiolo tereti, e folii

laminâ decurrente suprà lineis duabus parum elevatis percurso,

tomentello. Folia ramulorum tenuiorum nonnunquam ovali- vel etiam

obovato-lanceolata.

_Stipulæ_ interpetiolares deciduæ erecto-patulæ ligulato-oblongæ

obtusæ ad costam carinatæ, basi subventricosæ superne explanatæ,

reticulato-venosæ, sub-puberulæ, juniores pallide virides, adultiores

basi roseæ vel etiam totæ sanguineæ.

_Pedunculi_ ex axillis foliorum superiorum minorum lanceolatorum

(v. etiam ad bracteas lineari-lanceolatas subulatasve redactorum)

orti, subinde paniculam elongatam pedalem vel etiam sesquipedalem

efformantes, tomentosi, bis terve decussatum pinnati dein trichotomi;

divisionibus basi bracteatis sæpe indistincte oppositis v. plane

alternis. _Pedicelli_ calycesque basi bracteolis minutis rigidis

sanguineis ovato-lanceolatis basi utrinque unidentatis suffulti.

_Calyx_ parvus dense appresso-puberulus; _tubus_

subturbinato-hemisphæricus; _limbus_ cupulatus fere ad medium usque

in lobos 5 lato-triangulares carinatos, apicibus sinubusque acutis,

fissus, pubescens raro subglabratus, persistens.

_Corolla_ calycem fere 5-ies excedens, extus dense puberula,

ante anthesin clavata postea hypocraterimorpha; _tubus_

elongato-truncato-obconicus, intus glaber; _limbus_ e lobis 5 patulis

valvatis elongato-ovato-lanceolatis, margine apiceque villis densis

albis (siccando flavidis) barbatis.

_Stamina_, corollæ tubum paululum superantia; _filamenta_ glabra

compressa à basi fere ad medium usque cum corollâ concreta; _antheræ_

elongatæ lineares.

_Stylus_ teres; _stigma_ subemersum e lobis duobus ovato-lanceolatis

crassis faciebus unisulcis erecto-patulis constans.

_Capsula_ stricta curvulave tenui-ovoideo-fusiformis à basi dehiscens,

valvulis dorso costis 5 parum elevatis percursis.

_Semina_ anguste subovali-lanceolata sæpius asymmetrica, alâ margine

lacero-fimbriatâ ciliatâ, basi angustata et ibidem integra bilobave.

CHINCHONA CALISAYA.

(_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 30._)

C. foliis oblongis vel lanceolato obovatis, obtusis, basi attenuatis,

rarius utrinque acutis, glabratis, nitidis vel subtus pubescentibus,

in axillis venarum scrobiculatis; filamentis quam dimidia anthera

plerumque brevioribus; capsula ovata, flores longitudine vix æquante;

seminibus margine crebre fimbriato-denticulatis.

α _Calisaya vera_, arbor foliis oblongo- vel lanceolato-obovatis,

obtusis.

β _Calisaya Josephiana_, frutex, foliis oblongo- vel ovato-lanceolatis,

acutiusculis.

α. _Calisaya Vera._

_Arbor_ excelsa, trunco recto vel e basi arcuatim ascendente, nudo,

crassitudinem corporis humani duplam non infrequenter excedente. Coma

frondosa incolas omnes sylvæ ferme superans.

_Cortex_ trunci crassus. Peridermis ejusdem quam in omnibus fere

generis speciebus crassior, e libro facile solubilis et avulsa ad hujus

superficiem sulcos impressionesve sculpturas referentes detegens,

rimis parallelis verticalibus et scissuris transversalibus plus minus

annularibus ornata, albida vel etiam nigricans. Ramorum peridermis

dealbata aut lichenum thallis diverse marmorata, rimis magis sinuatis

et scissuris angustioribus exculpta; aliis annularibus distantibus,

aliis brevioribus subapproximatis. In ramulis denique cortex tenuis

est, lævigatus et fusco-olivaceus vel nigricans.

_Folia_ oblongo vel lanceolato-obovata (3 to 6 inches) 8-15 cm. long;

(1 to 2 inches) 3-6 cm. lat. obtusa, basi acuta aut leviter attenuata,

molliuscula, patula, supra glaberrima, nitore scilicet velutino a

cellulis epidermidis prominentibus orto condecorata, obscure virentia,

venis pallidioribus, parum conspicuis, subtus dilute smaragdina,

glabrata, in axillis venarum scrobiculata, scrobiculis ab antica pagina

vix manifestis. Petiolus 1 cm. long., virescens, rarius cum costa

rubescens. In arbore juniori folia sæpius utrinque acutiuscula sunt,

flaccida, læte viridia, eximie velutina, costa et petiolo roseis,

nervis supra lacteo-albidis et limbo persæpe maculis roseosanguineis

insignito paginaque inferiori plus minus purpurascenti.

_Stipulæ_ oblongæ, obtusissimæ, petiolis longiores vel subæquales,

glaberrimæ, basi interna glandulis parce obsitæ.

_Panicula Florifera_ ovata vel subcorymbosa, vix multiflora, pedunculis

pedicellisque (2-4 mm. long.) pubescentibus. Bracteæ lanceolatæ.

_Calyx_ pubescens, limbo-crateriformi, dentibus brevibus,

triangularibus.

_Corolla_ 9-10 cm. long., tubo cylindrico vel basi subpentagono, et

leviter angustato, in angulis interdum fisso, carneo-albescente,

laciniis lanceolatis, superne roseis, villis marginalibus candidis.

_Stamina_ in medio tubo latentia; filamenta glabra, dimidiis antheris

breviora.

_Stylus_ tubum fere æquans, stigmatis lobis linearibus, subexsertis,

viridescentibus.

_Panicula Fructifera_ laxiuscula, haud raro valde depauperata,

pedunculis puberulis.

_Capsula_ ovata (.4 to .6 of an inch) 10-15 mm. long., latitudine sua

vix duplo longior, basi rotundata, ecostata, glabrata, sub maturitatem

rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ brevibus, erectiusculis.

_Semina_ elliptico-lanceolata, margine fimbriato-denticulata,

denticulis approximatis, obtusiusculis; nucleo tertiam seminis partem

circiter æquante.

_Habitat_ in declivibus et præruptis montium, ad altitud. 1500-1800 m.

fervidissimas inter valles Bolivæ et Peruviæ meridionalis, sylvas

incolit, inter 13°-16° 30' S. lat., nempe in provinciis Bolivianis

Enquisivi, Yungas, Larecaja, et Caupolican dictis, et in provincia

Caravaya Peruvianorum.

_Floret_ Aprili et Maio.

β. _C. Josephiana._

_Frutex_ (6-1/2 to 12 feet) 2-3 m. alt., trunco gracili (1 to 2 inches)

3-5 cm. crass.; ramoso, ramis erectis.

_Cortex_ ligno valde hærens, trunci ramorumque schistaceo-nigricans,

læviusculus aut lichenibus diversis ornatus scissurisque nonnullis

angustissimis, distantibus, annulatim notatus; ramulorum

brunneo-rufescens.

_Folia_ oblongo- vel ovato-lanceolata, utrinque subacuta aut

obtusiuscula, rigidula, superiora præsertim plus minus concava s.

cymbiformia, utrinque glaberrima vel subtus pubescenti-tomentosa, læte

viridia, denique sanguinea nervique et petiolus.

_Panicula_ tum florifera cum fructifera sæpissime interrupta.

_Corolla_ quam in varietate præcedente paulo longior. Stamina imo

tubo inserta, filamentis nunc brevibus ut Calisayæ Veræ, stylo simul

longiore, nunc elongatis antherisque subexsertis, stylo contra iis

breviore antherisque superato.

_Capsula_ ut in typo vel flore aliquanto longior et non raro superne

plus minus attenuata, versus maturitatem pulchre rubescens simulque

ramuli paniculæ. Dentes coronæ paululum elongatæ eleganterque patentes.

[Illustration: PARTS OF THE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.]

CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,' No._ ii.)

CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovalibus

obovatisque glabris; floribus minimis, paniculatis.

_Arbor_ 10-15 orgyalis, comâ frondosâ.

_Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, teres; cortice scabro-fusco-cinereo,

sapore valde amaro, acidulo non ingrato; in febribus tertianis usurpari

potest; in commercio ignoto.

_Rami_ patuli, teretes, cortice fusco-nigrescente; teneri foliosi,

obtuse tetragoni, glabri.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, ovalia obovataque, integerrima, obtusa,

acumine brevi, ampla, marginibus revolutis, patentia, ut plurimum

quadripalmaria, supra nitida, glaberrima, subtus nervosa, venosa,

nervis purpureis; glandulis obovatis, subtus concavis, supra

prominentibus, in foliis adolescentibus circum villosis, in senioribus

deciduis, ad nervorum axillas insertis.

_Petioli_ breves, vix pollicares, supra plano-canaliculati, subtus

semiteretes.

_Stipulæ_ supra axillares, interfoliaceæ, oppositæ, ovatæ, integerrimæ,

connatæ, caducæ.

_Panicula_ maxima diffusa, subracemosa, foliosa, floridissima,

tomentosa, helvolo colore.

_Pedunculi_ vix striati, tetragoni, compressiusculi, axillares

terminalesque, _communes_ brachiati, _partiales_ oppositi alternique,

omnes bracteis ovato-subulatis, oppositis, persistentibus, ad basim

pedunculorum pedicellorumque insertis.

_Flores_ numerosi, in corymbos parvos multifloros congesti,

subsessiles; bracteis minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus ad basim

et in medio pedicellorum.

_Calyx_ minimus, quinquedentatus; denticulis acutis, dilute

purpurascentibus.

_Corolla_ parva, ut plurimum trilinearis, extus tomentosa, albicans.

_Limbus_ patens, laciniis quinque intus villoso-tomentosis, villis

albicantibus extus rubescens.

_Antheræ_ lineares, intra faucem inclusæ, luteæ.

_Capsula_ oblonga, acuta, leviter decemstriata, fusca, calyce coronata,

a basi ad apicem dehiscens.

_Semina_ fulva, alâ lineari utrinque acutâ inæqualiter lacerâ cincta.

_Habitat_ in Andium montibus altis, frigidis, et nemorosis, versus

vicum San Antonio de Playa Grande, ubi Johannes Tafalla, anno 1797,

eam observavit, et iconem, cum nonnullis exemplaribus siccis, et

descriptionem, nobiscum communicavit.

_Floret_ Maio, Junio, et Julio.

_Vulgo: Cascarilla fina. Cascarilla Provinciana._

_Chinchona Micrantha_, β. _Oblongifolia_ (Weddell).

_Chinchona Micrantha_, var. α. flor. extus roseis; var. β. flor. extus

albidis (Poeppig).

(_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 52._)

CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.--_Arbor_ 6-10 m. alt. sat frondosa, trunco recto,

tereti, 2-4 dm. crassitudine raro excedente; ramis patulis.

_Cortex_ trunci crassiusculus. _Peridermis_ ejusdem tenuis, libro

extus subcarioso vix hærens, plus minus lævigata, sordide grisea

fuscescensve; ramorum lævis, cinerascens; ramulorum viridescens.

_Folia_ plerumque ovato-rotundata, 12-20 cm, long. 10-15 cm. lat.

basi (præcipue in junioribus) plus minus cuneata vel attenuata,

obtusiuscula, membranacea, supra glabra nitidiuscula, læte viridia,

subtus læevissime puberula pallide virescentia, venis venulisque parce

pubescentibus, axillis pilosiusculis, pilis subfasciculatis. Petiolus

2-3 cm. long. glaber, ejusdem coloris ac costa.

_Stipulæ_ ovatæ, obtusæ, extus pubescentes, intus puberulæ, deciduæ.

_Panicula Florifera_ maxima, thyrsoidea; ramulis subpatentibus

pedicellisque (2 mm. long.) pubescentibus, cinereo-virescentibus.

_Calyx_ pubescens, limbo crateriformi, dentibus acuminatis.

_Corolla_ alba, tubo tereti 5-7 mm. long. basi et fauce leviter

coarctato, laciniis lanceolatis.

_Stamina_ imo tubo inserta, antheris inclusis filamenta subæquantibus.

_Stylus_ brevissimus; stigmatis laciniis linearibus.

_Panicula Fructifera_ ovata vel subpyramidalis, subconferta, ramulis

glabratis.

_Capsula_ lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 25-30 mm. long. 5-7 mm.

lat. utrinque attenuata, glabrata, lævis.

_Semina_ lanceolata, basi integra vel fissa, margine denticulata.

Crescit in nemoribus humidis subobscuris montium, nec non infrequentius

juxta ipsas rivulorum ripas, vallium provinciarum Larecaja et

Caupolican Bolivianorum, vallisque Tambopata provinciæ Caravaya incola;

provenit etiam in editioribus versus Chicoplaya et Playa Grande

Peruvianorum.

CHINCHONA NITIDA.

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,' No._ vii.)

CHINCHONA NITIDA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, obovatis,

ovali-oblongis ovato-oblongisque, nitidis, paniculâ

terminali--_Cascarilla Officinal_. (Ruiz Quinologia, Art. 2, p. 56.)

_Arbor_ procera, a decem usque ad quadraginta ulnas, glabra.

_Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, teres, aliquando tres aut quinque

repullantes.

_Cortex_ extus scaber, fusco-nigricans, sæpe ex fusco et cinereo

colore variegatus; intus obscure fulvus, amarissimus, acidulus non

ingratus, in commercio et in febribus tertianis magno usu fit.

_Rami_ seniores teretes, scabri, fusco atri-cinereo colore variegati,

_teneri_ leviter tetragoni, fusci.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, obovata, ovali-oblonga ovato-oblongaque,

integerrima, nitidissima, decurrentia, marginibus ad basim revolutis,

subtus venosa, venis purpurascentibus, glandulis rotundis oblongisque,

supra prominentibus, subtus concavis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis,

villis longis albicantibus vestitis.

_Petioli_ subtus semiteretes, supra planiusculi, purpurei.

_Stipulæ_ interfoliaceæ, oppositæ, supra-axillares, basi coadunatæ,

oblongæ, sessiles, obtusæ, intus rubescentes, marginibus reflexis.

_Panicula_ terminalis, composita, subracemosa, rubescens.

_Pedunculi_ multiflori, tetragoni.

_Flores_ breviter pedicellati.

_Pedicelli_ bracteolis ovatis acumine subulato concavis ad basim

stipati, persistentes.

_Calyx_ parvus, purpureus.

_Corolla_ alba, extus dilute rubicunda, vix semipollicaris, laciniis

intus villosis, villis albicantibus.

_Capsula_ oblonga, decem-striata, rubescens, bivalvis, valvulis basi

hiantibus.

_Semina_ ovalia, fulva, alis membranaceis oblongis inæqualiter

denticulato cincta.

_Habitat_ in Andium montibus altis, nemorosis, frigidis, ad Pampamarca,

Chacahuasi, Casapi, Casapillo, Cayumba, Sapan, Cuchero, aliisque

tractibus, et in montibus Provinciarum Huamalies, Tarma, et Jauja.

_Floret_ Maio, Junio, et Julio.

_Vulgo: Cascarilla fina aut Quina fina. Cascarilla lustrosa_

(Pritchett).

(_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 47._)

CHINCHONA NITIDA.--C. foliis lanceolato-obovatis, acutis, basi

attenuatis, utrinque glabris, nitidis vel inferne leviter pilosis,

escrobiculatis; filamentis antheras æquantibus; capsula anguste

lanceolata, latitudine sua duplo longiori; seminibus lanceolatis,

margine denticulatis.

_Arbor_ 8-12 m. alt., trunco recto, tereti, crassitudine corporis

humani; coma parum frondosa.

_Cortex_ trunci crassus, peridermide rimosa, obscure brunnea; ramorum

peridermis inæqualis, plus minus sulcato-rimosa, brunneo-cinerascens.

_Folia_ lanceolato- vel oblongo-obovata, 9-10 cm. long., 25 mm. lat.,

utrinque acuta, basi cuneata aut attenuata, sub-membranacea; supra

glabra nitida, subtus nonnunquam (ad venas præsertim) pilosa; petiolo 1

cm. longo.

_Stipulæ_ oblongæ vel obovatæ, obtusæ, deciduæ, raro basi connatæ.

_Panicula_ ovata, subcoarctata, ramulis pedicellisque puberulis;

bracteis triangulari-lanceolatis.

_Calyx_ limbo subcampanulato, dentibus triangularibus.

_Corolla_ rosea, tubo subcylindrico, laciniis lanceolatis, villis

albidis.

_Antheræ_ apice exsertæ, filamenta æquantes vel paulo breviores.

_Stylus_ antheras haud attingens; stigmatis lobis linearibus, brevibus.

_Capsula_ lanceolata, denique glabra, læviuscula vel striata, sub

maturitatem obscure rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ erectiusculis.

_Semina_ lanceolata, utrinque acuta, margine denticulata.

_Habitat_ in montibus altis, noctu frigidiusculis, diu apricis

ventilatisque.

(Ruiz et Pavon. Poeppig.)

CHINCHONA PERUVIANA. (_Howard._)

(_The "Pata de Gallinazo" of Pritchett's Collection._)

(_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon.'_)

CHINCHONA PERUVIANA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolato-ovatis,

basi attenuatis, junioribus lanceolatis, scrobiculatis, paniculâ

terminali compositâ.

_Arbor_ procera ... _Lignum_ compactum, luteum.

_Cortex_ extus scaber, rimosus, corticem _Calisayæ_ maxime æmulans,

sæpe ex albo et cinereo colore variegatis; intus obscure fulvus,

amarus, fragrans.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, lanceolato-ovata, nonnulla

lanceolato-obovata, alia elliptica, basi attenuata, obtuse

acuminata, juniora lanceolata, scrobiculata, scrobiculis supra valde

prominentibus, nitida, subtus venosa.

_Petioli_ subtus semi-teretes, supra planiusculi.

_Panicula_ terminalis, composita, pyramidalis.

_Capsula_ oblonga, leviter decemstriata, calyce coronata, bivalvis,

valvulis basi hiantibus.

_Semina_ ovalia, alis membranaceis, valde laceratis.

_Habitat_ in Andium montibus frigidis Cocheros aliisque tractibus.

_Vulgo_: "_Cascarilla Pata de Gallinazo_."

_Obs._:--In commercio magno usu fit.

_Speciminibus nobis à Pritchett datis descript._

CHINCHONA LANCIFOLIA.

(_From Karsten's 'Floræ Columbiæ Specimina Selecta,'_ I. p. 21.)

_Arbor_ vasta, usque ad 24 metr. adscendens, trunco recto, 1-1½ metra

in diametro; coma subovata, ramosa, ramis teretibus adscendentibus vel

inferioribus, horizontalibus, cortice rugoso, fuscescenti, ut plurimum

hic illic profunde transversim annulato, tectis; ramulis brachiatis,

compressiusculis, uti pedicelli leviter striguloso-pilosiusculis.

_Folia_ opposita, petiolata, petiolo semitereti 16-20 m. m. longo,

supra plano, glabro, subtus pilosiusculo insidentia, lanceolata,

acuminata, basi attenuata, integerrima, glaberrima, in axilla venarum

leviter scrobiculata, et hic facie inferiore glomerulo pilorum obsita,

patentia, læte viridia, nitida, lamina 10 centim. longa, 3-1/2 centim.

lata, petiolo nervisque, demum folio integro, rubescentibus; juniora

subtus in costa minutissime pilosiuscula; vernatione applicativa.

_Stipulæ_ interpetiolares, liberæ, lanceolatæ, acutæ, pedicellorum

longitudine, glaberrimæ; intus basi pluriseriatim glandulosæ, demum

rubræ, deciduæ.

_Inflorescentia_ terminalis foliosa, paniculata, e cymis dichotomis

axillaribus composita, foliis floralibus lineari-lanceolatis;

pedunculi pedicellique bracteis minutis, glabris, lanceolato-acutis,

subpersistentibus, suffulti.

_Calycis_ tubus turbinatus, ovario adnatus, pilis minutis, adpressis

strigosus; limbus persistens campanulatus, quinquefidus, glaber,

rubescens, laciniis triangularibus, acutis.

_Corolla_ tubo cylindrico 10 m. m. longo, extus sericeo, carneo-rubro,

intus glabro; limbo quinquepartito, lobis ovatis, acutis, æstivatione

valvatis, rubris, extus sericeis, intus margine albide-villosis sub

anthesin patentibus.

_Stamina_ quinque, tubo medio inserta, paullo exserta.

_Filamenta_ subulata, glabra, 1 m. m. longa; _antheræ_ lineares,

introrse longitudinaliter birimosæ, basi sagittata affixæ, filamentis

paullo breviores, plus minus exsertæ; _pollen_ sphæricum granulosum,

triocellatum.

_Discus_ epigynus, annularis, carnosus, subpentagonus, quinquesulcatus.

_Ovarium_ inferum biloculare, loculis multiovulatis, placentis

linearibus, medio dissepimenti longitudinaliter adnatis, ovula

anatropa, pluriseriata, imbricatim adscendentia, mox peltata

gerentibus; stylus teres glaber, staminibus longior, exsertus aut

inclusus; stigmata duo linearia.

_Capsula_ oblonga, striato-costata, calva, post dehiscentiam

septicidam, a basi ad apicem progredientem, calycis limbo diutius

coronata, epicarpio cum endocarpio connato, 17-20 m. m. longa, 6-8 m.

m. lata.

_Semina_ lanceolata, applanata, 7-8 m. m. longa, 2-3 m. m. lata,

spermophoro, a valvis apertis soluto, adhærentia, caduca, ala

membranacea, hyalina, imperforata, margine crenulato-denticulata,

cincta; nucleo ovali sextam partem fere seminis longitudinis

attingente.

_Embryo_ in axi albuminis carnosi rectus, cotyledonibus ovalibus,

planis, applicativis, radicula tereti infera.

In declivitate Andium Granatensium inter 5° et 1° lat. Sept. altitudine

2500-3000 metr. supra oceani littora ad temperaturam glacialem in horis

nocturnis fere refrigerata hic illic frequenter in locis nebulosis et

illuviosis nascitur.

_Tunita_ ab incolis dicta.

APPENDIX C.

NOTES ON THE PRINCIPAL PLANTS EMPLOYED IN INDIA, ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR

REAL OR SUPPOSED FEBRIFUGE VIRTUES. BY ALEXANDER SMITH, ESQ.

THE following enumeration of Indian febrifuge plants, though, from

the limited time at my disposal, not so complete as could be wished,

will serve to give an idea of the great variety of indigenous plants

used by the natives of India in the treatment of the different kinds

of fevers so prevalent in that country. European physicians of the

present day rely to a great extent upon the invaluable products of the

_Chinchonas_, as the most certain remedies for these disorders; but a

couple of centuries ago, when _quinine_ and the kindred alkaloids were

undreamt of, and when even Peruvian Bark, or, as it was then called,

"Countess' Bark" or "Jesuits' Bark," was scarcely known, and its source

a jealously guarded secret, their ancestors made use of a much greater

number of substances, and highly extolled the febrifuge properties

of many of our native wild plants. Most of these, however, are now

known to be of little use and are discarded from the modern practice

of physic, though amongst rustic practitioners, or herb-doctors, they

still to a certain degree enjoy their ancient reputation. We must not

therefore be surprised that the native doctors of the East, whose

knowledge of chemistry and the allied sciences is as limited as was

that of our old herbalists, should in like manner ascribe powerful

properties to the barks, roots, stems, and other parts of plants which

in reality possess as little value in a medical point of view, as the

indigenous plants at one time used in our own country.

It must not, however, be imagined from these remarks that all the

plants mentioned below are known to be completely devoid of medicinal

properties. Some of them possibly possess qualities of the greatest

value, and, were they properly tested by the enlightened science of

the present day, might yield products useful either as tonics or

febrifuges, or prove otherwise valuable. But the great majority are

comparatively valueless, and their supposed virtues merely the result

of fancy.

ALEX. SMITH.

_Kew, Surrey, April 5th, 1862._

RANUNCULACEÆ.

THALICTRUM FOLIOLOSUM, _D. C._

The bitter roots of this Himalayan species of Meadow Rue are used

by the natives in intermittent fevers, and have, according to

O'Shaughnessy, been experimented upon by European practitioners,

and found serviceable not only as a febrifuge, but as a tonic in

convalescence from acute diseases. The plant is an erect, branching

perennial, three or more feet high, with large quadripinnate leaves

composed of numerous small leaflets. It is common throughout the

Himalayas, and is called "Pelijuree" or "Shuprak" by the natives.

COPTIS TEETA, _Wall._

Several bitter roots are called "Teeta" in the Bengal bazaars. Those of

the present plant are brought down from the Mishmee Mountains on the

northern borders of Assam, and are consequently called "Mishmee Teeta."

They are usually packed in little baskets about two inches wide,

made of strips of rattan-cane. In the Scinde bazaars they are called

"Mahmira," and they are likewise said to be imported from China under

the name of "Sou-line" or "Chyn-len," but the plant is not known to

be a native of that country. They have an intensely bitter taste, and

the native doctors esteem them very highly as a tonic and stomachic.

M. Virey says that a decoction of them is a powerful febrifuge, but

O'Shaughnessy states that in experiments made in the Indian hospitals

they did not seem to exercise any febrifuge virtues, though their tonic

properties were very manifest. The roots of an allied American species

(_Coptis trifolia_, Salisb.) are used throughout the United States and

Canada as a tonic, under the name of "Gold Thread."

ACONITUM, _sp. pl._

The roots of several species of Aconite, common in the Himalayas, are

reputed to possess febrifuge properties, but the identification of the

particular species is very uncertain. Amongst others the most virulent

kind of "Bikh" or "Bish," that yielded by the _Aconitum ferox_,

Wall., is said to be thus employed and also in chronic rheumatism;

and likewise the "Bikhma" of Hamilton, supposed to be the _Aconitum

palmatum_, Don. The little tuber-like roots called "Atees" or "Butees,"

much esteemed for their bitter tonic properties, are afforded by the

_Aconitum heterophyllum_, Wall.

MAGNOLIACEÆ.

MICHELIA CHAMPACA, _Linn._

Several of the _Magnoliaceæ_ are known to possess powerful febrifuge

virtues, particularly the _Magnolia glauca_, Linn., and other

American species, the bark and fruits of which are greatly used in

intermittent fever. Among the Indian species, the only one reputed

to possess similar virtues is the "Champa" (_Michelia Champaca_,

Linn.), O'Shaughnessy remarking that, after several trials, its bark

appeared to him to possess the properties attributed to the _Magnolia

glauca_. It, however, contains tannin and gallic acid, both of which

are absent in the American bark. The Champa grows to a large size,

has ovate-lanceolate leaves from eight to ten inches long and two to

four broad, and bears exceedingly fragrant yellow or orange-coloured

flowers, which the Hindus offer to their deities.

BERBERIDACEÆ.

BERBERIS LYCIUM, _Royle_.

According to the learned investigations of the late Dr. Royle, it would

appear that this species of Barberry afforded the λύκιον ινδικον of

Dioscorides. At the present day an extract of the sliced root, stem,

and branches is prepared in Nipal and the Dhoon, and employed by the

native doctors in diseases of the eyes, for which purpose the drug was

also valued by the physicians of old. It is known in Bengal by the name

of "Rusoot" or "Rasot," and in Scinde by that of "Ruswul." Employed as

a substitute for Chinchona bark this extract has been found to be a

most valuable remedial agent in common and tertian agues, checking the

fever in three days. The skin is invariably moist during its action.

The plant is a small stiff shrub with twiggy, pale-barked branches

armed with conical tripartite spines, and bearing clusters of small

obovate-lanceolate leaves, either entire or with spiny teeth along the

edges.

MENISPERMACEÆ.

TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA, _Miers_ (= _Cocculus cordifolius_, D. C., and

_Menispermum cordifolium_, Willd.).

A tall, climbing shrub with rough corky bark, and broad, heart-shaped,

pointed leaves from two to four inches long, upon stalks of about the

same length; common in woods throughout the peninsula of India and in

Ceylon, and known in the former country by the name of "Guluncha" or

"Gurcha," and amongst the Cinghalese by that of "Rassakinda." All parts

of the plant have a bitter taste, and an infusion of the young stems

and leaves is highly esteemed by the native physicians as a febrifuge

medicine, and also as a tonic, while in some districts it is looked

upon as a certain cure for poisonous snake-bites. Ainslie says that the

bruised plant is put into the water drunk by the Brahmins at some of

their religious ceremonies.

TINOSPORA CRISPA, _Miers_ (= _Cocculus crispus_, D. C., and

_Menispermum crispum_, Linn.).

This is closely allied to the above, and is known by the same name,

"Guluncha." It has smooth bark, more oval and less heart-shaped leaves

on shorter stalks. Like the last it is greatly valued in the treatment

of intermittent fever; but the natives in Silhet consider that it is

more efficacious when found climbing upon mango-trees. It is found in

Silhet and Pegu, and in several of the Indian islands.

CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA, _Linn._

The woody stems of this widely spread tropical plant are used in

a variety of diseases, and amongst others in fevers, but it is

principally valued for its antilithic properties, on account of which

it is admitted into our Pharmacopœias under the name of Pareira-brava.

It is a tall, hard-wooded climber, indigenous to the tropics of both

hemispheres, and is found in all parts of India. In Ceylon, where it is

also used as a fever medicine, it is called "Deyamitta."

CAPPARIDACEÆ.

GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA, _D. C._ (= _Cleome pentaphylla_, Linn.).

A decoction of the little black seeds of this plant is considered

useful in typhus fever, and in convulsive affections. The plant is

called "Vaylee" in the Tamul language; "Hurhuriya" in Bengalese;

"Caraila" by the Hindus; and "Waila" by the Cinghalese. It is an annual

plant, a foot or more in height, with hairy stems, and palmately

divided leaves usually with five, but sometimes with seven or only

three segments.

CRATÆVA NURVALA, _Ham._ (= _Cratæva Tapia_, Burm.).

A small tree, fifteen to twenty feet high, common on the banks of

rivers on the Malabar coast and in Mysore, producing an astringent

bark, a decoction of which is prescribed as a tonic in both

intermittent and typhus fevers. The Sanscrit name of the plant is

"Varuna," and it is the "Nurvala" of Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus,

according to Hamilton, who says that the real name of the plant in the

Malabar dialect is "Vala," the prefix "Nur" (water) merely denoting the

localities in which the tree is found.

MORINGACEÆ.

MORINGA PTERYGOSPERMA, _Gaertn._ (= _Hyperanthera Moringa_, Vahl.).

Well known in India as the Horse-radish tree, on account of its roots

possessing a pungent odour and biting aromatic taste similar to

those of our common horse-radish, for which they are substituted by

European residents in both the East and West Indies. They are also

used medicinally by the native doctors as a stimulant in paralysis and

intermittent fevers, and are also considered valuable as a rubefacient.

"Morunghy," from which the generic name adopted by modern botanists has

been derived, is the Tamul name; and "Sujna" or "Salijuna," the Hindu.

It is a small tree, seldom more than twenty feet high, and has large

compound three-times pinnated leaves, and axillary bunches of whitish

flowers, producing long pendulous three-sided fruits, containing

numerous winged seeds, which some authors regard as the source of the

celebrated Ben-oil.

CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.

Travels in Peru and India While Superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and Their Introduction into India. · 第 29 / 31 章